Lecture-3, EEE 211, Signals and Linear Systems

Lecture-3 Summary
Useful Signal Models
Sinusoidal Signal
f(t) = Acos(2ft + ) = Acos(t + ) with
0
= 2f. The time-domain and frequency-
domain representation of such signal has been discussion in Lecture 1. Note that using
Eulers theorem we can write f(t) =
A
2
e
j2ft
e
j
+
A
2
e
j2ft
e
j
.
Complex sinusoid
f(t) = Be
j(2ft+)
= Be
j(t+)
is an example of a complex sinusoid with frequency f or ,
amplitude B and phase .
Exponential Signal
f(t) = Ae
at
is an example of exponential signal. If a < 0, the signal is decaying and if a > 0
the signal is growing.
t
1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
40
20
20
40
10e
5t
10e
2t
1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
40
20
20
40
t
10e
5t
10e
2t
Decaying Exponential
Growing Exponential
Figure 1: Exponential Function
Time Constant:
Time constant related with exponential signal is dened by TC = 1/|a| which implies there
36.8% drop of the functional value of exponential signal at the time interval given by the
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Lecture-3, EEE 211, Signals and Linear Systems
time constant.
Exponentially Decaying or Growing Sinusoid
f(t) = Ae
at
cos(t + ) is the example of decaying or growing sinusoid depending on a < 0
or a > 0, respectively.
1 1 2 3 4 5
6
4
2
2
4
6
Exponentially Decaying Sinusoid
1.5e
2t
cos(4t)
1.5e
2t
1.5e
2t
5 4 3 2 1 1
6
4
2
2
4
6
Exponentially Growing Sinusoid
1.5e
2t
1.5e
2t
1.5e
2t
cos(4t)
Figure 2: Decaying and Growing Sinusoid
Unit impulse function (t)
Impulse function is dened by the following two equations:
(t) = 0, t = 0 (1)

(t)dt = 1 (2)
Above equations imply (t) is zero everywhere accept at t = 0 where it has high magnitude
such that its area becomes unity. (t t
0
) is located at t = t
0
and (t + t
0
) is located at
t = t
0
.
Main Properties of (t):
1. f(t)(t t
0
) = f(t
0
)(t t
0
)
2. sifting property

t
2
t
1
f(t)(t t
0
)dt = f(t
0
), if t
1
t
0
t
2
, otherwise zero.
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Lecture-3, EEE 211, Signals and Linear Systems
Unit Step Function u(t)
Representation of a rectangular pulse starting from 0 sec. and ends at T sec. with amplitude
A is given by p(t) = A[u(t) u(t T)]. Therefore any rectangular pulse starting from t
0
sec.
and ends at t
1
sec. with amplitude A is given by p(t) = A[u(t t
0
) u(t t
1
)]
Practice Problem
Exercise: (page 72)E1.9, E1.10, Problems: (page 99,100) 1.4-4, 1.4-5
Representation of time limited signals in terms of u(t). Example: (page 68- 69) , 1.6,
1.7, Exercise (page 69) E1.7, E1.8, Problems page 99 1.4-1, 1.4-2
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