4.

4.1
()
,

(4.1)
N 0 , V y = V z = M x = M y = M z = 0.
N > 0 , N < 0 - .
-
(), ,
, . 4.1.
, .
F+t.L

F
F

x
. 4.1
4.2

,
, ,
, ,
(. 4.2).
.
,

x = const .

(4.2)

L
F
. 4.2

. x .dA N

dA = N

(4.3)
(4.2) (4.3)
x =

N
A

(4.4)

,
x (x) =

N ( x)
A( x )

(4.5)

, .
, .
. 4.3 .
,

1
1
n = x (1 + cos 2 ), n = x sin 2
2
2
pn . 4.3.

a)
F

x - const

(4.6)

pn

. 4.3
4.3
x
x , u .
u = u (x) . ( . ),
x , . .

x =

du
dx

(4.7)

x = E. x ,
(4.4) (4.7)
du x
N ( x)
=
=
,
dx
E
EA

u( x ) =

N ( x)
dx + C
EA

(4.8)

C . ,
. 4.1 u ( 0 ) = 0, C = 0 .
,

l

u (l ) = l =
0

N ( x)
dx
EA

(4.9)

, ,
(. 4.4), N = F = const A = const ,

l =

Fl
EA

(4.10)

F
L

. 4.4

E. A .

.
4.4
().
.

.
, .
- ,
.
s ,
n .
k =ns
(4.11)
. k > 0
k . k = 0
, k <0 . . 4.5 . 4.5
. ,

. - C v ,
.
. 4.5 . 4.5 .
, ,

,
.
.
, . , ,
,

a)

L1

L2

L2

L2

AV
A

L3

t2

L1

L1

F
B

L3

A
t1

t1
F
B

t2

L1

L2

CV

CV

. 4.5

, .

.
4.1
. 4.6 . B BC
, A1= 400cm2 A2 = 2,5 A1,
E = 2750 kN/cm2
= 1,3.10-5 1/0C.
a)

)
A

x
t=100 kN/m
A1

L1=3,0 m
F=300 kN

F=300 kN

AV

307,9
100 kN/m
+
600 kN

7,9

592,1

+ 1184,2

A2

L2=2,0 m

) A e) A
V,
V,

592,1
x

CV

N
. 4.6

EA2u

CV,

CV,

Av Cv. :
Av + C v 100 . 3 600 = 0
- Av Cv,
. AB BC
N 1 ( x ) = Av 100 x
N 2 ( x ) = Av 900

,
, . . 0. (4.9),
:

l1

2
N1 ( x)
N 2 ( x)
dx
+
0 EA1
0 EA2 dx = 0 ,

- EA2
3

2,5 ( Av 100 x)dx + ( Av 900) dx = 0 ,

Av = 307,9 kN, C v = 592,1 kN,

N 1 ( x ) = 307,9 100 x
N 2 ( x ) = 592,1
. 4.6.
(4.8)
N ( x)
N ( x)
u1 ( x ) = 1
dx ; u 2 ( x ) = 2
dx .
EA1
EA2
,
. , :
EA2 u1 ( x ) = 2,5.(307,9 100 x )dx = 769,8 x 125 x 2 +C1
EA2 u 2 ( x ) = 592,1dx = 592,1x +C 2

C1 C 2 ,
. .
:
u1 (0) = 0 C1 = 0
u 2 (0) = u1 (3) C 2 = 1184,2 kNm.

EA2 u1 ( x ) = 125 x 2 + 769,8
EA2 u 2 ( x ) = 592,1x + 1184,2
, . , . . u 2 (2) = 0 . EA2
. 4.6 .
. ,
uB =

1184,2.100
= 0,1722 cm
2750.2,5.400

, ,
0 = 50 0 , Av ,
C v , - . 4.6. Av , +C v , =0,
N 1, = N 2, = Av , .
,

l1
l2
N 1,
N 2,
0 EA1 dx + ..l1 + 0 EA2 dx = 0, EA2
2,5. 3. Av , + 1,3.10-5.50.3.2750.1000 + 2. Av , = 0,
N 1, = N 2 , = Av , = - 564,5 kN.
,
.
, .

 , , = 0,15 cm -
, Av , C v ,
.
Av , +C v , = 0,

N 1, = N 2, = Av , .

l1
l2
N 1,
N 2,
0 EA1 dx + + 0 EA2 dx = 0,
2,5.3 Av , + 2750. 1000.0,0015 + 2. Av , = 0,
N 1, = N 2, = -434,2 kN.
, -
, .
-
.
4.2 .
4.7. BD CD A1 = 2 A2 A2 = 16 cm2.

E = 20000 kN/cm2.
.

D
A1

A2

AH A

S1 S2

3,0 m
A

C
F=400 kN

AV

3,0 m

B
B

B1

2,0 m

C1

. 4.7
, = 33,690.
BD S1 , A1 = 32 cm2 l1 = 3,606 m,
CD S 2 , A2 = 16 cm2 l 2 = 3 m.
:
hi = 0 Ah + S1 . sin = 0;
v i = 0
Av + S1 . cos + S 2 400 = 0;
(*)
M A = 0
S1 . cos .3 + S 2 .5 400.5 = 0.
- Ah , Av , S1 S 2 .
. ,

. 4.7. , ,
. 1, 1.
1 1

BB1 3
= .
CC1 5

CC1 CD
S 2 , (4.10)
S .l
CC1 = l 2 = 2 2
EA2
BD D
,
S .l
B B1 = l1 = 1 1
EA1
, , BB
, BB1B e , BB1B
.
B B1
S1l1
BB1 =
=
.
cos EA1 cos

S1l1 EA2
3
= ,
S 2 l 2 EA1 cos 5
5.l1 A2
S2 =
S1 = 1,204 S1 .
3.l 2 A1 cos
(*)
. :
Ah = 130,2 kN ( ); Av = 78,12 kN ( ); S1 = 234,8 kN (o); S 2 = 282,8 kN
(o).

,
. 1 m
.
. CD:
S .l
282,8.3
Cv = l 2 = 2 2 =
= 0,002651 m = 0,2651 cm.
EA2
20000.16


.
4.5

. ,
a)
.4.8.
.
d0
,


.

L0
d

0 = 15 20 mm - .

)
d0

d1

. 4.8

l 0 = 5. d 0 l 0 = 10 15 . d 0 .

,
,

. ,
.
.
-.
. 4.9

( 1), ( 2) ( 3). -
2, - . 4.10.
1 , ,
, . ,
= E. , , . -
, ,
f pr . ,
-,
1
.

. ,
,
2
. ,

1,5
=

.

E
3
1 - .
2 , f e 1 .
,

O2 .
, .. A2 A1K

, D
u
0 r . , f e ,
K
1r
. 4.9
y
=
C
e
A
B
A2 3
pr
A1

= arctg E
0

C1
e
. 4.10

(1 5). 10-5. f pr f e
. ,
.
2 3 ,
3 .
,
. .
, . A3 B
, f y , ,
.
. ,
, . 1 3 . 4.9,
, , r = 0,002 0,2%
(.4.11). , f y ()
, . ,
BA3 A2 A1O . 4.10,
.
, f pr , f e f y ,

.

K1
y

A3

0
0,002
- ,
. 4.11
BD .
.
, (. 4.8 ).
d 0 .
- ,
- ,
DK 1 .

 ,
DK 2 . , -
,
, f u
.

, .
.

, .
.
,
, .
,
.
,
. - .
.
.
, .
- .
, ,
, ,
.
. ,
.
.
.
, C ,
, CC1 ,
OA1 .
C1CDK 1 .
.

, 3.
EN10025.
a)
)
. . 4.12

. ,

y . . 4.12
y ,
d
E
=
d 10000
d
=E
d
0

d
=E
d

0
. 4.12

 - .
3 S.
, MPa.
( ), ,
.
JR, J0, J2 2.
G1, G2, G3 G4. JR (BS),
, (QS).
: opt
, FU
, FN , FF .
, ,
.
4.1
f y f u
3<t 40 mm.
t ,
.
4.1
EN10025
fy ,
fu ,

2
kN/cm
kN/cm2
S235JR
opt
BS
S235JRG1
FU
BS
S235JRG2
FN
BS
23,5
36,0
S235J0
FN
QS
S235J2G3
FF
QS
S235J2G4
FF
QS
S275JR
FN
BS
S275J0
FN
QS
27,5
43,0
S275J2G3
FF
QS
S275J2G4
FF
QS
S355JR
FN
BS
S355J0
FN
QS
S355J2G3
FF
QS
35,5
51,0
S355J2G4
FF
QS
S355K2G3
FF
QS
S355K2G4
FF
QS
,
. ,
.
.
.
.
.
,
, , , . .


(. 4.13).
,
. ,
.
, f u f u .
F

. 4.13

. f u -
f u . , , , ,
. .

.
. 4.14. .4.14 4.14
,

a)

. 4.14

. 4.14,
.
u
r 0,05.
-

. 4.15 . ,
0
.
- - . . 4.16
. -
, , .

-
. 4.15

a)

-
K1

K1

K1

E = arctg

E1 = arctg 1
E2 = arctg 2
E3 = arctg 3
-

. 4.16

, E =

d

d

, .
( . 4.16),
( . 4.16).
4.2 f u f u
.
4.2

12,5
15
20

f u ,kN/c

m2
0,1
0,115
0,14
0,49
0,78
0,15
0,16
0,245
0,20
0,59
14,0
18,0

f u , kN/cm2

0,95
1,10
1,50
8,83 22,6
6,86 24,5
1,96 21,6
4,9 14,7
60,0 100,0

. ,
. , ,
.
4.6 -

, (20 0 ).
, ()
. . 4.17


, f u f y .


0

1+
)
E () = E ( 20 0 ). (
(4.12)
2000. lg
1000

f y
f y () = f y ( 20 ) .(1+

1100. lg

[kN/cm2]

(4.13).

1750

E [kN/cm2]

80
E

70

60

1,8.104
1,4.104

50
40
30
y

20
10

[C]
0

100 200 300 400 500

. 4.17

(4.12) (4.13)
,
-
. ,

.
4.7. . .

,
,
. ,

. . 4.18
.
t ,
, .
. 4.19.

0
. 4.18
,
. .
4.20.

1
2

3
1
2
a)

. 4.19

C
L
B

F
B
4.8

B
F1 0
F1

.
4.20
A F .
, .4.21 F ,
F

F1 . B e ,
C
F 1 .
, . . C
0

d
d 1 0-

.4.21.

1
x ,
. 4.21

 F d

dW = F .d
(4.14)
F (4.10)
F.l
EA.
=
, F =
(4.15)
EA

(4.15) (4.14)

EA..d
.
l

dW =

1 :

EA. 12 F1 . 1
EA 1
W =
.d =
=
,
(4.16)
l 0
2.l
2
F1
EA
F
(4.15) l = =
.
1

.
F OBC
. 4.21. ,
. 4.21,
OBC .

, -
.
, .
.4. 22 dx .
, .
,
.

dx (1+x).dx

x
. 4.22


( ):
dWint =

(4.17)
x =

1
1
N .( dx) = N . x .dx .
2
2

x
N
, x =
(4.17)
A
E

dWint =

1
N 2 dx
2 EA

Wint =

1 N2
dx
2
EA
0

(4.18)

N , E A
Wint =

N 2 .l
EA.l 2
=
,
2 EA
2l

(4.19)

F .l
.
EA
U ,

l =

, .
, .
l

U =

1 N2
dx .
2
EA
0

(4.20)

U
U
=
V
A.l

(4.21)

(4.19) (4.21)

x2 E. x2 x . x
N 2 .l
=
=
=
=
2
2 EA. A.l 2 E
2

(4.22)

4.9 ()
, ()

(4.4).
- .
. . ,

- max N .
,
, , max N min N .
,
, max N min N .
. .
. (4.4)



. -.
x = f y
. .
,

.
adm =

fy

(4.23)

adm ( admissible ).
y

.

max x =

max N
A

adm

(4.24)

max N

(4.25)

adm

adm,t adm,c , f u
f u u ,t u ,c .
adm ,t =

fu

u ,t

adm ,c =

fu

(4.26)

u ,c

max x ,t =
max x, c

max N
adm,t
At

min N

(4.27)

Ac

At Ac
. :
At

max N

min N

Ac
(4.28)
adm ,t
adm , c

,
A = max( At , Ac ) .
-
4.3 -
.

. 3
. 3

adm,t
[kN/cm2]
2,8 8,0
16,0
14,0
3,0 12,0
7,0 -14,0

4.3
adm,c
[kN/cm2]
12,0 15,0
16,0
14,0
3,0 12,0
7,0 14,0

,
,
,
,

6,0 12,0
3,0 8,0
3,0 4,0
0,7 1,0
0,7 1,0
0,9 1,3
-

6,0 12,0
3,0 8,0
3,0 4,0
1,0 1,2
1,0 1,2
0,15 0,2
1,3 1,5
0,2 0,35

0,02
0,03
0,01 0,07

0,06 0,25
0,04 0,4
0,1 0,9

- -.
, .
4.3 . 4.23
A2
= 2 , adm,t = 4 kN/cm2, a adm,c = 12kN/cm2.
,
A1
a)

)
x

L1=2,0 m

A1
F=240 kN

L2=1,0 m

adm,t = 4 kN/cm2
adm,c = 12 kN/cm2

48

48

192

B
A2
C

+N1

192

240 kN
+N2

N
. 4.23
.
- N 1 AB N 2
BC .
B
N 1 N 2 240 = 0 .
.
l1
l2
N1
N2
0 EA1 dx + 0 EA2 = 0


2

2 N 1 dx + N 2 dx = 0

, N . :

N 1 N 2 = 240 ,
4 N1 + N 2 = 0 .
N 2 = -192 kN ().
N 1 = 48 kN ();

. 4.23.

N1

A
192
=
= 16 cm2 2 = 2 .
adm ,t
adm,c
12
A1
A ,
, .
A1 = 12 cm2, A2 = 24 cm2 .

A1

d1 =

48
= 12 cm2 ,
4

4 A1

A2

N2

4.12
= 3,909 cm, d 2 =
3,142

4 A2
=

4.24
= 5,528 cm.
3,142

N
48
x ,1 = 1 =
= 4 kN/cm2 = adm,t = 4 kN/cm2,
A1 12

x,2 =

N2
A2

192
= 8 kN/cm2 < adm,c = 12 kN/cm2 .
24

,
,
, .
. .
.
,
, , ,
. ,
, , ,
. ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
,
-.
, , .
,
.
,
. .
-
n .

N d = n.N n .
(4.29)

. - , -
.

 - ,
.
4.4 .
4.4

.
.
.

1,10
1,15
1,20
1,35
1,40
1,40

,
. ,
, .
, - ,
k .
Rn ,
.
,
. ,

, .
Rd
R d = k .R n
(4.30)
- . 4.5
:

. 3
. 5
AI
AIII
12-28
()
28-48
()
15 ()
15 ()
20 ()
20 ()

4.5
k
2
[kN/cm ]
23
0,90
25
0,85
23,5
0,95
41,0
0,90
28
0,75
Rn

48

0,65

1,1
0,115
1,5
0,14

0,85
0,65
0,80
0,65


, , ,
,
m ,
, , . m . ,
50000 1,5 -
50000 . ,
n k m
,
.
4.6
.
4.6
m



1,0

1,1



1,2

0,90

0,95



0,75



0,90

max N d m. A.k .Rn ,
(4.31)
.
,
, ,
,
, . . - .
:
- ,
-
,
- .

.

. .
Fu , .



.
, ,
Fadm =

Fu

.
(4.32)

.
.

,
(. ),
,
. -
,
.
. Eurocode. E3
, 2 .
N d
.
G k , Qk .
,

Qrep =i .Qk , 0 i 1. :
0 - ,
1 - (
)
2 - (
),
:
4.7
0 1 2

0,7 0, 0,3

5

0,7 0, 0,3

5

0,7 0, 0,6

7

0,7 0, 0,6
7

0,7 0, 0,6
7

0,6 0, 0,0
2

0,6 0, 0,0

5
,
N d ,
:
G d = G .G k ,
Qd = Q .Qrep ,
Ad = A . Arep .

:

4.8

1,1
1,0
G

1,5
1,0
A

1,0
G

1,35
1,0
Q

1,5
1,0
A

1,0

() 95%
f y , k = f y
(. . 4.1)
s , s = 1,15
, s = 1,0
.
max N d A.

f y ,k

s
A f . max N d

(4.33)

(4.34)

y ,k

4.4 . 4.23
A2
= 2 ,
S235 ( f y ,k = 23,5 kN/cm2),
A1
Fd = 240 kN s = 1,15.
4.3,
, N1d = 48 kN () N 2 d = - 192 kN ().
(4.34)
A1

48.1,15
= 2,349 cm2,
23,5

A2

192.1,15
= 9,396 cm2.
23,5

A2
= 2 A1 = 4,7 cm2 A2 = 9,4 cm2,
A1

d1 =

4.4,7

4.9,4

= 2,446 cm d 2 =

= 3,460 cm.

x,1 =
x,2 =

f y ,k
48
23,5
= 10,21 kN/cm2<
=
=20,43 kN/cm2
4,7
1,15
s

192
= 20,42 kN/cm2
9,4

f y ,k

23,5

= 1,15 =20,43 kN/cm2.

4.10
-
:
.
max x =

max N d

(4.35)

.
max N d
min N d
, min x =
.
(4.36)
A
A

.
max x =

4.11

:
. ,
max N d

f y ,k

A,
(4.37)
s
.
f
f
N d ,t = u , k . A N d , c = u , k

max N d =min( N d ,t , N d ,c )

(4.38).

t c - , f u , k
f u , k ,
95% .
4.12 ()
-



.
, - .
, ,

 , -.
.

,
. , -
N - -,
. N -
, .
.

. 4.24 . ( )
Fd , A0 .

kN/m3.
x = const =

fu

.
03

, . 4.24.

a)

A0

A0

A()

x
A(x)

F = q.A0

d x

A(x)
N(x)

N d = Fd G (x) ,

(4.39)

G ( x) A(L)
x .
x
, d , 0 x .
x

. 4.24
. A().d,
x

G ( x) = . A().d

(4.40)

N d ( x ) = Fd + . A().d

(4.41)
:
x =

(4.42)

N d ( x)
A( x )

fu

Fd + . A().d = A(x ).
0

fu

(4.43)
(4.43)
. A( x) =

(4.44)

fu

dA( x ) c .
=
dx .
A( x)
fu

ln A( x ) =

c .
fu

dA( x )
dx

(4.45)

x +C .

(4.46)

C
F
A(0) = A0 = d
fu ,

(4.47)

c
C = ln( A0 ) .
(4.46)
ln

A( x) c .
=
x ,
A0
fu

A( x ) = A0 .e

c .
x
fu

(4.48)

,
. ,
, .
,
.
,
,

F
x = x =
= const .
(4.49)
E
E. A0

u ( x) = x .dx + C1 =

F
x + C1
E. A0

(4.50)
C1
.
u (l ) = 0 , C1 =

F .l
.
E. A0

u ( x) =

(4.51)

F
(l x )
E. A0


F .l
E. A0

l = u (0) =

(4.52)

4.13 ()
. .4.25
2r
q ,
, , .
.
y
a)
)
dR = q.r.d
q
q

O
N
r

2.r
. 4.25

..
.
(. 4.25). r.d
q.r.d.
Fi , x = 0
M o = 0 . y
:

Fi , y = 0 ;

q.r. sin .d 2.N = 0 ,

0

(4.53)

q.r (cos cos 0) = 2 N ,

N = q.r

(4.54)
.

.
,
.
4.5
H = 3 m r = 2 m, . = 10
kN/m3, n = 1,05,

 = 1. f u = 0,1 kN/cm2,
02 = 1,3.
-
.
q h = n...H = 1,05 . 1. 10 . 3 = 31,5 kN/m2.
1 cm -

q = 0,01.q h = 0,315 kN/m.

N d = q.r = 0,315 . 2 = 0,63 kN
cm.
f
0,1
N d .1. u ,
0,63 . 1,3 ,
02
8,19cm.
, = 10 cm.
t =

0,63
= 0,063 kN/cm2
1.10

0,1

< 1,3 = 0,07692 kN/cm2.

.
.
,
,
, .
. . , ,
. , ,
.

N
q.r
t = t =
=
.
E
E. A E. .1
(4.55)

2..q.r 2
L = 2..r (1 + t ) = 2..r +
.
E.
(4.56)
,
2 .
r1 = r +

q.r 2
.
E.

(4.57)