Weed Science Society of America

Seed Age and Storage Conditions Influence Germination of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-
galli)
Author(s): Zdenka Martinkova, Alois Honek and Jan Lukas
Source: Weed Science, Vol. 54, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 2006), pp. 298-304
Published by: Weed Science Society of America and Allen Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4539391 .
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Weed Science, 54:298-304. 2006
Seed
a g e
a nd
s t o r a g e
co ndit io ns influence
g er mina t io n
o f
ba r nya r dg r a s s (Echino chlo a cr us -g a lli)
Zdenka Ma r t inko va
Res ea r ch Ins t it ut e o f
Cr o p
Pr o duct io n, Dr no vs ka
507, CZ-16106 Pr a ha
6-Ruzyne,
Czech
Republic
Alo is Ho nek
Co r r es po nding
a ut ho r . Res ea r ch Ins t it ut e o f
Cr o p
Pr o duct io n, Dr no vs ka 507, CZ-16106 Pr a ha 6-
Ruzyne,
Czech
Republic;
ho nek@vur v.cz
Ja n
Luka s
Res ea r ch Ins t it ut e o f
Cr o p
Pr o duct io n, Dr no vs ka
507, CZ-16106 Pr a ha
6-Ruzyne,
Czech
Republic
Ger mina t io n wa s
inves t ig a t ed
in
1-yr
a nd
8-yr -o ld
s eed lo t s o f
ba r nya r dg r a s s .
Ea ch
s eed lo t wa s divided int o a
po r t io n
s t o r ed
dr y
a t 25 C
(a ft er r ipening )
a nd a
po r t io n
bur ied in t he field
(s t r a t ifica t io n)
in cent r a l
Eur o pe (la t it ude 50'N,
lo ng it ude
14WE).
The
a ft er r ipened
s eed lo s t
do r ma ncy
wit hin 2
yr
a ft er
dis per s a l,
wher ea s bur ied s eed
pa s s ed t hr o ug h
a nnua l
do r ma ncy/no ndo r ma ncy cycles .
The s eed wa s
g er mina t ed
a t
five co ns t a nt
t emper a t ur es
bet ween 17 a nd 35 C wit h a n 18/6-h
lig ht /da r k pho t o -
per io d.
Ger mina t io n wa s a ffect ed
by
bo t h s eed
a g e
a nd
s t o r a g e
co ndit io ns . Ger mi-
na t io n
per cent a g e
a nd r a t e in
8-yr -o ld a ft er r ipened
a nd ea ch o f t he s t r a t ified s eed
lo t s va r ied wit h
t emper a t ur e. Opt imum t emper a t ur es
fo r
g er mina t io n
wer e bet ween
27 a nd 31 C, a nd t he
r a ng e
o f
a dequa t e t emper a t ur es
incr ea s ed wit h s eed
a g e.
A
co mmo n ba s e
t emper a t ur e
fo r
g er mina t io n
wa s 11.7 C. In
1-yr -o ld a ft er r ipened
ma t er ia l, t he
pr o po r t io n
o f
g er mina t ing
s eed
(< 5%)
a nd
g er mina t io n
r a t e wer e
s imila r a t a ll
t emper a t ur es . Ba r nya r dg r a s s
t hus r evea led a
pla s t ic s t r a t eg y
o f
g er mi-
na t io n. St r a t ifica t io n
dur ing
t he fir s t wint er r emo ved
do r ma ncy
a nd a llo wed
g er -
mina t io n a t a na r r o w
r a ng e
o f
t emper a t ur es .
This co ns t r a int o n
o pt imum g er mi-
na t io n
t emper a t ur e
decr ea s ed wit h incr ea s ed s eed
a g e. Seedling emer g ence,
t hus ,
ma y
va r y a cco r ding
t o whet her s eed
po pula t io n o r ig ina t es
fr o m t he
pr evio us yea r
o r fr o m
o ld s o il s eed ba nks .
No mencla t ur e:
Ba r nya r dg r a s s ,
Echino chlo a
cr us -g a lli
(L.)
Bea uv. ECHCG.
Key
wo r ds :
Temper a t ur e,
s eed
a g e,
s eed
s t o r a g e, a ft er r ipening ,
s t r a t ifica t io n, do r -
ma ncy.
Ma ny
s t udies ha ve been devo t ed t o
t emper a t ur e
co nt r o l
o f weed
g er mina t io n. Temper a t ur e
is t he
ma jo r
det er mina nt
o f
g er mina t io n per cent a g e
a nd r a t e when o t her fa ct o r s
(wa -
t er ,
s a linit y,
a nd
a cidit y)
a r e no t
limit ing .
The
t emper a t ur e
r es po ns e
is va r ia ble fo r
s pecies
wit hin
g ener a
(Va n
As s che et
a l.
2003)
a nd
ma y
a ls o differ bet ween
po pula t io ns
o r
g e-
no t ypes
wit hin
s pecies (Debea ujo n
et a l.
2000).
The la t t er
differ ences co uld be co r r ela t ed wit h inna t e
(Ca bin
et a l.
1997)
o r
epig enet ic (Na ylo r 1993)
va r ia t io n o f s eed
qua lit y.
Temper a t ur e
influences t wo
a s pect s
o f t he
g er mina t io n
r es po ns e, per cent a g e
o f
g er mina t ing
s eeds a nd t he r a t e o f
g er mina t io n.
The
plo t
o f t he
r ela t io ns hip
bet ween
t emper -
a t ur e a nd
g er mina t io n per cent a g e
is
us ua lly
"bell
s ha ped,"
wit h
o pt imum t emper a t ur e,
To pt
(t emper a t ur e
wher e
g er -
mina t io n is a t
ma ximum),
nea r t he middle o f t he
r a ng e
bet ween t he lo wer
(Tmin)
a nd t he
upper
(Tma x)
t emper a t ur es
a llo wing g er mina t io n.
The "bell"
ma y
be
s lender ,
wit h a
na r r o w
o pt imum (Gr undy
et a l.
2000)
o r fla t t ened wit h a
wide
r a ng e
o f
nea r ly o pt imum t emper a t ur es
(Chen
a nd Kuo
1995).
At
s ubo pt imum t emper a t ur es ,
t ime t o
g er mina t io n
decr ea s es wit h
incr ea s ing t emper a t ur e.
Es t a blis hing
t he r a t e o f
g er mina t io n
ena bles t he ca lcula -
t io n o f t her ma l
co ns t a nt s ,
ba s e
t emper a t ur es
fo r
g er mina t io n
(Tb),
a nd t her ma l t ime
(S).
The co ns t a nt s
ma y
be ca lcula t ed
us ing T50,
t ime t o
g er mina t io n
o f 50% o f
g er mina t ing
s eeds
(Ga r cia -Huido br o
et a l.
1982). They
a r e us eful fo r
pr edict -
ing g er mina t io n
a t
s ubo pt imum t emper a t ur es (Tr udg ill
et
a l.
2005).
An
impo r t a nt
fa ct o r o f inna t e
bet ween-s pecies
differ ences in
Tb
is t heir
g eo g r a phic o r ig in (Tr udg ill
et a l.
2000).
Po s t dis per s a l
co ndit io ns co uld
mo dify
t he
t emper a -
t ur e
r es po ns e by cha ng ing Tb (Gr undy 1997),
To pt ,
a nd S
(Co lba ch
et a l.
2002; Pr it cha r d a nd Miller
1995; Rice a nd
Dyer 2001)
o r
Tmin, Tma x,
a nd t he
r a ng e
o f
t emper a t ur es
co nvenient fo r
g er mina t io n (Po pa y
1981).
The dur a t io n o f
s t o r a g e ma y
a ffect
T50
a nd S
(Suzuki 1997). Ho wever ,
t he
differ ences in
t emper a t ur e r es po ns e
bet ween
po pula t io ns
ma y
be ma int a ined
t hr o ug h
t he bur ia l
per io d (Milber g
a nd
Ander s s o n
1998).
Ba r nya r dg r a s s
is a n
impo r t a nt
weed wo r ldwide, who s e
s eed
bio lo g y
is a ddr es s ed in s ever a l s t udies .
Only
a s ma ll
fr a ct io n o f t he s eeds
(va r ia ble
bet ween lo ca l
po pula t io ns )
a r e
ca pa ble
o f
g er mina t io n
a t
dis per s a l
o r
fo llo wing
a s ho r t
pe-
r io d o f
s t o r a g e
(Ho nek
a nd
Ma r t inko va 1996;
Ma r t inko va
a nd Ho nek
1997).
Do r ma ncy
in t he r es t o f t he s eeds
ma y
be r emo ved
by pr o lo ng ed expo s ur e
o f
dr y
s eed a t eleva t ed
t emper a t ur e (a ft er r ipening )
o r
expo s ur e
o f mo is t s eed a t lo w
t emper a t ur e
(s t r a t ifica t io n).
In fields o f t he
t emper a t e
zo ne
wher e
dis per s ed
s eed r ema ins o n t he s o il s ur fa ce o r is in-
co r po r a t ed
int o t he s o il
by t illa g e, do r ma ncy
is
mo s t ly
t er -
mina t ed
by
s t r a t ifica t io n.
Alt ho ug h do r ma ncy
r elea s e o f
s o me bur ied s eeds
ma y
be
co mplet ed by
t he a ut umn
(Wa -
t a na be a nd Hir o ka wa
1974),
in mo s t
s eeds ,
do r ma ncy
t er -
mina t io n t a kes
pla ce dur ing
wint er a nd
ea r ly s pr ing
(Ma r -
t inko va a nd Ho nek
2000).
Under
s pa r s ely
s o wn
cr o ps ,
t he
s eedling s
t hen
emer g e
in la t e
Apr il
t o
ea r ly Ma y.
The no n-
g er mina t ed
s eeds
per s is t
in t he s o il s eed ba nk, o ft en fo r
ma ny yea r s (Bur ns ide
et a l.
1996),
a nd
ma y g er mina t e
in
r es po ns e
t o
co mplex
s t imuli
(Yo s hio ka
et a l.
1998).
Ger -
mina t io n o ccur s a t
t emper a t ur es
bet ween 13 a nd 40 C
(Br o d 1968;
Ma un a nd Ba r r et t
1986;
Ra hn et a l.
1968;
Ro che a nd Muzik
1964;
To r ma a nd Ho di
2002).
Alt ho ug h
ba s ic da t a o n t he
t emper a t ur e r es po ns e
o f ba r n-
298
*
Weed Science 54,
Ma r ch-Apr il
2006
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ya r dg r a s s
s eed is
kno wn,
cha ng es
a s s o cia t ed wit h s eed
a g ing
a nd
s t o r a g e
co ndit io ns r ema in t o be s t udied. This
s t udy
is
impo r t a nt
beca us e t he
cha ng e
in
g er mina t io n r es po ns e ma y
be
r es po ns ible
fo r
t iming
o f
s eedling emer g ence.
We,
t her e-
fo r e, es t a blis hed a n
exper iment
in which s eeds o f a
s ing le
ba r nya r dg r a s s po pula t io n
wer e
expo s ed
t o
a ft er r ipening
a nd
s t r a t ifica t io n co ndit io ns fo r
1
yr
a nd 8
yr .
The
exper iment
t hus
inves t ig a t ed g er mina t io n
o f s eed wit h differ ent "his t o -
r ies " o f
do r ma ncy
t er mina t io n. The
1-yr -o ld
s eeds ha ve
jus t
s t a r t ed
a ft er r ipening
o r lo s t
do r ma ncy.
In t he
8-yr -o ld
s eeds ,
a ft er r ipening
incr ea s ed
g er mina t io n per cent a g e
fo r ca . 2.5
yr
(Ma r t inko va
a nd Ho nek
2004),
a nd bur ied s eeds ea ch
yea r
under went
do r ma ncy/no ndo r ma ncy cycles
wit h ma xima in
Apr il
t o
June
a nd minima in
Sept ember
t o No vember
(Ho -
nek et a l.
1999;
Ma r t inko va a nd Ho nek
2000).
In a ll s eed
lo t s ,
we
co mpa r ed g er mina t io n
a t t he t ime when
ba r nya r d-
g r a s s emer g es
under field co ndit io ns . We r eco r ded t he va r -
ia t io n in
g er mina t io n per cent a g e
a nd r a t e,
a t a
r a ng e
o f
t emper a t ur es ,
a nd
inves t ig a t ed
t he va r ia t io n in t her ma l co n-
s t a nt s ca us ed
by
differ ences in s eed
a g e
a nd
s t o r a g e
co ndi-
t io ns .
Ma t er ia ls a nd Met ho ds
Seed
The s eed wa s co llect ed a nd bur ied a t t he Res ea r ch Ins t i-
t ut e o f
Cr o p
Pr o duct io n a t
Pr a ha -Ruzyne (la t it ude 50006'N,
lo ng it ude
14'15'E).
Lo ca l clima t e
(ht t p://www.vur v.cz/
met eo /)
is mo is t
t emper a t e
wit h
a ver a g e mo nt hly t emper a -
t ur es o f -2.8 t o 3.0 C in t he co ld
per io d
(No vember
t o
Ma r ch)
a nd 7.8 t o 17.6 C in t he
veg et a t ive
s ea s o n
(Apr il
t o
Oct o ber ).
Aver a g e mo nt hly pr ecipit a t io n
is 18.1 t o 25.4
mm a nd 32.4 t o 70.2 mm in t he wint er a nd s ummer
pe-
r io ds ,
r es pect ively.
Seeds wer e co llect ed fr o m a
na t ur a lly
es -
t a blis hed
ba r nya r dg r a s s
s t a nd o n
Aug us t
28, 1994 (fur t her
r efer r ed t o a s
8-yr -o ld
s eeds ),
a nd
Aug us t
22,
2001
(1-yr -
o ld
s eeds ).
Abo ut 10 d a ft er t he
beg inning
o f
dis per s a l,
s eeds
wer e co llect ed
by
mild
s weeping
wit h a n
ent o mo lo g y
net .
Seeds wer e t hen
s pr ea d
o n filt er
pa per
a t 24 t o 26 C a nd
40 t o 60% r ela t ive
humidit y (RH)
fo r ca . 40 d. The s eeds
wer e t hen divided int o t wo
pa r t s ,
which wer e ea ch
kept
a t
differ ent co ndit io ns unt il
g er mina t io n t es t ing .
One
pa r t
wa s
s pr ea d
o n
pa per t r a ys
in a 1-cm-t hick
la yer
a nd
pla ced
in a
co nt r o lled envir o nment r o o m a t 25 C a nd 40% RH. This
t r ea t ment is r efer r ed t o a s
"a ft er r ipening ."
The o t her
pa r t
wa s bur ied in s o il under field co ndit io ns . The
8-yr -o ld
a nd
1-yr -o ld
s eeds wer e bur ied o n No vember 11, 1994, a nd
Oc-
t o ber 20, 2001, r es pect ively.
The bur ied
s a mples
co ns is t ed
o f ca . 50
g
o f s eed s ecur ed ins ide
nylo n
fa br ic. Fo r ea s e o f
ha ndling
t he s eeds wer e no t mixed wit h s o il o r s a nd. The
nylo n fa br ic, wit h a 0.24-mm mes h s ize (56% o pen a r ea ),
ena bled wa t er diffus io n fr o m
s ur r o unding
s o il. To
pr event
g er mina t io n
in t he
s pr ing ,
t he
pa cket s
o f s eeds wer e bur ied
in t he s o il a t a 20 cm
dept h
under ba r e
g r o und,
which wa s
g ent ly
t r o dden o n. The
po s it io n
o f
s a mples
wa s ma r ked
by
a
s t r ing co nnect ing
t he s eed
pa cket
wit h a wo o den la bel a t
t he s o il s ur fa ce.
Ther e wer e, t hus , fo ur s eed lo t s
differ ing
in
a g e
a nd
po s t -
dis per s a l t r ea t ment , which a r e r efer r ed t o a s (1) 1-yr -o ld
a ft er r ipened (co llect ed 2001; a ft er r ipened
unt il 2002); (2)
1-yr -o ld
bur ied (co llect ed 2001; bur ied unt il 2002); (3) 8-
yr -o ld a ft er r ipened (co llect ed 1994; a ft er r ipened
unt il
2002);
a nd
(4) 8-yr -o ld
bur ied
(co llect ed 1994;
bur ied unt il
2002).
Ger mina t io n
Exper iment s
Bur ied s eeds wer e exhumed fr o m t he s o il o n
Apr il
14,
2002, a nd dr ied a t 25 C a nd 40% RH fo r 5 d befo r e s t a r t -
ing g er mina t io n,
wher ea s
a ft er r ipened
s eeds r ema ined a t
a f-
t er r ipening
co ndit io ns unt il t he
beg inning
o f t he
g er mina -
t io n
exper iment .
On
Apr il
19, 2002,
a ll s eeds wer e
pla ced
int o co ns t a nt
t emper a t ur es
o f
17, 20, 25, 30,
a nd 35 C
wit h a
lo ng -da y pho t o per io d
(16/8-h
lig ht /da r k).
The co n-
dit io ns wer e ma int a ined in clima t ized bo xes in which t em-
per a t ur e
o s cilla t ed wit hin
-0.3
C. In ea ch
co ndit io n,
t her e
wer e
pla ced
20
r eplica t es
o f 50 s eeds
(1 yr -o ld a ft er r ipened)
o r 10
r eplica t es
o f 50 s eeds
(a ll
o t her
t r ea t ment s ).
The num-
ber o f
r eplica t es
in t he fo r mer wa s do ubled beca us e o f lo w
g er mina bilit y.
Ea ch
g r o up
o f 50 s eeds wa s
pla ced
int o a
pet r i
dis h o f 10 cm in
dia met er ,
o n filt er
pa per
mo is t ened
by
6 ml o f
t a p
wa t er , a nd
immedia t ely pla ced
int o
g er mina t io n
co ndit io ns . The
g er mina t ing
s eeds
(r a dicle
-
1
mm
lo ng )
wer e t hen co unt ed a nd r emo ved
da ily
a t 7:00 A.M.,
2:00
P.M.,
a nd 9:00 P.M. (30
a nd 35
C);
a t 8:00 A.M. a nd
8:00
P.M. (20
a nd 25
C),
a nd a t 10:00 A.M.
(17 C)
unt il
no fur t her
g er mina t io n
o ccur r ed fo r 4 d.
St a t is t ica l
Ana lys is
Per cent a g e
o f
g er mina t ing
s eeds
(P)
a nd t ime t o 50%
g er mina t io n (T50)
wer e es t a blis hed fo r ea ch
s a mple
o f 50
s eeds .
Per cent a g e
o f
g er mina t ed
s eeds wa s ca lcula t ed a s
P = (To t a l
number o f
g er mina t ed
s eeds ) x
2
[1]
Fo r ea ch
s a mple,
t he number o f s eeds
g er mina t ed
a t ea ch
co unt wa s
expr es s ed
a s
pr o po r t io n
G
(per cent )
o f a ll s eeds
t ha t
g er mina t ed
in t his
s a mple,
i.e.,
G =
(number
o f
s eeds )
x 2 X
P-1 [2]
Cumula t ive
G
wa s t hen
plo t t ed a g a ins t
t ime. Fr o m her e,
T50
wa s
int er po la t ed us ing g er mina t io n
t ime o f cumula t ive
G
va lues
jus t
belo w a nd a bo ve t he 50%
g er mina t io n.
Fo r
ea ch
g er mina t io n t emper a t ur e
a nd
s t o r a g e
t r ea t ment ,
t he
a ver a g e
P a nd
T50
wer e ca lcula t ed a s t he a r it hmet ic mea n
o f t he
r eplica t es .
The
T50
wa s ca lcula t ed a s t ime t o
g er mi-
na t io n o f 50% o f s eeds t ha t
g er mina t ed
(beca us e
o f
la r g e
differ ences o f P bet ween
s a mples ).
The
a ver a g e
P a nd
T50
va lues wer e us ed fo r ca lcula t io n
o f t her ma l co ns t a nt s a nd
g er mina t io n
minima ,
o pt ima ,
a nd
ma xima . The t her ma l
co ns t a nt s ,
ba s e
t emper a t ur e (Tb [t he
t emper a t ur e
belo w which no
g er mina t io n
o ccur s ]),
a nd t her -
ma l t ime S
(qua nt it y
o f hea t
unit s ,
r efer r ed t o a s
da y-deg r ees
[dd], r equir ed
fo r
g er mina t io n
o f 50% o f t he
g er mina t ed
s eeds )
wer e ca lcula t ed
us ing
da t a fo r
s ubo pt ima l t emper a -
t ur es
(17, 20, a nd 25
C).
The ca lcula t io n wa s ma de a s s um-
ing
a linea r
r ela t io ns hip
bet ween
g er mina t io n
r a t e
(R;
t he
r ecipr o ca l
o f
T50)
a nd
t emper a t ur e
(T),
which ho lds o ver a
r a ng e
o f
eco lo g ica lly
r eleva nt
t emper a t ur es
belo w t he
o pt i-
mum
(Tr udg ill
et a l.
2000).
Ther ma l co ns t a nt s wer e ca l-
cula t ed
us ing
t he linea r mo del:
R= a T+ b
[3]
wher e a a nd b a r e mo del
pa r a met er s .
Fr o m
her e,
Ma r t inko va et a l.: Ger mina t io n o f
ba r nya r dg r a s s
*
299
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
0.30
I
0.25
0.20
-
C
0.15-
0O
0.10 -
E
a 0.05
(.
0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0.30
B
0.25 -
0.20
c 0.15-
.O
c 0.10
E
0.05
0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Temper a t ur e (C)
FIGURE 1. Ger mina t io n r a t e
(T50-1)
o f
(A) 1-yr -o ld
a nd
(B) 8-yr -o ld
s eed
fit t ed
by
t he La ct in mo dels
s epa r a t ely
fo r
a ft er r ipened (t hin line)
a nd bur ied
(t hick line)
s eed. The do t s
co r r es po nd
t o t he mea n da t a .
Open
cir cles a nd
t hin lines :
a ft er r ipened
s eeds . Filled cir cles a nd
hea vy
line: bur ied s eeds .
hig h
eit her
(1)
in a na r r o w
r a ng e
o f
hig h t emper a t ur es
nea r
30 C,
o r
(2)
under a br o a d
t emper a t ur e r a ng e
bet ween 20
a nd 30 C. The fo r mer
r es po ns e
wa s
t ypica l
fo r
1-yr -o ld
s t r a t ified s eed a t t he end o f t he fir s t
a s cending pha s e
o f
do r ma ncy/no ndo r ma ncy cycles .
The la t t er
r es po ns e
wa s
t yp-
ica l fo r
8-yr -o ld
s eed,
bo t h
a ft er r ipened
a nd s t r a t ified. The
differ ence, t hus ,
depended
o n s eed
a g e o nly.
The
"his t o r y"
o f s eed
do r ma ncy, pr o lo ng ed g r a dua l
t er mina t io n fo llo wed
by
a
per io d
o f co ns t a nt
hig h g er mina bilit y (8-yr -o ld
a ft er -
r ipened
s eed),
r a pid
t er mina t io n o f
do r ma ncy (1-yr -o ld
bur -
ied
s eed),
o r
pa s s ing t hr o ug h
s ever a l
do r ma ncy/no ndo r ma n-
cy cycles (8-yr -o ld
bur ied
s eed),
wa s no t
impo r t a nt .
The
ca t eg o r ies
o f s eed
r es po ns e
illus t r a t e t he
pla s t icit y
o f
ba r nya r dg r a s s g er mina t io n s t r a t eg y
(Ho nek
et a l.
1999).
The
yo ung
s eed t ha t
co mplet e
t he fir s t
do r ma ncy
t er mina t io n
ha ve a "ca ut io us "
s t r a t eg y
a nd s elect
o pt imum t emper a t ur e
co ndit io ns fo r
g er mina t io n.
The ca ut io us
s t r a t eg y
wa nes a s
t he s eed
a g es
wit ho ut
o ppo r t unit y
t o
g er mina t e.
Aft er 8
yr ,
t he s eed
g er mina t ed
a t a br o a d
r a ng e
o f
t emper a t ur es , pa r -
t icula r ly
when s t o r ed under co ndit io ns o f enfo r ced do r ma n-
cy (dr y
a t 25
C). Incr ea s ing
t he
r a ng e
o f
t emper a t ur es
co n-
venient fo r
g er mina t io n
wit h s eed
a g e
ha s been o bs er ved in
s ever a l
s pecies (Po pa y
1981;
Schiit z
et a l.
2002).
The differ ence bet ween Seed
Res po ns es
1
a nd 2
ma y
be
impo r t a nt
in la t e
Apr il
when
weedy ba r nya r dg r a s s
s t a nds
g er mina t e
in t he
o pen.
At t ha t
t ime,
t he differ ences in s o il
t emper a t ur e
indica t es t he differ ences
a mo ng s pa r s e cr o ps ,
wher e
g er mina t io n
init ia t es a
ho peful develo pment
(in
Cen-
t r a l
Eur o pe mo s t ly
co r n
[Zea
ma ys
L.],
po t a t o es
[So la num
t uber o s um
L.], s ug a r
beet
[Bet a
vulg a r is L.],
a nd
vineya r ds
[Vit is
vinifer a
L.])
a nd dens e
cr o ps ,
wher e
g er mina t io n
is
fa t a l.
Temper a t ur e
da t a will be
neces s a r y
fo r s imula t io ns o f
s eedling emer g ence us ing
mo dels ba s ed o n t her ma l t ime
co ncept
(Lebla nc
et a l.
2003).
A s imula t io n s ho uld dis t in-
g uis h
bet ween
g er mina t io n
fr o m s eed
dis per s ed
in t he
pr e-
vio us
yea r
a nd fr o m t he o ld s o il s eed ba nk. The
develo p-
ment o f
g er mina t io n r es po ns e
wit h s eed
a g e
r ema ins t o be
s t udied. The fo r mer s eed will do mina t e in s t a nds wher e a
r o w
cr o p
is s o wn a ft er r o w
cr o p,
t he la t t er when a
r o w-cr o p
is s o wn a ft er a
cer ea l, a nd
ba r nya r dg r a s s
s t a nd is es t a blis hed
fr o m a n o ld s o il s eed ba nk.
Opt imum g er mina t io n
wo uld
r equir e hig her t emper a t ur es
in t he fir s t t ha n t he s eco nd ca s e.
Beca us e
ba r nya r dg r a s s g er mina t es
bes t fr o m
a ppr o xima t ely
3 t o 5 cm
dept hs (Bo yd
a nd Va nAcker
2003;
Ma r t inko va
a nd Ho nek
1993),
t he
t emper a t ur es
in la t e
Apr il ma y
be
limit ing .
Ho wever ,
t he
pr a ct ica l impo r t a nce
o f t his limit a -
t io n s ho uld be
inves t ig a t ed.
Beca us e t he
la r g e
s o il s eed-ba nk
dens it ies o f
emer g ent s eedling s
a r e o ft en s o
hig h,
a s ever e
culling
o f
s eedling s
fo llo ws wit hin 20 d a ft er
emer g ence
(Ho nek
a nd Ma r t inko va
1991).
The r es ult s indica t ed t he exis t ence o f a no t her
ca t eg o r y
o f
g er mina t io n r es po ns e
who s e
s ig nifica nce
is
wo r t hy
o f fur t her
s t udy.
This wa s
t ypica l
fo r a s ma ll fr a ct io n o f s eed
po pula -
t io n
g er mina ble
a ft er a s ho r t
per io d
o f
a ft er r ipening ,
a t t he
t ime when mo s t s eed s t ill r ema in do r ma nt . This Seed Re-
s po ns e
3 wa s
dis t ing uis hed by
lo w
Tb (1.1
C ca lcula t ed fr o m
t he linea r
mo del)
a nd s ma ll va r ia t io n in t he
pr o po r t io n
o f
g er mina t ing
s eeds wit h
t emper a t ur e.
The exis t ence o f a lo w
Tb
wa s a ls o co nfir med
by
a no nlinea r mo del. A s ma ll
s eg -
ment o f t he s eed
po pula t io n
is
pr o ba bly pr epa r ed
t o
g er -
mina t e
ea r ly
a ft er
dis per s a l
a nd under a wide
r a ng e
o f t em-
per a t ur e
co ndit io ns . In t he
Ruzyne po pula t io n
o f
2001,
t his
wa s
o nly
1
t o 3% o f t he
s eeds ,
but t his
pr o po r t io n
va r ies
bet ween lo ca lit ies
(Ho nek
a nd Ma r t inko va
1996).
In s o me
po pula t io ns ,
a fr a ct io n o f
g er mina ble
s eed wa s fo und
1
mo
a ft er
dis per s a l
(Ma r t inko va
a nd Ho nek
2004).
The
t ype
3
r es po ns e,
when s eed beco mes
g er mina ble ea r ly
a nd under
br o a d
r a ng e
o f
t emper a t ur es ma y
be
a da pt ive
beca us e it in-
cr ea s es t he cha nce t o inva de
t empo r a r y
envir o nment s . Un-
der wa r m a nd
dr y
wea t her t his fr a ct io n o f s eed
mig ht g er -
mina t e in t he a ut umn o f t he
yea r
o f
dis per s a l.
In
fa ct ,
under
s uch co ndit io ns dens e s t a nds o f
ba r nya r dg r a s s s eedling s
wer e
o bs er ved in s t ubbled fields
(Ma r t inko va
a nd Ho nek
2004).
In Cent r a l
Eur o pe,
ho wever ,
t he a ut umn-es t a blis hed s eed-
ling po pula t io ns per is h
beca us e o f
wint er
fr o s t s .
So ur ces o f Ma t er ia ls
1
QC.Exper t @ 2.5 s t a t is t ica l s o ft wa r e, QC Exper t AG, Kr ies -
ba chs t r a s s e 42, CH-8600 Duebendo r f, Swit zer la nd.
2
R fr eewa r e s t a t is t ica l pa cka g e, The Co mpr ehens ive R Ar chive
Net wo r k
(cr a n.a t .r -pr o ject .o r g );
R
Pr o ject
news let t er edit o r , Pa ul
Mur r ell, Depa r t ment
o f St a t is t ics , The
Univer s it y
o f Auckla nd, Pr i-
va t e
Ba g 92019, Auckla nd, New Zea la nd.
3
St a t is t ica
a na lyt ica l s o ft wa r e, 2300 Ea s t 14t h St r eet , Tuls a , OK
74104.
Ackno wledg ment s
We t ha nk Mr s . Ludmila
Kr es lo v~i
fo r excellent t echnica l a s s is -
t a nce. The wo r k wa s
s uppo r t ed by g r a nt 521/03/0171 o f t he Gr a nt
Ag ency
o f Czech
Republic
a nd
g r a nt s
00027006-01 (Z. M.) a nd
302
*
Weed Science 54,
Ma r ch-Apr il
2006
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
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*
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Ma r ch-Apr il
2006
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