Tiffany Alteza C.

Untal
1. A. What is a HealthCare System?
A health system, also sometimes referred to as health care system or healthcare
system is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care
services to meet the health needs of target populations.
The World Health Organization defines health system as follows:
"A health system consists of all organizations, people and actions whose primary
intent is to promote, restore or maintain health. This includes efforts to influence
determinants of health as well as more direct health-improving activities. A health system
is therefore more than the pyramid of publicly owned facilities that deliver personal health
services. It includes, for example, a mother caring for a sick child at home; private
providers; behaviour change programmes; vector-control campaigns; health insurance
organizations; occupational health and safety legislation. It includes inter-sectoral action by
health staff, for example, encouraging the ministry of education to promote female
education, a well known determinant of better health.
B. Discuss its objectives and effects on the countrys political and economic concerns
Most countries have adopted legal commitments to achieve Universal Health
Coverage at low- and middle-income stages of development. When they have not,
healthcare has tended to expand gradually, leaving many members of the population
vulnerable for extended periods of time. However, a legal commitment is insufficient on its
own and must be translated into policies that establish a comprehensive, largely publicly
financed system. An over-reliance on partial and private sector-focused care appears to
disproportionately benefit richer groups, reducing both efficacy and access to coverage. It
also creates groups with strong vested interests in the status quo that can block further
progress. Public financing is more equitable and pro-poor, and reflects the shared value of
providing care based on need rather than ability to pay.

C. Identify commendable practices in your workplace

a. Create a health care culture of safety. There is a need to promote a culture
that overtly encourages and supports the reporting of any situation or
circumstance that threatens, or potentially threatens, the safety of patients or
caregivers and that views the occurrence of errors and adverse events as
opportunities to make the health care system better.
b. Specify an explicit protocol to be used to ensure an adequate level of nursing
based on the institution's usual patient mix and the experience and training
of its nursing staff.
c. Verbal orders should be recorded whenever possible and immediately read
back to the prescriber; that is, a health care provider receiving a verbal order
should read or repeat back the information that the prescriber conveys in
order to verify the accuracy of what was heard.
d. Ensure that care information, especially changes in orders and new
diagnostic information, is transmitted in a timely and clearly understandable
form to all of the patient's current health care providers who need that
information to provide care.
e. Evaluate each patient upon admission, and regularly thereafter, for the risk
of developing pressure ulcers. This evaluation should be repeated at regular
intervals during care. Clinically appropriate preventive methods should be
implemented consequent to the evaluation.
f. Keep workspaces where medications are prepared clean, orderly, well lit,
and free of clutter, distraction, and noise.
g. Standardize the methods for labeling, packaging, and storing medications.

D. Identify its practices that needs improvement and recommend approaches how
to improve them

a. Underuse of services. There needs to have further promotion of the clinic so
that many under privileged personas that needs minor operation and
consultation would be catered. Get interactive with website and initiate
patient portal services.
b. Needs Staffing Optimization. The clinic is always understaff and needs more
volunteers with agreeable compensations and rewards. Optimize does not
equal minimize. Optimized staff levels mean that your practice has the right
number of people performing in the right roles to realize your production and
profitability goals.
c. Start electronic prescribing and record. The clinic needs repairmen of the
facility and some new equipment to facilitate technology especially in using
internet to avail Philhealth data and updates at the facility itself. Some
software and an internet connection is a must have with the printers and for
the photocopiers for the institutions and the patients convenience.
d. Patient follow-up check-ups must be strictly executed. Since some
patients dont usually keep track follow ups, there must be re-assertion of the
importance of the follow up check up especially to the safety of patience and
transition of recovery of the patient as well as the feedback to the institution.
e. Re-enforce Denial Management. Denial management can encompass any
aspect of the revenue cycle that may result in no or low reimbursement. The
reasons for the denials can include incomplete or inaccurate insurance
information, lack of pre-certification or prior authorization, not capturing all
of the tests or procedures, diagnoses and procedure coding errors or
omissions, past filing limits submission of claims, or a denial due to lack of
meeting medical necessity. Best practice is to trend and track the denials at
the time of posting the payments. Staff members must be assigned to work
denials on a regular basis, daily for a large medical practice. When trends in
the denials are identified, providers and/or staff members should be informed
and processes put in place to avoid the denials in the future. By working the
denials in a timely manner, processes can be corrected on a timely basis.
f. Provide a more rational basis for referral. Since the clinic is still working
on it, there must be a spread about the referral policy of the clinic in catering
major operations in adjunct with the Bago City Hospital since the General
Surgeon had signed an agreement in the hospital as a resident General
Surgeon and Consultant.
g. Offer a focus for continuing education. Like other hospitals the clinic
should also have updates or seminars regarding the medical field and in ad
hoc with other healthcare and medical institutions seek trainings and new
learning for the improvements of its staff.

2. A. identify the proponents of the System Theory and discuss his theory

Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy (September 19, 1901, Atzgersdorf near Vienna June 12,
1972, Buffalo, New York) was an Austrian-born biologist known as one of the founders
of general systems theory (GST). GST is an interdisciplinary practice that describes
systems with interacting components, applicable to biology, cybernetics, and other
fields. Bertalanffy proposed that the classical laws of thermodynamics applied to closed
systems, but not necessarily to "open systems," such as living things. His mathematical
model of an organism's growth over time, published in 1934, is still in use today.

It asserts that systems are a whole and that organizations should be viewed as
a whole, considering the relationships within the structure of the
organization.

Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems in general, with the goal of
elucidating principles that can be applied to all types of systems at all nesting levels in
all fields of research.
[citation
The term does not yet have a well-established, precise
meaning, but systems theory can reasonably be considered a specialization of systems
thinking, a generalization of systems science, a systems approach.

His starting point was to deduce the phenomena of life from a spontaneous
grouping of system forces--comparable, for instance, to the system developmental
biology nowadays. He based his approach on the phenomenal assumption that there
exists a dynamical process inside the organic system. In the next step he modelled the
heuristic fiction of the organism as an open system striving towards a steady state.
Then he postulated two biological principles, namely, the maintenance of the organism
in the non-equilibrium, and the hierarchic organization of a systemic structure. Finally
he furnished this biological system theory with a research program that dealt with the
quantitative kinetic of growth and metabolism.

He conducted his theory of open systems from a thermodynamical point--a similar
approach as the thermodynamics of irreversible processes as developed by Prigogine at
the same time. As opposed to a closed system in a kinetic reversible equilibrium, a
dynamically irreversible steady state determines an open. By it the process rates of the
specific components are exactly synchronisized to one another as well as to the
Eigengeschwindigkeit of the complex whole. The general system shows a kind of self-
regulation comparable to the behavior of an organic system. For example, if you
observe the energy flow of an open system, it tends towards a steady state because that
phase corresponds to a minimum entropy production enduring the systems conditions.
The minimum production stabilizes the system structure and the dynamics of streams
and flows. Thus, the system will achieve the dissipative state that configures a structure
since it maintains itself in a state far from equilibrium.
The greatest merit of Bertalanffy, beneath his outstanding work on theoretical biology,
was to have pushed forward the development of the modern system theories that
nowadays study non-stationary structures and the dynamics of self-organization. Instead
of a conclusion, the last words will belong to Bertalanffy himself:
"... this shows the existence of a general systems theory which deals with formal
characteristics of systems, concrete facts appearing as their special applications by
defining variables and parameters. In still other terms, such examples show a formal
uniformity of nature.''

B. Enumerate and discuss the elements of the System

Three Elements of a System

Inputs are items put into the organization to create the product
Throughputs are processes put into place to assist with the creation of the outputs
Outputs are the product of the complex process of the system.

C. These elements are intertwined and function together, explain the outcome if
changes occur in any of these elements

These elements are intertwined and worked together to accomplish the goals
set by the organization. Changes in the one of the elements affects the system thus
creating a ripple effect. A ripple effect is a situation where, like the ever expanding
ripples across water when an object is dropped into it, an effect from an initial state
can be followed outwards incrementally.

D. Differentiate and give example of Abstract and Physical System

i. Abstract - system is conceptual, a product of a human mind. It cannot be
seen or pointed to as an existing entity. Ex Social, theological, and
cultural systems. None of them can be photographed, drawn or otherwise
physically pictured. However, they do exist can be discussed, studied and
analysed.

ii. Physical system - has a material nature. It is based on material basis rather
than on ideas or theoretical notions.


E. Cite and briefly discuss 6 Characteristics of a System

1. Component - it is also called subsystems. It is an irreducible part or an
aggregate of reports.

2. Interrelated - the function of one is somehow tied to the function of
the others.

3. Boundary within which all of its components are contained and
which establishes the limits of a system separating it from others system.

4. Purpose the systems reason for existing. All systems work together
to achieve some overall purpose.

5. Environment it is everything outside the systems boundary. The
environment surrounds the system, both affecting it and being affected by it. The
system interacts with its environment.

6. Input is anything entering the system in the environment


Sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_system
http://www.pacifichealthsummit.org/downloads/UHC/the%20political%20econo
my%20of%20uhc.PDF
http://www.isss.org/lumLVB.htm