MC 19 Graupner

2 Contents
Contents
General notes
Safety notes ......................................................... 3
Foreword ............................................................... 6
Description of radio control set .............................. 7
Operating notes .................................................. 11
Decription of transmitter ...................................... 18
Description of LCD screen .................................. 20
Using the system for the first time ...................... 21
Using the 3D rotary control .................................. 28
Assigning external switches and control switches 29
Fixed-wing model aircraft (receiver socket sequ.) 30
Model helicopters (receiver socket sequence) ..... 32
Model boats and cars.......................................... 34
Nautic channel (model boats and cars) ............... 35
Program description
Setting up a model memory ................................ 36
Menu descriptions in detail .......................... from 37
Model memories
Model select ....................................................... 37
Copy / Erase ....................................................... 37
Basic transmitter and model settings
Fixed-wing models .............................................. 38
Model helicopters ................................................ 41
Model boats and cars.......................................... 45
Timers ................................................................ 48
Control switches ................................................. 49
Receiver outputs ................................................. 50
Nautic channel .................................................... 51
Trainer mode ....................................................... 52
Servo settings ................................................... 54
Transmitter controls
Transmitter control settings (fixed-wing / helic.) ... 56
Throttle limit function .......................................... 58
Transmitter control settings (model boats / cars) . 60
Phase trim ......................................................... 68
Mixers
Basic mixer functions ......................................... 69
Fixed-wing mixers ............................................... 69
Helicopter mixers ................................................ 74
Setting up the throttle and collective pitch curve . 77
Helicopter mixer - auto-rotation ........................... 80
General notes on freely programmable mixers .... 82
Free mixers ......................................................... 83
Swashplate mixers.............................................. 87
Special functions
Fail-Safe settings, PCM 20 ................................. 88
Fail-Safe settings, SPCM 20 ............................... 90
Dual Rate / Expo
Fixed-wing models .............................................. 62
Model helicopters ................................................ 64
Model boats / cars .............................................. 64
Programming examples
Fixed-wing models (general) ................................ 92
Non-powered fixed-wing models .......................... 94
Including an electric power system ..................... 97
Operating electric motor and butterfly system..... 98
Operating timers ................................................ 100
Using flight phases ............................................ 101
Servos running in parallel ................................... 102
Delta / flying wing model aircraft ........................ 103
F3A models ....................................................... 106
Model helicopters ............................................... 110
Model boats and cars......................................... 114
Multi-proportional modules ................................. 116
Expert switched functions .................................. 117
Combination of NAUTIC Multi-Prop / Expert mo . 118
NAUTIC accessories .......................................... 119
NAUTIC- typical wiring diagram.......................... 120
NAUTIC
Appendix
Trainer system ................................................... 121
Transmitter accessories .....................................122
Approved operating frequencies .........................126
Approval certificates, conformity........................ 127
Guarantee certificate ......................................... 131
The sole purpose of this manual is to provide
information. It is subject to modification at any
time, and must not be considered as any form of
obligation on the part of the GRAUPNER company.
GRAUPNER accepts no responsibility or liability for
errors or inaccuracies which may be found in the
information section of this manual.
1st edition, Printed in Germany 02/05
Safety notes
Please read carefully!
We all want you to have many hours of pleasure in
our mutual hobby of modelling, and safety is an im-
portant aspect of this. It is absolutely essential that
you read right through these instructions and take
careful note of all our safety recommendations.
If you are a beginner to the world of radio-controlled
model aircraft, boats and cars, we strongly advise
that you seek out an experienced modeller in your
field and ask him for help and advice.
These instructions must be handed on to the new
owner if you ever sell the transmitter.
Application
This radio control system may only be used for the
purpose for which the manufacturer designed it, i.e.
for operating radio-controlled models which do not
carry humans. No other type of use is approved or
permissible.
Safety notes
SAFETY IS NO ACCIDENT
and
RADIO-CONTROLLED MODELS ARE NOT
PLAYTHINGS
Even small models can cause serious personal in-
jury and damage to property if they are handled in-
competently.
Technical problems in electrical and mechanical
systems can cause motors to rev up or burst into
life unexpectedly, with the result that parts may fly
off at great speed, causing considerable injury.
Short-circuits of all kinds must be avoided at all ti-
mes. Short-circuits can easily destroy parts of the
radio control system, but even more dangerous is
the acute risk of fire and explosion, depending on
the circumstances and the energy content of the
batteries.
Aircraft and boat propellers, helicopter rotors, open
gearboxes and all other rotating parts which are dri-
ven by a motor or engine represent a constant inju-
ry hazard. Do not touch these items with any object
or part of your body. Remember that a propeller
spinning at high speed can easily slice off a fin-
ger! Ensure that no other object can make contact
with the driven components.
Protect all electronic equipment from dust, dirt,
damp, and foreign bodies. Avoid subjecting the
equipment to vibration and excessive heat or cold.
Radio control equipment should only be used in
normal ambient temperatures, i.e. within the range
-15C to +55C. Avoid subjecting the equipment to
shock and pressure.
Check the units at regular intervals for damage to
cases and leads. Do not re-use any item which is
damaged or has become wet, even after you have
dried it out thoroughly. Use only those components
and accessories which we expressly recommend.
Be sure to use only genuine matching GRAUPNER
connectors of the same design with contacts of the
same material. Use only genuine GRAUPNER plug-
in crystals on the appropriate frequency band.
When deploying cables note that they must not be
under tension, and should never be bent tightly or
kinked, otherwise they may fracture. Avoid sharp
edges which could wear through the cable
insulation.
Check that all connectors are pushed home firmly
before using the system. When disconnecting
components, pull on the connectors themselves -
not on the wires.
It is not permissible to carry out any modifications
to the RC system components. Avoid reverse polari-
ty and short-circuits of all kinds, as the equipment
is not protected against such errors.
Installing the receiving system and deploying
the receiver aerial
In a model aircraft the receiver must be packed in
soft foam and stowed behind a stout bulkhead, and
in a model boat or car should be protected effec-
tively from dust and spray.
The receiver must not make contact with the fusela-
ge, hull or chassis at any point, otherwise motor vib-
ration and landing shocks will be transmitted directly
to it.
When installing the receiving system in a model with
a glowplug or petrol engine, be sure to install all the
components in well protected positions so that no
exhaust gas or oil residues can reach the units and
get inside them. This applies above all to the ON /
OFF switch, which is usually installed in the outer
skin of the model.
Secure the receiver in such a way that the aerial,
servo leads and switch harness are not under any
strain.
The receiver aerial is permanently attached to the
receiver. It is about 100 cm long and must not be
shortened or extended. The aerial should be routed
as far away as possible from electric motors, ser-
vos, metal pushrods and high-current cables. How-
ever, it is best not to deploy the aerial in an exactly
straight line, but to angle it: e.g. run it straight to the
tailplane, then leave the final 10 - 15 cm trailing
down, as this avoids reception blind spots when
the model is in the air. If this is not possible we re-
commend that you lay out part of the aerial wire in
an S-shape inside the model, close to the receiver if
possible.
Safety notes 3
Safety notes
Installing the servos
Always install servos using the vibration-damping
grommets supplied. The rubber grommets provide
some degree of protection from mechanical shocks
and severe vibration.
Installing control linkages
The basic rule is that all linkages should be in-
stalled in such a way that the pushrods move accu-
rately, smoothly and freely. It is particularly impor-
tant that all servo output arms can move to their full
extent without fouling or rubbing on anything, or
being obstructed mechanically at any point in their
travel.It is important that you should be able to stop
your motor at any time. With a glow motor this is
achieved by adjusting the throttle so that the barrel
closes completely when you move the throttle stick
and trim to their end-points.Ensure that no metal
parts are able to rub against each other, e.g. when
controls are operated, when parts rotate, or when
motor vibration affects the model. Metal-to-metal
contact causes electrical noise which can interfere
with the correct working of the receiver.
Always extend the transmitter aerial fully before
operating your model.
Transmitter field strength is at a minimum in an ima-
ginary line extending straight out from the transmit-
ter aerial. It is therefore fundamentally misguided to
point the transmitter aerial at the model with the
idea of obtaining good reception.
When several radio control systems are in use on
adjacent channels, the pilots should always stand
together in a loose group. Pilots who insist on stan-
ding away from the group endanger their own mo-
dels as well as those of the other pilots.
Pre-flight checking
If there are several modellers at the site, check ca-
refully with all of them that you are the only one on
your channel before you switch on your own
transmitter.If two modellers switch on transmitters
on the same channel, the result is interference to
one or both models, and the usual result is at least
one wrecked model.
Before you switch on the receiver, ensure that the
throttle stick is at the stop / idle end-point.
Always switch on the transmitter first, and only
then the receiver.
Always switch off the receiver first, and only
then the transmitter.
If you do not keep to this sequence, i.e. if the recei-
ver is at any time switched on when its transmitter
is switched off, then the receiver is wide open to
signals from other transmitters and any interfe-
rence, and may respond. The model could then car-
ry out uncontrolled movements, which could easily
result in personal injury or damage to property. The
servos may run to their end-stops and damage the
gearbox, linkage, control surface etc.
Please take particular care if your model is fitted
with a mechanical gyro:
Before you switch your receiver off, disconnect the
power supply to ensure that the motor cannot run
up to high speed accidentally. The gyro can genera-
te such a high voltage as it runs down that the re-
ceiver picks up apparently valid throttle commands,
and the motor could respond by unexpectedly burs-
ting into life.
Range checking
Before every session check that the system works
properly in every respect, and has adequate range.
This means checking that all the control surfaces
respond correctly and in the appropriate direction to
the transmitter commands at a suitable ground
range.
Repeat this check with the motor running, while a
friend holds the model securely for you.
Operating your model aircraft, helicopter, boat
or car
Never fly directly over spectators or other pilots,
and take care at all times not to endanger people or
animals. Keep well clear of high-tension overhead
cables. Never operate your model boat close to
locks and full-size vessels. Model cars should ne-
ver be run on public streets or motorways, foot-
paths, public squares etc.
Checking the transmitter and receiver batteries
It is essential to stop using the radio control sys-
tem and recharge the batteries well before they are
completely discharged. In the case of the transmit-
ter this means - at the very latest - when the mes-
sage Battery must be charged appears on the
screen, and you hear an audible warning signal.
It is vital to check the state of the receiver battery
at regular intervals. When the battery is almost flat
you may notice the servos running more slowly, but
it is by no means safe to keep flying or running
your model until this happens. Always replace or
recharge the batteries in good time. Keep to the bat-
tery manufacturers instructions and dont leave the
batteries on charge for longer than stated. Do not
leave batteries on charge unsupervised. Never
attempt to recharge dry cells, as they may explode.
Rechargeable batteries should always be recharged
before every session. When charging batteries it is
important to avoid short-circuits. Do this by first
connecting the charge lead banana plugs to the
charger, taking care to maintain correct polarity.
Only then connect the charge lead to the transmit-
ter or receiver battery.
4 Safety notes
Disconnect all batteries and remove them from your
model if you know you will not be using it in the
near future.
Capacity and operating times
This rule applies to all forms of electrical power
source: battery capacity is reduced every time you
charge it. At low temperatures capacity is greatly
reduced, i.e. operating times are shorter in cold
conditions.
Frequent charging, and / or the use of maintenance
programs, tends to cause a gradual reduction in
battery capacity. We recommend that you check the
capacity of all your rechargeable batteries at least
every six months, and replace them if their perfor-
mance has fallen off significantly.
Use only genuine GRAUPNER rechargeable batte-
ries!
Suppressing electric motors
All conventional electric motors produce sparks
between commutator and brushes to a greater or
lesser extent depending on the motor type; the
sparking generates serious interference to the radio
control system. In electric-powered models every
motor must therefore be effectively suppressed.
Suppressor filters effectively eliminate such interfe-
rence, and should always be fitted. Please read the
notes and recommendations supplied by the motor
manufacturer.
Refer to the main GRAUPNER FS catalogue for
more information on suppressor filters.
Servo suppressor filter for extension leads
Order No. 1040
Servo suppressor filters are required if you are obli-
ged to use long servo extension leads, as they eli-
minate the danger of de-tuning the receiver. The fil-
ter is connected directly to the receiver input. In
Sicherheitshinweise
Static charges
Lightning causes magnetic shock waves which can
interfere with the operation of a radio control trans-
mitter even if the thunderstorm actually occurs se-
veral kilometres away. For this reason cease flying
operations immediately when you notice an
electrical storm approaching.
Static charges through the transmitter aerial can
be life-threatening!
Care and maintenance
Dont use cleaning agents, petrol, water or other
solvents to clean this equipment. If the case, the
aerial etc. gets dirty, simply wipe the surfaces clean
with a soft dry cloth.
Liability exclusion / Compensation
As manufacturers, we at GRAUPNER are not in a
position to influence the way you install, operate
and maintain the radio control system components.
For this reason we are obliged to refute all liability
for loss, damage or costs which are incurred due to
the incompetent or incorrect use and operation of
our products, or which are connected with such
operation in any way.
Unless otherwise prescribed by law, the obligation
of the GRAUPNER company to pay compensation
is limited to the invoice value of that quantity of
GRAUPNER products which was immediately and
directly involved in the event in which the damage
occurred. This does not apply if GRAUPNER is
found to be subject to unlimited liability according
to binding legal regulation on account of deliberate
or gross negligence.
Safey notes 5
very difficult cases a second filter can be used, po-
sitioned close to the servo.
Using electronic speed controllers
Electronic speed controllers must be chosen to suit
the size of electric motor which they will control.
There is always a danger of overloading and possib-
ly damaging the speed controller, but you can avoid
this by ensuring that the controllers current-hand-
ling capacity is at least half the motors maximum
stall current.
Particular care is called for if you are using a hot
(i.e. upgrade) motor, as any low-turn motor (small
number of turns on the winding) can draw many ti-
mes its nominal current when stalled, and the high
current will wreck the speed controller.
Electrical ignition systems
Ignition systems for internal combustion engines
can also produce interference which has an adverse
effect on the working of the radio control system.
Electrical ignition systems should always be power-
ed by a separate battery - not the receiver battery.
Be sure to use effectively suppressed spark plugs
and plug caps, and shielded ignition leads.
Keep the receiving system an adequate distance
away from the ignition system.
Caution:
Radio control systems may only be operated on the
frequency bands and spot frequencies approved in
each EU country. You will find information on fre-
quencies in the section entitled Approved operating
frequencies. It is prohibited to operate radio control
systems on any other frequency, and such misuse
will be punished by the relevant authorities.
mc-19 - the latest generation of radio control technology
During the development phase of the mc-19 we re-
tained and further refined the overall programming
philosophy of the mc-24. This system was introdu-
ced in 1997 and is renowned throughout the world;
many thousands are already in use.
In conjunction with the DS 24 FM mini dual-con-
version receiver the mc-19 transmitter can control
up to 12 servos separately. This is sufficient, for ex-
ample, to be able to operate two rudder servos or
two elevator servos in an exotic model aircraft.
Additional functions can be operated using the re-
nowned NAUTIC modules. This means that fans of
scale and multi-function boats can also make full
use of the mc-19s advanced facilities.
When used with the new smc receivers the mc-
19 can provide servo travel at extremely high reso-
lution with 1024 control increments, ensuring super-
fine control using the SUPER-PCM digital modulati-
on mode. Naturally we guarantee full compatibility
with earlier PPM-FM and PCM receiver systems
(except for the FM6014 / PCM18).
All this means that the mc-19 and its software meet
the requirements of modern modelling in general,
and can also cope with more sophisticated pro-
gramming, including the needs of the contest flyer.
The systems modern hardware is designed to en-
able continuous further development of the softwa-
re.
Operating the transmitters software could hardly be
simpler: a digital rotary control and just four soft-
keys make model programming speedy and direct.
The beginner in particular will appreciate the clarity
and self-explanatory nature of the programming
system. However, if you encounter a problem and
the manual is not immediately to hand, a quick but-
ton-press calls up the integral on-line help which
will quickly get you back up to speed.
Please read the safety notes and the technical in-
formation. We recommend that you start by check-
ing all the functions as described in the instruc-
tions. When you have programmed a model, it is im-
portant to check all the stored settings on the
ground before committing the model to the air. Al-
ways handle your radio-controlled model with a re-
sponsible attitude to avoid endangering yourself and
others.
We in the GRAUPNER team wish you every suc-
cess and many years of pleasure with your mc-19,
which is a radio control system of the latest genera-
tion.
Kirchheim-Teck, July 2004
6 Introduction
The software is carefully arranged in a logically
structured menu system. Options which are inter-
connected in terms of function are clearly organised
in terms of content.
Basic settings: transmitter, servos, model
Transmitter control settings
Model memories
Switches
Flight phases
Timers
Mixers
Special functions
Nautic functions
The mc-19 provides 20 model memories, each of
which can store model settings for different flight
phases. Individual phases can be called up in flight
simply by operating a switch, so that you can try
out various settings quickly and without risk. This
can be for test purposes or for varying parameters
for different phases of flight.
The large graphic screen makes operating the
transmitter a simple, self-explanatory process. Mi-
xers, Dual-Rate / Exponential etc. can all be dis-
played in graphic form, and this is extraordinarily
helpful.
This manual describes each menu in detail, and
also provides dozens of useful tips, notes and pro-
gramming examples to complement the basic infor-
mation. More general modelling terms, such as
Transmitter controls, Dual-Rates, Butterfly and
many others, are all explained in the manual.
At the end of the book you will find comprehensive
information on our full range of radio control acces-
sory items.
mc-19
Expandable radio control system providing up to 12 control functions
Professional high-technology micro-computer
radio control system. Ultra-speed low-power
single-chip micro-computer with 256 kByte (2
Mbit) flash memory, 16 kByte (128 kbit) RAM, 73
ns command cycle!
With integral high-speed precision A/D converter
and proven dual-function rotary encoder with 3D
Rotary Select programming technology.
20 model memories
Worlds first: four-language dialogue menu (Germ
an, English, French, Italian).
12 control functions. Simplified assignment of
transmitter controls including sticks, external
switches and switch modules.
Update-capable software for long future life.
Ultra-speed low-power single-chip micro-compu
ter with 256 kByte (2 Mbit) flash memory, 16
kByte (128 kbit) RAM, 73 ns command cycle!
With integral high-speed precision A/D converter.
3D rotary encoder in conjunction with 4 program
ming buttons for accurate adjustment and excel
lent programming convenience.
High-resolution MULTI-DATA GRAPHIC LCD
screen provides superb monitoring facilities,
accurate graphical representation of curves and
characteristic lines.
CONVENIENT MODE SELECTOR allows easy
switching between stick modes 1 to 4 (e.g.
throttle right / throttle left)
4 switchable types of modulation:
SPCM 20 - super PCM modulation with high
system resolution of 1024 steps per control
function. For smc-14, smc-19, smc-20, smc-19
DS, smc-20 DS, smc-20 DSYN, R 330 S re-
ceivers.
PCM 20 - PCM modulation with system reso-
lution of 512 steps per control function. For mc-
12, mc-20, DS 20 mc, mc-18 receivers.
PPM 18 - the most widely used standard trans
mission process (FM and FMsss). For C 8, C 12,
C 16, C 17, C 19, DS 18, DS 19, DS 20 re-
ceivers, and XP 10, XP 12FM, XN 12, XM 16, R
600, R600 light, R 700, C6, SB6 SYN 40S,
SR6SYN miniature receivers.
Description of radio control system 7

PPM 24 - PPM multi-servo transmission mode
for simultaneous operation of up to 12 servos.
For DS 24 FM S receiver
3 freely programmable mixers for RC model
aircraft, helicopters, boats, cars and trucks.
3-point mixer for throttle, collective pitch and tail
rotor, plus gyro offset adjustment. These settings
can be carried out separately for each flight
phase.
Fixed-wing / helicopters: Dual Rate / Expo for
Ch2 Ch4, two-stage variable, individually
switchable.
Fixed-wing / helicopters: Trainer system with total
control transfer (all settings carried out on the
Teacher transmitter).
Fixed-wing mixer menu with up to 12 set-up
programs for max. two ailerons and two camber-
changing flaps (according to model type).
Fixed-wing: phase trim for flaps, ailerons, elev-
ator, according to model type.
Helicopter swashplate mixers for 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-
point linkages
Servo adjustment for up to 12 servos: servo
reverse, servo centre, symmetrical / asymmetri-
cal servo travel adjustment.
Programmable fail-safe function for PCM and
SPCM.
Two switch-operated timers: stopwatch and flight
time / running time.
HELP button provides valuable hints on program
ming and currently selected programming menu
Model copy function for all model memories
Basic set-up for model aircraft: throttle at Ch1
(idle trim), tailplane (type), Aileron / Flap (servo
count), 2
nd
and 3
rd
flight phase, Trainer (total
control transfer).
Basic set-up for helicopters: swashplate type 1
4, rotor direction, collective pitch minimum
forward / back, 2
nd
flight phase and auto-rotation.
Trainer mode (total control transfer).
Basic set-up for model boats / cars: standard
pre-set assignment for channels 1 and 2. All
transmitter controls, including sticks, trim swit-
ches, channel switches, external switches etc.,
can also be assigned to channels 1 12 without
restriction.
integral Software Nautic Switch Module,
assignable to any vacant control channel (a
Nautic-Expert switch module, Order No. 4159 is
required at the receiver only).
All transmitter controls, external switches, trim
switches etc. fitted to the transmitter can be
selected and assigned in any combination to
operate the max. 8 switched functions (inputs A
H).
Two more Nautic transmitter modules (Order No.
4108 or 4141) can be installed (Nautic-Expert
switch modules, Order No. 4159 or 4142 are
required at the receiver).
With the maximum number of Nautic modules
fitted, the system provides up to 24 reversible
switched functions, or 8 reversible switched
functions and up to 8 proportional functions, plus
two control functions and 7 free function
channels.
8 Description of radio control system
mc-19
Radio control system providing up to 12 control functions
mc-19
Micro-computer radio control system
Radio control sets:
Order No. 4821 35-MHz-Band
Order No. 4821.B 35-MHz-B-Band
Order No. 4827 40-MHz-Band
Order No. 4827.41* 41-MHz-Band
Transmitter only:
Order No. 4821.77 35-MHz-Band
Order No. 4821.77.B 35-MHz-B-Band
Order No. 4827.77.41* 41-MHz-Band
* For export only
Set contents
mc-19 micro-computer transmitter with integral
NiMH transmitter battery, transmitter RF module on
the appropriate frequency, C 17 narrow-band FM re-
ceiver on the same frequency (8 servo functions), C
577 servo, switch harness, pair of crystals on the
selected frequency band.
Recommended battery chargers (accessories)
Order No. 6422 Minilader 2
Order No. 6427 Multilader 3
Order No. 6426 Multilader 6E
Order No. 6428 Turbomat 6 Plus*
Automatic battery chargers with special NiMH
charge programs:
Order No. 6419 Ultramat 5*
,
**
,
**
Order No. 6416 Ultra Duo Plus 30*
,
**
* For charging the batteries you will also need the
transmitter charge lead, Order No. 3022, and the receiver
battery charge lead, Order No. 3021.
** 12 V power source required.
Description of radio control system 9
Transmission system SPCM20/PCM20/PPM18/PPM24
Tx transmitter RF integral (10-kHz-spacing 35-,
module 35-B-, 40- or 41- MHz band
FMsss T crystals 35-MHz-band chan. 61 ... 80
(T= Transmitter) 35-MHz-B-band chan. 182 ... 191
40-MHz-band chan. 50 ... 92
41-MHz-band chan. 400 ... 420
Channel spacing 10 kHz
Max. control functions SPCM = 10, PCM = 10, PPM = 9,
PPM 24 = 12
Control functions 6 functions
basic system
Control functions 10 (4 proportional with trims, 6 pro-
portional or switched) plus 2 soft-
ware control functions
Channel pulse width 1,5 ms (+/-) 0,5 ms
Control resolution, SPCM 20 10bit (1024 Steps),
servo travel PCM 20 9bit (512 Steps)
Temperature range -15C ... +55C
Telescopic aerial 10-section, approx. 1470mm long
Operating voltage 9,6 ... 12 V
Current drain approx 40 mA (excl. RF module)
Dimensions approx. 225 x 215 x 70 mm
Weight approx. 900g excl. transmitter battery
Type C17 FM S miniature receiver
35MHz band Order No. 3173
35MHz B-band Order No. 3173.B
40MHz band Order No. 4028
41MHz band Order No. 4028.41*
Operating voltage 4,8 ... 6 V**
Current drain approx. 10 mA
Channel spacing 10 kHz
Sensitivity drain approx. 10 V
Plugable servos 8
Temperature range approx. -15C ... +55C
Aerial lenght approx. 1000 mm
Weight approx. 29g
Order No. Description
4300.6 Telescopic aerial
4300.60 Stainless steel telescopic aerial
Recommended upgrade accessories
Replacement parts
Accessories
10 mc-19 aluminium transmitter case
71 Luxury neckstrap
72 Luxury cross-over strap
1125 Wide neckstrap
1127 Transmitter support system
1128 Short stick-tops
4178 Diagnosis lead
3289 Trainer system
3290.3 Pupil module
3290.19 Teacher module for mc-19
1149.35 Helical stub aerial, 35 MHz
3093 CONTEST transmitter tray
3078 GRAUPNER rainshield for transmitter tray
Specification - mc-19 computer system
4147.1 Latching external switch
4160 External switch, long toggle
4160.1 External switch, short toggle
4160.11 Momentary switch
4160.22 Differential switch
4160.44 Two-way momentary switch
4151 Switch module, 3-position, long toggle
4151.1 Switch module, 3-position, short toggle
4151.2 Switch module, 2-position, long toggle
4151.3 Switch module, 2-position, short toggle
4152 Proportional module (slider)
4111 Rotary proportional module
4112 Stick-top proportional control
4113 Three-function stick switch
4143 Two-function stick switch
4144 Kick-button
4184.4 NAUTIC adaptor
4108 NAUTIC-Expert module
4141 NAUTIC Multi-Prop module
5733 Special spanner for external switch nut

Specification - C17 FM S receiver
Operating notes
Opening the transmitter case
Before opening the transmitter check that it is swit-
ched off (move Power switch to OFF). Slide both
latches inward as far as they will go, away from the
arrows, until the case back can be folded open and
disengaged. To close the transmitter engage the
bottom edge of the case back, fold the panel up
again and slide both latches outward in the direction
of the arrows. Take care that no wires get caught
when you close the back.
Notes:
Do not modify the transmitter circuit in any
way, as this invalidates your guarantee and
also invalidates official approval for the
system.
Whenever you wish to work on the transmit-
ter, start by disconnecting the battery from the
transmitter circuit board to avoid the possibi-
lity of short-circuits.
Power supply
The battery compartment in the transmitter is de-
signed to be fitted with a 9.6 V NC or NiMH battery.
The receiver requires a 4.8 V NC battery, of which a
wide range of different capacities is available.
For safety reasons you should never use dry cells.
When you are using the transmitter you should mo-
nitor the battery voltage on the LCD screen. If the
voltage of the transmitter battery falls below a cer-
tain point you will hear an audible warning signal.
The screen then displays a message reminding you
that the transmitter battery needs to be recharged.
Disposing of dry cells and rechargeable batteries
Never dispose of exhausted batteries in the house-
hold rubbish. As end-user you are legally required
(Battery Regulation) to return old and exhausted
batteries. They should and must be taken to your lo-
cal battery collection point or any shop where batte-
ries of a corresponding type are on sale.
To remove the transmitter battery, carefully discon-
nect the cable at the main circuit board. Locate the
rubber bands in the battery compartment and slide
them to the side. Pull out the plug horizontally by
hooking your fingernail under the lug on the top of
the plug.
There is no direct method of checking receiver bat-
tery voltage when operating a model, although in
PCM20 mode a battery fail-safe can be activated
(Fail-Safe settings, page 88-89).
Make it a standard part of your routine to check the
state of your batteries at regular intervals. Dont
wait until you notice the servos running more slowly
than usual before charging the batteries.
Please refer to the main GRAUPNER FS catalogue
for full details of batteries, chargers, measuring
equipment and monitor units for checking batteries.
10 Operating notes
Charging the transmitter battery
The rechargeable transmitter battery can be
charged via the charge socket fitted to the side
of the case. The transmitter must be switched
OFF for the whole period of the charge process.
Never switch on the transmitter when it is still con-
nected to the charger; even a very brief interruption
in the charge process can cause the charge voltage
to rise to the point where the transmitter is immedi-
ately damaged by the excess voltage. Alternatively
the interruption may trigger a new charge cycle,
which means that the battery will possibly be sever-
ely overcharged. For this reason check carefully
that all connectors are secure, and making really
good contact. Interruptions due to an intermit-
tent contact, no matter how brief, inevitably cau-
se the charger to malfunction.
Polarity of the mc-19 charge socket
Commercially available battery charge leads produ-
ced by other manufacturers are often made up with
the opposite polarity. For this reason use genuine
GRAUPNER charge leads exclusively.
Charging the transmitter battery using a stan-
dard charger
The integral transmitter charge socket is fitted with
a safety circuit which prevents reverse current flow.
This is designed to prevent damage to the transmit-
ter if the charge lead is connected with reverse po-
larity, or if the bare ends of the lead short out.
This protective measure makes it impossible to
recharge the transmitter battery using an automatic
charger, as the charger is unable to check and mo-
nitor the battery voltage properly.
Charging the transmitter battery using an auto-
matic charger by-passing the reverse flow safety
circuit
If you still wish to use an automatic charger to re-
charge the transmitter battery, the reverse flow
safety circuit (protective diode) must be by-passed.
This is done by fitting a 20 mm cartridge fuse (5
Amp, fast-acting) in the fuse holder. If you by-pass
the reverse flow safety circuit, there is a constant
danger of short-circuit between the charge lead
plugs. If a short-circuit or reverse polarity occurs,
the transmitters charge circuit fuse will immediately
blow. A blown fuse must always be replaced by a
new 20 mm glass cartridge fuse (5A, fast-acting).
Never attempt to repair the fuse by by-passing it.
Replacement fuses are available in any electronics
supply shop.
Notes on recharging transmitter batteries using
an automatic charger
Observe the recommendations provided by the
charger manufacturer and the battery manufactu-
rer at all times.
Carry out a series of test charges to ensure that
the automatic charge termination circuit works
correctly with your battery. This applies in parti-
cular if you are using an automatic charger desig-
ned for NiCd batteries to recharge the standard
NiMH battery. You may need to adjust the Delta-
Peak trigger voltage, if your charger provides this
option.
The charge current must be set using the
chargers manual charge current select facility,
to ensure that the maximum charge current never
exceeds 1.5 A. Never allow the charger to set the
charge current automatically.
Do not discharge the battery or carry out a
battery maintenance program via the integral
charge socket. The charge socket is not suitable
for this application.
If you intend to charge the transmitter battery at
a current higher than 1.5 A, the battery must be
removed beforehand, otherwise the transmitter
could be damaged through overheating.
Operating notes 11
Charge current
To avoid damage to the transmitter the maxi-
mum charge current should not exceed 500 mA
(0.5 A) with the charge circuit fuse out of circuit
(not fitted); with the charge circuit fuse in place:
max. 1.5 A.
The automatic charger usually responds to this by
terminating the charge process prematurely, genera-
ting error messages or refusing completely to char-
ge the pack.
Operating notes
Standard chargers
Order No. 6422 Minilader 2
Order No. 6427 Multilader 3
Order No. 6426 Multilader 6E*
Automatic chargers with special NiMH charge
programs
,
**
,
**
,
**
Order No. 6416 Ultra Duo Plus 30*
,
**
* To recharge the mc-19 system you will also need the transmitter
charge lead, Order No. 3022, and the receiver battery charge lead,
Order No. 3021.
** 12 V power source required.
Please note:
Always connect the charge lead to the charger first,
and only then to the receiver or transmitter battery.
This avoids the danger of accidental short-circuit
between the bare ends of the charge lead.
Charging the receiver battery
The charge lead, Order No. 3021, can be connected
directly to the NC receiver battery for charging. If
the battery is installed in a model and you have fit-
ted one of the following switch harnesses: Order No.
3046, 3934 or 3934.3, the battery can be charged
via the separate charge socket or the charge so-
cket which is built into the switch. The switch on the
switch harness must be left at the OFF position
for charging.
12 Operating notes
Adjusting stick length
Both sticks are infinitely variable in length over a
broad range, enabling you to set them to suit your
personal preference to provide fine, accurate con-
trol.
Loosen the retaining screw using a 2 mm allen key,
then screw the stick top in or out to shorten or ex-
tend it. Tighten the grubscrew again carefully to lock
the set length.
Changing the stick mode
Either or both sticks can be converted from self-
neutralising to non self-neutralising (ratchet) action:
open the transmitter and disconnect the centring
spring from the neutralising arm (picture below). For
safetys sake, disconnect the transmitter battery
before you do this.
Raise the neutralisation return arm, disconnect it,
and store it in a safe place together with the cent-
ring spring, in case you ever need to re-convert the
stick unit to self-neutralizing action.
The stiffness of the non-neutralising stick can be
set to soft or hard using one or both of the ratchet
springs. The ratchet spring is attached to the two
stand-off pillars which are on the side facing the
transmitter circuit board. The spring tension can be
adjusted at the side of the brass stand-off pillar.
The ratchet spring can be installed on the side
facing the transmitter circuit board using the same
procedure.
To avoid damage, disconnect the transmitter battery
before you do this.
On no account touch any of the soldered joints on
the transmitter circuit board with any metal object!
Operating notes 13
Operating notes
Stick centring force
The tension of the stick unit centring springs can be
adjusted to suit your personal preference: the adjus-
tment system is located adjacent to the centring
spring. Rotate the adjustment screw with a cross-
point screwdriver to set your preferred spring force:
Turn to the right (clockwise)
= spring force harder
Turn to the left (anti-clockwise)
= spring force softer.
To avoid damage, remember to disconnect the
transmitter battery before you do this.
Changing frequency bands and channels
Changing the frequency band:
The transmitter can be operated on different fre-
quency bands by changing the RF module, or alter-
natively by fitting a Synthesizer module (see Ap-
pendix). First disconnect the transmitter battery by
carefully pulling out the plug. Loosen the four
screws in the corners of the RF module and remove
them. Now disconnect the plug at the transmitter
circuit board (A) and undo the screw B at the
aerial base. Fit the new RF module by reversing the
procedure. Check in particular that the screw at the
aerial base is correctly seated: the shakeproof was-
her must be located between the screw head and
the connector tag of the RF module lead.
Changing the RF channel:
The channel, or spot frequency, on which the sys-
tem operates is determined by plug-in crystals. Be
sure to use genuine GRAUPNER FMsss crystals
for the frequency band in use (see page 126).
Insert the transmitter crystal T in the socket on
the RF module. The frequency band and channel
number of the transmitter crystal must be the same
as those of the crystal in the receiver, or the sys-
tem will not work.
14 Operating notes
Synthesizer modules
Standard RF modules for crystals
Re-positioning the telescopic aerial
Screw the ten-section telescopic aerial into the ball-
and-socket base. The angle of inclination of the ae-
rial can be adjusted as follows: loosen the cross-
point screw to the side of the socket, swivel the
aerial to your preferred angle, then carefully tighten
the screw again.
Notes:
Do not switch on the transmitter with the RF
module fitted but the aerial not installed. Always
extend the aerial to full length before using the
system to control a model, and also for test
purposes if the transmitter will be switched on for
a long period.
The field strength radiated by the transmitter is at
its lowest in an imaginary line extending straight
from the tip of the transmitter aerial. Never point
your aerial straight at the model in an attempt to
obtain good reception; the opposite is true.
Installing the transmitter support bars
The transmitter can be fitted with the optional trans-
mitter support system, Order No. 1127. This is the
procedure: open the transmitter and remove the
case back, which is prepared to accept the support
system bars. Locate the four holes in the case back
which are designed to accept the support bars, and
push a cross-point screwdriver through them from
the rear to clear the openings, twisting it gently to
act as a drill. Now push the metal bar of the support
system through the hole in the back panel, working
from the inside. Push the plastic retainer bracket for
the metal bar between the struts in the back panel,
and fit two screws from the underside into each bra-
cket to secure it.
The support bars are held in place under strong ten-
sion by a long spring. If you find the spring tension
uncomfortably high, shorten the spring accordingly.
Installing NAUTIC modules, external switches,
switch modules and rotary modules
The transmitter case is supplied with all the holes
for the installation of optional modules already pre-
sent. Start by disconnecting the transmitter battery
to avoid short-circuits.
The holes are sealed by blind grommets which can
easily be pushed out from the inside.
Using a suitable blunt instrument, press out the mo-
dule covers on the front face of the transmitter from
the inside by pushing through the existing holes.
Place the new bezel in position, and check that it
fits correctly.
Remove the backing paper from the adhesive sur-
face of the bezel, position it carefully, then press it
down firmly. Peel the protective film from the printed
front surface of the bezel.
Operating notes 15
Operating notes
The module can now be fitted in the prepared modu-
le well from the inside, ensuring that the row of
sockets on the module faces the centre of the
transmitter.
Secure the module using the nuts and rotary knobs
which were previously removed from the potentio-
meters and switches. Screw the nuts onto the
shafts on the outside of the transmitter and tighten
them carefully using the correct size of spanner.
We recommend using the special spanner, Order
No. 5733, for tightening the decorative nuts on the
external switches. The last step is to fit the rotary
knobs on the potentiometer shafts, line them up
with the graduated scale, and tighten the grub-
screws.
External switches, rotary modules and switch mo-
dules are installed in a similar way.
Take particular care not to touch the soldered joints
on the circuit board with any metallic object.
Socket assignment on the transmitter circuit board
You will find a sketch of the transmitter circuit board
on page 19.
Additional transmitter controls can be connected to
function sockets CH5 ... CH10 on the transmitter
circuit board; these include rotary controls, sliders
and switch modules (see Appendix). In its standard
form the transmitter features two 2-channel sliders
installed in the centre console, or alternatively one
2-channel switch module and one slider; in either
case the controls are connected to sockets CH5
and CH6 as standard. If you wish, you can reverse
the direction of operation of the transmitter control
by turning the connector through 180 at the trans-
mitter circuit board. However, a more elegant me-
thod is to use the Transmitter control settings
menu, where you can reverse and adjust the trans-
mitter controls by means of the system software.
The external switch sockets numbered 0 ... 7 can
be assigned in any arrangement you wish, as all
you have to do to define an external switch for as-
signment by the software is to operate that switch,
which means that the number of the socket is irrele-
vant. However, in the interests of clarity and com-
prehensibility we do recommend that you assign the
sockets in numerical order, and install the corres-
ponding switches in the proper order, from 0 to max.
7, in the transmitter case - in so far as that is pos-
sible.
A NAUTIC module (Order No. 4141 or 4108) or Trai-
ner module (Order No. 3289 or 3290.2) can be con-
nected directly to the 14-pin interface using the mc-
22 / mc-24 connection adaptor (Order No. 4184.1). A
full description of the individual modules is included
at the appropriate point in this manual.
16 Operating notes
External switch
sockets 0 to 7
Function sockets,
CH 5 to CH 10
17
Operating buttons:
ENTER Input button
ESC Return button
CLEAR Erase button
HELP Help button
Description of transmitter
18 Description of transmitter
Option wells
Locations for optional external switches, switch
modules, rotary modules, NAUTIC modules; see
Appendix.
Switches and function modules
3 external switches as standard
2 sliders as standard
Digital trims
For fine adjustment of servo (neutral) position. A
brief push produces a single increment of offset.
Screen shows trim position.
LCD screen
See page 20 for explanation
Contrast adjustment: press rotary control and rotate simultaneously.
Warning signals:
If battery voltage falls below set threshold
If Trainer system malfunctions
If Channel 1 stick is at full-throttle when transmitter
is switched on
Fail-Safe settings required
Ball / socket aerial base
Storage well on back panel
ON/OFF switch
Note:
Always switch the transmitter on first, then the re-
ceiver. After a flight: switch the receiver off first,
Stick units
Two dual-axis stick units providing four independent
control functions. Variable-length sticks. The control
functions (i.e. stick mode) can be assigned within
the Basic model settings menu, e.g. throttle left or
right. The throttle stick can also be set to be self-
neutralising or ratcheted.
Rotary control, provides two-level control
Switches between individual lines within a
menu when held pressed-in.
A short press on the rotary control at the
basic display switches to the Servo dis-
play menu; within the multi-function list it
calls up the input field.
If rotated in its normal (non-pressed) sta-
te, the rotary control selects the desired
menu from the list in the multi-function
menu. If you call up a menu point the rota-
ry control also changes the entered value
in an inverse video field which appears at
the bottom edge of the screen (light cha-
racters on dark background). Set values
take effect immediately, and are also
stored immediately.
Description of transmitter
Description of transmitter 19
Note:
Whenever you intend to work on the interior of
the transmitter, remember to disconnect the
transmitter battery from the power socket be-
forehand. Take great care not to touch soldered
joints with any metallic object, as this could
cause a short-circuit.
It does not matter which way round you connect the
external switches.
Reversing the orientation of the control connector
simply reverses its direction of effect.
Socket for connection
to transmitter circuit
board
Plug-in
crystal
Jumper for service use:
do not touch!
Fuse for automatic
charger (5A, fast acting)
Charge socket
Battery plug
polarity
Transmitter fuse
0,5A fast-acting
Battery socket
Socket 0 ... 7 for
external switches
(see Appendix)
Function socket CH5 ... CH 10
for transmitter controls (rotary
knobs, switch modules, slider
modules; see Appendix)
Note transmitter
battery pack
directions
0
1 3
2 4
5
6
7
CH5
CH6
CH7
CH8
CH9
CH10
Interface distributor
socket
DSC module*
Service Con
(Graupner
Service only)
Socket for
RF-module
Free socket
(future
function)
+
Polarity of charge
socket
* DSC= Direct Servo Control
RF module
ENTER (Input button):
Switch to multi-function list, call up a menu
ESC (Escape button)
Return step by step from any menu to the basic display
CLEAR (Erase button)
Resets changed values to default settings
HELP (Help button)
Supplies a succinct help message regarding any menu
20 Description of LCD screen
Description of LCD screen
Stopwatch in minutes : seconds
(count-up /count-down)
Flight time in minutes : seconds
(count-up count-down)
Trainer mode
problem
Charge battery
Model memory 1 ... 20
Battery voltage with dynamic bar display. If
voltage falls below a pre-set level a warning
message appears and a buzzer sounds
Transmitter
operating
time
Model type display:
fixed-wing,
helicopter, car or
boat
Display diagram for all 4
digital trims with numeric
and directional display.
Special cut-off trim for Ch. 1
Dual-level rotary control
Adjusts screen contrast in basic
transmitter display with control
pressed in.
A short press at the basic menu
takes you to the servo display.
Flight phase name
Move between flight phases using
physical switch (alternatively
GRAUPNER logo)
Model name
Modulation
Throttle stick
at full-throttle
Only in PCM20
and SPCM20
mode
None
student-
signal
Thr
too
high!
Battery
too
low
Adjust
Fail-
Safe
Using the system for the first time 21
Using the system for the first time
The mc-19 transmitter is supplied programmed to
PPM18 mode, which suits receivers of the FM-
PPM type. If you have purchased a standard radio
control set operating on the 35 or 40 MHz bands,
you can immediately operate the C-17 receiver sup-
plied in this transmission mode. In the transmitters
default state, the two proportional sliders are con-
nected to sockets CH6 and CH7 on the main circuit
board. The socket number of the three switches on
the Multi Switch Board is of no importance for
further programming.
Transmitter
In addition to PPM18 the following transmission
modes are available:
PCM20-Mode: mode: with system resolution of
512 steps per control function
Receivers: mc-12 S, mc-18 S, mc-20 S, DS 20 S
SPCM20-Mode: Super PCM modulation with high
system resolution of 1024 steps per control
function.
Receivers: smc-14, smc-19, smc-20, smc-19 DS,
smc-20 DS, smc-20 DSYN, R 330 S
PPM18-Mode: most widely used standard
transmission mode (FM or FMsss)
Receivers: C12 FM S, C16 FMsss, C16 FM S,
C17 FM S, C18 FM S, C19 FM S,
DS18 FM S, DS19 FM S, DS 20 FM
and the miniature receivers XP 10,
The ability of the mc-19 transmitter to switch to
other transmission modes means that it can opera-
te all GRAUPNER receiving systems supplied to
date, i.e. all receivers supplied with PPM-FM and
PCM transmitters (with the exception of the
FM6014 / PCM 18). It can also drive receivers with
negative pulse output in the 35 and 40 MHz fre-
quency bands; the slight travel reduction of their
servos Any slight travel reduction of their servos
can be corrected by increasing servo travel up to
maximum +/- 150% in the Servo settings menu.
The neutral position of the servos connected to the
receiver outputs can be adjusted over a wide range.
If you wish to use a receiver which is not of the
PPM18 type, your first step should always be to
select the modulation which matches the receiver
type. If this setting is incompatible with the recei-
ver, the receiver will simply not work.
The transmission mode can be set in the Basic
model settings menu (description: page 38). The
basic procedure for the initial programming of a new
model memory is found on page 37; programming
examples are on the section starting on page 92.
Which crystals can be used?
An FMsss crystal (black plastic cap) must be fitted
in the mc-19 transmitter; it must bear the same
channel number as the crystal in the receiver:
Order No.. 3865. ... for the 35-MHz-band
Order No. 4051. ... for the 40-MHz-band
Please refer to the main GRAUPNER catalogue for
details of receivers.
Battery charged?
When your transmitter is delivered the battery will
be in the discharged state, so you must first charge
it as described on pages 10 ... 12. If you do not do
this the battery will soon fall below the pre-set trig-
ger voltage (approx. 9.3 V), and you will see and
hear a warning signal to remind you to recharge it.
Aerial fitted?
Do not switch on the transmitter unless the aerial
is screwed in. Even for prolonged testing you
should extend the aerial fully, otherwise the trans-
mitter may malfunction, with possible damage to
the RF module.
Always extend the ten-section transmitter aerial
fully before using the transmitter to operate a
model.
Transmitter field strength is at a minimum in an ima-
ginary line extending straight out from the transmit-
ter aerial. It is therefore fundamentally misguided to
point the transmitter aerial at the model with the
idea of obtaining good reception.
PPM24-Mode: new PPM multi-servo trans-
mission mode for the simultaneous operation of
12 servos
Receivers: DS 24 FM S
XP12 FM, XN12, XM16, R600, R600
light, R 700 and C6, SB6 SYN 40S,
SR6SYN.
Order No. 3864. ... for the 35-MHz band
Order No. 4064. ... for the 40-MHz band
If you have an older GRUNDIG receiving system
(with negative signal output) please note that these
must be fitted with a GRUNDIG FM crystal (green
tag):

22 Using the system for the first time
Receiving system
Be sure to read the installation notes on pages 3 to
4 before fitting the receiver and receiver aerial in
your model.
The channel number of the receiver crystal must be
the same as that of the transmitter crystal. Use
only the plug-in crystals with the code letter R (re-
ceiver), as listed in the table on page 126.
If you are using a Synthesizer receiver you do not
need a receiver crystal.
The receiver is fitted with polarised sockets, so that
the servos and power supply cannot be connected
the wrong way round; you will find that the plugs are
slightly bevelled on one edge to match the sockets.
Connect the battery to the ON / OFF switch har-
ness supplied, and connect the switch to the
socket on the receiver marked Batt.
If you use the DS 24 FM S receiver you can control
up to 12 servos, speed controllers etc. directly. Ser-
vos 1 to 10 can be operated independently of each
other using up to six controls connected to the mc-
19 transmitters main circuit board plus the two
dual-axis stick units. Servos 11 and 12 can only be
accessed via (external) switches, one of the six
controls CH5 to CH10 (see Transmitter control
settings - page 56/57) and / or by means of mixer
functions (see Free mixers - page 83).
As an alternative, two sockets can also be used
with NAUTIC modules if you need to expand the
number of functions.
Note:
If you wish to use a receiver battery and a speed
controller with integral BEC* system, the positive
(red) wire must normally be disconnected from the
3-pin plug, although this does vary according to the
type of controller. Please be sure to read the in-
structions supplied with your speed controller before
you do this.
1
2
3
rot
Using a small screwdriver, carefully raise the centre
lug of the plug (1), withdraw the red wire (2) and in-
sulate the exposed contact with insulating tape to
prevent possible short-circuits (3).
Using the system for the first time
*Battery Elimination Circuit
Receiver
battery
Select your desired language using the rotary cont-
rol.
Press the rotary control or the ENTER button to
confirm your selection.
All the settings which are stored in your transmitter
remain unchanged if you switch to a different lan-
guage.
The mc-19 transmitter allows you to select one of
the following four languages:
German
English
French
Italian
The language is selected by holding the HELP but-
ton pressed in when you switch the transmitter on;
the following display now appears:
If the receiver is ever switched on when the trans-
mitter is off, the servos may carry out uncontrolled
movements. You can avoid this by switching the
system on in this order:
Always switch the transmitter on first,
then the receiver.
When switching the system off:
Always switch the receiver off first,
Range checking:
Before every session you should carry out a range
check with the model on the ground. The transmitter
aerial should be fitted but collapsed completely, and
should be taken a suitable distance away from the
model. All the functions should work smoothly and
correctly during this test. If your model is powered,
repeat the check with the motor running to ensure
that it does not cause interference.
Using the system
for the first time
Language selection
To make it easier for you to understand the mc-19
manual the following two pages contain definitions
of many terms which crop up again and again in the
rest of the text, together with a basic flow diagram
showing the course of the signal from the transmit-
ter control to the point at which it is radiated from
the transmitter aerial.
Control function
The term control function can be thought of as the
signal generated for a particular function which
needs to be controlled - initially independent of its
subsequent progress through the transmitter. In the
case of fixed-wing model aircraft the control func-
tions include throttle, rudder and aileron, whereas
collective pitch, roll-axis and pitch-axis are typical
of those used in helicopters. The signal of a control
function may be assigned directly, or to several
control channels simultaneously via mixers. A typi-
cal example of the latter is separate aileron servos,
or pairs of roll-axis or pitch-axis servos in helicop-
ters. The essential feature of a control function is its
influence on the mechanical travel of the correspon-
ding servo.
Transmitter control
The term transmitter control is used for the me-
chanical elements on the transmitter which are ope-
rated directly by the pilot. Their movements in turn
generate corresponding movements in the servos,
speed controllers etc. at the receiver end. The trans-
mitter controls include the following:
The two dual-axis stick units for the control func-
tions 1 to 4; these four functions can be inter-
changed in any way you like through software,
e.g. throttle left or right, without having to re-con-
nect the servos. For model cars and boats the
outputs can be assigned with complete freedom.
The dual-axis stick function for throttle (or airbra-
kes) is often referred to as the Ch1 (Channel 1)
Definition of terms
Control functions, transmitter controls, function inputs, control channels, mixers, external
switches, control switches
Transmitter control settings affect the course of
the signal after these points, and it is possible
(and likely) that there will be differences between
the number of the transmitter control (as stated
above) and the number of the subsequent control
channel.
Control channel
There is a point in the signal path where the signal
contains all the control information required for a
particular servo this may be directly generated by
a transmitter control or indirectly via a mixer and
from this point on we call the signal a control chan-
nel. This signal is specific to an individual servo,
and is only affected by any adjustments carried out
in the Servo settings menu before leaving the
transmitter via the RF module in order to control the
corresponding servo in the model.
Mixer
In the signal flow diagram you will see a wide range
of mixer functions. Their purpose is to enable a
control function to affect multiple servos at the
branching point of the mixer input; the range of
mixer programs is extremely wide-ranging. For more
information please refer to the numerous mixer
functions as described in the section starting on
page 69 of the manual.
External switch
The three standard two-position switches, and addi-
tional two-position and three-position switches (op-
tional - see Appendix), can also be incorporated into
the programming of the transmitter controls. How-
ever, all these switches are also capable of control-
ling various program options, e.g. starting and stop-
ping timers, switching mixers on and off, transfer-
ring control in Trainer mode etc. Each external
switch function (a total of 8 can be connected to the
transmitter circuit board) can be assigned to as
many functions as you wish, see examples.
control.
The two proportional controls located in the
central console, which are connected as stan-
dard to sockets CH6 and CH7 on the transmitter
circuit board.
One or more optional 2-channel switch modules,
Order No. 4151 or 4151.1, which can be
connected to sockets CH5 CH10, either in
place of other controls or in addition to them.
These switch modules, with long or short switch
toggles, can provide three-position control of a
servo, speed controller or similar.
When a proportional transmitter control is operated,
the servos follow the position of the control directly,
whereas a switch module provides just the three set
servo positions.Which transmitter control or switch
operates which of the servos 5 max. 12 is left up
to the user, i.e. the sequence is freely programmab-
le, without restriction, and without having to re-con-
nect any plugs inside the transmitter. If you are
using the system to control a model car or boat,
you have complete freedom in deciding which trans-
mitter control operates servos 1 .. max. 12. This
means: the standard assignments can be changed
at any time, either by changing the stick mode, or
(for cars and boats) the complete assignment, in
the menu Transmitter control settings (page 56). In
the Helicopter menu inputs 6, 7 and 12 are assig-
ned permanently to Throttle, Gyro and Throttle
limit, as several helicopter-specific functions are
operated via these inputs.The transmitter controls
are physical units, and they can be considered to
terminate before the signal reaches the function in-
put
Function input
This is an imaginary point in the signal path, and
must not be considered the same as the point on
the circuit board where the transmitter control is
connected! The two menus Stick mode and
Transmitter control switch
It is often desirable to switch a function on or off at
a particular position of another transmitter control,
e.g. at a defined position of one of the dual-axis
sticks. Typical examples are switching a stopwatch
on and off, extending spoilers automatically (and
many others). The mc-19s program includes a total
of six control switches of this type, which can be
assigned to the Ch1 and Ch3 sticks; see page 49.
This manual includes a range of instructive examp-
les which make programming as simple as childs
play. Please refer to the programming examples on
page 92.

Digital trims with visual and audible indicators
Both the dual-axis stick units are fitted with digital
trim systems. When you give the trim lever a brief
push (one click), the neutral position of the stick
channel changes by one increment. If you hold the
trim lever in one direction, the trim value changes
continuously in the corresponding direction with in-
creasing speed.
The degree of trim offset is also audible, as the
pitch of the tone changes to reflect the setting.
When you are flying a model you can find the trim
centre position easily without having to look at the
screen: if you over-run the centre setting, the trim
stays in the centre position for a moment.
The current trim values are automatically stored
when you switch from one model memory to an-
other. The digital trims are also stored separately for
each flight phase within a model memory, with the
exception of function Ch1 (Channel 1), which is
the throttle / airbrake trim on a fixed-wing model.
The Ch1 trim includes another special function
which makes it easy to re-locate the idle throttle
setting of a glowplug motor.
1. Fixed-wing models
The Ch1 trim features a special cut-off trim which is
designed for glowplug motors:
You initially use the trim lever in the usual way to
select a reliable idle setting for the motor. If you
now move the Ch1 trim lever to its end-point in the
direction of motor cut-off, pushing the lever in a
single movement, a marker appears on the screen
in the last position. You can now return to the idle
setting for starting the motor simply by pushing the
stick once in the direction of open throttle. The
cut-off trim feature is disabled if you enter none in
the motor line within the Model type menu (page
39).
Notes:
Since this trim function is only effective in the di-
rection of motor off, the illustration above will not
apply if you reverse the control direction for the
throttle minimum position of the Ch1 stick in the
Basic model settings menu from back (as shown
in the picture above) to forward.
Of course, you can set the left-hand stick as the
Ch1 stick if you prefer; see Basic model settings
menu.
2. Model helicopters
In helicopter mode the Ch1 trim has another feature
in addition to cut-off trim as described under
Fixed-wing models; this time in conjunction with
the Throttle limit function: while the throttle limit
slider is in the bottom half of its travel, i.e. in the
start-up range, the Ch1 trim lever acts as idle trim
on the throttle limit. For more information please
read the section entitled Throttle limit on page 58.
Note regarding helicopters:
The Ch1 trim only affects the throttle servo and not
the collective pitch servos; it also works evenly
over the full stick travel. Please note that the heli-
copter throttle servo must be connected to receiver
output 6 (see receiver assignment, page 33).
Digital trims
Description of function, and Ch1 cut-off trim
(Cut-off trim for fixed-wing model aircraft and model helicopters)
Basic method of operating the software
The transmitter is programmed using just four but-
tons situated to the left of the screen, in conjunc-
tion with the crucial element: the rotary control (3D
rotary control).
Input buttons:
ENTER:
The first time you press the ENTER button you
move from the basic screen display to the multi-
function menus. You also press ENTER to call up
a selected menu.
ESC:
Pressing the ESC button takes you one step
back at the function select stage, and continues
to return you through the system until you reach
the basic display.
CLEAR:
At the programming stage, pressing CLEAR
resets a changed parameter back to the default
value. CLEAR is also used to leaf through the
pages within the Help function.
HELP:
At any point in the programming process you can
press this button to call up a concise help text
which informs you how to use the individual
menu in which you are currently located. Within
the Help text you can leaf through the screen
pages by pressing the HELP button again, and
leaf through backwards using the CLEAR button.
Using the Data Terminal
Input buttons and function fields
ENTER , ESC , CLEAR , HELP , SEL, STO, CLR, SYM, ASY, , E/A,

Function field:
In some menus the bottom line of the screen
displays function fields which can be called up
using the rotary control.

E/A ASY SYM SEL STO CLR ENT
Function fields:
SEL (select): Select this point
STO (store): Store (e.g. a transmitter control
position)
CLR (clear): Erase (e.g. a curve reference
point)
SYM Set a symmetrical mixer value
ASY Set an asymmetrical mixer
value
Switch symbol field
(assignment of external
switches and control switches)
E/A Switches menus on and off
Shifts to second page within a
menu (following menu)
Turn the rotary control to move to the
function fields:
Press the rotary control to
activate a function field:
By turning the rotary control you switch between the
parameter fields - in this case SEL and - in
each case the element which can be changed ap-
pears in inverse video, i.e. with a black background.
Press the rotary control to move from the selected
parameter field to the value field, etc.
Finally press ESC to return to the multi-function list.
Menu settings
Press the rotary control or ENTER
briefly to move to a menu.
Now select a line:
ENTER
28 Rotary control
ESC
Basic functions of the 3D rotary control
Contrast adjustment, multi-function list, menu settings, servo display
Functions of the rotary control:
The basic method of using the rotary control has al-
ready been described on page 27. Here we show an
example of using the rotary control in a practical ap-
plication. First switch the transmitter on.
Adjusting screen contrast
Press
and
rotate
Select multi-function list
Rotate:
(select
menu)
Call up an input field:
Brief
press:
Change a value:
Rotate:
Confirm input and quit:
Brief
press:
Call up next parameter field:
Rotate:
Servo display:
Brief press:
A brief press on the rotary control takes you from
the basic display to the servo display.

Press
and
rotate
socket number 0 ... 7 to which the switch is con-
nected. The same applies to the Ch1 stick, and
the Ch3 stick with model cars and boats: simply
move the stick from the desired switch off po-
sition in the direction of switch on. This com-
pletes the assignment process.
Note:
The position to which you eventually move the
switch (in order to assign it) is accepted by the
transmitter as the ON position. For this reason
you should move the external switch (or the Ch1
stick, or - cars and boats - the Ch3 stick) to the
desired OFF position before you activate the
switch symbol by a brief press on the rotary
control.
3. Changing the direction of switching:
If the switch turns out to work in the wrong
direction, you can correct it as follows: move the
switch to the desired OFF position, select the
switch symbol once more and assign the switch
again, this time with the switch direction you
prefer.
4. Erasing a switch:
Activate the switch symbol as described under
Point 2, then press the CLEAR button.
Switch assignment 29
Assigning external switches and control switches
Basic procedure
At many points in the program there is the option of
using an external switch or control switch (see be-
low) to operate a function, or to switch between set-
tings, such as the DUAL RATE / EXPO function,
flight phase programming, mixers and more. The
mc-19 allows you to assign several functions to one
switch.
The process of assigning switches is exactly the
same in all the menus concerned, and we will ex-
plain the basic programming procedure at this point
so that you can concentrate on the special features
when reading the detailed menu descriptions.
A switch symbol appears in the bottom line of the
screen at all programming points where switches
can be assigned:

If you move to this field using the rotary control, the
switch symbol field changes to inverse video (black
background):

This is how you assign an external switch:
1. Brief press on rotary control
2. The following field appears on the screen:
Move desired switch
to ON position
Simply move the external switch you wish to
use to the ON position - regardless of the
Fixed-wing model aircraft
This program provides convenient support for mo-
dels with up to two aileron servos and two flap ser-
vos (conventional models), models with V-tail, flying
wings and deltas with two elevon (aileron / elevator)
servos and two flap servos. The majority of power
models and gliders belong to the normal tail type
with one servo each for elevator, rudder, ailerons
and throttle (or electronic speed controller, or airbra-
kes on a glider). There is also the special model
type 2 EL Sv 3+8 which provides a means of con-
necting two elevator servos to channels 3 and 8.
If your model features two separate aileron servos
(and also in some cases two flap servos), the ail-
eron travel of both pairs of control surfaces can be
set up with differential movement, i.e. the down-tra-
vel can be set independently of the up-travel.
Finally the program caters for camber-changing
flaps which can be operated by the transmitter con-
trol connected to socket CH6. Alternatively a pha-
se-specific trim is available for flaps, ailerons and
elevator in the menu Phase trim.
For deltas and flying wings it is easy to set up
mixed elevons, i.e. the aileron and elevator
functions can be carried out via common control
surfaces at the trailing edge of the right and left
wing. The program contains the appropriate mixer
functions for the two servos as standard.
Up to three flight phases can be programmed in
each of the 20 model memories.
The digital trim positions are stored separately for
each flight phase with the exception of the Ch1 trim.
The Ch1 trim provides a simple means of re-
locating the correct idle throttle setting.
Two timers are available at all times when flying.
The screen also displays the transmitter operating
time.
The transmitter controls connected to CH5 10
can be assigned to any of the inputs 5 12 in the
Transmitter control settings menu.
The DUAL RATE/EXPO functions for ailerons, rud-
der, and elevator can be programmed seperately,
and you can switch between two variations for each
of them.
Depending on the model type you have selected,
the Wing mixers menu presents you with up to 12
pre-defined mixers and coupling functions from
which you can choose, in addition to three free mix-
ers:
1. Aileron differential
2. Flap differential
3. Aileron 2 > 4 rudder (switchable)
4. Aileron 2 > 7 flap (switchable)
5. Airbrake 1 > 3 elevator (switchable)
6. Airbrake 1 > 6 flap (switchable)
7. Airbrake 1 > 5 aileron (switchable)
8. Elevator 3 > 6 flap (switchable)
9. Elevator 3 > 5 aileron (switchable)
10. Flap 6 > 3 elevator (switchable)
11. Flap 6 > 5 aileron (switchable)
12. Differential reduction
30 Fixed-wing models
Fixed-wing model aircraft
Receiver socket sequence:
The servos must be connected to the receiver out-
puts in the following order:
Models with normal tail type:
Models with V-tail tail type:
Models with Delta / Flying wing tail type:
Models with 2 EL Sv 3+8 tail type
Outputs not required are simply left vacant. Please
note the following points in particular:
If you are using only 1 aileron servo, receiver
output 5 (right aileron) must be left unused.
If you are using only 1 flap servo, receiver out-
put 7 (right flap) must be left unused.
If you are using a Graupner transmitter to control a
model fitted with a PPM-FM receiving system made
by another manufacturer*, which was formerly flown
using a different make of transmitter, e.g. when
using the mc-19 for Trainer mode operations, it may
be necessary to re-arrange the servo sequence at
the receiver outputs as described above.
*GRAUPNER does not guarantee that GRAUPNER radio
control systems will work correctly in conjunction with
receiving systems and radio control equipment made by
other manufacturers.
Different methods of installing servos and control
linkages may make it necessary to reverse the di-
rection of rotation of some servos when program-
ming. The following table provides useful informati-
on on this:
Swap over servos
3+4 at the receiver
Reverse servos
3+4 in the Servo
settings menu,
and swap over at
the receiver
Reverse servos
2+3 in the Servo
settings menu,
and swap over at
the receiver
Swap over servos
2+3 at the receiver
All menus which are relevant to fixed-wing models
are marked with an aeroplane symbol in the Pro-
gram descriptions:
This means that you can easily skip irrelevant me-
nus when programming a fixed-wing model aircraft.
Reverse servos
3+4 in the Servo
settings menu
Ailerons correct,
elevator reversed
Model
type
Servo rotating
in wrong
direction
Remedy
V-tail
Rudder and
elevator reversed
Rudder correct,
elevator reversed
Elevator correcht,
rudder reversed
Delta,
flying wing
Elevator and
ailerons reversed
Reverse servos
2+3 in the Servo
setting menu
Elevator correct,
ailerons reversed
Fixed-wing models 31
The continued development of model helicopters
and helicopter components, such as gyros, speed
governors, rotor blades etc., has led to the current
position where helicopters are capable of sophisti-
cated 3-D aerobatics. In contrast, the beginner to
helicopter flying needs a simple set-up so that he
can quickly get started on the initial stages of ho-
vering practice, and then gradually work up to more
complex models which exploit all the options provi-
ded by the mc-19.
The mc-19s helicopter program can cope with all
current model helicopters equipped with 1...4 ser-
vos for collective pitch control.
Each model memory can include two flight phases
plus auto-rotation.
Three timers are constantly included in the basic
screen display.
The digital trim settings are stored separately for
each flight phase. You can return to the correct idle
throttle trim for Ch1 simply by pressing a button.
Dual Rate and Exponential are available for roll,
pitch-axis and tail rotor; they can be coupled toge-
ther, and programmed to provide two settings in
each flight phase.
The transmitter controls connected to CH5 10
can be assigned to inputs 5 12 in virtually any
order. This is carried out in the menu Transmitter
control settings.
The Helicopter mixers menu provides three-point
curves for the collective pitch, throttle and tail rotor
mixers, variable separately for each flight phase.
These provide non-linear mixer characteristics, and
are also available for the roll and pitch-axis swash-
plate mixers. Independently of this feature, the con-
trol curve for the Channel 1 stick can also be defi-
ned using three points, separately for each flight
phase; this feature is not available for fixed-wing
models. These advanced features are not needed
by the beginner, who will initially simply set the ho-
ver point to coincide with stick travel centre.
In addition to three linear mixers, which can be as-
signed in any way you wish and can also be assig-
ned a switch, the Helicopter mixers menu also
provides the following pre-programmed mixers:
1. Channel 1 > collective pitch (with 3-point curve)
2. Channel 1 > throttle (with 3-point curve)
3. Channel 1 > tail rotor (with 3-point curve)
4. Channel 1 > gyro (with 3-point)
The throttle limit function (Input 12 in the Transmit-
ter control settings menu) provides an effective
means of starting the motor in any flight phase. By
default the slider connected to CH7 on the transmit-
ter circuit board is assigned to input 12, and this
control function determines the maximum throttle
servo position, i.e. the slider controls the motor
over the idle range. If the slider is moved in the di-
rection of full-throttle, the programmed throttle cur-
ves then take effect.
Model helicopters
32 Model helicopters

Model helicopters
Receiver socket sequence
Note for modellers upgrading from earlier
GRAUPNER systems:
Compared with the previous receiver channel se-
quence, servo socket 1 (collective pitch servo) and
servo socket 6 (throttle servo) have been interchan-
ged.
The servos must be connected to the receiver out-
put sockets in the following sequence:
Outputs not required are simply left vacant.
For more information on the different types of
swashplate please refer to the Basic model
settings menu described on page 42.
Servo Function
1 Collective pitch or roll 2, pitch-axis 2
(2-, 3- or 4-servo linkage)
2 Roll 1
3 Pitch-axis 1
4 Tail rotor (gyro system)
5 Vacant, or pitch-axis 2
(4-servo linkage)
6 Throttle servo or speed controller
(electric motor)
7 Gyro gain
8 Vacant, or speed governor
Note:
If you are using a smaller receiver (with fewer out-
puts), or a PPM-FM receiver made by another ma-
nufacturer*, e.g. for Trainer mode operations, it may
be necessary to re-arrange the receiver servo out-
puts as described above.
You may need to correct the direction of servo rota-
tion using the servo reverse facility located in the
Servo settings menu, page 54.
All menus which are relevant to model helicopters
are marked with a helicopter symbol in the Pro-
gram descriptions:
*
GRAUPNER does not guarantee that GRAUPNER radio
This means that you can easily skip irrelevant me-
nus when programming a model helicopter.
Model helicopters 33
Model boats / Model cars
34 Model boats / Model cars
Special settings have been incorporated in the mc-
19 software for model boats and model cars, in or-
der to cope with the increasingly complex demands
of multi-function models of this kind.
As standard only receiver output 1 is assigned to
the left / right function of the right-hand stick, and
output 2 to the forward / reverse function of the left-
hand stick. The flexibility of the transmitter means
that the user has complete freedom in making this
basic assignment, and also the assignment of the
receiver outputs to the transmitter controls, so that
the system fulfils his exact requirements.
In its standard form the transmitter includes a (soft-
ware) NAUTIC module (channel multiplier for auxilia-
ry functions), and the modeller can exploit this to
control a maximum of 16 switched channels and 11
proportional functions (with the DS 24 receiver). If
additional NAUTIC-Expert modules (Order No. 4108)
are installed, up to 48 switched channels and 9 pro-
portional functions can be controlled (with the DS
24 receiver).
Of course, all these options can also be used by
builders and operators of model trucks and other
ground-based vehicles. The net result is that the
mc-19 transmitter is so versatile that it represents a
true multi-function radio control system even in its
basic form.
The two pictures show a range of typical functions
fitted to these types of model. Our programming ex-
ample is based on the WESER fire-fighting cruiser,
but the same principles apply to other comparable
models.
Forward / reverse
R
ight /
left
Lamp
Fire monitor
Vertical movement
Radar
Lamp
Fire monitor
Fire monitor
Lamp
Flashing
light
F
o
rw
a
rd
/ re
v
e
rs
e
Right / left
Headlight
Direction
indicator
T
ip
p
e
r
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
Rear light/
brake light
Boat sound module
Car sound module
The mc-19 features a software-based Nautic chan-
nel which can be assigned to the desired control
output (1 12) n the menu Basic model set-
tings.
Once you have assigned a channel to the Nautic
channel, the Nautic module menu appears in the
basic menu.
Note:
The control function which is used as the Nautic
channel - in our example: control function 1 - is then
suppressed in the Servo settings menu, as it can
only be used as the Nautic channel.
In the Nautic module menu you can assign up to
eight different control functions (inputs A H) to
the selected channel (in our example: 1).
At the receiver all you require is the optional NAU-
TIC Expert switch module, Order No. 4159, which
can carry out all 16 switched functions.
NAUTIC Expert switch module
Sixteen switched functions can be controlled by
each switch module: up to eight electrical consu-
mers, such as filament bulbs, LEDs etc., with a
maximum current drain of 0.7 A each, can be con-
nected directly to the module (battery wiring dia-
gram: Fig. 1).
Two switched functions are possible for each so-
cket using the 3-core lead, Order No. 3941.6.
For electric motors or other electrical consumers
drawing currents higher than 0.7 A you need to use
supplementary NAUTIC switch modules or rever-
sing modules.
To obtain a forward - stop - reverse function, con-
nect the reversing module to the Expert switch
module using a synchronous distributor lead; in this
case note that one plug of the reversing module
must be connected with reversed polarity (file off
the edges of this plug slightly).
For directly connected electrical consumer units, an
external power supply is required, e.g. a GRAUP-
NER receiver battery of adequate capacity; this is
also required for operating relays. Other batteries
with a voltage of up to 20 V can be connected using
the connecting lead, Order No. 3941.6.

See page 119 for the complete range of NAUTIC
accessories, together with details of connecting
them.
These are activated and assigned in the usual way
simply by operating them (see page 29).
Nautic Channel
Nautic module (channel multiplier for auxiliary functions)
Nautic channel 35
All the available external switches, transmitter cont-
rols, stick units and trim switches can be assigned
to CH5 CH10.
Detailed description of programming
Reserving a new memory
If you have already read through to this point in the manual you will undoubtedly have made your first attempt at programming the system already. Even so, it is im-
portant to describe each menu here in detail, to ensure that you have comprehensive instructions for each application you are likely to encounter. In this section we
start with setting up a free model memory prior to programming a new model:
ENTER ESC
ESC
ESC ENTER
ENTER
Caution:
All the transmitters functions are barred, and the
transmitter does not broadcast a signal, until you
confirm the model type you have selected. If you
switch off the transmitter before you set the model
type, the screen automatically switches to the dis-
play shown at the bottom of the page when turned
on again. You must always define a model type!
If the warning Throttle too high appears on the
screen ..
.. move the throttle stick back in the direction of
idle.
Note:
This warning only appears if the throttle setting is
not at idle, in accordance with the settings you
have entered in the Motor section of the Basic
model settings menu. (see page 39) If you are not
using a motor, enter none at this point; this disab-
les the throttle warning message.
If the message Set Fail-Safe appears on the
screen ..
.. please read the section describing the Fail-
safe menu on pages 88 ... 91.
36 Program description
ENTER
Basic transmitter display
From the basic display press ENTER to move to
the Multi-function menu. You can return to the
basic screen at any time by pressing ESC.
Note:
Adjust the screen contrast if necessary by pressing
and turning the rotary control.
If necessary select the Model select menu from
the list using the rotary control.
Now press ENTER or the rotary control to move
on to the Model select menu.
The model memories marked **free** are not yet
in use. Memories which are already occupied ap-
pear with the model name at the appropriate point,
as entered in the menu Basic model settings
(page 38). Use the rotary control to select one of
the free model memories 1 to 20, then press
ENTER or the rotary control.
You are now invited to select the basic model type,
i.e. either fixed-wing, helicopter, boat or car.
Use the rotary control to select the appropriate mo-
del type, then press the rotary control or the
ENTER button to confirm your choice. The screen
switches back to the basic display: the model me-
mory is now reserved.
It is now only possible to change this model
memory to a different model type if you first erase
the model memory (Model memory menu, page
37).
Thr
too
high!
Set
Fail
Safe
If you answer NO, the process is interrupted, and
you are returned to the previous screen page. If you
answer YES with the rotary control and confirm your
choice with ENTER, or by pressing the rotary cont-
rol, then the selected model memory is erased.
Erase model
Use the rotary control to select the line Erase mo-
del, and press ENTER or the rotary control.
... and confirm your selection by pressing the rotary
control, or press ENTER. Pressing ESC takes you
back to the previous menu page without switching
models.
Notes:
If the warning message Throttle too high
appears when you switch models, the throttle
stick (Ch1) is set towards full throttle and
should be moved back to idle.
If the message Set Fail-Safe appears when
The transmitter can store up to 20 complete sets of
model data, including the digital trim values set by
the four trim levers. The trims are automatically
stored, which means that the settings you have
carefully established through test-flying are not lost
when you swap models. If you have entered a
model name in the Basic model settings menu
(page 38), the name appears after the model
number.
Use the rotary control to select the Select model
line, and press ENTER or the rotary control.
Note:
If you wish to erase the currently active model me-
mory in the basic display, you will be required to de-
fine the model type Heli, Fixed-wing, Boat or
Car immediately. However, if you erase a non-acti-
ve model memory, then the message **free** ap-
pears in the Model select menu.
Copy model model
Use the rotary control to select the line Copy mo-
del > model, and press ENTER or the rotary control:
Use the rotary control to select from the list the mo-
del you wish to erase
Select model
Model memories
Select model
Erase model
Copy model -> model
Use the rotary control to select from the list the mo-
del you wish to use
Caution:
The erasure process is irrevocable. All model
memory data is reset to the factory default set-
tings.
Not possible now Battery
voltage too low
Program description: Model memories 37
you switch models, you should check your Fail-
Safe settings. This only applies if the transmit-
ter is set to PCM20 or SPCM20 transmission
mode.
If the battery voltage is too low, it may not be
possible to switch model memories for safety
reasons. In this case the screen displays this
message:
and press the rotary control. The program re-
sponds with the security query: Do you really want
to erase model ?
Select the model to be copied using the rotary cont-
rol
... and press the rotary control. In the Copy to mo-
del window you now select the target memory
Use the rotary control to select the first character in
the symbol field. A short press on the rotary control
(or turning it when pressed in) moves to the next
position in the name, at which you can again select
a character. Pressing CLEAR inserts a space at
that point.
Select each character in the name with the rotary
control pressed in. The next space is indicated by a
double arrow <> below the input field.
The model name appears in the basic display, and
also in the Select model and Copy / Erase me-
nus.
Stick mode
Basically there are four possible ways of arranging
the principal control functions of a fixed-wing model
on the two dual-axis sticks: the primary functions
are aileron, elevator, rudder and throttle (or airbra-
kes) for a fixed-wing model. Which of these options
you select depends on your individual preferences
and flying style.
Once you have selected Stick mode you will see
SEL at the bottom edge of the screen. Press the ro-
tary control, and the current stick mode is displayed
with a black background. Now use the rotary control
to select one of the options 1 to 4. Pressing CLEAR
resets the function to stick mode 1.
Selecting NO interrupts the process, and returns
you to the previous page. If you select YES with the
rotary control and confirm your choice with ENTER
or by pressing the rotary control, then the selected
model is copied into the chosen target model me-
mory.
When you confirm the selected model memory by
pressing the rotary control or pressing ENTER, the
security query appears: Do you really want to copy
model to ?
and confirm your choice with ENTER or a brief
press on the rotary control. Alternatively you can in-
terrupt the process with ESC. It is possible to over-
write a model memory which already contains mo-
del data.
Basic model-specific settings for fixed-wing model aircraft
38 Program description: Basic settings, fixed-wing model
Before you start programming specific parameters,
some basic settings must be entered which apply
only to the currently active model memory. Select
the menu line in the usual way with the rotary cont-
rol pressed in.
Model name
You can enter up to 11 characters to define a model
name. Switch to the next screen page ( ) with a
brief press of the rotary control; here you can enter
the model name by selecting characters from a
symbol list:
Basic model settings
MODE 1
Throttle at left stick
MODE 2
Throttle at right stick
MODE 3
MODE 4
elev. down full throttle
idle
elev. up
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full throttle
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elev. down
elev. up
elev. down
elev. up
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full throttle
idle
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full throttle
idle
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elev. down
elev. up
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Once you have selected Modulation you will see
tary control, and the current modulation is displayed
to select one of the four possible modulations. The
modulation you set takes effect at once, i.e. you
can immediately test the signal transmission to the
receiver. Pressing CLEAR switches to PCM20 mo-
dulation.
The mc-19 transmitter differentiates between four
different types of modulation:
PCM20: System resolution of 512 steps per chan-
nel, for mc or DS mc type PCM recei-
vers, for up to 10 servos.
SPCM20: Super PCM modulation with high system
resolution of 1024 steps per control func-
tion, for smc type receivers, for up to 10
servos.
PPM18: Most commonly used standard transmis-
sion mode (FM or FMsss) for all other
types of GRAUPNER PPM-FM receivers,
for up to 9 servos.
PPM24: PPM multi-servo transmission mode for
simultaneous operation of up to 12
servos. For the DS 24 FM S receiver.
Modulation
Program description: Basic settings, fixed-wing model 39
none: The model is a glider, with no
motor. The throttle warning mes-
sage Throttle too high is disab-
led (see page 20).
Throttle min. The idle position of the throttle /
back: airbrake stick (Ch1) is back, i.e.
towards the pilot.
Throttle min. The idle position of the throttle /
forward: airbrake stick (Ch1) is forward,
i.e. away from the pilot.
Notes:
The Ch1 trim acts only at the idle end of the
range, i.e. only at the back or forward end of
the stick travel.
You can check the setting in the Servo display
menu.
Cut-off trim: this special function is described on
page 26
Tail
Motor at Ch1
normal: Most fixed-wing model aircraft have
a normal tail. For example, this
includes all powered models and
gliders in which each of the func-
tions elevator and rudder is opera-
ted by one servo.
V-tail: The elevator and rudder controls are
operated by two control surfaces
set in a V-shape, each controlled by
a separate servo. The two-way
coupling function for the rudder and
elevator control systems is auto-
matically carried out by the pro-
gram. The ratio of rudder travel to
elevator travel can be adjusted in
the Dual Rate menu (page 62).
Delta/Flying The mixed elevon (aileron and ele
wing: vator) control system requires two
separate servos, one in each wing.
Two further wing flaps can also be
controlled.
2 EL Sv 3+8: This option is designed for model
aircraft with two elevator servos.
When the elevator stick is moved,
the servo connected to receiver
output 8 moves in parallel with stan-
dard elevator servo. The elevator
trim lever affects both servos.
Note regarding 2 EL Sv 3+8:
In this mode a transmitter control
which is assigned to input 8 in the
menu is de-coupled from servo 8;
this is for safety reasons.
Once you have selected the appropriate line you
will see SEL at the bottom edge of the screen. Use
the rotary control to select a suitable name from the
16 pre-sets, and assign a switch using the switch
symbol at bottom right.
For more information on flight phase programming
please refer to page 68.
seconds using the right field, then the stopwatch
counts backward from the set time.
If the switch is OFF, both timers can be stopped
from the basic display by pressing ESC, then reset
to the initial value using CLEAR.
Since the timers are equally applicable to all four
model types, a more detailed description of the ti-
mer functions can be found on page 48.
Phase 2 bzw. Phase 3
Once you have selected the Aileron / Flap line you
will see SEL at the bottom edge of the screen.
Press the rotary control, and the current setting is
displayed with a black background. Now use the ro-
tary control to select one of the three options.
The mixers and associated adjustment facilities
which appear in the Wing mixers menu vary ac-
cording to the data you enter here. The software
provides a maximum of 12 ready-made mixers for
up to two aileron servos and two camber-changing
flap servos.
Timers
40 Program description: Basic settings, fixed-wing model
Trainer
For more information on the Trainer system please
refer to page 52.
Receiver output
Press the rotary control to move to the next page of
the display. Here you can assign the control chan-
nels for servos 1 12 to any receiver output you
wish to use. However, please note that the display
in Servo display refers exclusively to the control
channels, i.e. the outputs are not swapped over.
This enables you to adjust the default sequence of
the receiver outputs to match other makes* of radio
control system, and also to suit receivers with a
smaller number of servo sockets.
Ailerons / Camber-changing flaps
Two timers are shown in the basic display: one
stopwatch and one flight timer. In this menu point
these timers can be assigned to a switch using the
switch symbol on the right; this switch is then used
to turn the timer on and off.
Once a switch has been assigned, if either of the ti-
mers is started with an initial value of 0:00, it will
run forward up to a maximum of 999 minutes and
59 seconds, after which it restarts at 0:00. On the
other hand, if you use the left SEL field to set a
time of up to 180 minutes, and a time of up to 59
In this menu line you can assign a transfer switch
for Trainer (teacher / pupil) mode operations, using
the switch symbol at bottom right.
*
tary control, and the current modulation is displayed
to select one of the four possible modulations. The
modulation you set takes effect at once, i.e. you
can immediately test the signal transmission to the
receiver. Pressing CLEAR switches to PCM20 mo-
dulation.
servos.
sion mode (FM or FMSSS) for all other
for up to 9 servos.
Stick mode
Basically there are four possible ways of arranging
the principal control functions of a model helicopter
on the two dual-axis sticks: the primary functions
are roll, pitch-axis, tail rotor and throttle / collective
pitch. Which of these options you select depends
on your individual preferences and flying style.
Once you have selected Stick mode you will see
tary control, and the current stick mode is displayed
to select one of the options 1 to 4. Pressing CLEAR
resets the function to stick mode 1.
that point.
also in the Select model and Copy / Erase me-
nus.
Program description: Basic settings, model helicopter 41
Basic model-specific settings for model helicopters
the menu line in the usual way with the rotary cont-
rol pressed in.
Model name
name. Switch to the next screen page ( ) with a
symbol list:
Modulation
MODE 1
MODE 2
MODE 3
MODE 4
pitch axis throttle
throttle
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pitch axis
pitch axis
pitch axis
pitch axis
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throttle
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throttle
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pitch axis
pitch axis
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pitch axis throttle
CLEAR resets the swashplate type to 1 servo.
The swashplate mixer ratios are set in the Heli
mixers menu, in the same way as swashplate ro-
tation.
42 Program description: Basic settings, model helicopter
The mc-19 includes several programs for controlling
the swashplate, differing in the number of servos
which are used to provide collective pitch control.
Hold the rotary control pressed in initially to select
the Swashplate type line
Swashplate type
then press the rotary control briefly to set the
number of servos in the inverse field.
1 Servo: The swashplate is tilted by one roll /
pitch-axis servo. Collective pitch is
controlled by one separate servo.
2 servo: The swashplate is moved axially by
two roll servos for collective pitch con-
trol; pitch-axis control is de-coupled by
a mechanical compensating rocker
(HEIM mechanics).
3Sv (2roll): Symmetrical three-point swashplate
linkage using three linkage points ar-
ranged equally at 120, actuated by
one pitch-axis servo (front or rear) and
two roll servos (left and right). For col-
lective pitch control all three servos
move the swashplate axially.
3Sv (2 pitch:Symmetrical three-point linkage as
axis) above, but rotated through 90, i.e. one
roll servo on one side, and two pitch-
axis servos front and rear.
4Sv (90): Four-point swashplate linkage using
two roll and two pitch-axis servos.
2
Swashplate type: 1 servo
2
1
Swashplate type: 2 servos
3
2
1
Swashplate type: 3 servos (2 pitch-axis)
Swashplate type: 4 servos (90)
2 pitch-axis / 2 roll
2
5
1
3
In this line you can select the SEL field, then use
the rotary control to select a suitable name from the
stopwatch and one flight timer. In this menu point
switch symbol on the right; this switch is then used
Once a switch has been assigned, if either of the
timers is started with an initial value of 0:00, it will
59 seconds, after which it restarts at 0:00.
On the other hand, if you use the left SEL field to
set a time of up to 180 minutes, and a time of up to
59 seconds using the right field, then the stopwatch
model types, a more detailed description of the
timer functions can be found on page 48.
Phase 2
Collective pitch min
At this point you can set up the direction of operati-
on of the throttle / collective pitch stick to suit your
preference. This setting is crucial to the correct
operation of all the other options in the helicopter
program which affect the throttle and collective
pitch function, i.e. the throttle curve, idle trim,
channel 1 > tail rotor mixer etc.
The meaning is as follows:
forward:Minimum collective pitch when the
collective pitch stick (Ch1) is forward
(away from you);
back: Minimum collective pitch when the
collective pitch stick (Ch1) is back
(towards you).
CLEAR sets the collective pitch min. position to
forward.
Direction of rotation of main rotor
In this line you enter the direction of rotation of the
main rotor:
left: viewed from above, the main rotor rotates
anti-clockwise.
right: viewed from above, the main rotor rotates
clockwise.
CLEAR switches to left.
The program requires this information in order to set
up the mixers to work in the correct sense; this
applies to the following mixers which compensate
for rotor torque and motor power:
Heli mixers menu: Channel 1 collective pitch,
Channel 1 throttle,
Channel 1 tail rotor,
Channel 1 gyro,
Program description: Basic settings, model helicopter 43
Note:
The Ch1 trim always affects the throttle servo only.
As standard what is known as the throttle limiter is
set (see page 58); this limits the travel of the
throttle servo in the direction of maximum throttle,
acting separately from the collective pitch servos.
This point can be programmed in the Transmitter
control settings menu for Input 12.
Timers
right-hand
rotation
left-hand
rotation
Receiver output
44 Program description: Basic settings, model helicopter
10 pre-sets, and assign a switch using the switch
symbol at bottom right.
Auto-rotation
The name Auto-rotation is permanently assigned
to Phase 3, and cannot be altered. The only availab-
le option is to assign a switch to it using the switch
symbol at bottom right on the screen.
Note:
The Auto-rotation flight phase has precedence
over all other flight phases.
Trainer
In this menu line you can assign a transfer switch
for Trainer (teacher / pupil) mode operations, using
the switch symbol at bottom right.
For more information on the Trainer system please
refer to page 52.
the display. Here you can assign the control
channels for servos 1 12 to any receiver output
you wish to use. However, please note that the
display in Servo display refers exclusively to the
control channels, i.e. the outputs are not swapped
over.
the receiver outputs to match other makes* of
system, and also to suit receivers with a smaller
number of servo sockets.
*
Once a switch has been assigned, if either of the
timers is started with an initial value of 0:00, it will
59 seconds, after which it restarts at 0:00.
On the other hand, if you use the left SEL field to
set a time of up to 180 minutes, and a time of up to
59 seconds using the right field, then the stopwatch
model types, a more detailed description of the
timer functions can be found on page 48.
Nautic channel
SEL at the bottom edge of the screen. Press the
rotary control, and the current modulation is display-
ed with a black background. Now use the rotary
control to select one of the four possible modulati-
ons. The modulation you set takes effect at once,
i.e. you can immediately test the signal transmissi-
on to the receiver. Pressing CLEAR switches to
PCM20 modulation.
servos.
sion mode (FM or FMSSS) for all other
for up to 9 servos.
Timers
stopwatch and one run timer. In this menu point
that point.
also in the Select model and Copy / Erase
menus.
Program description: Basic settings, model car and boat 45
The mc-19 features a software-based Nautic
channel which can be assigned to the desired
control output (1 12) in this menu. Once you
have assigned a channel to the Nautic channel,
the Nautic module menu appears in the basic
menu. For more details of this please see page 51.
Basic model-specific settings for model cars and boats
the menu line in the usual way with the rotary
control pressed in.
Model name
name. Switch to the next screen page () with a
symbol list:
Modulation switch symbol on the right; this switch is then used
Once you have selected Nautic channel you will
see SEL at the bottom edge of the screen. Press
the rotary control, and the select field is displayed
to select one of the 12 control channels. Pressing
CLEAR switches back to ??.
46 Program description: Basic settings, model car and boat
Receiver output
the display. Here you can assign the control
channels for servos 1 12 to any receiver output
you wish to use. However, please note that the
display in Servo display refers exclusively to the
control channels, i.e. the outputs are not swapped
over.
the receiver outputs to match other makes* of
system, and also to suit receivers with a smaller
number of servo sockets.
*
47
Once you have completed the settings in the
Timer sub-menu, the screen displays the set
value; in our example this is 10.00 minutes.
The timer starts counting down when you operate
the assigned switch or transmitter control.
Audible signal sequence:
30 sec. before zero: triple tone
single tone every two
seconds
20 sec. before zero: double tone
single tone every two
seconds
10 sec. before zero: every second
single tone every second
5 sec. before zero: every second, at higher
frequency
null: long tone, display
switches to inverse video
Press CLEAR with the timer stopped to reset the
Timer.
Note:
Count-down timers are identified in the basic
display by a flashing colon (:) between the minutes
and seconds fields.
If you have selected boat or car as the model
type, the procedure for using the timers is exactly
the same, except that the name Run time is
substituted for Flight time.
Switching between count-up and count-
down
Count-up timer:
If you assign a switch to the timer, and if it is
programmed to start running at the initial value
0:00, it will count up until a maximum of 999
minutes and 59 seconds, at which point it starts
again at 0:00.
Timer (count-down timer)
Use the left-hand SEL field to set a start time
within the range 0 to 180 minutes and use the right-
hand SEL field to set a start time between 0 and 59
seconds (or any combination of the two).
(CLEAR = 0 or 00).
Procedure:
1. Select the SEL field with the rotary control,
2. Brief press on the rotary control,
3. Set the pre-set time in the inverse minutes /
seconds field using the rotary control (not
pressed in),
4. A brief press on the rotary control concludes
the process.
When you operate the assigned switch, the timers
start from this pre-set initial value and count back-
ward (timer function). If necessary, you can reset
the timer beforehand by pressing CLEAR in the
basic display. When the pre-set time has elapsed,
the timer does not stop; instead it continues running
so that you can read off the over-run, i.e. the time
elapsed after zero.
You will find the Timer sub-menu in the Basic
model settings menu. To carry out timer settings,
hold the rotary control pressed in and select the
appropriate line of the display.
Stopwatch and Flight timer/Run timer
These two timers are located in the right-hand half
of the basic screen display.
The stopwatch can be set to count up or down, and
can be started and stopped using any external
switch or control switch (see next page). To set the
switch select the switch symbol field at the
bottom edge of the screen. The method of assigning
a switch / control switch is described on page 29.
If the timer has been stopped, pressing CLEAR in
the basic display resets it to the programmed initial
value; see below (Timer section).
The flight (or run) timer always starts when the
stopwatch is started, but it continues to run even
when you stop the stopwatch. It can only be stop-
ped by pressing ESC when the stopwatch is already
stopped. It can only be reset to 0:00 in the stopped
state by pressing CLEAR.
Timers
Timers in the basic display
48 Program description: Basic setting, Timers
Many functions are best controlled automatically by
a particular (freely programmable) position of the
Ch1 transmitter stick, rather than by a conventional
external switch.
Typical applications
Switching an on-board glowplug energiser on
and off, according to the throttle position or mo-
tor speed. In this case the switch for the plug
energiser is controlled by a mixer at the trans-
mitter.
Switching a stopwatch on and off, to time the
motor run of an electric motor.
Switching a coupled aileron / rudder mixer (aile-
ron 2 > 4 rudder) on and off automatically when
airbrakes are extended, for example, to allow
you to match the models angle of bank to the
slope of the ground when landing on a ridge, as
the mixed rudder would affect the models hea-
ding at this time.
Extending the airbrakes plus automatic elevator
pitch trim compensation on the landing approach
when the throttle stick is reduced below a pre-
set switching point.
The mc-19 transmitters software features two of
these control switches which can be assigned to
the Ch1 stick: G1 is triggered at around -80% of
full travel, and G2 at around +80%. Both control
switches can be included without restriction in the
free programming of the switches, i.e. they can be
assigned to a function instead of an external
(physical) switch.
This means that you are given the opportunity to
assign one of the control switches G1 or G2 instead
of an external switch at any point in the software
where switches are assigned. All you have to do is
move the Ch1 stick from its end-point (= off) in the
direction of neutral.
Program description: Basic settings, Control switches 49
Control switches
Automating switching processes
Control switches
Automating switching processes
Many functions are best controlled automatically by
a particular (freely programmable) position of the
Ch1 or the Ch3... transmitter stick, rather than by a
conventional external switch.
Typical applications
Switching an on-board glowplug energiser on
and off, according to the throttle position or mo-
tor speed. In this case the switch for the plug
energiser is controlled by a mixer at the trans-
mitter.
Switching a stopwatch on and off, to time the
motor run of an electric motor.
etc.
The mc-19 transmitters software for model cars
and boats features six of these control switches for
these purposes; they can be assigned to the Ch1
and Ch3 sticks: G1 and G3 are switched on at
around -80% of full travel, while G2 and G4 are
switched on at around +80%. G5 and G6 are
both on at both sides of the neutral point, if the
associated stick is moved from the centre position
by more than about 10%.
Both control switches can be included without
restriction in the free programming of the switches,
i.e. they can be assigned to a function instead of an
external (physical) switch.
This means that you are able to assign one of the
control switches G1 G6 instead of an external
switch at any point in the software where switches
are assigned. All you have to do is move the Ch1 or
Ch3 stick from its end-point (= off) in the direction
of neutral, or either forward or back from the neutral
setting.
Press CLEAR line by line if you wish to switch
back to the default settings.
However, if you now wish to change the throttle
servo setting, note that the adjustments must be
carried out in the line for Servo 6 in the Servo
adjustments menu.
The mc-19 software enables the user to swap over
all servo outputs 1 to maximum 12, in order to
obtain maximum flexibility in respect of receiver
servo assignment. This facility is provided on the
second page of the Receiver output sub-menu in
the Basic model settings menu.
Typical applications:
If you are using a smaller receiver with six or
even just four servo sockets, it may be neces-
sary to swap over the receiver servo sockets in
order, for example, to control a second camber-
changing flap, a second aileron servo or a tail
rotor gyro.
Interchanging servo sockets can also be neces-
sary for Trainer mode operations when using a
model set up for a different make of equipment,
to avoid having to re-connect the servos at the
receiver.
In the mc-19 helicopter program the outputs for
the collective pitch servo and the throttle servo
are different from all earlier GRAUPNER/JR mc
systems: the throttle servo is now assigned to
receiver output 6 and the collective pitch servo
to output 1, and it may be that you prefer to
retain the earlier configuration.
In all these cases the facilities offered in this menu
point will help you. Without having to carry out any
further alterations concerning the many set-up
parameters, mixer functions etc., you simply enter
the new servo assignment in the software. However,
if you subsequently have to make changes to
Receiver output
Changing servo assignment
50 Program description: Basic settings, Receiver output
and, in the same way, servo No. 1 is assigned to
output 6:
Notes:
If you swap over the receiver outputs, please
note that the programmed fail-safe settings
Hold and Pos. in SPCM20 mode always refer
to the receiver socket numbers, and the battery
fail-safe settings in PCM20 mode always refer to
outputs 1 to 8.
Please note also that the display of servo positi-
ons in the Servo position menu always refers
to the control channel number or servo number,
and not to the receiver outputs, which may have
been swapped over. The Servo position menu
is accessed by a brief press on the rotary cont-
rol from the transmitters basic display.
settings such as servo travel adjustment, Dual Rate
/ Expo, mixers etc., you must always refer to the
receiver assignment as defined in the basic set-
up.
Example:
Helicopter program: you wish to assign the throttle
servo at receiver output 6 to output 1, and move the
collective pitch servo from output 1 to output 6:
Select the Output 1 line on the screen display and
then press the rotary control briefly. Now turn the
rotary control in the now inverse field containing the
servo number, so that servo No. 6 is assigned to
output 1
Program description: Basic settings, Nautic channel 51
The mc-19 features a software-based Nautic
channel which can be assigned to the desired
control output (1 12) in the Basic model set-
tings menu.
Once you have assigned a channel to the Nautic
channel, the Nautic module menu appears in the
basic menu.
Note:
The control function which is used as the Nautic
channel - in our example: control function 1 - is then
suppressed in the Servo settings menu, as it can
only be used as the Nautic channel.
In the Nautic module menu you can assign up to
eight different control functions (inputs A H) to
the selected channel (in our example: 1). You can
assign all the available external switches,
transmitter controls, stick units, trim switches 1
4, and other controls connected to CH5 CH10,
completely without restriction.
At the receiver all you require is the optional NAU-
TIC Expert switch module, Order No. 4159, which is
capable of carrying out all the appropriate auxiliary
functions from the receiver.
Nautic Module
(Channel multiplier for auxiliary functions)
These are assigned in the usual way simply by
selecting the desired input with the rotary control
pressed in, and then activating the input field with a
short press on the rotary control as you operate the
selected control (see also page 29).
Trainer mode
Total control center
The model to be controlled by the pupil must be
programmed completely in one of the Teacher
transmitters model memories, including all its
functions, trims and any mixed functions. When
control is transferred to the pupil, the Pupil trans-
mitter only passes out the signals from the sticks
and any other transmitter controls which may be
connected. Only a total transfer of control is pos-
sible.
All the parts which need to be installed are included
in the opto-electronic Trainer system set, Order No.
3289. See the Appendix for instructions on installing
the system components.
Setting up the Teacher transmitter
You must assign a Trainer transfer switch; this is
done on the right of the screen. We recommend the
momentary switch, Order No. 4160.1, or the kick-
switch (converted to momentary switch function;
see Appendix), Order No. 4144, as these switches
enable the flight tutor to regain control instantly at
any time. The Teacher transmitter can be operated
in PPM18, PPM24, PCM20 or SPCM20 transmis-
sion mode.
52 Program description: Basic settings, Trainer mode
Setting up the Pupil transmitter
The Pupil transmitter must be fitted with a Trainer
pupil module; this unit is connected to the transmit-
ter circuit board instead of the RF module, and
transfers the control signals via the light-pipe lead.
The following transmitters can be used as the Pupil
unit: GRAUPNER/JR FM414, FM4014, FM6014,
mc-10*, mc-12*, mc-14, mc-15, mc-16, mc-16/20,
mc-17, mc-18, mc-20, mc-19, mx-22** and mc-24,
with 4 to 8 control functions.
* Requires Pupil module, Order No. 3290.10.
** Requires Pupil module, Order No. 3290.33.
Important:
The Pupil transmitter must always be set to
operate in PPM mode, regardless of the
modulation set on the Teacher transmitter.
The control functions of the Pupil transmitter must
act directly on the control channels, i.e. the receiver
outputs, without the involvement of any type of
mixer.
If you are using an mc or mx-series transmitter it
is best to erase a free model memory and use that
memory in its basic setting. The stick mode of the
Pupil transmitter should be set to suit the pupils
preference, either by swapping over the connecting
leads of the transmitter controls, or - in the case of
mc and mx-series transmitters - simply by selecting
stick mode 1...4. Be sure to set up the throttle /
collective pitch function and the idle trim correctly
on the Pupil transmitter.
With D and FM type transmitters you must also
check the direction of servo rotation and make
corrections if necessary. All other functions are
carried out by the Teacher transmitter.
When assigning the control functions the usual
conventions must be observed:
Channel Function
1 Throttle / Collective pitch
2 Aileron / Roll
3 Elevator / Pitch-axis
4 Rudder / Tail rotor
Trainer operations - total control transfer
Link the two transmitters using the light-pipe lead:
the plug marked M (Master) must be fitted in the
socket on the Teacher transmitter, and the plug
marked S (Slave) in the socket of the Pupil
transmitter. Switch both transmitters on.
You must assign a transfer switch for Trainer mode
operations. This is carried out in the Basic model
settings menu.
If the switch is closed, i.e. activated, then the
system is in Trainer mode. The Teacher transmitter
can only resume control of the model by operating
the transfer switch.
In Trainer mode the basic display does not change
in any way.
Checking that the system works correctly:
Operate the Trainer switch you have assigned:
If the Trainer system is working correctly, there
will be no error message when you operate the
assigned transfer switch.
Program description: Basic settings, Trainer mode 53
If the screen displays no Pupil signal on the
left, the link between the Pupil transmitter and
the Teacher transmitter is defective. If this should
happen, all functions are transferred automatical-
ly to the Teacher transmitter regardless of the
switch position, to ensure that the model is never
out of control.
If the Trainer link is not correct, or if the Trainer
system is not connected at all, the following war-
ning message appears in the Basic model settings
menu and also on the basic display:
no
pupil
signal
Possible faults:
Interface in Pupil transmitter not connected cor-
rectly in place of the RF module
Pupil transmitter not ready for use
Pupil transmitter not set to PPM mode
Light-pipe not connected properly
Light-pipe lead loose in plug: if this should hap-
pen, press lightly on the end of the connector (1)
to release the light-pipe clamp mechanism, then
push the light-pipe lead (2) in as far as it will go.
Check that there is no dirt or dust in the light-
pipe openings.

1
2
The neutral position can be shifted within the range
-125% to +125% of normal servo travel, regardless
of the trim lever position and any mixers you have
set up. The centre setting affects the associated
servo directly, independently of all other trim and
mixer settings. However, please note that an
extreme shift of the servos neutral point may
result in servo travel to one side of neutral only,
as total servo travel is limited to +/-150% for
both electronic and mechanical reasons.
CLEAR resets the value to 0%.
Column 2 Rev
The direction of servo rotation can be adjusted to
suit the actual installation in your model. This
means that you dont need to concern yourself with
servo directions when installing the mechanical
linkages in the model, as you can reverse them if
necessary. The direction of rotation is indicated by
the symbols => and <=. Be sure to set the
direction of servo rotation before you make adjust-
ments to the remaining options!
CLEAR resets the direction of rotation to =>.
Column 4 Servo travel
In this column you can adjust servo travel symmet-
rically or asymmetrically (different each side of
neutral). The adjustment range is 0 ... +150% of
normal servo travel. The reference point for the set
values is the setting in the Centre column.
To set a symmetrical travel, i.e. to adjust travel
equally on both sides of neutral, select SYM; select
ASY to set asymmetrical travel. In the latter case
move the associated transmitter control (stick,
slider, rotary knob or switch module) to the appropri-
ate end-point; when you press the rotary control the
inverse servo travel field switches between the left
field (negative direction) and the right field (positive
direction).
Column 3 Centre
The facility to offset the servo travel centre is
intended for adjusting servos whose centre setting
is not standard (servo centre point at 1.5 ms), and
also for minor adjustments, e.g. when fine-tuning
the neutral position of control surfaces on the
model.
The graph alongside
shows an example of
asymmetrical servo
travel, with a travel
setting of -50% and
+150%. Servo travel/
Transmitter control
travel
In this menu you can adjust parameters which only
affect the servo connected to a particular receiver
output, namely the direction of servo rotation,
neutral point and servo travel.
Basic procedure:
1. Hold the rotary control pressed in and select the
relevant servo (1 to 12).
2. Turn the rotary control to select SEL, SYM or
ASY in the bottom line, prior to making the ad-
justments required.
3. Press the rotary control: the corresponding input
field goes into inverse video (dark background).
4. Set the appropriate value using the rotary control.
5. Finally press the rotary control again to end the
input process.
Important:
The numbers in the servo designations refer to the
receiver output socket to which a particular servo is
connected. These numbers do not necessarily
coincide with the numbering of the transmitter
control function inputs, and indeed any coincidence
would be purely accidental. The mc-19s sophistica-
ted programs mean that the numbers are unlikely to
be the same in any case. For example, changing
the stick mode does not affect the numbering (i.e.
receiver socket sequence) of the servos.
As a basic rule, always start with the servo setting
in the left-hand column!
Servo settings
Servo direction, centre, travel
54 Program description: Servo settings

CLEAR resets the changed parameter to 100%
Important:
In contrast to the Transmitter control settings
menu this setting affects the servo directly, regard-
less of how the control signal for this servo is
generated, i.e. either directly by a stick channel, or
by means of any type of mixer function.
Program description: Servo settings 55
In addition to the 2 dual-axis stick units for the
control functions 1 to 4, additional transmitter
controls (sliders, rotary knobs, switch modules) can
be connected to the sockets marked CH5 to CH10.
In contrast, inputs 11 and 12 are pure software
inputs and can only be assigned to one of the
transmitter controls CH5...CH10.
In the standard configuration the two controls in the
centre console of the mc-19 are connected to the
following inputs:
These two transmitter controls, and other controls
connected to function inputs 5 to 10, can now be
assigned freely in this menu, with absolutely no
restriction. A side-effect of this arrangement is that
one transmitter control can also be set to operate
several function inputs simultaneously, e.g. 11 and
12. As an option, an external switch can also be
assigned to each input; see below.
Note:
In the Helicopter model type, function input 6 is
de-coupled, i.e. it has no effect, as this control
channel is reserved for the throttle servo. Input 12 is
also defined as the throttle limiter; its function is
explained at the end of the menu description.
Basic procedure:
1. Select the appropriate input 5 to 12 with the
rotary control pressed in.
2. Use the rotary control to select SEL, the
switch symbol, SYM or ASY in the bottom
line of the screen, so that you can carry out
the adjustments you wish to make.
3. Press the rotary control: the input field you
wish to modify switches to inverse video
(dark background).
4. Adjust the travel using the rotary control; if
necessary operate the selected transmitter
control or switch, so that the software de-
tects it. Press the rotary control to end the
input process.
Column 2 Assigning control switches and
switches
Select one of the function inputs 5 to 12 with the
Use the rotary control to select SEL, or (if SEL is
already in inverse video) press the rotary control
briefly to move to the assignment facility
Basic procedures for assigning transmitter controls and switches
Trans. control Trans. socket Function input
Left slider or
alternatively
Left 2-channel
switch module
CH 6 free
Right slider CH 7 free
assigned to the selected function input; the screen
displays its socket number.
Switch module control:
If you assign a 2-channel switch module to the input
instead of an analogue, i.e. proportional, slider or ro-
tary control, then a 3-position switched function is
available, e.g. motor off / half-throttle / full power.
External switch control:
If you assign one of the external switches on the
centre console to the input, then this control chan-
nel works like an On / Off switch. It is then possible
to switch to and fro between two end-point values
using this simple switch, e.g. motor ON / OFF.
After you have assigned an external switch, the
screen displays the switch number followed by a
switch symbol which indicates the direction of
switching, e.g.:
56 Program description: Transmitter control settings
so that the Operate desired switch or transmitter
control window is superimposed on the screen.
Now move the appropriate transmitter control, or
operate the selected switch. The software automati-
cally detects this, and the moved control is
Note:
The method of adjusting travel is described below.
This can also be used to affect the end-point when
assigning a switch.
Safety note:
It is important to define as free all those
inputs not currently required, to eliminate the
risk of operating them accidentally using trans-
mitter controls which are not meant to be in use;
if you neglect to do this, you may be in for an
unwelcome surprise at some time.
Column 4 -Travel+
In this column you set the travel of the transmitter
control within the range -125% to +125%. At the
same time you can use the software to reverse the
direction of effect of the transmitter control. In
contrast to altering servo travel, changing the
transmitter travel setting affects all mixer and
coupling inputs, i.e. all servos which are influenced
by that transmitter control.
Transmitter control travel can be adjusted symmetri-
cally (SYM) to both sides, or asymmetrically (ASY).
In the latter case you must move the stick in the
appropriate direction before altering the setting.
When the field changes to inverse video (dark
background) you can change the setting using the
rotary control. Pressing CLEAR resets the transmit-
ter control travel to 100%.
Program description: Transmitter control settings 57
Throttle limit function
Throttle limit: input 12
Meaning and application of throttle limit
If the Ch1 stick is moved to the collective pitch
minimum position in flight, the throttle servo does
not normally run to its idle position. The throttle
curve which determines this is set up in the Heli
mixers menu. (For separate flight phases you can
set different throttle curves using flight phase
programming).
Generally speaking, the throttle servo does not
move to the idle position at the collective pitch
minimum position in any of these flight phases,
which means that the motor cannot be started, as
the throttle is too far open. Regardless of this: if the
throttle is too far open when you switch on the
transmitter, you will hear an audible warning, and
the following message appears on the basic dis-
play:
This is where the throttle limiter comes into its own,
as it avoids this problem when the motor is to be
started. Using a separate transmitter control - by
default the left-hand slider connected to CH6 -
control of the throttle servo can be de-coupled from
the pre-set throttle curve and brought under exclusi-
ve control of the slider.
In the Heli program input 12 is reserved for the
throttle limit function.
The travel of the throttle servo connected to recei-
ver output 6 is limited by a transmitter control
assigned to input 12, independent of the position of
the Ch1 stick. This allows the operator to move the
servo to the idle position.
The position of this slider restricts the throttle servo
at any point in the direction of full throttle, i.e. it
limits the throttle. This throttle limit continues to
have effect as long as the set value of the throttle
limit control is lower than the maximum travel of the
throttle servo which you can achieve using the Ch1
stick.
Tip:
You can call up the Servo display menu to check
the influence of the throttle limit slider. Bear in mind
that servo output 6 controls the throttle servo on the
mc-19.
Throttle limit in conjunction with the digital trim:
When used with a throttle limit slider, the Ch1 trim
places a marker at the set idle position of the
motor; at this point the motor can be stopped using
the trim. If the trim is in its end-range (see display
indicator), then a single click immediately takes you
back to the marker, i.e. to the pre-set idle position.
The cut-off trim only acts as idle trim on the throttle
limit in the bottom half of the slider travel, i.e. the
marker is only set and stored within this range:
Throttle
too
high
58 Program description: Transmitter control settings
The right-hand positive value in the Travel column
must therefore be large enough to ensure that it
does not limit the full-throttle setting available via
the Ch1 stick when the control is at its maximum
position. Usually this means a value in the range
100% to 125%. The left-hand negative value of the
input should be set in such a way that the throttle is
closed completely when the digital Ch1 trim is also
used, so that you can reliably stop the motor. For
this reason you should leave the bottom value of
the throttle limit slider at +100%.
At the same time the Throttle limit function also
provides an additional level of safety if, for examp-
le, the helicopter is carried to the take-off site with
the motor running: you simply move the control to
its minimum position, and this prevents any acci-
dental movement of the Ch1 stick affecting the
throttle servo.
Important note:
If you set function input 12 to free, you do not
switch off the Throttle limit function, but only
switch the limiter to half-throttle.

59
Basic procedure:
2. Turn the rotary control to select SEL, the
switch symbol, SYM or ASY in the bottom
line of the screen, so that you can carry out
the adjustments you wish to make.
(dark background).
4. Adjust the travel using the rotary control; if
necessary operate the selected transmitter
control or switch, so that the software de-
tects it. Press the rotary control to end the
input process.
Erasing an assignment:
2. Turn the rotary control to select SEL, so that
you can carry out the adjustment you wish to
make.
(dark background).
4. Press the CLEAR button, then press the
rotary control to end the input process.
60 Program description: Transmitter controls
As already mentioned on page 34, by default the
only fixed control assignments in the Car and
Boat model types are input 1 to transmitter
control 2 (= left / right function of the right-hand
stick) and input 2 to transmitter control 3 (=
forward / reverse function of the left-hand stick).
Thanks to the flexibility of the basic transmitter
software it is possible in this menu to change both
the basic assignment, and also the assignment of
the other inputs to transmitter controls, to suit the
exact requirements of the model builder and driver.
There are no restrictions to this, i.e. it is even
possible to assign any transmitter control to multip-
le function inputs simultaneously if that is your
wish, e.g. inputs 8 and 12.
In addition to the two dual-axis stick units for the
control functions 1 to 4, all the other transmitter
controls (sliders, rotary knobs, switch modules)
connected to the sockets marked CH5 to CH10 can
be assigned to any function input, such as Trim 1
Trim 4 or any of the external switches fitted to the
transmitter.
In the standard configuration the two controls in the
centre console of the mc-19 are connected to the
following inputs:
Column 2 Assigning transmitter controls and
switches
Select one of the function inputs 1 to 12 with the
Use the rotary control to select SEL, or (if SEL is
already in inverse video) press the rotary control
briefly to move to the assignment facility
Basic procedures for assigning transmitter controls and switches
Switch module control:
If you assign a 2-channel switch module to the
input instead of an analogue, i.e. proportional, slider
or rotary control, then a 3-position switched function
is available, e.g. motor off / half-throttle / full
power.
External switch control:
If you assign one of the external switches on the
centre console to the input, then this control
channel works like a selective switch It is then
possible to switch to and fro between two end-point
values using this simple switch, e.g. motor ON /
OFF.
After you have assigned an external switch, the
screen displays the switch number followed by a
so that the Operate desired switch or transmitter
control window is superimposed on the screen.
Now move the appropriate transmitter control or trim
slider or operate the selected switch. The software
automatically detects this, and the moved control
is assigned to the selected function input the
screen displays its socket number.
Trans. control Trans. socket Function input
Left slider or
alternatively
Left 2-channel
switch module
CH 6 free
Right slider CH 7 free
by that transmitter control.
Transmitter control travel can be adjusted symmetri-
cally (SYM) to both sides, or asymmetrically (ASY).
In the latter case you must move the stick or
switch in the appropriate direction before altering
the setting. When the field changes to inverse video
(dark background) you can change the setting using
the rotary control. Pressing CLEAR resets the
transmitter control travel to 100%.
Program description: Transmitter control settings 61
Note:
The method of adjusting travel is described below.
This can also be used to affect the end-point when
assigning a switch.
Only the stick functions Control 1 Control 4 are
available in the Dual Rate / Expo menu when
assigned to an input in this menu.
Safety note:
It is important to define as free all those
inputs not currently required, to eliminate the
risk of operating them accidentally using trans-
mitter controls which are not meant to be in use;
if you neglect to do this, you may be in for an
unwelcome surprise at some time.
Column 4 -Travel+
switch symbol which indicates the direction of
switching, e.g.:
In this column you set the travel of the transmitter
control within the range -125% to +125%. At the
same time you can use the software to reverse the
direction of effect of the transmitter control. In
contrast to altering servo travel, changing the
transmitter travel setting affects all mixer and
coupling inputs, i.e. all servos which are influenced
The Dual Rate curve is shown simultaneously in the
graph (CLEAR = 100%).
Programming:
Dual Rate function
If you wish to switch between two possible D/R
settings, select the symbol and assign an
external switch as described in the section Assig-
ning external and control switches.
Examples of different Dual Rate values:
Dual Rate / Expo
Control characteristics for aileron, elevator and rudder
The Dual Rate / Expo function provides a means of
switching to reduced control travels, and of influen-
cing the travel characteristics, for aileron, elevator
and rudder (control functions 2 ... 4). This can be
carried out in flight by means of external switches.
Dual Rate works in a similar way to servo travel
adjustment in the Servo settings menu, but the
Dual Rate function does not affect the servo direct-
ly; instead it affects the corresponding stick func-
tion, regardless of whether that function controls a
single servo or multiple servos via any number of
complex mixer and coupling functions.
For each switch position the servo travels can be
set to any value within the range 0 to 125% of full
travel.
The exponential control characteristic works in a
different way. If you set a value greater than 0%,
exponential provides fine control of the model
around the centre position of the primary control
functions (aileron, elevator and rudder), without
forfeiting full travel at the end-points of stick travel.
If you set a value lower than 0%, travel is increased
around the neutral position, and reduced towards
the extremes of travel. The degree of progression
can therefore be set to any value within the range -
100% to +100%, where 0% equates to normal,
linear control characteristics.
Another application for exponential is to improve the
linearity of rotary-output servos, which are the
standard nowadays. The movement of the control
surface is inevitably non-linear with a rotary servo,
as the linear movement of the output disc or lever
dependent upon the position of the linkage
reduces progressively as the angular movement
increases, i.e. the rate of travel of the control
surface reduces steadily towards the extremes,
dependent upon the position of the linkage point on
the output disc or lever.
You can compensate for this effect by setting an
Expo value greater than 0%, with the result that the
angular travel of the output device increases
disproportionately as stick travel increases.
Like Dual Rates, the Expo setting applies directly to
the corresponding stick function, regardless of
whether that function controls a single servo or
multiple servos via any number of complex mixer
and coupling functions. The Expo function can also
be switched on and off in flight if you assign a
switch to it.
Since switches can be assigned to the Dual Rate
and Expo functions with complete freedom, it is
also possible to operate multiple functions using
one and the same switch. The result of this is that
Dual Rates and Expo can be controlled simultane-
ously using a single switch, and this can be advan-
tageous - especially with very high-speed models.
The graphic screen displays the curve characteris-
tics directly. When you select the appropriate menu
line, the central vertical line follows the movement
of the stick concerned, so that you can easily
observe how the curve value changes relative to
the movement of the transmitter control.
62 Program description: Dual Rate / Expo
Select the SEL field to change the Dual Rate value,
and use the rotary control in the inverse video field
to set the values for each of the two switch positi-
ons separately:
Caution:
The Dual Rate value should always be at least 20%
of total control travel, otherwise you could lose all
control of that function.

The Expo curve is displayed simultaneously in the
graph (CLEAR = 0%).
up-elevator:
and down-elevator
Note:
In software terms it would be possible to assign one
of the two control switches G1 or G2 which are
available at the Ch1 stick, but since these are
triggered at +80% and -80% of the transmitter
control travel, this is not a very practical alternati-
ve.
Exponential function
If you wish to switch between two possible settings,
select the field and assign an external switch
as described on page 29. The assigned switch
appears in the screen display together with a switch
symbol which indicates the direction of operation
when you move the switch.
For example, the system enables you to fly with a
linear curve characteristic in the one switch positi-
on, and to pre-set a value other than 0% in the
other switch position.
To change the Expo value, first select the SEL
field, then use the rotary control in the inverse
video field to set separate values for each of the
two switch positions:
Examples of different Expo values
Combination of Dual Rate and Expo
If you have assigned Dual Rates and Expo to the
same switch, both functions are switched simultan-
eously, e.g.:
Program description: Dual Rate / Expo 63
In these examples the Dual Rate value is 100% in
each case.

graph (CLEAR = 100%).
Dual Rate / Expo
Control characteristics for roll, pitch-axis, tail rotor
switching to reduced control travels, and influencing
the travel characteristics, for the roll, pitch-axis and
tail rotor servos (control functions 2 ... 4). This can
be carried out in flight by means of an external
switch. A separate curve for control function 1
(motor / collective pitch) can be set separately for
throttle, collective pitch and tail rotor in the Heli
mixers menu. These curves feature 3 separately
programmable points.
tion, regardless of whether this function controls a
travel.
functions (roll, pitch-axis and tail rotor), without
forfeiting full travel at the end-points of stick travel.
If you set a value lower than 0%, travel is increased
around the neutral position, and reduced towards the
extremes of travel. The degree of progression
can be set within the range -100% to +100%, where
0% equates to normal, linear control characteristics.
the output disc or lever. You can compensate for
this effect by setting an Expo value greater than
0%, with the result that the angular travel of the
output device increases disproportionately as stick
travel increases.
whether that function controls a single servo or
multiple servos via any number of complex mixer
and coupling functions. The Expo function can also
be switched on and off in flight if you assign a
switch to it.
also possible to operate several functions using one
and the same switch. The result of this is that Dual
Rates and Expo can be controlled simultaneously
using a single switch, and this can be advantage-
ous - especially with very high-speed models.
observe how the curve value changes relative to
the movement of the transmitter control.
Programming:
Dual Rate function
external switch as described in the section
Assigning external and control switches, as
described on page 29.
The assigned switch appears in the screen display
together with a switch symbol which indicates the
direction of operation when you move the switch.
ons separately:

graph (CLEAR = 0%).
Examples of different Expo values:
Caution:
select the field and assign an external switch
or one of the control switches, as described on
page 29. The assigned switch appears in the screen
display together with a switch symbol which indica-
tes the direction of operation when you move the
switch.
For example, the system enables you to fly with a
linear curve characteristic in the one switch pos-
ition, and to pre-set a value other than 0% in the
other switch position.
two switch positions.
each case.
Combination of Dual Rate and Expo
same switch, both functions are switched simulta-
neously, e.g.:
back cyclic:
and forward cyclic
The dotted vertical line shows the momentary
position of the pitch-axis stick.

graph( CLEAR = 100%).
Programming:
Dual Rate function
external switch as described in the section Assign-
ing external and control switches, as described on
page 29.
Dual Rate / Expo
Switchable control characteristics for the primary sticks: Ch1 Ch4
switching to reduced control travels, and influencing
the travel characteristics, for all the stick functions
(Ch1 Ch4) assigned to any input in the Trans-
mitter control settings menu. This can be carried
out by means of an external switch while the model
is running.
tion, regardless of whether this function controls a
travel.
functions, without forfeiting full travel at the end-
points of stick travel. If you set a value lower than
0%, travel is increased around the neutral position,
and reduced towards the extremes of travel. The
degree of progression can be set within the range -
100% to +100%, where 0% equates to normal,
linear control characteristics.
the output disc or lever. You can compensate for
this effect by setting an Expo value greater than
0%, with the result that the angular travel of the
output device increases disproportionately as stick
travel increases.
whether this controls a single servo or multiple
servos via any number of complex mixer and
coupling functions. The Expo function can also be
switched on and off while the model is running if
you assign a switch to it.
also possible to operate several functions using one
and the same switch. The result of this is that Dual
Rates and Expo can be controlled simultaneously
using a single switch, and this can be advantage-
ous - especially with very high-speed models.
observe how the curve value changes with control
travel.
ons separately:
Caution:

graph (CLEAR = 0%).
Ch3 stick, e.g. back:
and Ch3 stick, e.g. forward
Note:
In software terms it would be possible to assign one
of the two control switches G1 or G2 present at the
Ch1 stick, but since these are triggered at +80% and
-80% of the transmitter control travel, this is not a
very practical alternative.
select the field and assign an external switch,
as described on page 29. The assigned switch
appears in the screen display together with a switch
symbol which indicates the direction of operation
when you move the switch.
For example, the system enables you to run your
model with a linear curve characteristic in the one
switch position, and to pre-set a value other than
0% in the other switch position.
two switch positions.
Examples of different Expo values:
Combination of Dual Rate und Expo
same switch, both functions are switched simulta-
neously, e.g.:
each case.

Phase trim
Flight phase-specific trims for flaps, ailerons and elevator
relevant name and switch to Phase 2 and (if
required) Phase 3:
It is best to install the phase select switch or
switches in an easily reached position; we recom-
mend either a differential switch, Order No. 4160.22,
or a two-function stick-switch, Order No. 4143,
which can be fitted by any GRAUPNER Service
Centre.
Either switch can be assigned both to Phase 2
and also to Phase 3, in each case with the nor-
mal phase in the centre.
Once the switches are set, you should assign
names to the switch positions, e.g.: switch back
from centre = Landing; switch forward from
centre = Speed, etc.
You can select from the following names:
Normal
Launch, Launch 2
Thermal, Thermal 2
Distance, Distance 2
Speed, Speed 2
Aerobat, Aerobat 2
Landing, Landing 2
Aerotow
Test, Test 2
If you have not set up Phase 2 and Phase 3 in
the Basic model settings menu, i.e. you have not
assigned names and switches to these alternative
phases, you automatically remain in flight phase 1 -
normal.
The number and name of this flight phase are
permanently assigned, and cannot be altered. For
this reason the normal phase is not stated as
Phase 1 in the Basic model settings menu; it is
simply hidden.
68 Program description: Phase trim
If you select this Phase setup menu with this
basic arrangement, i.e. without setting up flight
phases, you will find just the normal line on the
screen, whose pre-set values of 0% are not usually
changed.
If you wish to enter values other than 0, e.g. to
have more lift at launch, or to be able to fly more
slowly when thermalling, or faster when flying speed
tasks, but WITHOUT having to change the basic
settings each time, then you need to use alternative
flight phases. This is done by activating Phase 2
and, if necessary, Phase 3 in the Basic model
settings menu.
To do this you move to that menu and assign a
Once assigned, these names will appear in the
transmitters basic display, and in the Phase trim
menu.
Setting up flight phase trims
In the Phase trim menu you can adjust the trims
for the previously selected flight phases.
The first step is to switch to the desired phase (the
* indicates the currently active phase)
and set the trim values as required.
You can activate the different phases by operating
the assigned phase select switch or switches.
Values can be set within the range -125% to
+125%. However, these values are normally in
single figures or low double figures.
Note:
When setting up Phase trim, only ELEV, AILE
and ELEV will be available on the screen, or - as
shown above - FLAP, AILE and ELEV; this
depends on the information you have entered in the
Aileron / flap line of the Basic model settings
menu.
flap servos have already been set up in the Mo-
del type menu.
If your transmitter is equipped with a 2-channel
switch module and a slider, you may wish to
swap over the two 5-pin plugs at the transmitter
circuit board, or assign transmitter control 7 (the
slider) to input 6 in the Transmitter control
settings menu. By default the slider is assigned
to socket CH7. Note that a transmitter control
assigned to input 7 in the Transmitter control
settings menu will be de-coupled by the softwa-
re if two camber-changing flaps are defined; this
is designed to eliminate the danger of errors
when a flap command is given.
Basic programming procedure:
1. Select the mixer with the rotary control pressed
in. Depending on the mixer, the bottom line of
the screen now displays SEL or SYM and ASY
(for setting mixer ratios separately for each side
of centre), and also .
2. Select one of these fields using the rotary cont-
rol.
3. Press the rotary control briefly (inverse field
moves to the selected line).
4. Use the rotary control to set the mixer ratio, and
assign a switch if desired. Both negative and
positive parameter values can be set; this allows
you to reverse the direction of servo rotation if
necessary, i.e. if one of the control surfaces
operates in the wrong sense. (CLEAR = 0%).
5. Press the rotary control briefly to leave the
menu.
Assigning switches
All mixers in the Wing mixers menu can be
assigned an (optional) external switch so that they
can be switched on and off in flight. If you call up
this line you will see the (by now) familiar switch
symbol .
What is a mixer?
Basic function
In many models it is often desirable to use a mixer
to couple various control systems, e.g. to link the
ailerons and rudder, or inter-connect a pair of servos
where two control surfaces are actuated by separa-
te servos. In all these cases the signal which flows
directly from the output of a transmitter stick to
the associated servo is bled off at a particular
point, and the derived signal is then processed in
such a way that it affects the input of another
control channel, and therefore eventually another
receiver output.
Example: controlling two elevator servos from
the elevator stick.
The mc-19 transmitter software contains a large
number of pre-programmed coupling functions as
standard, which are designed to mix together two
(or more) control channels. The mixer required in
this example is supplied ready-made, and just has
to be activated in the software in the tail line of
the Basic model settings menu.
The software also includes three freely program-
mable linear mixers in the fixed-wing and helicopter
programs, all of which can be used in each model
memory.
For more information please refer to the general
notes on Free mixers in this manual, in the section
starting on page 83.
Display varies according to selected model type
The mc-19 program contains a series of pre-
programmed coupling functions, and all you have to
do is set the mixer ratios and (optionally) assign a
switch. The number of pre-programmed mixer
functions in the mixer list will vary according to the
pre-set model type (tail type, number of wing
servos, with or without motor - see page 38). For
example, if your model is not fitted with camber-
changing flaps, and you have not entered any flap
servos in the Basic model settings menu, all the
flap mixers in the program are automatically sup-
pressed, such as Brake 1 -> NN in Motor forward
/ back. This makes the menu clearer and easier to
understand, and also avoids programming errors.
Notes:
For the camber-changing flap system any trans-
mitter control assigned to input 6 can be used;
see Transmitter control settings, page 56.
This control operates the two flap servos con-
nected to receiver outputs 6 and 7, provided that
Program description: Fixed-wing mixers 69
Wing mixers

Channel receiver
output
Control function
input
The adjustment range of -100% to +100% makes it
possible to set the correct direction of differential
regardless of the direction of rotation of the aileron
servos. 0% corresponds to a normal linkage, i.e.
no differential, while -100% or +100% represents
the split function.
For aerobatic flying it is necessary to set low
absolute differential values, to ensure that the
model rotates exactly along its longitudinal axis
when an aileron command is given. Moderate
values around -50% or +50% are typical for making
thermal turns easier to fly. The split setting (-100%,
+100%) is popular with slope flyers, when ailerons
alone are often used for turning the model.
Note:
Although negative values can be programmed to
reverse the direction of servo rotation, this is not
usually necessary if the correct channels are used.
Mixer neutral point (offset)
The neutral point of the mixers
aileron NN
elevator NN
flap NN
is by default the zero point of the transmitter
control, i.e. that is the point at which they have no
effect. At the end-point of the transmitter control the
full mixer value is applied.
The neutral point (offset) of the mixer:
Airbrake NN
is by default the forward position of the Ch1 stick
(throttle / airbrakes), at which the airbrakes are
always retracted.
Aileron differential
Aileron differential compensates for an unwanted
side-effect which occurs when ailerons are de-
flected: the problem known as adverse yaw: when
the ailerons are deflected, the drag generated by
the down-going aileron is greater than that produced
by the up-going aileron. The differential drag causes
a yawing motion around the vertical axis in the
opposite direction to the desired turn. This effect is
much more pronounced in model gliders with high
aspect ratio wings than in power models with their
much shorter moment arms, and usually has to be
countered by giving a simultaneous rudder deflec-
tion in the opposite direction to the yaw. However,
this in turns causes additional drag and lowers the
aircrafts efficiency.
Electronic aileron differential is one answer, but it
can only be used if a separate servo is employed
for each aileron. Aileron differential reduces the
angular travel of the down-going aileron relative to
the up-going aileron, and this reduces the drag and
therefore the adverse yaw.
Mechanical solutions are also possible, but they
usually have to be designed in when the model is
built, and in any case significant mechanical
differential tends to cause additional slop in the
control system. Electronic differential offers the
following important advantages:
Each aileron is operated by a separate servo, and if
the model has plug-in wings the aileron servos can
be installed in the wings themselves. This gives
shorter linkages, resulting in a virtually slop-free
aileron linkage with reliable centring.
It is also easily possible to vary the degree of
differential without affecting the travel of the up-
going aileron.
In the extreme case it is possible to suppress the
down-aileron deflection completely, i.e. only the up-
going aileron moves at all, and this arrangement is
sometimes called the split setting. Split ailerons
not only tend to suppress adverse yaw, but can
even generate positive yaw, which means that the
model yaws in the direction of the turn when an
aileron command is given. In the case of large
model gliders smooth turns can then be flown using
ailerons alone, which otherwise is usually by no
means the case.
0% (normal)
50% (differential)
100% (Split)
70 Program description: Fixed
Camber-changing flap differential
The aileron / flap mixer (see below) is designed to
superimpose an aileron function on the flaps. Flap
differential works like aileron differential, and
produces a reduced flap movement in the down-
direction when they are used as ailerons.
The adjustment range of -100% to +100% makes it
possible to set the correct direction of differential,
regardless of the direction of rotation of the servo.
0% corresponds to a normal linkage, i.e. the servo
travel is the same up and down. A setting of -
100% or +100% means that the down-travel of
the flaps is reduced to zero when an aileron com-
mand is given (split setting).
Note:
Negative values are not usually necessary if the
correct channels are used.
Aileron 2 4 rudder

(optional) external switch or control switch is
assigned to this function, the mixer can be swit-
ched on and off in flight, so that you can control the
ailerons and rudder separately if and when you so
desire.
Aileron 2 7 flap
This mixer feeds a variable amount of the aileron
signal into the flap channel. When an aileron com-
mand is given, the flaps follow the ailerons,
although usually through a smaller angle, i.e. the
mixer ratio is usually less than 100%. The adjust-
ment range of -150% to +150% allows the user to
set up the aileron direction to match that of the
ailerons, regardless of the direction of rotation of
the flap servos.
Brake 1 3 elevator
next page). Similar problems can also be encoun-
tered if a motor is installed with the incorrect
downthrust angle, resulting in a pitch trim change
when the throttle is opened or closed. This mixer
feeds a corrective signal to the elevator to damp
out this unwanted moment. The adjustment range is
-150% to +150%, but usual values are generally in
the low double figures.
Brake 1 6 flap

In this case the rudder automatically follows when
an aileron command is given, and the mixer ratio
(degree of following) can be set by the user. Cou-
pled aileron / rudder (sometimes abbreviated to
CAR) is especially useful for suppressing adverse
yaw in conjunction with aileron differential, and this
combination usually makes smooth turns very easy
to fly. Naturally, the rudder can still be controlled
separately by means of its dedicated stick. If an
When any form of airbrakes is extended, there is
usually an unwanted change in pitch trim (nose up
or nose down); this is especially the case when a
butterfly (crow) braking system is employed (see

Brake 1 5 aileron

When you operate the brake function, both aileron
servos move together for the landing approach; the
mixer ratio can be set to any value in the range -
150% to +150%. It can also be useful to deflect
both ailerons up slightly when the airbrakes are
extended.
When you operate the brake function (Ch1 stick)
both flap servos move together for the landing
approach; the mixer ratio can be set to any value in
the range -150% to +150%. Down-flap is usually
selected.
If you have set up all three airbrake mixers for your
model, it is then possible to program a special
configuration known as the crow or butterfly
arrangement for glide path control. In the butterfly
setting both ailerons are deflected up and both flaps
down. The third mixer provides elevator trim to
counteract any unwanted pitch trim change and
maintain the models airspeed at a safe level.
This inter-action between the flaps, ailerons and
elevator is used to control the glide angle on the
landing approach. Optionally the butterfly setting
can also be used without the airbrakes or spoilers.
If your model features full-span (strip) ailerons
which also operate as camber-changing flaps, the
two mixers Brake 1 5 ailerons and Brake 1 3
elevator can be combined for glide path control. In
this case extreme up-flap is applied, but the flaps
can still be controlled as ailerons. Elevator pitch
trim compensation is usually required.
If you have programmed aileron differential, the
response of the ailerons will inevitably be adversely
affected by the extreme up deflection of the
ailerons in the butterfly setting, because the differ-
ential travel reduces or entirely suppresses the
down-aileron deflection. However, the up travel of
the ailerons is also greatly restricted because they
are already at an extreme up position. The remedy
here is to apply Differential reduction, which is
explained in its own section later.
Elevator 3 6 flap

The flaps can be used to enhance the effect of the
elevator in tight turns and aerobatics, and this mixer
feeds part of the elevator signal to the flap servos.
The mixer direction must be set so that the flaps
move down when up-elevator is applied, and vice
versa.
Elevator 3 5 aileron

This mixer allows the ailerons to reinforce the
elevator response in the same way as the previous
mixer.
Flap 6 3 elevator
72 Program description: Fixed-wing mixers
Combination of the brake NN mixers:
Crow or Butterfly setting

Flap 6 5 aileron

This mixer causes a variable proportion of the flap
signal to be mixed in with the aileron channels 2
and 5 so that the ailerons follow the movement of
the flaps, albeit normally with a smaller deflection.
This provides more even lift distribution over the full
wingspan.
If the camber-changing flaps are lowered, either by
entering an offset in the Transmitter control
settings menu or by means of a transmitter control
assigned to input 6, a pitch trim change (up or
down) may occur. Alternatively it may be desirable
for slight down-elevator to be applied automatically
when the flaps are raised slightly, in order to increa-
se the models basic airspeed. This mixer can be
used to achieve both purposes. When the flaps are
deployed, this mixer causes the elevator setting to
be corrected according to the flap deflection. The
end-effect is therefore dependent only upon the
magnitude of the corrective value you set.
Differential reduction
The problem of reduced aileron response in the
butterfly configuration has been mentioned earlier: if
aileron differential is employed, the aileron response
may be adversely affected through the extreme up
deflection of the ailerons on the landing approach,
permitting virtually no further up-movement; on the
other hand the down travel has already been
reduced by the programmed differential setting. The
net result is significantly reduced aileron response
compared to the normal setting of the control
surfaces.
In this case you really should use Differential
reduction wherever possible. This reduces the
degree of aileron differential when you invoke the
butterfly setting using the airbrake stick. Differential
is reduced progressively, or even eliminated altoge-
ther, as the airbrake stick is moved towards its end-
point.
A value of 0% means that the full programmed
aileron differential is retained. A value equal to the
percentage if aileron differential means that the
aileron differential is completely eliminated at the
maximum butterfly setting, i.e. when the airbrakes
and other glide path control surfaces are fully
extended. If you set a value above that of the set
aileron differential, the aileron differential is elimina-
ted even before full travel of the airbrake stick is
reached.
In this menu all the flight phase-specific heli-mixers
are described. These mixers are used to complete
the basic set-up of a model helicopter.
When you operate the selected switch for a particu-
lar flight phase, the associated phase is superim-
posed at the bottom edge of the screen, e.g.
normal.
You can now enter the desired settings for this flight
phase.
Three-point mixers are available in all flight phases
for the settings of the collective pitch, throttle and
torque compensation curves. Using these mixers it
is possible to program non-linear mixer characteris-
tics along the travel of the transmitter stick.
1. Select the mixer with the rotary control
pressed in. The bottom line of the screen now
shows SEL (depending on the mixer), which
is used to switch between the three curve
points.
2. A short press on the rotary control with the
SEL field in inverse video allows you to set
the linear mixer ratios directly: set the mixer
value using the rotary control.
(CLEAR = 0% or 100%).
3. A second brief press ends the input process.
4. Press ESC to leaf back.
Heli mixers
Flight phase-specific mixers for collective pitch, throttle and tail rotor
In the Basic model settings menu a method of
switching flight phases can be activated by assign-
ing the appropriate switches to Phase 2 and Auto-
rotation. With the former you can switch between
the phases normal and a second phase, which
you can name yourself. The third phase - Auto-
rotation - has precedence over the other two pha-
ses.
Switches can now be assigned for carrying out the
phase switching process.
Flight phase trimming
If you wish to set up a particular flight phase, you
must first assign a switch to it.
Operate the appropriate switch to select the desired
flight phase, i.e. the phase which you wish to
program (see illustration).
Settings for the normal flight phase
Settings for flight phase 2
Settings for Auto-rotation
Normal
Hover, Hover 2
Aerobat, Aero 2, Aero 3D
Speed, Speed 2
Test, Test 2
You can adjust the trims for the control functions
roll, pitch-axis and tail rotor separately for each
flight phase, i.e. for the currently active phase.
74 Program description: Helicopter mixers
Phase 1 always bears the designation normal. For
the second phase any of the following names can
be selected:
(switch 2: Acro in this example)
(switch 1 in this example)
Collective pitch curve (Ch1 collective pitch)
In this menu you can see the three-point curve
settings. The settings shown here produce a linear
curve.
This display refers only to the control curve of the
collective pitch function.
The control curve is determined by three points,
which can be set separately for each flight phase.
These three points, i.e. the two end-points Coll.
pitch low (L) = -100% control travel and Coll. pitch
high (H) = +100% control travel, and the hover
point exactly at the centre point (marked 1 in the
illustration) initially describe a linear collective pitch
curve characteristic.
The programming procedure in detail:
First switch to the desired flight phase, i.e. the
phase whose name is displayed on the screen, e.g.
normal.
Typical collective pitch curves for different flight
phases:
Channel 1 throttle
This display refers only to the control curve of the
throttle servo.
The throttle curve can also be defined using up to 3
points.
The throttle must be fully open at the end-point of
the throttle / collective pitch stick (exception:
auto-rotation).
The hover point is normally located at the centre
of the control travel, and the throttle setting
should be adjusted in such a way relative to the
collective pitch curve that the correct system
rotational speed is obtained at this point.
At the minimum position of the throttle / collecti-
ve pitch stick the throttle curve should be set up
in such a way that the motor runs at a distinctly
higher speed compared to the idle setting, with
the clutch reliably engaged. In all flight phases
the motor is started and stopped using the gas
limiter (see below), which has absolute priority.
If you are used to a different radio control system
which uses two separate flight phases for this -
Program description: Helicopter mixers 75

Example of a linear control
curve
with idle-up and without idle-up - please note
that this complication is now superfluous.
Note:
It is easier and more flexible to increase system
rotational speed below the hover point using the
mc-19 program than using idle-up as employed in
previous mc radio control systems.
Ensure that the gas limiter is closed before you
start the motor, i.e. the throttle can only be adjusted
within the idle range using the idle trim. Please be
sure to read the safety notes on page 79 which
refer to this. If the idle is set too high when you
switch on the transmitter, you will see and hear a
clear warning!
The following three diagrams show typical 3-point
throttle curves for different flight phases, such as
hover, aerobatics and 3-D flying.
Typical throttle curves for different flight phases

Notes on using the Throttle limit function:
We strongly recommend that you make use of the
throttle limit function (Transmitter control set-
tings menu, page 58). Using this function the
throttle servo is completely disconnected from the
throttle / collective pitch stick when the throttle limit
slider is at its bottom end-point; the motor idles and
only responds to the Ch1 trim. This feature enables
you to start the motor from within any flight phase.
Once the motor is running, slide the throttle limiter
to the opposite end-point, so that full control of the
throttle servo is returned to the throttle / collective
pitch stick. It is important that the throttle limiter
should not restrict the throttle servo at its top end-
point; you can avoid this by setting the control
travel to 125% in the Transmitter control settings
menu.
Static torque compensation (Ch1 tail rotor)
The purpose of this mixer is to provide static torque
compensation. First ensure that the direction of
main rotor rotation has been entered correctly.
This mixer should be set up in such a way that the
helicopter does not rotate around the vertical (yaw)
axis (i.e. deviate from the hover heading) during a
long vertical climb or descent, due to the change in
torque of the main rotor. At the hover the yaw trim
should be set using the digital tail rotor trim lever
only. For a reliable torque compensation setting it is
essential that the collective pitch and throttle
curves have been set up correctly, i.e. that main
rotor speed remains constant over the full
adjustment range of collective pitch.
This curve applies only to the control curve of the
tail rotor servo when the throttle / collective pitch
stick is moved.
As standard, the software includes a tail rotor curve
with a linear mixer ratio of 30%. You can modify the
mixer, and set asymmetrical mixer ratios above and
below the hover point, using the method described
above.
In the auto-rotation flight phase this mixer is
automatically switched off.
Adjusting gyro gain
Gyro gain can be varied proportionally between
minimum and maximum by means of a slider
assigned to the Gyro 7 line in the Transmitter
control settings menu (see page 60). This could
be transmitter control 7, which in the standard
transmitter configuration is connected to socket
CH7 on the transmitter circuit board. In this case
gyro gain is maximum at full deflection of the slider,
and zero at the opposite end-point. Of course, the
mc-19 software allows you to limit the gain adjust-
ment range by altering the setting for transmitter
control travel to both sides of neutral.
Most modern gyro systems feature proportional,
infinitely variable adjustment of gyro gain; see
below for typical diagrams.
An example of using variable (static) gyro gain
would be to exploit maximum stabilisation for
normal, slow flying, but to reduce gyro gain for fast
circuits and aerobatics. If you wish to use different
settings, we recommend that you program different
flight phases.
Adjusting the gyro sensor
To set up a gyro to achieve maximum possible
stabilisation of the helicopter around the vertical
axis, please note the following points:
The control system should be as free-moving
and accurate (slop-free) as possible.
There should be no spring or give in the tail
rotor linkage.
You must use a powerful and - above all - fast
servo.
When the gyro sensor detects a deviation in yaw,
the faster it adjusts the thrust of the tail rotor, the
further the gyro gain adjustor can be advanced
without the tail of the model starting to oscillate,
and the better is the machines stability around the
vertical axis. If the corrective system is not fast
enough, there is a danger that the models tail will
start to oscillate even at low gyro gain settings, and
you then have to reduce gyro gain further using
slider 7 to eliminate the oscillation.
If the model is flying forward at high speed, or
hovering in a powerful headwind, the net result of
the stabilising effect of the vertical fin combined
with the gyros stabilising effect may be an over-
reaction which manifests itself as tail oscillation. In
order to obtain optimum stabilisation from a gyro in
all flight situations, gyro gain can be adjusted from
the transmitter via slider 7.
Adjusting the throttle and collective pitch curves
A practical procedure
Although the throttle and collective pitch control
systems are based on separate servos, they are
always operated in parallel by the throttle / collecti-
ve pitch stick (except when auto-rotation is invo-
ked). The Helicopter program automatically couples
the functions in the required way.
In the mc-19 program the trim lever of control
function 1 only affects the throttle servo, i.e. as idle
trim (see motor cut trim, page 26).
The process of adjusting throttle and collective
pitch correctly, i.e. setting the power curve of the
motor to match the collective pitch setting of the
main rotor blades, is the most important aspect of
setting up any model helicopter. The mc-19s
program provides independent adjustment facilities
for the throttle, collective pitch and torque compen-
sation curves.
These curves can be defined using three reference
points. All you have to do to define the control
curves is set individual values for the centre setting
and the two end-points of the throttle / collective
pitch stick.
However, before you set up the throttle and collecti-
ve pitch function it is important to adjust the mech-
anical linkages to all the servos accurately, in
accordance with the set-up notes provided by the
helicopter manufacturer.
Note:
With the mc-19 the hover point should always
be set to the centre position of the throttle/
collective pitch stick.
Idle setting and throttle curve
The idle setting is adjusted exclusively with the
throttle limiter closed, using the trim lever of the
Ch1 function. The bottom point L (low) setting of
the throttle curve defines the throttle setting when
the helicopter is in a descent, but without affecting
the hover setting.
This is a case where you can exploit flight phase
programming to use different throttle curves -
previously termed idle-up in earlier mc systems.
An increased system rotational speed below the
hover point proves to be useful in certain
circumstances, for example for fast, steep landing
approaches with greatly reduced collective pitch,
and for aerobatics.
The diagram shows a curve
with a small range of variation
of the throttle setting of below
the reference point 1
Different throttle curves are programmed for each
flight phase, so that you can use the optimum set-
up both for hovering and aerobatics:
Low system rotational speed with smooth, gentle
control response and low noise in the hover.
Higher speed for aerobatics with motor power
settings close to maximum. In this case the
throttle curve also has to be adjusted in the
hover range.
The basic set-up procedure
Although the mc-19 transmitter provides a broad
range of adjustment for the collective pitch curve
and throttle curve, it is essential that you first
adjust all the mechanical linkages in the model
according to the information supplied by the heli-
copter manufacturer, i.e. all the system linkages
should already be approximately correct in mech-
anical terms. If you are not sure of this, an experi-
enced helicopter pilot will be glad to help you with
this basic set-up.
The throttle linkage must be adjusted in such a way
that the throttle is just at the fully open position at
the full-throttle setting. When the throttle limiter is at
the idle setting, the Ch1 trim lever should just be
able to close the throttle completely, without the
servo striking its mechanical end-stop (quick
throttle adjustment: see page 26).
Take your time, and carry out these adjustments
very carefully by adjusting the mechanical linkage
and / or changing the linkage point on the servo
output arm or the throttle lever. Only when you are
confident that all is well should you start optimizing
and fine-tuning the throttle servo using the
transmitters electronic facilities.
Caution:
Read all you can about motors and helicopters,
so that you are aware of the inherent dangers
and the cautionary measures required before
you attempt to start the motor for the first time!
With the basic set-up completed, it should be
possible to start the motor in accordance with the
operating instructions supplied with it, and adjust
the idle setting using the trim lever of the throttle /
collective pitch stick. The idle position which you
set is indicated in the transmitters basic screen
display by a horizontal bar at the display of the Ch1
trim levers position. Refer to page 26 of this manual
for a full explanation of the digital trims.

Approximately at the mid-point of the collective
pitch stick the model should lift off the ground and
hover at the rotational speed you wish to use. If this
is not the case, correct the setting as follows:
1. The model does not lift off until the collective
pitch stick is above the centre point.
a) Rotational speed too low.
Remedy: increase the value
for the throttle servo
parameter at the centre point
of the stick travel in the Ch1
> throttle mixer.
b) Rotational speed too high.
Remedy: increase the blade
pitch value for collective pitch
at the stick centre setting; this
i s done i n the Ch1 >
collective pitch curve menu.
2.The model lifts off below the centre point.
a) Rotational speed too
high.
Remedy: reduce the throttle
opening in the Ch1 >
throttle mixer at the stick
centre point.
b) Rotational speed too low.
Remedy: reduce the blade
pitch value for collective
pitch at the stick centre
setting; this is done in the
Ch1 > collective pitch
curve menu.
Important: you should persevere with this
adjustment procedure until the model hovers at the
correct rotational speed at the centre point of the
throttle / collective pitch stick. All the other model
settings depend upon the correct setting of this
parameter!
The standard set-up
The remainder of the standard adjustment proced-
ure is completed on the basis of the fundamental
set-up which you have just carried out, i.e. we
assume that the model now hovers in normal flight
at the centre point of the throttle / collective pitch
stick at the correct rotational speed. This means
that your model helicopter is capable of hovering
and also flying circuits in all phases whilst main-
taining a constant system rotational speed.
The climb setting
The combination of throttle hover setting, collective
pitch setting for the hover and the maximum
collective pitch setting (Coll. pitch high) now
provides you with a simple method of achieving
constant system rotational speed from the hover
right to maximum climb.
Start by placing the model in an extended vertical
climb, holding the collective pitch stick at its end-
point: motor speed should not alter compared with
the hover setting. If motor speed falls off in the
climb, when the throttle is already fully open and no
further power increase is possible (this assumes
that the motor is correctly adjusted), then you
should reduce maximum blade pitch angle at full
deflection of the collective pitch stick, i.e. in the
collective pitch high position. Conversely, if motor
speed rises during the vertical climb, you should
increase the pitch angle. This is done by selecting
the H (high) point and changing the reference point
value using the rotary control.
This diagram shows the changes
to the collective pitch maximum
value H.
Now bring the model back to the hover, which again
should coincide with the mid-point of the Ch1 stick.
If you find that the collective pitch stick now has to
be moved from the mid-point in the higher direc-
tion, then you should correct this deviation by
increasing the collective pitch angle at the hover
until the model again hovers at the stick centre
point. Conversely, if the model hovers below the
mid-point, correct this by reducing the pitch angle
again.
You may find that it is also necessary to correct the
throttle opening at the hover point.
This diagram only shows the
change in the hover point, i.e.
collective pitch minimum and
maximum have both been left at
-100% and +100%.
Continue adjusting these settings until you really do
achieve a constant rotational speed over the full
control range between hover and climb.

The descent adjustment should now be carried out
from a safe height by fully reducing collective pitch
to place the model in a descent from forward flight;
adjust the collective pitch minimum value (collect-
ive pitch low) so that the model descends at an
angle of 60 80.
This diagram shows the changes in
the collective pitch minimum value
L.
Once the model descends reliably as described,
adjust the value for Throttle low (L) so that system
rotational speed neither increases nor declines
during the descent. This completes the set-up
procedure for throttle and collective pitch.
You must never switch abruptly from idle to the
flight setting by suddenly increasing system rota-
tional speed. This causes the rotor to accelerate
quickly, resulting in premature wear of the clutch
and gear train. The main rotor blades are generally
free to swivel, and they often cannot keep pace
with such swift acceleration, and may respond by
swinging far out of their normal position, perhaps
resulting in a boom strike.
Once the motor is running you should slowly
increase system rotational speed using the throttle
limiter.
Final important notes
Before you start the motor, check carefully that the
throttle limiter is completely closed, so that the
throttle can be controlled by the trim lever alone. If
the throttle is too far open when you switch on the
transmitter, you will see and hear a warning. If you
ignore this and start the motor with the throttle too
far advanced, there is a danger that the motor will
immediately run up to speed after starting, and the
centrifugal clutch will immediately engage. For this
reason you should
always grasp the rotor head firmly
when starting the motor.
However, if you accidentally start the motor with the
throttle open, the rule is this:
Dont panic!
Hang on to the rotor head regardless!
Dont let it go!
Immediately close the throttle, even though there
may be a risk of damaging the helicopters drive
train, because:
it is vital that YOU ensure
that the helicopter cannot possibly
move off by itself in an uncontrolled manner.
The cost of repairing a clutch or even the motor
itself is negligible compared to the damage which a
model helicopter can cause if its spinning rotor
blades are allowed to wreak havoc.
Make sure that nobody else is standing
in the primary hazard zone around the
helicopter.

Auto-rotation allows full-size and model helicopters
to land safely in a crisis, i.e. if the power plant
should fail. It can also be used if the tail rotor
should fail, in which case cutting the motor and
carrying out an auto-rotation landing is the only
possible way of avoiding a high-speed uncontrol-
lable rotation around the vertical axis, invariably
terminating in a catastrophic crash.
When you switch to the auto-rotation phase the
helicopter mixers change as shown in this screen
shot:
During an auto-rotation descent the main rotor is not
driven by the motor; it is kept spinning only by the
airflow through the rotor plane caused by the speed
of the descent.
The rotational energy stored in the still spinning
rotor can be exploited to allow the machine to flare
out, but this can only be done once. For this reason
autos are only likely to be successful if the pilot
has plenty of experience in handling model helicop-
ters, and has also set up the functions listed above
with great care.
Once you have sufficient experience you should
practise auto-rotation landings at regular intervals,
not only so that you can demonstrate your all-round
flying skill by flying the manoeuvre in competitions,
but also so that you are in a position to land the
helicopter undamaged from a great height if the
motor should fail.
Helicopter mixers
Auto-rotation settings
For this purpose the program provides a range of
adjustment facilities which are designed to help you
fly your helicopter in its unpowered state.
Please note that the rotation setting takes the form
of a complete third flight phase, for which all the
adjustment facilities are available which can be
varied separately for all flight phases, i.e. transmit-
ter control settings, trims, collective pitch curve
settings etc.
Ch1 tail rotor
In powered flight the maximum blade pitch angle is
limited by the motor power which is available;
however, in auto-rotation the angle is only limited by
the point at which the airflow over the main rotor
blades breaks away. Nevertheless, to provide
sufficient upthrust even when rotational speed is
falling off, it is necessary to set a greater maximum
collective pitch value. Start by setting a value
which is about 10 to 20% higher than the normal
collective pitch maximum, to prevent the helicopter
ballooning up again during the flare following the
auto-rotation descent. If this happens, the rotational
speed of the main rotor will quickly decline to the
point where it collapses, and the helicopter ends up
crashing to the ground from a considerable height.
Under certain circumstances the collective pitch
minimum setting may also differ from the normal
flight setting; this depends on your piloting style for
normal flying. In any case you must set a sufficient-
ly generous collective pitch minimum value for
auto-rotation to ensure that your model can be
brought from forward flight at moderate speed into a
descent of around 60...70 when collective pitch is
reduced to minimum.
Most helicopter pilots already use such a setting for
normal flying, and if this applies to you, you can
simply adopt the same value.
Approach angle under
varying wind
conditions.
If the angle is too shallow, increase the value.
For auto-rotation the collective pitch stick itself
may not be positioned right at the bottom of its
travel; instead it is typically between the hover
position and the bottom end-point, giving the pilot
scope for correction if necessary, i.e. the chance to
adjust the models pitch inclination using the pitch-
axis control.
You can shorten the approach by pulling back on
the pitch-axis stick and gently reducing collective
pitch, or alternatively extend the approach by
pushing forward on the pitch-axis stick and gently
increasing collective pitch.
Throttle setting
In a competition the pilot is expected to cut the
motor completely, but for practice purposes this is
certainly not advisable. Instead set the throttle so
that the motor runs at a reliable idle during auto-
rotation, so that you can open the throttle immedia-
tely to recover from an emergency.
Tail rotor setting
For normal flying the tail rotor is set up in such a
way that it compensates for motor torque when the
helicopter is hovering. This means that it already
generates a certain amount of thrust even in its
neutral position. The level of thrust is then varied by
the tail rotor control system, and also by the
various mixers which provide all manner of torque
compensation, while the tail rotor trim is also used
to compensate for varying weather conditions,
fluctuations in system rotational speed and other
influences.
However, in an auto-rotation descent the main rotor
is not driven by the motor, and therefore there is no
torque effect for which compensation is required,
i.e. which the tail rotor would have to correct. For
this reason all the appropriate mixers are automati-
cally switched off in auto-rotation mode.
However, the basic tail rotor setting must be diffe-
rent for auto-rotation, as the compensatory thrust
described above is no longer required.
Cut the motor and set the helicopter horizontal. With
the transmitter and receiving system switched on,
fold both tail rotor blades down and change the
blade pitch angle to zero degrees using the Tail
rotor menu. Viewed from the tail, the tail rotor
blades should now be parallel to each other. Depen-
ding on the friction and running resistance of the
gearbox you may find that the fuselage still yaws
slightly in an auto-rotation descent. The relatively
slight torque which causes this effect must then be
corrected if necessary by adjusting the tail rotor
blade pitch angle. This value will always be a small
figure between zero degrees and a pitch angle
opposed to the direction of tail rotor pitch required
for normal flight.
General notes regarding freely programmable mixers
The two menus Fixed-wing mixers and Heli
mixers, described on the preceding pages, contain
a wide range of ready-programmed coupling func-
tions. The basic meaning of mixers has already
been explained on page 69, together with the
principle on which they work. In the following
section you will find more general information
relating to free mixers:
The mc-19 offers three freely programmable mixers
in every model memory, whose inputs and outputs
can be selected to suit your exact requirements.
These three mixers are certainly adequate in most
cases, but in any case are invariably sufficient
when you also exploit the possibilities of the ready-
made fixed-wing and helicopter mixers for model
aircraft.
Any control function (transmitter control 1 to 12)
can be assigned as the input signal of a free
mixer. Alternatively any external switch can be
assigned as the input signal using what is termed
the switch channel (see below). The control
function itself consists of the transmitter control
signal and any control characteristics as defined,
for example, in the Dual Rate / Expo and Trans-
mitter control settings menus.
The mixer output acts upon a freely selectable
control channel (1 to max. 12 - depending on
receiver type). Before the signal is passed to the
associated servo the only influences which can act
upon it are those defined in the Servo settings
menu, i.e. the servo reverse, neutral point offset
and travel functions.
One control function can be set up to affect several
mixer inputs simultaneously, if, for example, sever-
al mixers are to be arranged to work in parallel.
Conversely it is possible for several mixer outputs
to affect one and the same control channel.
The following description of the free mixers includes
examples of such arrangements.
In software terms the freely programmable mixer is
always switched on by default, but it is possible to
assign an optional ON / OFF switch to the mixer.
However, since there are so many functions to
which switches can potentially be assigned, you
should take care not to assign too many functions
to any particular switch.
The two important mixer parameters are as
follows:
the mixer ratio, which defines the extent to which
the input signal acts on the output of the control
channel which is programmed as the mixer output.
the neutral point, which is also termed the
offset. The offset is that point on the travel of a
transmitter control (stick, rotary knob or switch
module) at which the mixer has no influence on the
control channel which is defined as its output.
Normally this is the centre point of the transmitter
control, but the offset can be placed at any point on
the controls travel.
Switch channel S as mixer input:
In many cases a constant control signal is all that
is required as the mixer input; a typical application
would be for an electric glider without airbrakes,
where the electric motor could be switched on and
off using the now free channel 1, or for extending
and retracting a retractable undercarriage connected
to control channel 12. You can adjust a speed
controller or set the servo travel for a retract sys-
tem by adjusting the mixer ratio. If you then assign
an external switch or control switch, you can switch
to and fro between the two mixer end-points, as if
you were moving a transmitter control from one
end-point to the other when using that control as the
input signal.
To identify this special arrangement, this mixer
input control function in the program is designated
S for switch channel. If you do not want the
mixer output to be affected by the standard trans-
mitter control, the control can be disconnected from
the function input of the receiving control channel
by entering free in the Transmitter control
settings menu; see page 56. The menu description
which follows includes an example which will make
this function clear.
82 Program description: Free mixers
linear curve, or have to offset the mixer neutral
point, then you should set or leave the pre-set
mixers at 0, and program one of the free mixers
instead.
Erasing mixers
If you need to erase a mixer that you have already
defined, simply press the CLEAR button in the
inverse video field of the from column.
Mixer switches
In our example above , an external switch 1 and
the control switch G1 have been assigned to the
three linear mixers 1 to 3.
The switch symbol shows the current switch state.
The extreme right-hand column shows whether the
mixer in question is currently switched off or on.
Any mixer to which no switch has been assigned is
permanently switched on.
Type column
Including the trim
If you are using one of the primary control functions
1 ... 4 (sticks) you can set the trim value of the
digital trim lever to affect the mixer input, if you
wish. Use the rotary control to select Tr. in the
inverse video field for the mixer you are program-
ming.
Additional special features of free mixers
Mixer input = mixer output
If you set up a mixer whose input is the same as its
output, e.g. 8 > 8, the effect is increased servo
travel (if you set a mixer value > 0%) or reduced
travel (if you set a negative value). If you set a
value of -100% the servo travel is reduced to zero,
and if you set it within the range -100% to -150%
the direction of the mixer is reversed!
For each model memory (1 to 20) three linear
mixers are available, with the additional possibility
of non-linear characteristic curves.
In this first section we will concentrate on the
programming procedure for the first screen page.
We will then move on to the method of program-
ming mixer ratios, as found on the second screen
page of this menu.
1. Select mixer 1 ... 3 with the rotary control
pressed in.
2. Define the mixer input from and the mixer
output to.
3. Optionally: include the trim levers for the
mixer input signal (Type column); mixer No. 1
only.
4. Assign a mixer switch if required.
5. Define the mixer ratios on the second screen
page.
6. Switch back to the first page by pressing
ESC.
Mixer from to
After a brief press on the rotary control, use the
rotary control to enter one of the control functions
1...12 or the switch channel S in the selected mixer
line in the inverse video field of the from column.
In the interests of clarity the control functions 1 ... 4
are abbreviated as follows when dealing with the
fixed-wing mixers:
Ch1 Throttle / airbrake stick
AIL Aileron stick
ELE Elevator stick
RUD Rudder stick
Free mixers
Linear mixers
Note;
Dont forget to assign a transmitter control to
the selected control function 5 ... 12 in the
Transmitter control settings menu.
Switch channel:
The letter S (switch channel) has the effect of
passing a constant input signal to the mixer input,
e.g. in order to switch a motor on and off. For
applications of this kind, assigning the switch
channel avoids tying up a proportional module.
Please refer to the section General notes regarding
mixers on page 82.
An additional SEL field now appears in the to
column. At this point you can define the control
channel as the mixer destination, i.e. the mixer
output. At the same time additional fields will also
appear in the bottom line of the screen.
Example:
Program description: Free mixers 83
and in the Heli program:
Ch1 Throttle / collective pitch stick
AIL Roll stick
ELE Pitch-axis stick
RUD Tail rotor stick
In this example three mixers have already been
defined. The second mixer (Brake > 3 elevator) is
already familiar to us from the Fixed-wing mixers
menu. As a general rule you should always use
these pre-programmed mixers first if possible.
Admittedly, if you need asymmetrical mixer ratios
on both sides of centre, or wish to program a non-
One of the few exceptions to this rule is Collective
pitch trim via a separate transmitter control.
Important notes:
It is important to remember when dealing with
serial links that the travels of the individual mi-
xers are cumulative when multiple stick com-
mands are made simultaneously, and there is
then a danger that the servo concerned may stri-
ke its mechanical end-stops. If necessary reduce
the servo travel in the Servo settings menu,
and / or reduce the mixer values.
When using a PCM transmission link the control
data is compressed before being transmitted,
and if you use more than 8 servo outputs on a
PCM receiver, the servos connected to receiver
outputs 9 and 10 may be slightly less than
smooth-running if the mixers 1 > 9, 1 > 10 and
2 > 10 are in use.
If you are using one of the newer SPCM receivers,
these effects may occur at outputs 9 and 10 if you
have programmed this type of mixer combination,
i.e. where several servos are controlled in parallel
by a single transmitter control. This does not
constitute a malfunction of the radio control
system.
Mixer ratios and mixer neutral point
Now that we have explained the wide-ranging nature
of the mixer functions, the following section descri-
bes how to program linear and non-linear mixer
curves.
For each of the three available mixers the mixer
curves are programmed on a second page of the
screen display. Select the number of the mixer you
wish to adjust, and select the arrow button
using the rotary control. A brief press on the rotary
control or the ENTER button takes you to the
graphics page.
Linear mixers 1 ... 3: setting linear curves
As an example with a practical application we will
define a linear mixer curve in the next section
designed to solve the following problem:
We have a powered model with two flap servos
connected to receiver outputs 6 and 7, which were
programmed in the Basic model settings menu.
These control surfaces are to be employed as
landing flaps, i.e. when the associated transmitter
control is operated they deflect down only. However,
this flap movement requires an elevator trim correc-
tion to counteract a pitch trim change.
In the Transmitter control settings menu assign
a free linear slider to input 6, e.g. control 7 (if for in
this case control 6 is not a slider on your transmit-
ter). The control assigned to input 6 controls the two
servos connected to receiver outputs 6 and 7 in the
standard way, operating as simple wing flaps.
Transmitter control settings menu:
This enables you to define a three-point control
curve for any transmitter control using the mixers 1
3.
Before we come to setting mixer ratios, and conclu-
de with a few examples, we have to consider what
happens if a mixer input is allowed to act on the
pre-set coupling of aileron servos, flap servos or
collective pitch servos:
Fixed-wing models:
Depending on the number of wing servos set in
the Aileron / Flap line of the Basic model
settings menu, outputs 2 and 5 at the receiver
are reserved for the aileron servos, and outputs 6
and 7 for the two flap servos.
If mixer outputs are programmed to this type of
coupled function, you have to consider the
direction of effect, depending on the control
channel:
Mixer Effect
NN 2 Aileron effect
NN 5 Aileron has flap function
NN 6 Flap effect
NN 7 Flap has aileron function
Model helicopters:
Depending on the type of helicopter, up to four
servos may be employed for collective pitch
control, connected to receiver outputs 1, 2, 3 and
5. The mc-19 software links them together to
provide the functions collective pitch, roll and
pitch-axis.
It is not advisable to mix one of the transmitter
controls into these occupied channels using the
free mixers available outside the Heli mixers
menu, as you may inadvertently generate some
extremely complex and unwanted inter-actions.
Note:
If you select two flaps (2FL) in the Model type menu,
input 7 is automatically blocked to avoid possible
malfunctions.Start by moving this transmitter control
to the forward end-point and adjust the landing flap
linkages so that they are in the neutral position at
this slider setting. If you pull the slider back, the flaps
should deflect down; if they move up, you must reverse
the direction of servo rotation.Now we turn to the first
mixer on the screen on page 85, which provides
elevator trim correction. This is the mixer 6 > ELE, to
which switch 6 has been assigned:
Pressing the CLEAR button erases the mixer ratio.
The optimum value for our purposes will inevitably
need to be established through a flight testing
program.
Use the rotary control to move to the arrow in the
bottom line. A brief press on the rotary control now
switches to the second screen page:
(You can reset the mixer neutral point to centre
automatically by selecting CLR).
Symmetrical mixer ratios
The next step is to define the mixer values above
and below the mixer neutral point, starting from the
current position of the mixer neutral point. Select
the SYM field, so that you can set the mixer value
symmetrically relative to the offset point you have
just programmed. Press the rotary control briefly,
then set the values in the two left-hand inverse
video fields within the range -150% to +150%.
Remember that the set mixer value always refers to
a control travel of 100%! Setting a negative mixer
value reverses the direction of the mixer.
If this display appears to, you have not activated
the mixer by operating the assigned external switch
- in this case 1. To correct this, operate the switch:
The solid vertical line in the graph represents the
current position of the transmitter control assigned
to input 6. The solid horizontal line shows the mixer
ratio, which currently has the value zero over the
whole stick travel; this means that the elevator will
not follow when the flaps are operated.
The first step is to define the offset (mixer neutral
point):
The dotted vertical line indicates the position of the
mixer neutral point (offset), i.e. that point along the
control travel at which the mixer has no influence
on the channel connected to its output. As standard
this point is set to the centre position.
In our example the neutral position of the flaps is
located at the forward end-point of the slider, so we
must also shift the mixer neutral point exactly to
that position. Move control 6 in the direction of
+100%, select STO using the rotary control and
press the rotary control briefly. The dotted vertical
line now moves to this point - the new mixer neutral
point - which always retains the OUTPUT value of
zero in accordance with the mixer definition.
As it happens, this setting is difficult to show in a
screen shot, so we will change the offset value to
just +75%.
Since we have set the mixer neutral point at +75%
of control travel, as shown above, the elevator
ELE will already exhibit a (slight) down-elevator
effect at the neutral point of the landing flaps, and
this, of course, is not wanted. To avoid this problem
we shift the mixer neutral point back to 100%
control travel, as described earlier.
If you were now to reset the offset from 75% to,
say, 0% control travel, the screen would look like
this:
Program description: Free mixers 85
Asymmetric mixer ratios:
For many applications we need to set up different
mixer values on either side of the mixer neutral
point.
If you select the ASY field and (in our example)
move the elevator stick in one direction, the mixer
ratio for each direction of control can be set separa-
tely:
Note:
If you are setting up a switch channel mixer of the
S > NN type you must operate the assigned
switch to achieve this effect. The vertical line then
switches between the left and right sides.
Examples:
1. You wish to set up external switch number 7 as
the aero-tow release using a servo connected to
receiver output 9. In the following screen shot
the 1
st
linear mixer is set up for this application,
with the switch channel S as mixer input:
Any transmitter control which happens to be
linked to input 9 should be de-coupled in the
software by setting it to free in the Transmit-
ter control settings menu. Define the mixer
ratios and mixer directions for both directions of
the external switch 7 as described above.
Alternatively you can obtain the same effect using
the Transmitter control settings menu alone,
simply by assigning an external switch - instead of
a transmitter control - to a free input.
2. This example applies to model helicopters:
You may wish to assign a slider to the collective
pitch trim function in the Heli program, e.g. using
transmitter control 6 assigned to input 8; if so,
use this procedure: set input 6 to free in the
Transmitter control settings menu, assign
transmitter control 6 to input 8. Now simply defi-
ne a free mixer 8 > 1 with a symmetrical mixer
ratio of, say, 25%. Due to the internal coupling,
this transmitter control now acts equally on all
existing collective pitch servos, without affecting
the throttle servo.
In the Swashplate type line of the Basic model
settings menu you have already defined the
number of servos which are installed in your heli-
copter for collective pitch control; see page 42. With
this information the mc-19 program automatically
couples together the functions for roll, pitch-axis
and collective pitch as required, i.e. you do not
need to define any additional mixers yourself.
If you have a model helicopter which only has a
single collective pitch servo, this menu point is - of
course - superfluous, since the three swashplate
servos for collective pitch, pitch-axis and roll are
controlled independently of each other. In this case
the swashplate mixer menu does not appear in the
multi-function list. With all other swashplate linka-
ges employing 2 ... 4 collective pitch servos, the
mixer ratios and directions are set up by default, as
can be seen in the screen shot above. The pre-set
value is 61% in each case, but the value can be
varied within the range -100% to +100% if required,
after a brief press on the rotary control (CLEAR =
61%.)
If you do not wish to assign the swashplate control
system (collective pitch, roll and pitch-axis) to the
transmitter sticks in the conventional way, then the
first step is to change the mixer directions (+ or -),
before you attempt to correct the directions of servo
rotation.
Swashplate mixers
HEIM mechanics with 2 collective pitch servos:
The collective pitch mixer acts on the two collec-
tive pitch servos connected to receiver sockets 1
+ 2;
the roll mixer also acts on the two collective
pitch servos, but the direction of rotation of one
servo is reversed, and
the pitch-axis mixer acts on the pitch-axis servo
alone.
Note:
Ensure that the servos do not strike their mechani-
cal end-stops if you change the servo mixer values.
Collective pitch, roll and pitch-axis mixers
Program description: Swashplate mixers 87
With this arrangement hold mode is effective
when interference first strikes, but after the set
delay has elapsed the servos move to previous-
ly determined positions until the receiver again
picks up a valid control signal. If the receiver
picks up valid signals again, these Fail-Safe
servo positions are immediately abandoned.
The delay time, i.e. the time from the onset of
interference to the triggering of the FAIL-SAFE
mode, can be set to any of three values: 0.25
sec., 0.5 sec and 1.0 sec. These options are
designed to cater for models flying at different
speeds.
Pressing CLEAR resets the fail-safe setting in
the inverse video field to hold.
Setting the servo positions
The FAIL-SAFE servo positions are freely program-
mable for the receiver outputs 1 ... 8. Use the rotary
control to select the STO field. Now move servos 1
... 8 to the appropriate positions using the transmit-
ter controls, then briefly press the rotary control to
store the positions as the fail-safe settings.
Fail-Safe settings
Fail-safe in the PCM20 transmission mode
This menu appears in the multi-function list only if
you have selected the PCM20 transmission mode.
This mode of operation must be pre-set in the
memory-specific Basic model settings menu.
The PCM20 transmission mode can be used with
all receivers with mc in the type designation (mc-
12, mc-18, mc-20, DS 20 mc etc.).
Fail-safe programming for SPCM20 mode will be
discussed in the next section.
In this menu you can define the behaviour of the
receiver when a problem in the link between trans-
mitter and receiver occurs, and you can also exploit
the option of moving one servo to a particular
position when the voltage of the receiver battery
falls below a certain value (battery fail-safe).
Fail-safe and interference
The operational security of Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM) is inherently higher than that of simple Pulse
Position Modulation (PPM), since the receiver
incorporates an integral micro-processor which is
capable of processing received signals even when
they are noisy.
Only if the received signal is incorrect or garbled
due to outside interference does the receiver
automatically replace the invalid signal with the last
received correct signal, which is stored in the
receiver. This procedure suppresses brief interfe-
rence caused by local drops in field strength and
similar momentary problems, which otherwise result
in the familiar glitches.
Caution:
If you are using one of the PCM transmission
modes (PCM, SPCM) we strongly recommend
that you make use of its safety potential by
programming the fail-safe throttle position of a
glow-powered model to idle, or the throttle
position of an electric-powered model to motor
stopped. In this way you ensure that the model
is much less likely to cause havoc if subjected
to interference; if this should occur on the
ground, the model could otherwise cause se-
rious personal injury or damage to property.
If you select the PCM 20 transmission mode but
have not yet carried out the fail-safe programming,
you will see a warning message on the screen when
you switch on the transmitter. The message re-
mains on-screen in the basic display for a few
seconds:
If a longer period of interference affects the radio
link between transmitter and receiver, the PCM20
operating mode offers two optional types of FAIL-
SAFE programming, and you can select your
preferred one using the left-hand SEL field.
1. Hold mode
If you set hold after a brief press on the rotary
control, interference causes the servos to stay
continuously at the position corresponding to the
last valid signal until the receiver picks up
another signal which it recognises as valid.
2. Variable FAIL-SAFE programming with over-
write
(display: .25s, 0.5s or 1.0s).
If you set a pre-selected time instead of hold
mode, the display initially changes as follows:
88 Program description: Fail-safe
Adjust
Fail-
Safe
Select your preferred servo position using the rotary
control.
Pressing the CLEAR button switches the Battery
F.S. function off.
If the battery fail-safe signal is triggered, you can
regain control of the affected channel by briefly
operating it (throttle stick for a fixed-wing model,
assigned control for channel 1 with a helicopter,
right / left function of the right-hand stick with model
cars and boats; alternatively the transmitter control
of any mixer input which affects servo 1). This
disengages the FAIL-SAFE servo, and it returns to
the pilots commanded position.
This data is transmitted to the receiver at regular
intervals, so that the receiver can always revert
to them if interference should strike.
You will see a brief message on the screen when
you store the data by giving the rotary control a
brief press.
The FAIL-SAFE servo positions can be overwrit-
ten at any time by selecting the appropriate
menu and storing the transmitter settings anew.
Note:
Some PCM receivers feature outputs 9 and 10,
but variable fail-safe settings are not available
for them; both servos always move to the centre
position if interference occurs.
Receiver battery FAIL-SAFE
As soon as the receiver battery voltage falls below
a particular value, a servo which is assigned
permanently in the Battery F.S. section of the Fail-
Safe menu runs to one out of 3 definable positions,
with the intention of indicating to the pilot that the
receiver battery is failing. In the programs for fixed-
wing model aircraft, cars and boats this is the servo
connected to channel 1 (throttle / airbrake, or
directional control with model cars and boats). In
the helicopter programs the servo connected to
channel 1 is used for this (exception: mc-12 recei-
ver), which can then be used to switch on some
type of visual warning signal.
Caution:
The Battery fail-safe function makes a useful
contribution to flying safety, but you should
never be tempted to rely upon it as a standard
warning of time to land, not least because the
discharge behaviour of batteries varies widely
according to type, and in any case the character-
istics of the battery change as it ages.
You can program any of three positions as the
battery fail-safe setting for servo 1, and they are
selected using the right-hand SEL field:
+ 75% travel in the one direction,
0% servo centre, or
- 75% travel in the opposite direction.
Program description: Fail-safe 89
If this should occur, you must immediately initiate
the landing approach in order to have the best
possible chance of landing the model without
damage.
Use the rotary control to select the STO field at
bottom right of the screen. Now move those servos
of 1 ... 8 for which you have selected Position mode
to the appropriate positions using the transmitter
controls - all servos simultaneously.
Briefly press the rotary control to store the positi-
ons as the fail-safe settings. This data is transmit-
ted to the receiver at regular intervals, so that the
receiver can always revert to them if interference
should strike.
You will see a brief message on the screen when
you store the data.
In this way you ensure that the model is much
less likely to cause havoc if subjected to interfe-
rence; if this should occur on the ground, the
model could otherwise cause serious personal
injury or damage to property.
If you select the SPCM 20 transmission mode but
have not yet carried out the fail-safe programming,
you will see a warning message on the screen when
you switch on the transmitter. The message re-
mains on-screen in the basic display for a few
seconds:
If interference affects the radio link between trans-
mitter and receiver, the Fail-Safe function determi-
nes the receivers behaviour. In SPCM20 transmis-
sion mode any servo can either:
1. maintain (hold) the current position when inter-
ference strikes; all the servos programmed to
hold mode stay continuously at the position
corresponding to the last valid signal until the
receiver picks up another signal which it recogni-
ses as valid; or
2. move to a freely selectable position (Pos) when
interference occurs. In contrast to PCM20 mode
the receiver outputs 1...8 can be programmed
individually to hold or position mode, without
a pre-set delay time. Receiver outputs 9 and 10
always stay in hold mode.
90 Program description: Fail-safe
Fail-Safe setting
Fail-safe in the SPCM20 transmission mode
This menu appears in the multi-function list only if
you have selected the SPCM20 transmission mode.
This mode of operation must be pre-set in the
memory-specific Basic model settings menu.
The SPCM20 transmission mode can be used with
all receivers with smc in the type designation
(smc-19, smc-20, smc-19 DS, smc-20 DS, etc.).
Fail-safe programming for the PCM20 mode is
discussed in the previous section.
The operational security of Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM) is inherently higher than that of simple Pulse
Position Modulation (PPM), since the receiver
incorporates an integral micro-processor which is
capable of processing received signals even when
they are noisy. Only if the received signal is
incorrect or garbled due to outside interference does
the receiver automatically replace the invalid signal
with the last received correct signal, which is stored
in the receiver. This procedure suppresses brief
interference caused by local drops in field strength
and similar momentary problems, which otherwise
result in the familiar glitches.
Caution:
If you are using one of the PCM transmission
modes (PCM, SPCM) we strongly recommend
that you make use of its safety potential by
programming the fail-safe throttle position of a
glow-powered model to idle, or the throttle
position of an electric-powered model to motor
stopped.
Use the rotary control to select the channels 1 to 8
( ), and press the rotary control briefly to switch
each channel between hold ( ) and position ( )
mode.
91
mc-19 programming techniques
Preparation, e.g. with a fixed-wing model aircraft
Programming model data into an mc-19...
... is easier than it may appear at first sight.
There is one basic rule which applies equally to all
programmable radio control transmitters: if the pro-
gramming is to go smoothly and the systems work
as expected, the receiving system components
must first be installed correctly in the model, i.e.
the mechanical systems must be first-rate. This
means: ensure that each servo is at its correct neu-
tral position when you fit the output lever or disc
and connect the linkage to it. If you find this is not
the case, correct it! Remove the output arm, rotate
it by one or more splines and secure it again. Virtu-
ally all modern transmitters offer facilities for offset-
ting the neutral position of servos, but this is no
substitute for a correct mechanical installation; this
function is only intended for fine tuning. Any sub-
stantial deviation from the 0 position may result in
additional asymmetry when the signal undergoes
further processing in the transmitter. Think of it this
way: if the chassis of a car is distorted, you may be
able to force the vehicle to run straight by holding
the steering wheel away from centre, but it does not
make the chassis any less bent, and the basic pro-
blem remains. Another important point is to set up
the correct control travels as far as possible by
using the appropriate linkage points in the mechani-
cal system; this is much more efficient than making
major changes to the travel settings at the transmit-
ter. The same rule applies: electronic travel adjust-
ment facilities are designed primarily to compensa-
te for minor manufacturing tolerances in the servos
and for fine adjustment, and not to compensate for
poor-quality construction and defective installation.
If two separate aileron servos are installed in a
fixed-wing model aircraft, the ailerons can also be
employed as airbrakes by deflecting both of them
up - simply by setting up a suitable mixer.
Such systems are generally more often used in
gliders and electric gliders than in power models.In
such cases the servo output arms should be offset
forward by one spline relative to the neutral point,
i.e. towards the leading edge, and fitted on the ser-
vo output shaft in that position.

The mechanical differential achieved by this asym-
metrical installation takes into account the fact that
the braking effect of the up-going ailerons increases
with their angle of deflection, and this means that
much less travel is usually required in the down-
direction than the up-direction. Similar reasoning
applies to the installation of the flap linkage when
separately linked flap servos are installed, designed
to be used in a butterfly (crow) system. Here again
an asymmetrical linkage point is useful. The braking
effect of the crow system is provided primarily by
the down-movement of the flaps rather than the up-
movement of the ailerons, so in this case the servo
output arms should point aft, i.e. offset towards the
trailing edge, as this makes greater travel available
for the down-movement. When this combination of
lowered flaps and raised ailerons is used, the aile-
rons should only be raised to a moderate extent, as
their primary purpose in this configuration is to sta-
bilise and control the model rather than act as bra-
kes.
You can see the difference in terms of braking
effect by deploying the crow system, then looking
at the underside of the wing from the front. The lar-
ger the projected area of the deflected control sur-
faces, the greater the braking effect.
This type of asymmetrical installation of the servo
output arms can also make sense when setting up
split flaps or landing flaps on a power model.
Once you have completed your model and set up
the mechanical systems accurately in this way, you
are ready to start programming the transmitter. The
instructions in this section are intended to reflect
standard practice by describing the basic general
settings first, and then refining and specialising
them to complete the set-up. After the first test-
flight, and in the course of continued test-flying,
you may need to adjust one or other of the models
settings. As your piloting skills improve and you
gain experience you might feel the need to try out
different control systems and other refinements,
and to cater for these requirements you may find
that the text deviates from the obvious order of
options, or that one or other of the options is men-
tioned more than once.
At this point, just before you start programming the
model data, it is worthwhile thinking carefully about
a sensible layout of the transmitter controls.
92 Programming examples: Fixed-wing models

and define your preferred throttle direction, i.e.
throttle minimum forward or back, because the
default setting is none (i.e. no motor).
The basic difference between none and throttle
min. forward / back is the effect of the Ch1 trim.
The trim is effective over the full stick travel if
none is entered, but it only affects the idle range if
you enter throttle min. forward / back. However, it
also affects the direction of effect of the Ch1
stick, i.e. if you switch from forward to back or
vice versa, you do not also have to reverse the
direction of the throttle servo. For safety reasons
you will also see a warning message if you switch
on the transmitter with the throttle stick positioned
towards full-throttle - but only if you have already
set throttle min. forward / back.
Your choice of none (no motor) or
throttle min. forward / back also
affects the range of mixers available
in the Fixed-wing mixers menu. The mixers Bra-
ke 1 > NN are only present if you choose none
(no motor), otherwise they are suppressed.
If the model in question is one with the emphasis
on power - whether the power of an electric motor
or internal combustion engine - you will probably
encounter few problems in this matter, because the
two stick units are primarily employed to control the
four basic functions power control (= throttle), rud-
der, elevator and aileron. Nevertheless, you still
have to call up the ...
Basic model settings (page 38)
Your choice of none (no motor) or throttle min.
forward / back also affects the range of mixers
available in the Fixed-wing mixers menu. The
mixers Brake 1 > NN are only present if you choo-
se none (no motor), otherwise they are sup-
pressed. In addition to these basic matters you will
certainly need to consider carefully how best to
control any auxiliary functions featured on your
model. In contrast, if your model is a glider or elec-
tric glider the whole situation may be rather diffe-
rent.
The immediate question is: what is the best way of
operating the motor and braking system? Now,
some solutions have proved to be practical, and
others less so.
For example, it is not a good idea to be forced to let
go of one of the primary sticks in order to extend
the airbrakes or deploy the crow braking system
when your glider is on the landing approach. It sure-
ly makes more sense to set up switchable func-
tions for the Ch1 stick (see programming example:
page 98), or to assign the braking system to the
stick, and shift the motor control to a slider - or
even a switch. With this type of model the electric
motor is often little more than a self-launching sys-
tem, and is used either to drag the model into the
sky at full power, or to pull it from one area of lift to
the next at, say half-power, and for such models a
throttle switch is usually quite adequate. If the
slider or switch is positioned where you can easily
reach it, then you can switch the motor on and off
without having to let go of the sticks - even on the
landing approach.
Incidentally, similar thinking can be applied to flap
control systems, regardless of whether they are
just the ailerons, or full-span (combination) control
surfaces which are raised and lowered in parallel.
To control the flaps all
you need is an external
switch with a long toggle
(Order No. 4160), or a
differential switch (Order
No. 4160.22), and the
ideal location for it is on
the outside edge of the
transmitter on the same
side as the throttle /
brake stick. The switch
can then be reached at
any time without having
to let go of the sticks.
In contrast, the motor
can be controlled very
effectively by means
of a two-position
switch (Order No.
4143) or a three-positi-
on switch (Order No.
4113) mounted in the
stick itself. These
switches have to be
installed by your local
GRAUPNER Service
Centre.
If you dont wish to use a stick switch, the motor
should be controlled by a switch installed on the
side of the transmitter opposite to the hand which
holds the model for launching. In other words: if you
launch the model with your right hand, then the mo-
tor switch should be in the outside left position,
and vice versa.
Once you are satisfied that all these preparations
have been completed successfully, programming
can begin.
Programming examples: Fixed-wing models 93
Thr
too
high

Once you have selected a free model memory, you
are requested to select the type of model to be pro-
grammed. Since in this example we are program-
ming a fixed-wing model, we select the fixed-wing
model symbol using the rotary control, and confirm
with ENTER or a brief press on the rotary control.
The screen now reverts to the basic display.
Once you have called up the Model select option
it is not possible to interrupt the process, i.e. you
must choose one or other model type. However, if
you make a mistake you can always correct it sim-
ply by erasing the model memory.
Now that you have overcome this first hurdle, you
can start on the actual transmitter settings to suit
the model ...
... in the Model memory menu, where you select
a vacant memory and confirm your choice by pres-
sing the ENTER button, or giving the rotary control
a brief press.
First steps in programming a new model
Example: non-powered fixed-wing model aircraft
When programming a new model you should start
with the line ...
Call up model (page 37)
At this point you can enter the Model name,
check the settings for Stick mode, Modulation,
and Motor at Ch1 and change them if necessary:
none: trim works independently of the stick
position.
Throttle min. forward or back: Ch1 trim works
on idle range (forward or back) only. If the throttle
stick is the full-throttle direction when you
switch the transmitter on, you will be warned of
this with the message Throttle too high.
Note:
Selecting a motor or no motor also affects the ran-
ge of mixers available in the Fixed-wing mixers
menu. For this reason we first consider none (no
motor) in the following programming example.
In the next two lines you select the basic arrange-
ment of the servos in the model, and inform the
transmitter of your choice:
Note:
If your model is fitted with only one camber-
changing flap servo, you should still select
2FL. Later, in the Fixed-wing mixers menu,
you should select the Ail. 2 > 7 flap mixer and
set it to 0%. You can still exploit all the other
mixers available at that point in the usual way.
At this point you should check that the servos are
connected to the receiver in the standard Graupner
sequence:
Note:
If you set up a V-tail, but the up / down and / or
left / right functions work the wrong way round,
please refer to the table in the right-hand column of
page 31. The same procedure can be used if you
set up flaperons (superimposed ailerons and flaps)
and they work the wrong way round.
The following settings apply to a model with a nor-
mal tail and none (no motor); if your model has a
V-tail the settings can be adopted virtually unchan-
ged. However, if the model is a delta or flying wing
the situation is not quite so straightforward. A spe-
cial programming example covering this model type
will be found on page 103.
Tail: Normal, V-tail, Delta / flying-
wing or 2 EL Sv 3 + 8 (two
elev. servos at channels 3+8)
Ailerons / flaps: 1 or 2 aileron servos and 0 or 2
flap servos
Servo settings (page 54)
In this menu you can set various parameters rela-
ting to the servos, i.e. direction of rotation, neu-
tral setting and servo travel, to suit the require-
ments of the model.
By requirements we mean adjustments to servo
centre and servo travel which are needed to com-
pensate for minor tolerances in servos and slight
inaccuracies on the model.
Note:
The facilities provided in this menu for setting
asymmetrical servo travels are not intended for
setting differential travel on ailerons and / or cam-
ber-changing flaps. There are functions designed
specifically for this in the Fixed-wing mixers
menu.
Once you have completed the settings described
so far, a fixed-wing model or powered model (the
latter if you state the idle direction of the throttle
stick in the Model type menu) will, in principle, fly.
However, there are no refinements in this set-up,
and it is the refinements which will give you more
long-term fun in your flying. Assuming that you are
already capable of flying your model safely, it is
time to get a taste of these extra facilities; to this
end we now move on to the menu ...
Fixed-wing mixers (page 69)
This menu will show a varying range of options de-
pending on the information you have entered in the
Basic model settings menu. Of particular interest
at the moment are Aileron differential and the
Aileron > rudder mixer.
As already described in detail on page 70, the pur-
pose of aileron differential is to eliminate adverse
yaw.
When a model aircraft turns, the down-going aileron
produces more drag than the up-going one when
both move through the same angle, and this causes
the model to yaw in the opposite direction to the
turn. This can be eliminated by setting differential
servo travel. A value between 20% and 40% is usu-
ally a good starting point, but the perfect setting
nearly always has to be established by practical
testing.
The same applies to the option Flap differential if
your model also features two camber-changing flap
servos.
The Aileron 2 > 4 rudder mixer serves a similar
purpose, but also makes many models generally
easier to handle when turning. A value of around
50% is usually a practical starting point. However, it
is advisable to be able to switch this function off,
particularly if you have ambitions as an aerobatic
pilot; this is done by assigning a physical switch to
the mixer.
Setting up a Brake 1 > 3 elevator mixer is usually
only necessary if your model suffers a marked pitch
trim change (model balloons up or dives) when you
deploy any form of braking system. This problem
usually only arises if ailerons are set to deflect up
for braking, or are used in combination with a butter-
fly (crow) system. If you set up such a mixer it is
important to test the setting at a safe height, and
adjust the trim compensation if necessary.
If the ailerons are set up to act as brakes in a but-
terfly (crow) system, then you should always enter
a value for differential reduction (see page 73) -
setting 100% is the safe option here!
Differential reduction means that aileron differential
is suppressed to a greater or lesser extent when
you operate the airbrake stick. The purpose of this
is to increase the down-going aileron travel on the
landing approach, with the aim of improving aileron
response.
If the wing is equipped with two camber-changing
flap servos in addition to two separately actuated
ailerons, then the Aileron 2 > 7 flap mixer trans-
fers the aileron movements to the flaps; we suggest
that the flaps should not follow the movement of the
ailerons to a greater extent than about 50%. Howe-
ver, if you have only installed one flap servo, then
leave this mixer at 0%.
The Flap 6 > 5 aileron mixer works in the opposi-
te direction; depending on the layout of the model
we suggest values between about 50% and 100%
for this option. The flaps are controlled using the 2-
channel switch module or the linear slider con-
nected to the CH6 socket on the transmitter circuit
board.
The remaining options in the Fixed-wing mixers
menu are designed to provide further fine-tuning of
multi-flap wing systems and are largely self-expla-
natory.
When you have completed the model-specific set-
tings to this point, you are probably ready to consi-
der the models first flight. At this point you should
certainly take the time to carry out a series of dry
runs, i.e. check all the settings thoroughly while
the model is still on the ground. Remember that a
serious programming error may damage more than
just the model. If you are not sure of any point, ask
an experienced model pilot for advice.
... in order to adjust the overall set-up to suit your
requirements and flying style.
Dual Rates are used to adjust the magnitude of the
sticks effect. However, if it is only the control re-
sponse around neutral which is too powerful for
comfortable flying, i.e. the maximum travels are
acceptable, then Exponential can be employed,
either instead of Dual Rates or in addition to them.
If during the test phase you realise that one or other
of the settings needs to be changed in order to
tailor the models control response to your prefe-
rences - perhaps the servo travels are too great or
too small overall - then we suggest that you turn to
the following menu ...
Dual Rate/Exponential (page 62)
Expanded programming: Including an electric power system

In the preceding programming instructions we have
already reserved the Ch1 transmitter control for the
airbrakes, which means that we have to explore
other possibilities for controlling the motor:
The simplest method of including an electric motor
in a model set-up is to use a 2-channel switch mo-
dule (e.g. Order No. 4151 or 4151.1) or a 2-channel
proportional module (e.g. Order No. 4152 or 4111) as
the transmitter control - see example 1.
Alternatively, you could use a two-position external
switch (Order No. 4160 or 4160.1) to control the
motor, with the advantage that you could switch a
stopwatch on and off with the same switch - see
example 2.
The most sophisticated variant is the solution de-
scribed on page 49, where a control switch is used
to start and stop the stopwatch automatically, so
that the stopwatch records the motor run time. This
is set up by assigning a control switch in the Ti-
mer line of the Basic model settings menu.
Example 1:
Using a linear slider or 2-channel module
If one of the integral 2-channel modules (switch
module or linear slider) is used, then setting it up to
control an electric motor is extremely simple: all
you have to do is connect the speed controller to
the corresponding servo socket at the receiver.
However, do bear in mind that servo outputs 2 + 5
and 6 + 7 may already be linked in the software,
depending on the model type you have set and the
number of aileron and flap servos.
Instead you could connect the 2-channel module to,
say, CH8 or CH9 on the transmitter circuit board, or
adopt the simpler method of assigning an integral
transmitter control to a different input. This is car-
ried out in the menu ...
Transmitter control settings (page 56)
For example, you could assign a control connected
to CH7 to input 8, and set input 7 to free as
shown in the illustration above.
To set up the servo travel to match your speed con-
troller you move to the menu ...
Example 2
Using a two-position external switch (external
switch, Order No. 4160 or 4160.1)
This variant implements a pure ON / OFF function,
and causes the motor to burst into life abruptly -
unless, that is, your speed controller features what
is known as soft-start.
At the receiver end you would use either a simple
electronic switch, or - if you prefer a soft motor
start - a proportional speed controller.
The settings required for this are carried out in the
menu ...
First check which inputs are really free (see Ex-
ample 1), e.g. input 8 if you have selected 2 aileron
servos and 2 flap servos in the Basic model set-
tings menu.
First select SEL with a brief press on the rotary
control, then activate Assign switch or transmitter
control in the second column. Move your chosen
external switch (in this case 1) from the proposed
motor OFF position to motor ON. The control travel
can be adjusted to suit the speed controller in the
3
rd
column.
Controlling the electric motor and butterfly with the Ch1 stick
(Butterfly system as landing aid: ailerons up, flaps down)
(Example 3:)
Before we start the programming of this third ex-
ample, and turn our attention to expanding the basic
programming we have already discussed, we need
to consider briefly the position of the throttle / brake
stick at motor OFF or brake OFF. Usually the
Ch1 stick is moved forward to open the throttle, and
back to extend the brakes. However, if you adopt
this classic configuration, and switch, say, from
motor OFF (stick back) to the braking system,
full brake would immediately be applied, and vice
versa: if you switch from brakes retracted to po-
wer, this would instantly switch to full power.
These inter-connected effects are definitely not
desirable, and to avoid them we recommend that
you position the zero point of both systems so
that they coincide. With the mc-19 system the off-
set point of the fixed-wing mixer Brake > NN (this
mixer is also required), is fixed at stick forward,
so the following programming example shows how
to position motor OFF and brake OFF together,
at forward.
In the menu
leave the motor at Ch1 line at none, or change to
this setting if necessary. This is essential, otherwi-
se the Brake 1 > NN mixers which we need in the
following section are suppressed in the Fixed-
wing mixers menu.
Important note:
As it is essential to set the motor to none, this
also automatically disables the Throttle too
high power-on warning! For this reason please
take great care to set the Ch1 stick to the correct
position before you switch on the receiving sys-
tem.
The next step is to ensure that the motor is swit-
ched off forward, and is switched on when the Ch1
stick is moved back, i.e. towards the pilots body.
To achieve this you may have to move to the
and reverse the direction of servo 1.
For safetys sake you should check this setting
now, before you continue with the programming
procedure.
Take the transmitter and model to a location where
it is safe to run the motor. Switch on the transmitter
and move the Ch1 stick fully forward. Hold your
model firmly, or ask a friend to hold it for you.
Check that the propeller is free to rotate without
causing havoc, then prepare your model for use.
If the motor does not run in the stick forward posi-
tion, everything is in order. However, check the sys-
tem anyway by gradually moving the stick back
towards you until the motor begins to run. Stop the
motor, then switch off the receiving system in the
model and finally switch off the transmitter.
Note:
If the motor does not start, or rotates in the
wrong direction, there are other problems which
you must correct before you resume program-
ming.
Once you are confident that the direction of the Ch1
stick is correct as far as the motor is concerned,
the next step is to ensure that its effect on the mo-
tor can be switched on and off. This is carried out in
the menu
Free mixers (page 83)
where you need to program a free mixer Ch1 >
Ch1. When you have done this, move to the
(switch) column and assign your selected change-
over switch to this mixer; ideally this would be a
stick switch installed by a GRAUPNER Service
Centre (see Appendix). This is done by activating
the switch assignment with a brief press on the
rotary control, and moving the switch from forward
to back, i.e. towards you. In this example this is
the external switch at socket 1.
With the mixer switched on, move to the second
screen page using the button, and there set a
starting point of -100% for the SYMmetrical mixer
value.
If you now return to the basic display by pressing
ESC, a brief press on the rotary control takes you
to the menu
Servo display (page 54)
Programming example: Fixed-wing models 99
Now use the rotary control to move to STO (under
Offs.), move the Ch1 stick to the forward end-
point and press the rotary control briefly: the value
under Offs. changes from 0% to approx. +100%
and the graphic display of the mixer characteristic
line displayed on the right also changes accordin-
gly.
where you can immediately check the effect of
the settings you have made so far: with the mixer
switched off, the bar display for Channel 1 follows
the movement of the Ch1 stick. With the mixer swit-
ched on it stops - as shown - at around -100%.
Note:
If you carry out this test with the receiving system
and power system switched on, please take great
fcare that you operate the switch only in the motor
OFF position! If you ignore this, there is a danger
that the power system will be severely overloaded
by being switched on abruptly, and it could even
suffer damage.
To conclude the programming procedure, move the
selected change-over switch back to the motor
ON position, i.e. forward; switch back to the multi-
function menu and from there to the menu
where you can - assuming that you have not
already done this in your general model program-
ming - select the line Brake 1 > 5 aileron and set
the desired aileron travel when the Ch1 stick is ope-
rated in the up direction (Brake). In the
(switch) column assign your selected change-over
switch by pressing the rotary control briefly and
moving the switch from forward to back.
If your model also features camber-changing flaps,
and you have therefore selected 2 AIL 2 FL in the
Aileron / flap line of the Basic model settings
menu, locate the change-over switch you have
just operated, move it forward again and switch to
the line Brake 1 > 6 flap with the rotary control
pressed in. You can now set the desired down-de-
flection of the flaps when the Ch1 stick is moved
(this flap position is termed crow or butterfly; see
also page 98), and assign the external switch which
also acts as the change-over switch, as already
described.
If you now switch back to the Servo display
menu and move the Ch1 stick, you will see that the
bar display for Channel 1 either remains at around -
100% while the displays for Channels 2 + 5 (and
also the flaps 6 + 7, if set up) follow the stick mo-
vement, or the other way round: the latter stay at
around 0% and only the Channel 1 display moves.
In the basic display start by pressing the CLEAR
button, so that the stopwatch switches to the Ti-
mer function. The timer can now be started and
stopped using the throttle control.
If you now return to the transmitters basic display
to check the system, you will see that the stop-
watch and flight timer start running when you move
the stick past the switching point in the direction of
full-throttle, and that the stopwatch stops again
when you move the stick back to the idle position.
Alternatively, if you control your motor with an ex-
ternal switch as described in Example 2, you do
not need any of the previously described control
switches. All you need to do is locate the switch
which you use to turn your motor on and off, and
assign the same switch to the Timers, with the
same switching direction, so that these start run-
ning at the same moment as you switch on the
motor.
In contrast, if you have decided on the solution
described in Example 1, then unfortunately there is
no alternative but to operate the motor and timers
separately.
Timers (page 48)
To record the effective motor run time during a flight
you simply need to assign a switch in the Timers
line of the Basic model settings menu.
If, following on from the model programming descri-
bed on the preceding pages, you have decided on
Example 3, or you are using the Ch1 stick (throttle
/ brake stick) to control motor power - independently
of this programming example - then you can use its
control switch to turn the stopwatch on and off auto-
matically.
To assign the control switch set the Ch1 stick to the
idle position and move to the Timers line in the
Basic model settings menu.
Operating the timer using the Ch1 stick or an external stick
Select the switch symbol and activate the switch
assignment with a brief press on the rotary control,
then move the throttle / brake stick from its idle
position in the direction of full throttle. After a
short period the switch G1l or G2l will appear on
the screen as a switch symbol. If you now move
the stick back towards idle, you will see that the
switch symbol changes again at around 80% of
stick travel: between the idle position and the swit-
ching point the switch symbol is open, beyond this
it is closed.
Tip:
When using an electric motor the motor run is usu-
ally limited by the capacity of the battery, and in
this case you would normally set the stopwatch to
count down. Simply enter the maximum permitted
motor run in the Timer column, e.g. 5 min.. As
described on page 48, the piezo buzzer starts to
emit warning tones 30 sec before zero.
Using flight phases
Within any model memory you can program up to
three different flight phases (stages of flight), each
incorporating settings which can be entirely different
to the others.
Each flight phase can be called up by means of a
switch. Flight phases represent the simplest and
most convenient method of switching between
different model settings in flight, programmed for
different stages of a typical flight, such as normal,
thermal, speed, distance etc.
And this is how its done ...
We assume that the model is already programmed
in the transmitters model memory, has been set up
carefully, test-flown and properly trimmed.
First move to the menu
Each of the two switch end-points of this differential
switch is assigned to one flight phase, starting from
the centre position. We recommend that the switch
direction should match the phase names: as shown
in the left-hand illustration, for example, Phase 2
is back from the centre position, while Phase 3
is forward.
Select the appropriate line, name, and switch assi-
gnment in the usual way, i.e. by turning and pres-
sing the rotary control.
and then to the line Phase 2 and / or Phase 3,
in which you should assign a specific name to each
flight phase. The purpose of this name is to help
you differentiate between the flight phases. It will
later appear in the transmitters basic screen dis-
play, and also in the Phase trim menu.
In order to change from one phase to another it is
necessary to assign a switch. For selecting up to 3
flight phases, left or right outer side of the transmit-
ter.
Note:
The names you assign to the various phases are of
no significance in programming terms - with the
exception of Phase 1, which should always be assi-
gned the name normal. As such it is always active
even if you disable the flight phases.
For general model flying three flight phases are
usually quite sufficient:
Thermal for launch and staying up,
Normal for normal conditions, and
Speed for flying in top gear.
At this point all three phases have been set up and
assigned names; however if you operate the
phase switch you will soon notice that nothing has
changed, i.e. all the settings for the control sur-
faces, and especially the wing flaps, are the same.
To change these settings, call up the menu ...
Phase trim (page 68)
move the phase switch to the appropriate positi-
on, and enter the desired values in the standard
way by turning and pressing the rotary control.
If you now switch on the receiving system (or
switch to Servo display) and select the different
phases in turn, you will see a difference in control
surface response, or in the bar display for the ser-
vos.
102 Programming examples: Parallel servo
Programming example: servos running in parallel
Example 2:
In many cases a second servo is required to run in
parallel with an existing servo; for example, if a
second elevator or rudder is to be actuated by a
separate servo, or where a second servo is needed
to cope with very high control forces, or where two
servos are required for a large control surface due
to the high torsional forces involved.
This task could be solved simply by connecting
both servos together in the model using a conventi-
onal Y-lead. However, this has the drawback that the
linked servos cannot be adjusted individually from
the transmitter, i.e. you forfeit the basic advantage
of the computer radio control system: freely variable
servo settings.
The following example makes use of the Free mix-
ers menu, which offers the advantage of asymmet-
rical and / or non-linear curves.
In this example we will connect two rudders in par-
allel. The second rudder could be connected to
receiver output 8, which is not already in use.
and set up a mixer Tr SR > 8. In the Type co-
lumn select the Tr setting, so that the rudder trim
affects both rudder servos.
Finally switch to the graphics page and set a sym-
metrical mixer input of +100%:
Here again, for safety reasons it is really essential
that you set input 8 to free in the Transmitter
control settings menu.
Example 1:
The simplest method of operating two elevators in
parallel (servos 3 + 8) is to use the Tail menu.
First switch to the menu
and set 2EL Sv 3+8 in the Tail menu.
The first step is to switch to the menu

Programming example: Delta / flying wing
On page 92, where the section on fixed-wing model
programming starts, you will find general notes re-
garding installing and setting up the RC system in a
model, and - of course - this applies equally to del-
tas and flying wings. The information on test-flying
and refining the settings is also relevant, including
the section on programming flight phases.
In their characteristic shape and geometry, deltas
and flying wings differ very clearly from normal
models even at first sight, but the difference in the
servo arrangement required is rather more subtle.
The classic model delta or flying wing generally
has only two control surfaces, which act both as
ailerons (in opposite directions) and as elevators (in
the same direction), in a similar way to the superim-
posed rudder / elevator functions of a V-tail. More
modern designs tend to be more complex; one (or
two) inboard control surfaces may be used purely
as elevators, while the outboard ailerons also act as
elevators, but to a reduced extent. If a flying wing
has four or even six wing control surfaces, it is cer-
tainly feasible nowadays to set them up with cam-
ber-changing flap functions and / or even a butterfly
(crow) system.
However, most of these models still rank as clas-
sic deltas and flying wings, and for them the ser-
vos should be connected to the receiver as follows
(see also page 50):
If your delta or flying wing is of more modern con-
figuration, the normal servo sequence has proved
useful; this arrangement can also be used for
canards:
Move to the menu ....
Programming example: Delta and flying wing 103
and select the following options in each line,
according to the receiver output sequence you have
selected:
Motor: None (no motor). Ch1 trim acts equally
along the whole travel, or throttle min.
forward / back. Trim acts only at idle
range.
Tail: Delta / flying wing or Normal type
Aileron / flap: Two ailerons 2AIL and - if
present-two flaps2FL.
The primary function of these settings is to define
the range of wing mixers which will be offered. If
you select the Delta / flying wing tail type, the
software automatically superimposes the elevator
and aileron functions. In this case the control travel
can be adjusted by varying the Dual Rate settings
in the Dual Rate / exponential menu (see page
62).
If you select this option, all settings of the NN >
elevator wing mixer in the menu ...
Flchenmischer (Seite 69)
act upon the elevator (up / down) function of the
two elevon (combined aileron / elevator) servos.
The flap mixer and flap differential only appear in
the list if you have also entered 1FL or 2FL in
the Delta / flying wing model type.
Programming a model delta using the normal
tail setting
Alternatively, if you select the normal tail type in
the Basic model settings menu, and connect the
servos to the receiver according to the lower of the
two receiver socket sequence diagrams on the pre-
vious page, the aileron function of the two elevon
servos will work correctly, but not the elevator func-
tion. In the normal tail type you have to force the
two aileron servos and the two flap servos to move
in the same direction and provide an elevator effect
when an elevator command is given. The procedure
starts by selecting the menu ...
where you set values other than zero for the
fixed-wing mixers Elevator > NN.
With this set-up the tailless model is considered to
be a normal four-flap wing (two ailerons and two
flaps), and therefore has all the options associated
with this wing type. The method involves the Ele-
vator > NN mixers, which were originally intended
only for pitch trim compensation and non-standard
applications. In this case they are abused by set-
ting higher values than normal, in order to transfer
the elevator signal to the control surfaces of the
tailless model.
Switch to the menu Transmitter control settings
and leave input 6 for controlling the two camber-
changing flaps (if present) free, since in the case
of a delta these are generally only controlled by the
fixed-wing mixer mentioned above, and not separa-
tely.
Instead assign a slider to input 5. This can then be
employed as elevator trim for the ailerons (and
flaps), as none of the fixed-wing mixers include the
associated trim - especially that of the elevator
stick - so the digital trim levers cannot be used for
this purpose.
Switch to the menu
(The following settings are model-specific, and you
must check carefully that they work correctly on
your model before accepting them.)
Set inputs 6 and 7 to free in the second column.
However, if you prefer to use the normal elevator
trim lever, set the Elevator > NN mixer and Flap
> NN mixers to 0%, and instead set up free linear
mixers to do the job.
This is done by calling up the menu ...
and assign, say, the transmitter control con-
nected to CH7 to this input. Now switch to the Tra-
vel column and reduce the travel of the transmitter
control for input 5 symmetrically to around 50%, or
even less, because: the lower this value, the finer
the trim control.
and setting up one linear mixer Tr ELE > 5 (for
the simplest case), and possibly Tr ELE > 6. Now
the ailerons will move in the same direction, like
flaps, when you move the elevator stick. The effect
of the Tr option is that the elevator trim lever also
affects the associated mixer when you operate the
elevator stick.
Move to the graphics page of this menu to set the
required mixer ratios: to obtain the same direction of
movement as the wing mixers, you will have to
program a symmetrical value of approximately
-50%, for MIX 1, and approximately +70% for
MIX 2; compare the wing mixer settings above.
Check the settings, and above all the direction of
effect, in the servo display, and change the prefix if
necessary.
Since transmitter control 7 is no longer required,
you should disable it in the Transmitter control
settings menu. Simply set input 5 to free in the
second column.
Many years ago the author operated a model delta
with the mc-20, programmed exactly in this way,
with the following additional refinements: flap set-
tings used as trim for different flight modes, and
butterfly (crow) as landing aid - the latter exploiting
the Brake 1 > 2 aileron and Brake 1 > 6 flap wing
mixers to provide complete compensation for pitch
trim changes. In this case the term ailerons
means the outboard wing control surfaces, and
flap the inboard pair of control surfaces.
A modern sweptback flying wing can be operated in
the same way. These models also feature inboard
and outboard control surfaces: the former forward of
the Centre of Gravity, the latter aft of it. Deflecting
the inboard control surface(s) down increases lift
and produces an up-elevator effect. Deflecting them
up creates the opposite effect. In contrast, the out-
board ailerons have the reverse effect: a down-de-
flection produces a down-elevator effect, and vice
versa. In this case there are really no limits to what
you can achieve with careful thought and the mc-
19s sophisticated mixers.
However, please note that you should be extremely
careful when setting differential travel with such a
configuration, regardless of the type of servo arran-
gement you are using. This is because differential
travels tend to produce an asymmetrical elevator
effect on a tail-less model, rather than the desired
adverse yaw reduction. For this reason it is ad-
visable to start with a differential setting of 0%, at
least for the first few flights. When you are familiar
with the model and feel the need to experiment, it
may then be feasible under certain circumstances
to try differential settings deviating from zero. For
larger models it may be advisable to install winglets
fitted with rudders, i.e. small vertical surfaces at
the wingtips. If these are actuated by two separate
servos, they can be controlled as described in the
example on page 102 dealing with Servos running in
parallel.
You may also want both rudders to deflect outwards
when a braking system is operated using the Ch1
stick, and this can be achieved as follows: if you
have selected the normal tail type, set up a fur-
ther mixer Ch1 > 3 with a suitable travel setting.
The offset should be set to +100%, as the Ch1
stick is usually at the forward end-point when the
airbrakes are retracted, and the winglet rudders are
required to deflect outwards proportionally when the
brakes are extended.
106 Programming example: F3A model
Programming example: F3A model aircraft
F3A models belong to the category of powered
fixed-wing model aircraft designed for competition
flying. They may be powered by an internal combus-
tion engine or an electric motor. Electric-powered
models are eligible to fly in the international F3A
pattern class, and also in the F5A electric aero-
batic class.
On page 92, where the section on fixed-wing model
programming starts, you will find general notes re-
garding installing and setting up the RC system in a
model, and - of course - this applies equally to F3A
models, and therefore does not need to be repeated
at this point.
If an F3A model is accurately built, it usually exhi-
bits flying characteristics which are almost comple-
tely neutral. The perfect aerobatic model has a very
smooth but precise control response, and any
movement around any one of its flight axes should
not affect the other axes.
F3A models are flown using aileron, elevator and
rudder controls. The use of separate servos for each
aileron is almost universal. The flying controls are
supplemented by control of motor power (throttle
function) and in many cases a retractable undercar-
riage. As a result the servo assignment for channels
1 to 5 is no different to the fixed-wing models we
have already described.
The auxiliary function Retracts is usually assigned
to one of the auxiliary channels 6 to 9. Ideally the
retracts are operated using a channel switch without
a centre detent. An optional extra - used only if
necessary - is mixture adjustment control for the
carburettor. This is generally controlled by a slider
on the transmitter connected to one of the auxiliary
channels otherwise not in use.
When assigning functions to the auxiliary channels
at the transmitter, it is advisable to ensure that the
controls required are within easy reach, since the
advanced aerobatic pilot has very little time to think
about letting go of the sticks - especially when
flying in a competition.
Programming
The basic programming of the transmitter has alrea-
dy been described in detail in the section starting
on page 92, so this section concentrates on tips
specific to F3A models.
Im Men ...
you can adjust the servo settings to suit your
model. It has proved advisable to use at least 100%
servo travel, as precision of control can be percep-
tibly better if relatively large servo travels are em-
ployed. This should be borne in mind when building
the model and designing the control surface linka-
ges. Any minor corrections required can be made in
the 3rd column during the initial test flights.
The next step is to select the menu ...
and activate the idle trim for Channel 1 (normally
back; i.e. full-throttle forward). The digital trim now
works at the idle end of stick travel. The cut-off
trim enables you to switch immediately from the
motor stopped position to the idle position you
have previously set just by applying a single click
on the trim lever.
The remaining settings can be left as shown in the
illustration.
You may find it necessary to assign transmitter
controls to particular inputs to operate the retract-
able undercarriage and carburettor mixture adjust-
ment. This is carried out in the menu ...
For example, you may like to use an external ON /
OFF switch connected to input 8 for the retracts,
and a proportional control, e.g. slider 9 connected to
input 7, for mixture adjustment.
The mixers are activated using one and the same
external switch, e.g. switch No. 2, which therefore
has to be assigned to both mixers.
Press ENTER (or the rotary control) to move to the
second screen page, and set the appropriate mixer
ratios. In both cases the mixer neutral point should
be left at the centre point of the Ch1 stick arc.
Select the ASY field, and set 0% for both mixers
above the centre point of the control, and the follow-
ing settings below the centre point, i.e. in the direc-
tion of idle:
MIX 1: -60% ... -80%, and
MIX 2: -5% ... -10%.
Beispiel MIX 1:
Programming examples: F3A model 107
The retracts are extended and retracted when you
operate switch 2. You may need to adjust the tra-
vel of the transmitter control, and perhaps reverse
that channel by setting a negative setting for travel.
F3A models fly at extremely high speeds, and re-
spond very solidly to corrective movements of the
servos. However, in competition flying it is vital that
all abrupt control movements and corrections
should be kept to a minimum, as the judges will
invariably notice any lack of smoothness and dock
a few points, so it is advisable to set exponential
control characteristics on the stick functions.
Switch to the menu ...
Dual Rate/Exponential (page 62)
Exponential values of around +30% on aileron, ele-
vator and rudder have proved to be a good starting
point, and you can set them in the right-hand col-
umn of this menu using the rotary control. These
values provide smooth, well-defined control of the
typical F3A model. Many experts use higher values;
even up to +60% exponential.
If you operate the radio control system in the PCM-
20 or SPCM-20 mode, it is advisable to store suit-
able fail-safe settings using the menu ...
FAIL-SAFE settings (page 88)
In the following section we consider the PCM20
mode.
In its default form the transmitter prescribes hold
mode as the fail-safe setting; this equates to do
nothing, i.e. the receiver continuously passes the
last valid signals to the servos in the model: it
holds them still. This is more or less the worst
possible setting for a power model, and might well
ensure, for example, that the model tears uncontrol-
lably across the flying field, representing a serious
risk to pilots and spectators alike! For this reason
we strongly recommend that you should at least set
the motor to idle or stop, to avoid precisely this
risk. We also advise that all control surfaces should
revert to neutral, and the undercarriage should ex-
tend. Once you have made these settings you
should certainly check them again once the model
has been test-flown and trimmed out.
The Battery fail-safe function, which is triggered
when the voltage of the receiver battery falls below
a particular point, moves the carburettor optionally
to -75%, 0% or +75% of throttle servo travel. If this
should happen, you can re-activate the throttle at
any time simply by moving the throttle stick.
Since F3A models generally have two aileron ser-
vos, it has proved useful to deflect both ailerons
slightly up for the landing. In most cases this cau-
ses the model to fly a little more slowly and with a
more stable attitude on the landing approach.
To achieve this you will need to program mixers in
the menu ...
Free mixers (section starting on page 83)
Both ailerons are usually required to deflect up as
a landing aid, in parallel with the movement of the
throttle stick, but only from the half-throttle setting
in the direction of idle. The further the stick is mo-
ved towards the idle position, the more the ailerons
deflect up. The reverse occurs when you open the
throttle: the ailerons are returned to neutral to avoid
the model suddenly ballooning up.
A little down-elevator must usually be mixed in to
ensure that the model does not climb when the ail-
erons / flaps are extended.
To meet these two requirements you need the two
mixers shown in the illustration below.
This completes the basic set-up for a typical F3A
model.
108 Programming examples: F3A modell
Correcting model-specific errors
It is an unfortunate fact of life that even very care-
fully built models exhibit minute faults and inaccura-
cies which produce unwanted deviations when the
model is flying; the mixers of a computer radio cont-
rol system are then required to compensate for
these deficiencies. In this section we will describe
how to carry out the adjustments required, but ple-
ase note the following points before we get started:
it is vital to ensure that the model is built as accura-
tely as humanly possible, is balanced perfectly
around the lateral and longitudinal axes, and that
motor downthrust and sidethrust are set correctly.
1. Rudder causes unwanted movement around
the longitudinal and lateral axes
It is often the case that a rudder command cau-
ses the model to rotate slightly around the longi
tudinal and / or lateral axes. This is particularly
troublesome in what is known as knife-edge
flight, where the models total lift is generated by
the fuselage, aided by the rudder deflection. The
result is that the model rotates and changes
heading slightly, as if the pilot were applying aile
ron or elevator at the same time. These tenden-
cieshave to be corrected with compensation
around the lateral axis (elevator) and around the
longitudinal axis (aileron).
These corrections can be achieved easily with
the mc-19, exploiting the free mixers once
again. For example, if the model rotates to the
right around the longitudinal (roll) axis when the
rudder is deflected, then a mixer is set up which
deflects the ailerons slightly to the left. Heading
changes around the lateral (elevator) axis can be
corrected in a similar way using a mixer acting
upon the elevator:
a) Correction around the lateral axis (elevator)
MIX RUD ELE
Asymmetrical setting. The exact values required
must be found by flight testing.
b) Correction around the longitudinal axis (aileron)
MIX RUD AIL
Asymmetrical setting. The exact values re-
quired must be found by flight testing.
In most cases relatively small mixer values are
called for, typically below 10%, but this does vary
from model to model. If you use one of the curve
mixers 5 or 6, the mixer ratios can be adjusted
even more accurately to match different rudder
deflections. Again, no definite values can be sta-
ted, as they vary from model to model.
2. Vertical climb and descent
Many models exhibit a tendency to deviate from
the ideal line in vertical climbs and descents. To
correct this we need an elevator neutral position
which varies according to the throttle setting. For
example, if the model tends to pull out of a verti-
cal descent by itself when the motor is throttled
back, slight down-elevator must be mixed in at
this throttle setting.
As a rule you will need to set mixer values below
5%, but once again there is no substitute for test-
flying.
3. Rolling (movement around the longitudinal
axis) at idle
When you reduce the throttle setting, the model
may tend to roll slightly in one direction. Clearly
an aileron correction must be made. However, it
is much more elegant to let a mixer correct this
effect than to move the stick manually. Here
again, set up a mixer:
MIX Ch1 > AIL, which is programmed with a
very small mixer ratio. The adjustment process
should only be carried out in calm weather. Often
all you need to do is apply the mixer in the con-
trol segment between half-throttle and idle. To
achieve this, set one reference point in the cen-
tre of the stick travel.
4. Rolling when ailerons and flaps are extended
If you fly the landing approach with both ailerons
deflected up, the model may show a tendency to
roll slightly due to minor variations in aileron
servo travel (or constructional inaccuracies); i.e.
the model may turn to either side by itself. Once
again, this tendency can easily be corrected
using a mixer to vary the compensation accor-
ding to the position of the ailerons / landing
flaps. MIX Ch1 > AIL
You must provide a means of switching the mi-
xer on and off using the external switch which
controls the aileron / landing flap function. The
mixer therefore only has any effect when the
aileron / landing flap function is activated. The
optimum value has to be found by test-flying.
Summary
The settings described on this page are intended
primarily for the expert flyer who needs an F3A
aerobatic model which flies with absolutely accura-
te, neutral control response. Please bear in mind
that refining the flying characteristics of a model to
this extent involves tremendous effort, time, sensi-
tivity and expertise. Some experts continue the
programming procedure even when they are flying.
It is not advisable to try this if you are just a mode-
rately advanced pilot making your first attempt with
an F3A aerobatic model. You would be well advised
to request help from an experienced pilot, and carry
out the fine-tuning adjustments mentioned here one
by one, with the expert at your side, until your mo-
del exhibits the neutral flying characteristics you
desire. At this point, when your model is flying per-
fectly, you can forget all about trimming, and con-
centrate on flying the aerobatic manoeuvres them-
selves, which are not always easy to fly well.
109
model type Heli. Confirm your choice with a
brief press of the rotary control (or ENTER), and the
screen immediately switches to the basic display.
If the warning Throttle too high appears, move the
collective pitch stick to the minimum position, and
the message will disappear. The next step is to se-
lect a name for the model memory you have se-
lected; the name is entered in the menu
A brief press on the rotary control (or the ENTER
button) selects the ...
Programming example: model helicopter
In this programming example we assume that you
have already read and understood the descriptions
of the individual menus, and are by now familiar
with the general handling of the transmitter. We also
assume that you have built and adjusted the heli-
copter exactly according to the kit instructions. The
electronic facilities provided by the transmitter
should never be used to compensate for major
mechanical inaccuracies.
As so often in life, there are various ways and
means of reaching a particular destination when
programming the mc-19. In this example our intenti-
on is to provide a sensibly structured course of
action, so that you have a clear idea of logical pro-
gramming techniques. Where there are several pos-
sible methods, we first describe the simplest and
most easily understood solution. It is likely that the
helicopter will work perfectly set up in this way, but
naturally you are still free to try out other solutions
at a later stage in case they suit you better.
As our programming example we take the GRAUP-
NER STARLET 50 helicopter, with three swashplate
linkage points distributed equally at 120, a
beginners set-up without enhanced throttle curve,
with no method of influencing the gyro from the
transmitter, and with no speed governor (regulator).
We have deliberately chosen this simple program-
ming project in order to demonstrate that it is pos-
sible to produce a helicopter which flies extremely
well with relatively little programming effort.
Nevertheless, we dont want to keep from you all
the possible expansion facilities: the basic descrip-
tion is followed by set-up notes on gyro gain, speed
governors and different helicopter mechanics.
To initiate this sample programming exercise switch
to the menu ...
Model select (page 37)
and select a free model memory using the rotary
control:
Once you have entered the model name you
should check once more the basic settings you
have already programmed, i.e. that the stick
mode is correct, and the modulation matches
your receiver.
In the next three lines we come to the first settings
which are specific to helicopters:
In the Swashplate type line select the number of
servos which are used to actuate the swashplate. In
the second line - Rotor direction - we determine
the direction of rotation of the main rotor as viewed
from above. In the Collective pitch min. line set
forward or back to suit your preference. This set-
ting must not be changed later when you are pro-
gramming the direction of collective pitch or throt-
tle.
At this point, if you have not already done so, the
servos should be connected to the receiver in the
following order:
110 Programming examples: Model helicopters
The mixer ratios and mixer directions for the swash-
plate servos for collective pitch, roll and pitch-axis
are set in the menu ...
Swashplate mixer (page 87)
You will find that they are pre-set to +61% in each
case. If the swashplate does not respond correctly
to the stick movements, the first step is to change
the mixer directions from + to - if necessary. The
second step is to reverse the servo directions in the
Servo settings menu.
Note:
Please note one important difference in the mc-19 /
mx-22 and mc-24 compared to previous GRAUP-
NER mc radio control systems: the first collective
pitch servo and the throttle servo have been inter-
changed.
Now move to the menu ...
where you can set up the travels and directions
of rotation of the individual servos. The basic aim
here should be to keep servo travels at +/- 100%
wherever possible, as this maintains best possible
resolution and accuracy. Use Rev. if necessary to
reverse the direction of rotation of any servo; do
check carefully that the direction you set really is
correct. The tail rotor servo must operate in such a
way that the nose (!) of the helicopter moves in the
same direction as the movement of the tail rotor
stick.
A glance at the menu ...
will show you that control 6, connected to socket
CH6, is assigned to input 12, whereas all other in-
puts are programmed to free by default. Input 12
serves as throttle limiter. It acts solely on output
6, to which the throttle servo is connected.
Just to remind you:
The throttle limiter does not control the throttle ser-
vo; it just limits the travel of this servo in the for-
ward direction, according to the setting of the throt-
tle limiter. The throttle servo is usually controlled by
the collective pitch stick via the throttle curve you
Even if you are a beginner to flying and are not yet
ready for this, it is advisable at least to define the
auto-rotation switch, so that you have an emergen-
cy cut switch for the motor. This is done in the sub-
menu Auto-rotation: press the rotary control briefly
and move one of the ON / OFF switches (2-position
switch) to the ON setting. On the right the switch
number (here, for example, 2) appears. The AR
(auto-rotation) switch should be located at a positi-
on on the transmitter where you can easily reach it
without letting go of a stick, e.g. above the collecti-
ve pitch stick.
Another tip:
Please get used to giving all the switches a com-
mon on direction; then a quick glance at the trans-
mitter before flying will soon reassure you that all
switches are off. If you wish, you could at this
point move to the line above and assign a flight
phase switch for flight phase 2, but this simple pro-
gramming example deliberately excludes such refi-
nements.
Programming examples: Model helicopters 111
have set. For more details please see the sections
on pages 58 and 59 of the manual.
Now select the ASY field in the Travel column,
and increase the value in the inverse field from
100% to 125%, with the throttle limiter pushed fully
forward. This ensures that the throttle limiter cannot
possibly restrict the full throttle travel dictated by
the collective pitch stick when the model is in flight.
An additional transmitter control needs to be activa-
ted in the menu ...
Now push the collective pitch stick fully forward to
the maximum collective pitch point (collective pitch
minimum has already been set to back). You can
now adjust this point on the collective pitch curve
using the rotary control, with the aim of producing a
collective pitch maximum setting of around 9 at
the main rotor blades.
A rotor blade set-up gauge, e.g. the GRAUPNER
item, Order No. 61, is very useful when setting up
blade pitch angles. This point should be located at
around 50%.
Now pull the collective pitch stick right back to the
collective pitch minimum position. Set the blade
pitch angle for this setting to 0 to -4, depending on
your piloting ability.
You have now completed the basic settings at the
transmitter, i.e. the procedure which you will need to
use time and again when setting up new models.
The actual helicopter-specific set-up is carried out
primarily in the menu ...
Heli mixers (page 74)
In the very first line you will see the Channel 1 >
coll. pitch function, and a brief press on the rotary
control enables you to set up a three-point curve; in
most cases this is quite adequate.
The reference point for hovering should generally be
the mechanical centrepoint of the collective pitch
stick, as this position feels completely natural to
most pilots. You can, of course, set up the curve to
locate the hover at a different point, but you should
not be tempted to do this unless you know exactly
what you are doing. Start by setting the collective
pitch stick to centre. Assuming that you previously
adjusted the servos in accordance with the
manufacturers instructions, the servo output arms
will now (usually) be at right-angles to the servo
case. If you have not already done so, adjust the
mechanical linkages to the rotor head so that all the
blades are set to a collective pitch angle of 4 to 5
positive for the hover. All known helicopters will fly
at this approximate setting.
112 Programming examples: Model helicopters
If you now switch to the auto-rotation phase - you
will see the name of the flight phase Autorot at the
bottom of the screen - you will find the old collecti-
ve pitch curve once more. In this phase you should
set the same values as in the normal phase, with
the following exception: increase the maximum coll-
ective pitch angle by about 2, i.e. at the extreme
forward position of the stick. This gives slightly
more pitch for flaring the model when practising
autos at a later (!) date.
Once you have set up the collective pitch curve,
operate the auto-rotation switch to return to the nor-
mal helicopter mixers.
Now move to the Ch1 > throttle line where you
can set up the throttle curve.
With the throttle limiter closed and the idle trim fully
open, pull the collective pitch stick to the fully
back position and move it slightly to and fro. The
throttle servo should not respond to this movement.
This arrangement gives you a seamless transition
from idle trim to the throttle curve. You will probably
need to make further adjustments to the throttle
curve, but this must be carried out later as part of
the flight-testing process.
If you now switch temporarily to the auto-rotation
flight phase, a pre-set value of -90% appears in the
Throttle line. This can be increased to around +/-
125%, depending on the direction of servo rotation.
This setting ensures that the motor stops reliably in
the auto-rotation phase (to cope with an emergen-
cy). Later, when you have gained sufficient experi-
ence to practise auto-rotation landings, the setting
should be changed to a value which provides a reli-
able idle.
Switch Auto-rotation off, and we can move back to
the first menu list.
First, the control travel of the idle trim setting must
be adjusted to smatch the gas curve. Set it to about
65%.
Programming examples: Model helicopters 113
Call up the Ch1 > tail rotor line: this is where you
can set the static torque compensation (DMA) for
the tail rotor. For the moment you can safely accept
the pre-set values of -30% at the bottom end of
stick travel and +30% at the opposite end, although
you may find it necessary to adjust the settings
slightly later.
Now switch back to the auto-rotation phase for a
moment. The set-up curve is disabled here, with the
result that the tail rotor servo no longer responds to
collective pitch commands (when the main rotor is
not powered, there is no torque to be corrected).
If your gyro features gain control from the transmit-
ter - unlike the model we are using in this example -
you can safely store the standard gain value in the
model memory. To be able to adjust gyro gain from
the transmitter you will need to set up another
vacant proportional control. This can be assigned to
the Gyro input in the menu ...
Move the slider fully forward, and move to the ASY
field in the Travel column using the rotary control.
At this point set the maximum gain of the gyro to a
value such as 50%, which represents a safe fixed
value when the slider is at its forward end-stop. You
will probably need to adjust the value in the course
of flight-testing.
Additional notes on setting up gyros can be found
on page 76.
Further adjustments
If you have followed this programming example you
will have a helicopter which is set up properly, and
in an ideal state for hovering practice and simple
circuits. Of course, you may wish to activate further
functions depending on your skill and flying experi-
ence. If you wish to fly using different rotor speeds
and trim set-ups you will need to activate a series
of flight phases, which can be called up via swit-
ches which you assign.
The first step in this process is to call up the menu
...
and assign a relevant name and switch to Pha-
se 2.
You ought to be quite clear in your mind that auto-
rotation always has absolute priority over any other
phases. This simply means: if you operate the auto-
rotation switch, you immediately move to the auto-
rotation phase from any of the other two flight pha-
ses.
Now move back to the Helicopter mixers menu,
switch to Phase 2 (which you have just set up),
and modify the settings accordingly. Since the mc-
19 features digital trims, in the Heli program all four
trim positions are stored separately for each flight
phase, in addition to the other menu settings which
you entered separately for each flight phase.
If you have set up your helicopter as described in
this programming example, you will find that it is
capable of carrying out extremely challenging flight
tasks even though it is no competition machine. We
suggest that you should not make use of additional
functions until your model is flying perfectly, so that
you will be in a position to recognise and appreciate
any improvements. It is always best to implement
additional refinements one at a time whenever pos-
sible, otherwise you wont know which change has
brought about any improvement. Bear in mind that
the good pilot is not recognised by the number of
complex functions with which he can cope, but by
the results he can obtain when flying a relatively
simple set-up.
Now switch to the menu
and assign the model a unique name. After
entering the last letter press ESC.
Set the correct modulation to suit the receiver you
are using, and confirm your choice again.
If you wish to use the integral Nautic module, enter
a vacant channel in the Nautic channel line, e.g.
7, and press the ESC button (inputs 1 to 4 are
assigned to the dual-axis sticks by default). This
action automatically releases the Nautic Module
menu. The NAUTIC-Expert module, Order No. 4159,
should now be connected to the receiver socket of
the same number, i.e. in this case 7.
114 Programming examples: Model boats and cars
Programming model boats and trucks
Programming model boats and trucks
In this programming example we assume that you
have already read and understood the descriptions
of the individual menus, and are by now familiar
with the general handling of the transmitter.
We also assume that you have built and adjusted
the model exactly according to the kit instructions,
since the most important pre-condition for accurate,
efficient programming is the correct installation of
the mechanical systems to be controlled by the RC
system. The electronic facilities provided by the
transmitter should never be used to compensate for
major mechanical inaccuracies.
The transmitters programming options are not in-
tended to compensate electronically for building
errors. Be sure to set all servos accurately to cen-
tre before connecting them; the same applies to
electronic speed controllers if they do not feature
automatic centre detection.
As our programming example we have taken the
GRAUPNER WESER fire-fighting cruiser, which is a
typical multi-function model boat. The same se-
quence can be applied to many other models - even
model cars.
Before you start programming please take the time
to consider a logical arrangement of the transmitter
functions, and whether the integral Nautic software
module can be used.
Our general advice is that you should use the dual-
axis sticks for the models basic control functions,
and the sliders and / or external switches for all the
auxiliary working systems.
Programming procedure
Use the rotary control to select a vacant model
memory, and confirm your choice with a brief press
on the rotary control. In the following window select
the model type Model boat or Model car, and
confirm your selection with another brief press.
Connect the RC components as shown in the dia-
gram below. The auxiliary working systems which
can be controlled via the NAUTIC-Expert module
are functions such as lighting, radar unit etc. A typi-
cal wiring diagram can be found in the appendix to
these instructions.
The left / right function of the right-hand dual-axis
stick is already pre-set as input 1, and the forward
/ back function of the left-hand stick as input 2.
These default settings can be modified, new trans-
mitter controls can be assigned, and already assig-
ned controls can be erased again.
The method of programming the NAUTIC module is
described in the section of these instructions en-
titled NAUTIC channel: see page 51.
Now you have to assign the working systems to the
transmitter controls. The first step is to move to the
menu
Note:
Since the Nautic module has been assigned to in-
put 7, this channel is suppressed in the Servo
settings menu, to avoid it being assigned to ano-
ther function.
If you wish to erase a transmitter control which you
have already assigned, all you have to do is press
the CLEAR button to switch that input free. Other-
wise operate the transmitter control you wish to
assign.
Assign suitable transmitter controls to the search-
light lift servo and the fire monitor rotation servo in
a similar way.
Continuing with our example, the rotation servo is
connected to receiver socket 5, so a transmitter
control must be assigned to input 5. Here you could
use one of the two sliders, or an additional proporti-
onal rotary module (Order No. 4111).
You can also assign external switches, for example,
for switching water pumps on and off, or other auxi-
liary working systems, using the same procedure.
The screen displays a number followed by a switch
Programming examples: Model boats and cars 115
In our example only inputs 1 and 2 are required
actually to control the model. Inputs 3 6 and 8
12 can therefore be used for additional functions.
(Just to remind you: input 7 has already been defi-
ned as the Nautic channel.)
To assign another transmitter control select the
desired input, e.g. 5, and use the SEL field to acti-
vate the Assign switches or controls.
With this type of switch you can turn MINI
SWITCHES (Order No. 3294) connected to the re-
ceiver on and off.
Now we need to adjust the travels of the searchlight
lift mechanism and the rotary movement of the fire
monitors. This is necessary if the servos natural
travel is not sufficient to reach the end-points of the
mechanism, or if the mechanism strikes its end-
stops before the servo has completed its maximum
angular travel.
Switch to the menu
position symbol. The number is assigned perma-
nently to the external switch socket, and the func-
tion of the symbol is easiest to understand if you
simply operate the switch experimentally.
and select the appropriate symbol with the rotary
control pressed in. Use SYM to activate the travel
setting. We suggest that you start by re-setting the
travels from the default 100% to 0%.
Move the selected slider to one of its two end-
points, then select ASY and increase the value for
servo travel until the lift mechanism just reaches its
end-point.
Now move the slider to its opposite end-point and
repeat the procedure.
Set up the rudder system in this menu using the
same procedure.
Note:
If you need to adjust the neutral setting by more
than about 25% in order to set the rudders to the
central position, you should adjust the mechanical
rudder system, e.g. by removing the servo output
arm, moving it round one spline, and re-fitting it.
Only then correct the rudder travel. Do not exceed a
maximum rudder deflection of 45 in either direc-
tion.
If you wish to operate a sound module, we recom-
mend installing a two-way momentary switch (Order
No. 4151.33). Alternatively, these units can be cont-
rolled using one of the dual-axis stick units, but this
is not so convenient in practice. To be able to con-
trol the sound module you could use the vacant
input 4 and assign the momentary switch mentio-
ned above in the usual way using the Transmitter
control settings menu.
NAUTIC multi-proportional modules
For the PPM18 and PPM24 transmission modes
Module required at the transmitter

NAUTIC Multi-Prop module
Order No. 4141
(up to two modules can be fitted)
Method of working
The NAUTIC Multi-Prop module expands one
standard control function to provide four
functions, i.e. three additional servo sockets
are available for each module at the receiver
end. A maximum of two Prop modules can be
installed in the transmitter.
Requirements for connecting NAUTIC
Multi-Prop modules to the function in-
puts CH8 ... CH10:
1. The transmitter and receiver must be set
to PPM18 or PPM24 mode.
2. The control function selected must not be
in use simultaneously as input channel or
output channel of any mixer, i.e. fixed-
wing mixer or free mixer!
Important:
Before connecting the NAUTIC Switch modu-
le or Prop module please program the trans-
mitter as follows:
1. Use the Erase model function in the
Model memory menu to erase the
model memory you are using, and set
the model type to Model boat / car.
2. Set the servo travel of the channel to
which a NAUTIC module is connected to
150% symmetrically; this is carried out in
the Servo settings menu.
3. Make sure the direction of servo rotation
is standard (not reversed), and check
that the servo centre is at 0%.
If one of the servos connected to the deco-
der at the receiver end jitters slightly at full
travel, adjust the servo centre within a range
of about -20% to +20%.
This completes the set-up procedure at the
transmitter.
Installing and connecting NAUTIC modu-
les in the mc-19 transmitter
The modules are installed in vacant module
wells as described in the notes on page 20 of
this manual.
Connect the 5-pin plug to one of the sockets
CH8 to CH10 on the transmitter circuit
board, bearing in mind the restrictions out-
lined above. Connect the single-core wire
terminating in a four-pin plug to the mc-19 /
mc-22 / mc-24 adaptor lead, Order No.
4184.1.
The jumpers supplied with the adaptor lead
must be fitted to the NAUTIC modules in-
stalled in the transmitter.
If a second module is installed, locate the
single-core wire terminating in a 4-pin plug,
and connect it to the first module, which is
already installed.
mc-19 transmitter connections _______________________________________
116 NAUTIC

NAUTIC Expert switched functions
For PPM18 and PPM24 transmission modes
Module required at the transmitter

16-channel NAUTIC Expert Module
Order No. 4108
(up to two modules can be installed)
Method of working
The NAUTIC Expert Module expands one
control function to provide 16 switched chan-
nels. All eight switches have a centre positi-
on, providing a genuine forward-stop-re-
verse function; this requires the use of a
switch module, Order No. 3754.1, or a rever-
sing module, Order No. 3754.2, at the recei-
ver. Three of the eight switches are self-
neutralising from both directions, and two
from one direction. The other three switches
are designed for forward - stop - reverse
functions, and are not self-neutralising. A
maximum of two modules can be installed in
the transmitter module wells, giving a total of
32 switched functions.
Requirements for connecting NAUTIC
Expert modules to the function inputs
CH8 ... CH10:
1. The transmitter and receiver must be set
to PPM18 or PPM24 mode.
2. The control function selected must not be
in use simultaneously as input channel or
output channel of any mixer, i.e. fixed-
wing mixer or free mixer!
Important:
Before connecting the NAUTIC Switch mod-
ule or Prop module please program the
transmitter as follows:
1. Use the Erase model function in the
Model memory menu to erase the
model memory you are using, and set
the model type to Model boat / car.
2. Set the servo travel of the channel to
which a NAUTIC module is connected to
150% symmetrically; this is carried out in
the Servo settings menu.
3. Make sure the direction of servo rotation
is standard (not reversed), and check
that the servo centre is at 0%.
If one of the servos connected to the
decoder at the receiver end jitters
slightly at full travel, adjust the servo
centre within a range of about -20% to
+20%.
Installing and connecting NAUTIC modu-
les in the mc-19 transmitter
The modules are installed in free module
wells as described in the notes on page 20 of
this manual. Connect the 5-pin plug to one of
the sockets CH8 to CH10 on the transmitter
circuit board, bearing in mind the restrictions
outlined above.
Connect the single-core wire terminating in a
four-pin plug to the mc-19 / mc-22 / mc-24
adaptor lead, Order No. 4184.1.
must be fitted to the NAUTIC modules in-
stalled in the transmitter.
If a second module is installed, locate the
single-core wire terminating in a 4-pin plug,
and connect it to the first module, which is
already installed.
mc-19 transmitter connections ______________________________________
NAUTIC 117

Combination of NAUTIC Prop and NAUTIC Expert modules
For PPM18 and PPM24 transmission modes
Modules required at the transmitter

16-channel NAUTIC Expert module
Order No. 4108
(up to two modules can be installed)
NAUTIC Multi-Prop module
Order No. 4141
Method of working
If a combination of NAUTIC Expert and NAU-
TIC Prop modules is used, one receiver
output is expanded to provide 4 servo
sockets, and the second receiver output
provides 16 switched functions. Both modu-
les are installed and connected as already
described on pages 116 and 117. Please
read the set-up notes and requirements
described at that point.
4184.4 must be fitted to both NAUTIC modu-
les installed in the transmitter.

118 NAUTIC
mc-19 transmitter connections _______________________________
NAUTIC accessories
NAUTIC accessories
Required at the receiver end
Order No. Module Note
4159 2-/16-channel
NAUTIC-
Expert switch
module
For each 16-
channel NAUTIC
Expert module in
the transmitter one
2/16 channel NAU-
TIC Expert switch
module is required.
4142 NAUTIC-Multi-
Prop-Decoder
Four servos can
be connected
3941.6 Flat socket
with 3-core
lead
For connecting
consumer units
drawing up to 0,7A
per switched chan.
3936.32
or
3936.11
Synchronous
distributor 320
or 100 mm
cable lenght
For connecting
NAUTIC switch or
reverse modules
3754.1 NAUTIC
switch module
Direct connection,
or two modules
using synchro-
nous distributor
3754.2 NAUTIC re-
verse module
Parallel connection
to 2 channels or
via synchronous
distributor
Specification, Expert switch module
Dimensions approx. 69x42x20 mm
Weight approx. 47 g
Specification, Multi-Prop decoder
Dimensions approx. 69x42x20 mm
Weight approx. 27 g
Connecting equipment to the NAUTIC
Expert module at the receiver
Each switch module can operate up to 16
switched functions.
The module can be connected directly to
eight electrical consumer units, such as
filament bulbs, LEDs etc. - but not electric
motors - with a current drain of up to 0.7 A
each.
See Fig. 1 for battery connection.
Two switched functions per socket are pos-
sible using the 3-core lead, Order No.
3941.6.
See Fig. 2.
NAUTIC switch or reverse modules are
available for electric motors and other electri-
cal units drawing higher currents, see Figs.
3 + 4.
To obtain a forward - stop - reverse function,
connect the reverse module to the Expert
switch module using the synchronous distri-
butor lead, noting that one plug attached to
the reverse module must be connected the
wrong way round: you will need to file off
the edges of the plug slightly to permit this.
An external power supply, e.g. a GRAUPNER
receiver battery of adequate capacity, is
required for directly connected electrical
consumer units and for switching relays.
Other batteries up to max. 30 V can be con-
nected using the connecting lead, Order No.
3941.6.

Nautic reverse module, Order No. 3754.2
Specification
Switch module
3754.1
Reverse module
3754.2
Exciter voltage 4,8 ... 12 V 4,8 ... 12 V
Max. switched
current
16 A 16 A
Switched volta-
ge up to app.
24 V 24 V
Dimensions in
mm approx
50x27x26 50x30x26
Weight approx 25 g 45 g
NAUTIC 119
Nautic switch module, Order No. 3754.1

free

Alternatively
two NAUTIC Expert switch modules
or
two NAUTIC Multi-Prop decoders can be
connected.
Please read the notes on pages 116 and
117
NAUTIC - typical wiring diagram
120 NAUTIC
Speed
controller
Receiver
Trainer system with light-pipe lead
Order No. 3289
Allows you to transfer all functions complet-
ely to the pupil transmitter, and expand the
functions of the mc-19 transmitter to
teacher`s transmitter functions.
Note:
The Teacher transmitter must be fitted with
an interface distributor, Order No. 4182.3, to
allow the components to be connected. If no
other supplementary system is to be con-
nected, the mc-22 / mc-24 adaptor lead
(Order No. 4184.1) can be used instead of
the interface distributor. A momentary switch,
Order No. 4160.11, or a kick button, Order
No. 4144 is required as a safe means of
transferring control.
Suitable pupil transmitters:
D 14, FM 414, FM 4014, FM 6014, mc-10,
mc-12, mc-14, mc-15, mc-16, mc-16/20, mc-
17, mc-18, mc-19, mc-20, mc-22, mx-22 and
mc-24.
The transfer function is activated in the
Basic model settings menu (page 38) of
the Teacher transmitter. The Teacher trans-
mitter can be used in any of the operating
modes PPM18, PPM24, PCM20 or SPCM20.
The Pupil transmitter should be operated in
its basic setting. If this is an mc-series or
mx-series transmitter, select a model memo-
ry and erase the contents, switch it to PPM
mode (mc-22 / mx-22 / mc-24: PPM18 or
PPM24 mode), and, if necessary, enter a
model name. All other settings, such as mixer
and coupling functions are carried out by the
Teacher transmitter. Only the stick mode can
be adjusted to meet the pilots requirements.
If you are using a D 14, FM 414, FM 4014,
FM 6014, FM 6014 / PCM 18 transmitter, you
should check the direction of servo rotation
and stick mode, and if necessary correct
them by re-connecting the appropriate cab-
les inside the transmitter.
Replacement part and individual compon-
ents:
Order No. 3290.2 Teacher socket, alone
Order No. 3290.3 Pupil socket, required
for additional Pupil
transmitters
Order No. 3290.4 Light-pipe lead for Trai-
ner system.
Connections in the mc-19 Teacher trans-
mitter
Install the Teacher module at a suitable posi-
tion in the transmitter case. Connect the 10-
pin plug attached to the Teacher module to
the interface distributor (or to the mc-22 /
mc-24 adaptor lead, Order No. 4184.1).
If you are connecting the Teacher transmitter
to a Pupil transmitter using the opto-electro-
nic light-pipe lead, locate the plug marked
M (Master) on the light-pipe lead and con-
nect it to the Teacher module.
See the next page for a connection diagram
for the Teacher transmitter.
Connections in the mc-19 Pupil transmit-
ter
Disconnect the connecting lead from the
Pupil module (it is not required with these
transmitter types).
Screw the Pupil connector to a free socket in
the case.
Disconnect the 4-pin connector attached to
the RF module of the mc-19 transmitter, and
plug it into the 4-pin Pupil socket.
See the next page for a connection diagram
for the Pupil transmitter.
Appendix 121

Trainer system
Connections in the mc-19 transmitter
Connections in the mc-19 Teacher transmitter
Connections in the mc-19 Pupil transmitter
Accessories
mc-19/mc-22/mc-24 NAUTIC adaptor
Order No. 4184.4
For connecting NAUTIC modules to the mc-
19 interface distributor, Order No. 4182.3.
must be fitted to the NAUTIC modules in the
transmitter.
mc-19 Teacher module
Order No. 3290.19
Allows the transmitter to be used as the
Teacher transmitter in conjunction with Pupil
transmitters of the following types: D 14, FM
414, FM 4014, FM 6014, mc-10, mc-12, mc-
15, mc-16, mc-16/20, mc-17, mc-18, mc-19,
mc-20, mc-22, mx-22 and mc-24.
Required for upgrading the transmitter to a
professional Trainer system using the opto-
electronic Trainer set, Order No. 3290.
122 Appendix

Accessories
4160.11
4160.44
4160.22
4160
4160.1
4147.1
Momentary switch
Order No. 4160.11
Self-neutralising, for momentary switched
functions. Required as start / stop button for
stopwatch functions.
2-way momentary switch
Order No. 4160.44
Self-neutralising, for two momentary swit-
ched functions on one switch.
Differential switch (3-position switch)
Order No. 4160.22
Switches between two or three mixer func-
tions, flight phases etc.
External switches
On / Off switches for operating auxiliary
functions, e.g. mixers.
Order No. 4160 for switching one function;
long toggle.
Order No. 4160.1 for switching one function;
short toggle.
Latching external switch
Order No. 4147.1 for switching one function.
The latching On / Off switch has a mechani-
cal lock which prevents the toggle being
moved accidentally. The switch can only be
operated by simultaneously lifting and tipping
the toggle.
If you have assigned a switch to an impor-
tant coupling function, and operating the
switch accidentally would cause the model to
crash, a latching switch should always be
used.

2-channel switch module
Order No. 4151 with long toggle
Order No 4151.1with short toggle
These switches have three positions, provi-
ding the means to switch a speed controller
over the range forward - stop - reverse, or
similar applications. Also suitable for On / Off
functions such as retracts, lamps etc. With-
out its decorative bezel the switch module
can be installed in any vacant option well in
the transmitter.
2-channel switch module
Order No. 4151.2 with short toggle
Order No. 4151.3 with long toggle
Upgrade module with On / Off switch.
Suitable for switching speed controllers,
retracts, lamps etc.
2-channel proportional module
Order No. 4152
Expansion module for controlling full-travel
linear functions; can also be used as a pro-
portional transmitter control, e.g. for mixers,
throttle limiter etc.
2-channel momentary switch
Order No. 4151.33
For switching signals on briefly, e.g. sound
module.
Appendix 123
Proportional rotary module
Order No. 4111
Expansion module for proportional rotary
functions.
Appendix

Kick button
*
Order No. 4144
Pressing the button once turns the switch on;
pressing it again causes the button to spring
out to the off position again. The kick button
can be converted into a momentary button
by removing the latching spring; in this case
the function remains switched on only as
long as the button is held pressed in. We
recommend having the kick button installed
by your local GRAUPNER Service Centre.
Two-function stick switch
*
Order No. 4143
Stick unit with single-pole change-over
switch for two switched functions. Ideal for
auxiliary functions; especially useful for
competition pilots.
Three-function stick switch
*
Order No. 4113
The change-over switch integrated into the
stick has a centre setting and is designed to
provide three switched functions.
Can be used for auxiliary functions e.g.
launch, neutral and speed modes for high-
speed and F3B models, or as motor switch
(OFF / half-throttle / full-throttle) for F3E
models.
Stick unit with rotary proportional con-
trol
*
Order No. 4112
The rotary proportional control integrated into
the stick is designed for use with non self-
neutralising functions, or to operate a speed
controller or similar special application.
Transmitter RF modules
Order No. 4809.35 for the 35-MHz-band
Order No. 4809.35.Bfor the 35B-MHz-band
Order No. 4809.41
*
for the 41-MHz-band
* for export only
The spot frequency is selected by means of
plug-in crystals (see page 126). The crystal
in the transmitter must bear the same num-
ber as the crystal in the receiver. Use only
genuine GRAUPNER crystals.
* These units have to be installed by your
local GRAUPNER Service Centre. If the kick
button, Order No. 4144, is to be used as
Trainer transfer switch, you must first con-
vert it to momentary action.
TPLL-SYNTHESIZER transmitter RF mo-
dules TE SYN FM
For GRAUPNER/JR mc-19 and mc-22 FM
transmitters; converts transmitter to PLL
Synthesizer channel selection.
Order No. 3858.40 for the 40-MHZ-band
for the 41-MHz-band
The PLL Synthesizer module enables the
operator to dial in the desired channel num-
ber (spot frequency). Once selected using
the x 10 and x 1 channel selectors, the
transmitter frequency is automatically gene-
rated by the Synthesizer system with great
accuracy. No transmitter crystals are re-
quired.
124 Appendix
Transmitter support bar system
Order No. 1127
The support bars can be snapped into the
storage and support positions. The entire
transmitter top surface is unobstructed, for
complete freedom of access. Bored for neck-
strap attachment. The method of installation
is described on page 15. The neckstrap is
not included in the set.
Luxury neckstrap
Order No. 71 38 mm wide
Adjustable-length neckstrap with extra-soft
neck padding. The padding features a Velcro
closure, making it easy to remove for clea-
ning.
Luxury cross-over strap
Order No. 72
38 mm wide with 2 spring hooks
For pilots who like their transmitter to stay
put. The cross-over strap is variable in
length and can easily be adjusted to provide
fatigue-free operation.
Wide neckstrap
Order No. 1125
30 mm wide with spring hooks
Selectable channels:
35-MHz-band:
Order No. 3858.35 61 ... 80 / 182 ... 191
40/41-MHz-band:
Order No. 3858.40 50 ... 92 / 400 ... 420
Aluminium mc-22 transmitter case
Order No. 10
Rigid, high-quality, lockable aluminium case
of attractive design. Foam padded insert
provides shock protection for transmitter,
receiver, servos and accessories for sto-
rage and transport.
Pair of short stick tops
Order No. 1128
For pilots who prefer to use their thumbs.
Helical aerial
A short, flexible aerial, providing optimum
freedom of movement and unfettered access
to the transmitter. For technical reasons the
radiated power of the helical aerial is not as
high as that of a telescopic aerial extended to
full length.
The standard telescopic aerial, as supplied
with the transmitter, should be used for all
applications where security and safety are
top priority, e.g. high-speed models and
large-scale model aircraft,
Overall length of helical aerial:
approx. 400 mm.
Appendix 125
Protective stick switch caps
Order No. 4110 (pack of 2)
These caps are made of high-quality alumini-
um and protect the delicate stick switches
and kick buttons from damage - especially in
the transport case.
Approved operating frequencies, available crystals, frequency pennants
This radio control system may only be operated on the frequencies and channels approved for each EU nation. Please check the legal
situation in your own country. It is prohibited to operate a radio control system on any frequency and channel other than those listed. ! !
126 Appendix

Approval certificates Conformity
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For the mc-19 radio control system with original crystal RF module
Appendix 127
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Approval certificate Conformity
C
o
n
f
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t
y

c
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d
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a
t
i
o
n
For the mc-19 radio control system with Synthesizer module
A
p
p
r
o
v
a
l

c
e
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t
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f
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a
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e
128 Appendix
Appendix 129
Notes
130 Appendix
Notes
Guarantee certificate
Wir gewhren auf dieses Erzeugnis eine Garantie von
This product is warrantied for
Sur ce produit nous accordons une garantie de
24
Monaten
months
mois
Die Fa. Graupner GmbH & Co. KG, Henrietten-
strae 94-96, 73230 Kirchheim/Teck gewhrt ab
dem Kaufdatum auf dieses Produkt eine Garantie
von 24 Monaten. Die Garantie gilt nur fr die be-
reits beim Kauf des Produktes vorhandenen Materi-
al- oder Funktionsmngel. Schden, die auf Abnt-
zung, berlastung, falsches Zubehr oder unsach-
geme Behandlung zurckzufhren sind, sind von
der Garantie ausgeschlossen. Die gesetzlichen
Rechte und Gewhrleistunsansprche des Verbrau-
chers werden durch diese Garantie nicht berhrt.
Bitte berprfen Sie vor einer Reklamation oder
Rcksendung das Produkt genau auf Mngel, da
wir Ihnen bei Mngelfreiheit die entstandenen Un-
kosten in Rechnung stellen mssen.
Graupner GmbH & Co. KG, Henriettenstrasse 94 -
96, D-73230 Kirchheim/Teck, Germany guarantees
this product for a period of 24 months from date of
purchase. The guarantee applies only to material or
operational defects which are present at the time of
purchase of the product. Damage due to wear, over-
loading, incompetent handling or the use of unsui-
table accessories is not covered by the guarantee.
The users statutory and warranty rights are not
affected by this guarantee. Please check the pro-
duct carefully for defects before you make a claim
or send the item to us, since we are obliged to
make a charge to cover our costs if the product is
found to be free of faults.
La socit Graupner GmbH & Co. KG, Henrietten-
strae 94-96, 73230 Kirchheim/Teck, Allemagne,
accorde sur ce produit une garantie de 24 mois
partir de la date dachat. La garantie prend effet
uniquement sur les vices de fonction-nement et de
matriel du produit achet. Les dommages ds de
lusure, de la surcharge, de mauvais acces-
soires ou dune application inadapte, sont exclus
de la garantie.
Cette garantie ne remet pas en cause les droits et
prtentions lgaux du consommateur. Avant toute
rclamation et tout retour du prouit, veuillez s.v.p.
cotrler et noter exactement les dfauts ou vices.
Garantie-Urkunde
Warranty certificate / Certificate de garantie
Computer-System mc-19
bergabedatum:
Date of purchase/delivery:
Date de remise:
Name des Kufers:
Owners name:
Nom de lacheteur:
Strae, Wohnort:
Complete adress :
Domicie et rue :
Firmenstempel und Unterschrift
des Einzelhndlers:
Stamp and signature of dealer:
Cachet de la firme et signature
du detailant :
Servicestellen / Service / Service aprs-vente
Graupner-Zentralservice
Graupner GmbH & Co. KG
Postfach 1242
D-73220 Kirchheim
Espana
FA - Sol S.A.
C. Avinyo 4
E 8240 Maneresa
(+34) 93 87 34 23 4
Italia
GiMax
Via Manzoni, no. 8
I 25064 Gussago
(+39) 3 0 25 22 73 2
Schweiz
Graupner Service
Postfach 92
CH 8423 Embrach-Emb-
raport
(+41) 43 26 66 58 3
UK
GLIDERS
Brunel Drive
Newark, Nottinghamshire
NG24 2EG
(+44) 16 36 61 05 39
Belgie/Nederland
Jan van Mouwerik
Slot de Houvelaan 30
NL 3155 Maasland VT
(+31)10 59 13 59 4
Servicehotline
(+49)(01805) 472876
Montag - Freitag
9
30
-11
30
und 13
00
-15
00
Uhr
France
Graupner France
Grard Altmayer
86, rue ST. Antoine
F 57601 Forbach-Oeting
(+33) 3 87 85 62 12
Sverige
Baltechno Electronics
Box 5307
S 40227 Gteborg
(+46) 31 70 73 00 0
Luxembourg
Kit Flammang
129, route dArlon
8009 Strassen
(+35) 23 12 23 2
Cesk Republika/Slo-
vensk Republika
RC Service Z. Hnizdil
Letecka 666/22
CZ-16100 Praha 6 -
Ruzyne
(+42) 2 33 31 30 95
Appendix 131
35-MHz-Set Best.-Nr. 4821
35-MHz-Set B-Band Best.-Nr. 4821.B
35-MHz-Einzelsender Best.-Nr. 4821.77
35-MHz-Einzelsender B-Band Best.-Nr. 4821.77.B
40-MHz-Set Best.-Nr. 4827
40-MHz-Einzelsender Best.-Nr. 4827.77
41-MHz-Set Best.-Nr. 4827.41*

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