Discussion of Results

Laboratory exercise # 2 is about De Morgans Theorem and Universal Logic Gates. In the first
part of the exercise we verify the De Morgans Theorem, in this part we observed the OR expression
using AND gate with both inputs are inverted and its output is also inverted, based on experiment if
both inputs is set to GND the output logic 0; if one of the input is set to 5V and the other is set to GND
the output is logic 1, and if both inputs is set to 5V the output is logic 1; based on the results we proved
that AB is equal to A+B. We also verify the AND circuit by using OR gate with both inputs are inverted
and its output is also inverted, based on the experiment if both inputs is set to GND the output is logic 0;
the output is also logic 0 when one of the inputs is set to GND, and the output is logic 1 only if both
inputs is set to 5V; based on the results we proved that A+B is equal to AB.
In the second part of the exercise we study the functions of the universal logic gates; the NOR
and the NAND gate. In this part we observed the NOR gate circuit by using NOR gate in both inputs of
the other NOR gate and based on the experiment if both inputs is set to the GND the output is logic 0,
the output is also logic 0 when one of the inputs is set GND and the other one is set to 5V, and the
output became logic 1 when both of the inputs is set to 5V, based on the results NOR gate can operate
as an AND gate because it performs multiplication of binary. We also observed the NAND gate circuit by
using NAND gate in both inputs of the NAND gate based on the experiment if both input is set to GND
the output is logic 0; if one of the input is set to 5V and the other one is set to GND the output is logic 1,
the output is also logic 1 if both input is set to 5V, based on the results NAND gate can operate as an OR
gate because it performs addition of binary.

Conclusion:
In this exercise we successfully proved the De Morgans Theorem and the usage of the Universal Gates.
In the part one of the exercise we proved the principles of negation of De Morgans Theorem which AB
is equal to A+B and A+B is equal to AB. In the part 2 of the exercise we knew that NOR and NAND
can represent other logic gates with proper circuit connection, so that they are called Universal Gate,
like in what we performed in the exercise we made the NOR gate to operate like an AND gate because it
performs a multiplication of binary and the NAND gate to operate like an OR gate because it performs
an addition of binary.