UNIT Conversion factors

This article gives lists of conversion factors for each of a number of physical quantities, which are
listed in the index. For each physical quantity, a number of different units (some only of historical
interest) are shown and expressed in terms of the corresponding S unit.
Legend
!egend
Symbol Definition
exactly equal to
approximately equal to
digits
indicates that digits repeat infinitely (e.g. ".#$% &'$ corresponds to ".#$% &'$ &'$ &'$
&'$()
(H) of chiefly historical interest
Lminance
!uminance
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
candela per square metre (S base unit) ) cd*m
#
+ , cd*m
#
lambert ! ) (,-
%
*.) cd*m
#
/ &,"&.-$""' cd*m
#
Lengt"
!ength
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
metre (S base unit) m
) 0istance light travels in
,*#$$1$#%2" of a second in
vacuum
+ , m
3ngstr4m 5 + -., nm ) ,6,-
7,-
m
astronomical unit 89 / 0istance from :arth to Sun / ,%$ 2$1 "1, %'%
;,<
bohr, atomic unit of
length
a
-
) =ohr radius of hydrogen
/ 2.#$ ,11 #-" 2$6,-
7,,
>
&.'6,-
7#-
m
;#<
barleycorn (?)
) @ in (see note above about
rounding)
/ -.--" m
cable length
(mperial)
) '-" ft + ,"2.&,"% m
cable length
(nternational)
) ,*,- nmi + ,"2.# m
cable length (9.S.) ) 1#- ft + #,$.%2' m
chain (AunterBsC
SurveyorBs)
ch ) '' ft ) % rods
;&<
+ #-.,,'" m
cubit (?) ) 0istance from fingers to elbow / / -.2 m
,"in
ell (?) ell ) %2 in
;&<
+ ,.,%& m
fathom fm ) ' ft
;&<
+ ,."#"" m
fermi fm ) ,6,-
7,2
m
;&<
+ ,6,-
7,2
m
finger ) 1*" in + -.-## ##2 m
finger (cloth) ) % D in + -.,,%& m
foot (=enoEt)(?) ft (=en) / -.&-% 1$$ 1&2 m
foot (FlarGeBsC Fape)
(?)
ft (Fla) / -.&-% 1$1 #'2 % m
foot (ndian)(?) ft nd / -.&-% 1$$ 2,% m
foot (nternational) ft
) ,*& yd ) -.$,%%m*& + -.&-%"m +
,# inches
+ -.&-%" m
foot (SearBs)(?) ft (Sear) / -.&-% 1$$ %1 m
foot (9.S. Survey) ft (9S) ) ,#--*&$&1 m
;%<
/ -.&-% "-- ',- m
frenchC charriere F ) ,*& mm + &.& 6,-
7%
m
furlong fur ) ,- chains + ''- ft +##- yd
;&<
+ #-,.,'" m
geographical mile (?) ) '-"# ft + ,"2&.1$&' m
hand ) % in
;&<
+ -.,-,' m
inch in
) ,*&' yd ) -.$,%%m*&' + #.2%cm
+ ,*,# ft
+ -.-#2% m
league (land) lea ) & 9S Statute miles
;2<
+ %"#".-&# m
lightHday ) #% lightHhours + #.2$- #-' "&1 ,#6,-
,&
m
lightHhour ) '- lightHminutes + ,.-1$ #2# "%" "6,-
,#
m
lightHminute ) '- lightHseconds + ,.1$" 12% 1%"6,-
,-
m
lightHsecond
) 0istance light travels in one
second in vacuum
+ #.$$1 $#% 2"6,-
"
m
lightHyear l.y.
) 0istance light travels in vacuum
in &'2.#2 days
;'<
+ $.%'-1&-%1#2"-"6,-
,2
m
line ln ) ,*,# in (Ilein ,$"", '&) + -.--# ,,' m
linG (AunterBsC
SurveyorBs)
lnG ) ,*,-- ch
;&<
+ -.#-, ,'" m
linG (JamsdenBsC
:ngineerBs)
lnG ) , ft
;&<
+ -.&-%" m
micGey ) ,*#-- in + ,.#16,-
7%
m
micron K ) ,6,-
7'
m
milC thou mil ) ,6,-
7&
in + #.2%6,-
72
m
mil (Sweden and
Lorway)
mil ) ,- Gm + ,---- m
mile mi ) ,1'- yd + 2#"- ft + "- chains + ,'-$.&%% m
mile (9.S. Survey) mi ) 2#"- ft (9S Survey feet)
+ 2#"- 6 ,#--*&$&1 m /
,'-$.&%1 #,$ m
nail (cloth) ) # M in
;&<
+ -.-21,2 m
nautical league L!C nl ) & nmi
;&<
+ 222' m
nautical LNC nmi ) ,"2# m
;1<
+ ,"2# m
mile(international)
nautical mile
(8dmiralty)
LN (8dm)C
nmi (8dm)
) '-"- ft ) ,"2&.,"% m
pace ) #.2 ft
;&<
+ -.1'# m
palm ) & in
;&<
+ -.-1'# m
parsec pc
0istance of star with parallax shift
of one arc second from a base of
one astronomical unit
/ &.-"2'11"# 6,-
,'
> '6,-
'

m
;"<
point (8T8) pt ) -.-,&"&1 in
;citation needed<
+ -.--- &2, %2$ " m
point (0idotC
:uropean)
pt ) -.--- &1' -'2 m
;citation needed<
point (metric) pt ) &*" mm + -.--- &12 m
;citation needed<
point (OostScript) pt ) ,*1# in + -.--- &2# 1 m
quarter ) M yd + -.##"' m
rodC poleC perch (?) rd ) ,' D ft + 2.-#$# m
rope (?) rope ) #- ft
;&<
+ '.-$' m
span (?) ) $ in
;&<
+ -.##"' m
spat
;$<
) ,-
,#
m + ,6,-
,#
m
sticG (?) ) # in + -.-2 -" m
pm, stigma, or bicron ) ,6,-
7,#
m ) ,6,-
7,#
m
telegraph mile (?) mi ) '-"1 ft + ,"22.&,1' m
twip twp ) ,*,%%- in + ,.1'& "6,-
72
m
x unitC siegbahn xu / ,.--#,6,-
7,&
m
;&<
yard (nternational) yd ) -.$,%% m
;%<
) & ft ) &' in + -.$,%% m
#rea
8rea
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
acre ac ) ,- sq ch + %"%- sq yd + %-%'."2' %## % mP
are a ) ,-- mP
barn b ) ,-
7#"
mP
barony ) %--- ac + ,.'," 1%# 2'" $'6,-
1
mP
board bd ) , in 6 , ft + 1.1%, $#6,-
7&
mP
boiler horsepower equivalent
direct radiation
bhp
:0J
) (, ftP) (, bhp) * (#%-
=T9
T
*h)
/ ,#.$2" ,1% mP
circular inch circ in ) .*% sq in / 2.-'1 -126,-
7%
mP
circular milC circular thou circ mil ) .*% milP / 2.-'1 -126,-
7,-
mP
cord ) ,$# bd + ,.%"' %%" '% mP
dunam ) ,--- mP + ,--- mP
hectare ha ) ,- --- mP + ,- --- mP
hide ) ,-- ac + %.-%' "2' %## %6,-
2
mP
rood ro ) M ac + ,-,,.1,% ,-2 ' mP
shed ) ,-
72#
mP
square chain sq ch ) , sq ch ) .,- ac + %-%.'"2 '%# #% mP
square foot sq ft ) , ft 6 , ft + $.#$- &-%6,-
7#
mP
square inch sq in ) , in 6 , in + '.%2,'6,-
7%
mP
square Gilometre GmP ) , GmP + ,-
'
mP
square linG sq lnG ) , lnGP + %.-%' "2' %## %6,-
7#
mP
square metre (S unit) mP ) , m 6 , m + , mP
square milC square thou sq mil ) , mil 6 , mil + '.%2,'6,-
7,-
mP
square mileC section sq mi ) , mi 6 , mi + #.2"$ $"" ,,-
&&' 6,-
'
mP
square rod*pole*perch sq rd ) , sq rd + #2.#$# "2# '% mP
square 9.S. Survey foot sq ft ) , sq ft (9S) / $.#$- &%, ,', &#1 %$6,-
H#
mP
square 9.S. Survey mile sq mi ) , sq mi (9S) / #.2"$ $$"6,-
'
mP
square yard sq yd ) , yd 6 , yd + -."&' ,#1 &' mP
stremma ) ,--- mP + ,--- mP
township ) &' sq mi (9S) / $.&#& $$%6,-
1
mP
yardland ) &- ac + ,.#,% -2' $#' 1#6,-
2
mP
$olme
Qolume
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
acre foot ac ft ) , ac x , ft + %&2'- ftR + , #&&.%", "&1 2%1 2# mR
cubic metre (S unit) mR ) , m 6 , m 6 , m + , mR
litre ! ) , dmR
;,-<
+ -.--, mR
lambda S ) , mmR + , 6,-
7$
mR
drop (metric) ) ,*#- m! + 2-.- 6,-
7$
mR
minim (mperial) min
) ,*%"- fl oT (mp) + ,*'- fl
dr (mp)
+ 2$.,$& ""- #-"& 6,-
7$
mR
minim (9.S.) min
) ,*%"- 9S fl oT + ,*'- 9S fl
dr
+ ',.',, 2,$ $#, "12 6,-
7$

mR
drop (9.S.) (alt) gtt ) ,*%2' 9S fl oT / '%."2% #&, 6,-
7$
mR
drop (mperial) (alt) gtt ) ,*,"#% gi (mp) / 11.""' '"% 6,-
7$
mR
drop (9.S.) gtt ) ,*&'- 9S fl oT + "#.,%" '$& ##$ ,' 6,-
7$
mR
drop (medical) ) ,*,# ml + "&.-& 6,-
7$
mR
drop (mperial) gtt ) ,*#"" fl oT (mp) + $".'2' %'1 -,&" 6,-
7$
mR
dash (9.S.)
) ,*$' 9S fl oT + D 9S
pinch
+ &-".-21 2$$ '-$ &12 6,-
7$

mR
dash (mperial)
) ,*&"% gi (mp) + D pinch
(mp)
+ &'$.$', 12, &-# -" & 6,-
7$

mR
pinch (9.S.) ) ,*%" 9S fl oT + U 9S tsp
+ ','.,,2 ,$$ #," 12 6,-
7$

mR
pinch (mperial)
) ,*,$# gi (mp) + U tsp
(mp)
+ 1&$.$#& 2-# '-% ,' 6,-
7$

mR
fluid scruple (mperial) fl s ) ,*#% fl oT (mp) + ,.,"& "11 '-% ,' 6,-
7'
mR
fluid drachm (mperial) fl dr ) U fl oT (mp) + &.22, '&# ",# 2 6,-
7'
mR
fluid dram (9.S.)C 9.S.
fluidram
fl dr ) U 9S fl oT
+ &.'$' '$, ,$2 &,# 2 6,-
7'

mR
teaspoon (Fanadian) tsp ) ,*' fl oT (mp) + %.1&2 2,- %, ' 6,-
7'
mR
teaspoon (9.S.) tsp ) ,*' 9S fl oT + %.$#" $#, 2$2 6,-
7'
mR
teaspoon (metric) ) 2.- 6,-
7'
mR
teaspoon (mperial) tsp ) ,*#% gi (mp) + 2.$,$ &"" -#- "& 6,-
7'
mR
dessertspoon (mperial) ) ,*,# gi (mp) + ,,."&" 11' -%,' 6,-
7'
mR
tablespoon (Fanadian) tbsp ) D fl oT (mp) + ,%.#-' 2&, #2 6,-
7'
mR
tablespoon (9.S.) tbsp ) D 9S fl oT + ,%.1"' 1'% 1"# 2 6,-
7'
mR
tablespoon (metric) ) ,2.- 6,-
7'
mR
cubic inch cu in ) , in 6 , in 6 , in + ,'.&"1 -'% 6,-
7'
mR
tablespoon (mperial) tbsp ) 2*" fl oT (mp) + ,1.12" ,'% -'# 2 6,-
7'
mR
pony ) &*% 9S fl oT
+ ##.,"- ,%1 ,1, "12 6,-
7'

mR
fluid ounce (mperial) fl oT (mp) ) ,*,'- gal (mp) + #".%,& -'# 2 6,-
7'
mR
fluid ounce (9.S.) 9S fl oT ) ,*,#" gal (9S) + #$.21& 2#$ 2'# 2 6,-
7'
mR
shot ) , 9S fl oT / #$.21 6,-
7'
mR
Vigger ) ,D 9S fl oT / %%.&' 6,-
7'
mR
gill (9.S.) gi (9S) ) % 9S fl oT + ,,".#$% ,," #2 6,-
7'
mR
gill (mperial)C Loggin
gi (mp)C
nog
) 2 fl oT (mp) + ,%#.-'2 &,# 2 6,-
7'
mR
cup (Fanadian) c (F8) ) " fl oT (mp) + ##1.&-% 2 6,-
7'
mR
cup (9.S.) c (9S) ) " 9S fl oT ) ,*,' gal (9S) + #&'.2"" #&' 2 6,-
7'
mR
cup (metric) c ) #2-.- 6,-
7'
mR
breaGfast cup ) ,- fl oT (mp) + #"%.,&- '#2 6,-
7'
mR
pint (9.S. fluid) pt (9S fl) ) U gal (9S) + %1&.,1' %1& 6,-
7'
mR
pint (9.S. dry) pt (9S dry)
) ,*'% bu (9S lvl) ) U gal
(9S dry)
+ 22-.',- %1, &21 2 6,-
7'
mR
pint (mperial) pt (mp) ) U gal (mp) + 2'".#', #2 6,-
7'
mR
fifth ) ,*2 9S gal + 121.-"# &2' " 6,-
7'
mR
quart (9.S. fluid) qt (9S) ) M gal (9S fl) + $%'.&2# $%' 6,-
7'
mR
quart (9.S. dry) qt (9S)
) ,*&# bu (9S lvl) + M gal
(9S dry)
+ ,.,-, ##- $%# 1,2 6,-
7&
mR
quart (mperial) qt (mp) ) M gal (mp) + ,.,&' 2## 2 6,-
7&
mR
pottleC quartern
) D gal (mp) + "- fl oT
(mp)
+ #.#1& -%2 6,-
7&
mR
boardHfoot fbm ) ,%% cu in + #.&2$ 1&1 #,' 6,-
7&
mR
gallon (9.S. fluidC Wine) gal (9S) ) #&, cu in + &.1"2 %,, 1"% 6,-
7&
mR
gallon (9.S. dry) gal (9S) ) U bu (9S lvl) + %.%-% ""& 11- "' 6,-
7&
mR
gallon (mperial) gal (mp) ) + %.2%' -$ 6,-
7&
mR
beer gallon beer gal ) #"# cu in + %.'#, ,2# -%" 6,-
7&
mR
pecG (9.S. dry) pG ) M 9S lvl bu + "."-$ 1'1 2%, 1# 6,-
7&
mR
pecG (mperial) pG ) # gal (mp) + $.-$# ," 6,-
7&
mR
bucGet (mperial) bGt ) % gal (mp) + -.-," ,"% &' mR
timber foot ) , cu ft + -.-#" &,' "%' 2$# mR
cubic foot cu ft ) , ft 6 , ft 6 , ft + -.-#" &,' "%' 2$# mR
firGin ) $ gal (9S) + -.-&% -'" 1-' -2' mR
bushel (9.S. dry level) bu (9S lvl) ) #,2-.%# cu in + -.-&2 #&$ -1- ,'' "" mR
bushel (mperial) bu (mp) ) " gal (mp) + -.-&' &'" 1# mR
bushel (9.S. dry heaped) bu (9S) ) , M bu (9S lvl) + -.-%% -%" "&1 1-" ' mR
striGe (9.S.) ) # bu (9S lvl) + -.-1- %1" ,%- &&& 1' mR
striGe (mperial) ) # bu (mp) + -.-1# 1&1 %% mR
GilderGin ) ," gal (mp) + -.-", "#$ '# mR
sacG (9.S.) ) & bu (9S lvl) + -.,-2 1,1 #,- 2-- '% mR
sacG (mperial)C bag ) & bu (mp) + -.,-$ ,-' ,' mR
barrel (9.S. dry) bl (9S)
) ,-2 qt (9S) + ,-2*&# bu
(9S lvl)
+ -.,,2 '#" ,$" $"2 -12 mR
barrel (9.S. fluid) fl bl (9S) ) &,D gal (9S) + -.,,$ #%- %1, ,$' mR
coomb ) % bu (mp) + -.,%2 %1% "" mR
barrel (petroleum) blC bbl ) %# gal (9S) + -.,2" $"1 #$%
$#" mR
barrel (mperial) bl (mp) ) &' gal (mp) + -.,'& '2$ #% mR
hogshead (9.S.) hhd (9S) ) # fl bl (9S) + -.#&" %"- $%# &$# mR
seam ) " bu (9S lvl) + -.#", $,# 2', &&2 -% mR
quarterC pail ) " bu (mp) + -.#$- $%$ 1' mR
hogshead (mperial) hhd (mp) ) # bl (mp) + -.&#1 &," %" mR
cordHfoot ) ,' cu ft + -.%2& -'$ 2%2 %1# mR
butt, pipe ) ,#' gal (wine) + -.%1' $', ""%
1"% mR
perch per ) ,'D ft 6 ,D ft 6 , ft + -.1-- "%, $2& ,2# mR
cubic yard cu yd ) #1 cu ft + -.1'% 22% "21 $"% mR
tun ) #2# gal (wine) + -.$2& $#& 1'$
2'" mR
displacement ton ) &2 cu ft + -.$$, -"$ '&- 1# mR
water ton ) #" bu (mp) + ,.-," &#% ,' mR
freight ton ) %- cu ft + ,.,&# '1& "'& '" mR
wey (9.S.) ) %- bu (9S lvl) + ,.%-$ 2'# "-' '12 # mR
load ) 2- cu ft + ,.%,2 "%# &#$ ' mR
register ton ) ,-- cu ft + #."&, '"% '2$ # mR
last ) "- bu (mp) + #.$-$ %$1 ' mR
cord (firewood) ) " ft 6 % ft 6 % ft + &.'#% 22' &'& 11' mR
cubic fathom cu fm ) , fm 6 , fm 6 , fm + '.,,' %&" "'& "1# mR
acreHinch ) , ac 6 , in + ,-#.1$- ,2& ,#" $' mR
cubic mile cu mi ) , mi 6 , mi 6 , mi
+ % ,'" ,", "#2.%%- 21$ 2"%
mR
#ngle
8ngle
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
radian (S unit) rad ) ,"-X*. ) , rad
centesimal second of arc Y ) , grad*,---- / ,.21- 1$' Krad
arcsecond Y ) ,X*&'-- / %."%" ,&1 Krad
centesimal minute of arc B ) , grad*,-- / -.,21 -"- mrad
minute of arc B ) ,X*'- / -.#$- """ mrad
angular mil K ) #.*'%-- rad / -.$", 1%" mrad
gradC gradianC gon grad ) #.*%-- rad + -.$X / ,2.1-1 $'& mrad
degree (of arc) X ) .*,"- rad / ,1.%2& #$& mrad
sign ) &-X / -.2#& 2$$ rad
octant ) %2X / -.1"2 &$" rad
sextant ) '-X / ,.-%1 ,$" rad
quadrant ) $-X / ,.21- 1$' rad
Solid angle
Solid angle
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
steradian sr (S derived unit)
%ass
Note: see Weight for detail of mass/weight distinction and conversion
Nass
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
!elation to
avoird&ois
nits
Gilogram, grave GgC A (S base unit)
electron rest mass,
atomic unit of mass
m
e
/ $.,-$ &"# ,26,-
7&,
> %26,-
7&$

Gg
;,,<
electronvolt eQ
) , eQ (energy
unit) * c
#
+ ,.1"# '6,-
7&'
Gg
unified atomic mass
unit
uC 8N9
/ ,.''- 2&" 1&6,-
7#1
> ,.&6,-
7&'

Gg
dalton 0a
/ ,.''- $-# ,-6,-
7#1
> ,.&6,-
7&'

Gg
gamma Z ) , [g
point ) ,*,-- ct + # mg
mite ) ,*#- gr + &.#&$ $%2 2 mg
mite (metric) ) ,*#- g + 2- mg
grain gr ) '%.1$" $, mg
crith / "$.$&%$ mg
carat (metric) ct ) #-- mg
carat Gt ) & ,*' gr / #-2.,$' 2%" &&& mg
sheet ) ,*1-- lb av + '%1.$"$, mg
scruple (apothecary) s ap ) #- gr + ,.#$2 $1" # g
pennyweight dwtC pwt ) ,*#- oT t + ,.222 ,1& "% g
dram (avoirdupois) dr av ) #1 ,,*&# gr + ,.11, "%2 ,$2 &,# 2 g
dram (apothecaryC
troy)
dr t ) '- gr + &.""1 $&% ' g
hyl (FAS unit)
) , gee 6 , g 6
, sP*m
+ $."-' '2 g
ounce (avoirdupois) oT av ) ,*,' lb + #".&%$ 2#& ,#2 g
assay ton (short) 8T
) , mg 6 , sh
tn \ , oT t
/ #$.,'' ''1 g
ounce (apothecaryC
troy)
oT t ) ,*,# lb t + &,.,-& %1' " g
assay ton (long) 8T
) , mg 6 ,
long tn \ , oT t
/ &#.''' ''1 g
marG ) " oT t + #%"."#1 ",% % g
pound (troy) lb t ) 21'- grains + -.&1& #%, 1#, ' Gg
pound (avoirdupois) lb av ) 1--- grains + -.%2& 2$# &1 Gg
pound (metric) ) 2-- g
clove ) " lb av + &.'#" 1&" $' Gg
stone st ) ,% lb av + '.&2- #$& ," Gg
hyl (NIS unit)
) , gee 6 , Gg
6 , sP*m
+ $."-' '2 Gg
quarter (mperial)
) ,*% long cwt
+ # st + #" lb
av
+ ,#.1-- 2"' &' Gg
slugC geepound slug
) , gee 6 , lb
av 6 , sP*ft
/ ,%.2$& $-& Gg
bag (Oortland
cement)
) $% lb av + %#.'&1 '"# 1" Gg
short hundredweightC
cental
sh cwt ) ,-- lb av + %2.&2$ #&1 Gg
long hundredweight
long cwt
or cwt
) ,,# lb av + 2-."-# &%2 %% Gg
bag (coffee) ) '- Gg + '- Gg
quintal (metric) q ) ,-- Gg
wey ) #2# lb + ," st + ,,%.&-2 #11 #% Gg (variants
exist)
long quarter
(informal)
) M long tn + #2%.-,, 1#1 # Gg
quarter (informal) ) M short tn + ##'.1$' ,"2 Gg
Gip Gip ) ,--- lb av + %2&.2$# &1 Gg
short ton sh tn ) #--- lb + $-1.,"% 1% Gg
tonne (mts unit) t ) ,--- Gg
long ton
long tn or
ton
) ##%- lb + ,-,'.-%' $-" " Gg
barge ) ## D sh tn + #-,%,,.'2' '2 Gg
]entner ]tr.
0efinitions varyC see
;,#<
and
;,&<
.
See also discussion at
TalG^Fonversion of units_]entner
n physics, the pound of mass is sometimes written lbm to distinguish it from the poundHforce (lbf).
t should not be read as the mongrel unit Ypound metreY.
Time
Time, t
Name of nit Symbol Definition
!elation to SI
nits
second s
time of $,$#'&,11- periods of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the # hyperfine
levels of the ground state of the caesium ,&& atom at -
I (but other seconds are sometimes used in astronomy)
(S base unit)
OlancG time ) (A *c
2
)
D
/ ,.&2, #,,
","6,-
7%&
s
atomic unit of time au ) a
-
*(`ac)
/ #.%," ""%
#2%6,-
7,1
s
svedberg S ) ,-
7,&
s + ,-- fs
shaGe ) ,-
7"
s + ,- ns
sigma ) ,-
7'
s + , [s
Viffy ) ,*'- s / .-,'''1 s
Viffy (alternate) ) ,*,-- s + ,- ms
heleG ) ,*,-"- h / &.&&&&&& s
minute min ) '- s
milliday md ) "' %-- s * ,--- ) "'.% s
moment ) $- s ) $- s
Ge(traditional) ) ,*,-- d ) "'% s
quarter (of an hour) Ge ) ,*$' d ) $-- s
hour h ) '- min + &'-- s
day d ) #% h + "' %-- s
day d ) average time between consecutive midnights / "'%-- s
weeG wG ) 1 d + '-% "-- s
fortnight ) # wG + , #-$ '-- s
month (hollow) mo ) #$ d + # 2-2 '-- s
month mo ) &- d + # 2$# --- s
month (full) mo ) &, d + # '1" %-- s
year (Falendar)
a, y, or
yr
) &'2 d + &, 2&' --- s
year (Aregorian)
a, y, or
yr
) &'2.#%#2 d + &, 22' $2# s
year (bulian)
a, y, or
yr
) &'2.#2 d + &, 221 '-- s
sidereal year
a, y, or
yr
) time taGen for Sun to return to the same position with
respect to the stars of the celestial sphere / &'2.#2'&'&
d
/ &, 22"
,%$.1'&# s
clympiad ) % a of &'2 d + ,.#',%6,-
"
s
lustreC lustrum ) 2 a of &'2 d + ,.21'"6,-
"
s
octaeteris ) " a of &'2 d
+ #.2## ""6,-
"
s
decade ) ,- a of &'2 d + &.,2&'6,-
"
s
enneadecaeterisC
Netonic cycle
) ,,- mo (hollow) d ,#2 mo (full) + ,$ a of &'2 d
+ 2.$$' ,'6,-
"
s
Fallippic cycle ) %%, mo (hollow) d %$$ mo (full) + 1' a of &'2.#2 d
+ #.&$" &11
'6,-
$
s
century (Falendar) ) ,-- a of &'2 d + &.,2&'6,-
$
s
century (bulian) ) ,-- a of &'2.#2 d
+ &.,22 1'6,-
$
s
?ipparchic cycle ) % Fallippic cycles H , d
+ $.2$&
%#%6,-
$
s
millennium
(Falendar)
) ,--- a of &'2 d + &'2,--- d
+ &.,2&'6,-
,-

s
millennium
(Aregorian)
) ,--- a of &'2.#%#2 d + &2',#%#.2 d
+ &.,22 '$2
#6,-
,-
s
millennium (bulian) ) ,--- a of &'2.#2 d + &'2,#2- d
+ &.,22
1'6,-
,-
s
Sothic cycle ) ,%', a of &'2 d
+ %.'-1 %-$
'6,-
,-
s
generation
S&eed or velocity
Speed
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
metre per second (S
unit)
m*s ) , m*s
foot per hour fph ) , ft*h / ".%'' ''16,-
72
m*s
furlong per fortnight ) furlong*fortnight / ,.''& -$26,-
7%
m*s
inch per minute ipm ) , in*min / %.#& &&&6,-
7%
m*s
foot per minute fpm ) , ft*min + 2.-"6,-
7&
m*s
inch per second ips ) , in*s + #.2%6,-
7#
m*s
Gilometre per hour Gm*h ) , Gm*h / #.111 11"6,-
7,
m*s
foot per second fps ) , ft*s + &.-%"6,-
7,
m*s
mile per hour mph ) , mi*h + -.%%1 -% m*s
Gnot Gn ) , LN*h + ,."2# Gm*h / -.2,% %%% m*s
Gnot (8dmiralty) Gn
) , LN (8dm)*h + ,."2& ,"%
Gm*h
;citation needed<
/ -.2,% 11& m*s
mile per minute mpm ) , mi*min + #'."##% m*s
mile per second mps ) , mi*s + ,.'-$ &%% Gm*s + ,'-$.&%% m*s
speed of light in
vacuum
c ) #$$ 1$# %2" m*s + #$$ 1$# %2" m*s
speed of sound in air s
/ &%% m*s at #- XF, '-e relative
humidity
;,%<
mach M ) &&, m*s
;citation needed<
/ &&, m*s
8 velocity consists of a speed combined with a directionC the speed part of the velocity taGes units of
speed.
#cceleration
8cceleration
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
metre per second squared (S unit) m*sP ) , m*sP + , m*sP
foot per hour per second fph*s ) , ft*(has) / ".%'' ''16,-
72
m*sP
inch per minute per second ipm*s ) , in*(minas) / %.#&& &&&6,-
7%
m*sP
foot per minute per second fpm*s ) , ft*(minas) + 2.-"6,-
7&
m*sP
galileo Aal ) , cm*sP + ,-
7#
m*sP
inch per second squared ipsP ) , in*sP + #.2%6,-
7#
m*sP
foot per second squared fpsP ) , ft*sP + &.-%"6,-
7,
m*sP
mile per hour per second mph*s ) , mi*(has) + %.%1-%6,-
7,
m*sP
Gnot per second Gn*s ) , Gn*s / 2.,%% %%%6,-
7,
m*sP
standard gravity g ) $."-' '2 m*sP
mile per minute per second mpm*s ) , mi*(minas) + #'."##% m*sP
mile per second squared mpsP ) , mi*sP + ,.'-$ &%%6,-
&
m*sP
'orce
Force
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
atomic unit of force ) m
e
a`PacP*a
-
/ ".#&" 1## -'6,-
7"
L
;,2<
dyne (cgs unit) dyn ) gacm*sP + ,-
72
L
milligraveHforce, gravetHforce mAfC gf ) g 6 , g + $."-' '2 mL
pound lb ) slugaft*sP + %.%%"#&-2&, L
GilogramHforceC GilopondC graveH
force
GgfC GpC Af ) g 6 , Gg + $."-' '2 L
GipC GipHforce
GipC GipfC
Glbf
) g 6 ,---
lb
+ %.%%" ##, ',2 #'- 2
6,-
&
L
newton (S unit) L ) Ggam*sP + , L
ounceHforce oTf ) g 6 , oT + -.#1" -,& "2- $2& 1", # L
poundHforce lbf ) g 6 , lb + %.%%" ##, ',2 #'- 2
L
poundal pdl ) , lbaft*sP + -.,&" #2% $2% &1' L
sthene (mts unit) sn ) , tam*sP + , 6,-
&
L
tonHforce tnf ) g 6 , sh tn + "."$' %%& #&- 2#, 6,-
&
L
See also: Fonversion between weight (force) and mass
(ressre or mec"anical stress
Oressure
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
atmosphere (standard) atm ) ,-, &#2 Oa
;,'<
atmosphere (technical) at ) , Ggf*cmP
+ $."-''2 6,-
%
Oa
;,'<
bar bar ) ,-
2
Oa
barye (cgs unit) ) , dyn*cmP + -., Oa
centimetre of mercury cm?g ) ,& 2$2., Gg*mR 6 , cm 6 g
/ ,.&&& ## 6,-
&
Oa
;,'<
centimetre of water (% XF) cm?
#
c / $$$.$1# Gg*mR 6 , cm 6 g / $".-'&" Oa
;,'<
foot of mercury (conventional) ft?g ) ,& 2$2., Gg*mR 6 , ft 6 g
/ %-.'&' '' 6,-
&
Oa
;,'<
foot of water (&$.# XF) ft?
#
c / $$$.$1# Gg*mR 6 , ft 6 g
/ #.$"" $" 6,-
&
Oa
;,'<
inch of mercury (conventional) in?g ) ,& 2$2., Gg*mR 6 , in 6 g
/ &.&"' &"$ 6,-
&
Oa
;,'<
inch of water (&$.# XF) in?
#
c / $$$.$1# Gg*mR 6 , in 6 g / #%$.-"# Oa
;,'<
GilogramHforce per square
millimetre
Ggf*mmP ) , Ggf*mmP
+ $."-' '2 6,-
'
Oa
;,'<
Gip per square inch Gsi ) , Gipf*sq in
/ '."$%121 6,-
'
Oa
;,'<
micron (micrometre) of
mercury
[m?g
) ,& 2$2., Gg*mR 6 , [m 6 g / -.--,
torr
/ -. ,&& &## % Oa
;,'<
millimetre of mercury mm?g ) ,& 2$2., Gg*mR 6 , mm 6 g / , torr / ,&&.&## % Oa
;,'<
millimetre of water (&.$" XF) mm?
#
c
/ $$$.$1# Gg*mR 6 , mm 6 g +
-.$$$$1# Ggf*mP
+ $."-' &" Oa
pascal (S unit) Oa ) L*mP + Gg*(masP) + , Oa
;,1<
pifTe (mts unit) pT ) ,--- Gg*masP + , 6,-
&
Oa + , GOa
pound per square foot psf ) , lbf*ftP / %1.""- #2 Oa
;,'<
poundal per square foot pdl*sq ft ) , pdl*sq ft / ,.%"" ,'% Oa
;,'<
pound per square inch psi ) , lbf*inP
/ '."$% 121 6,-
&
Oa
;,'<
short ton per square foot ) , sh tn 6 g * , sq ft
/ $2.1'- 2," 6,-
&

Oa
torr torr ) ,-, &#2*1'- Oa / ,&&.&## % Oa
;,'<
Tor)e
Torque
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
Lewton metre (S unit) Lam ) L 6 m + GgamP*sP + , Lam
footHpoundal ft pdl ) , lbaftP*sP + %.#,% -,, --$ &"- %"6,-
7#
Lam
inchHpound force in lbf ) g 6 , lb 6 , in + -.,,# $"% "#$ -#1 ',' 1 Lam
footHpound force ft lbf ) g 6 , lb 6 , ft + ,.&22 ",1 $%" &&, %-- % Lam
*edit+ ,nergy
:nergy
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
Voule (S unit) b
) maL + Was +
Qa8as + GgamP*sP
+ , b+
electronvolt eQ ) e 6 , Q
/ ,.'-# ,11 && 6,-
7,$
b > %.$
6,-
H#'
rydberg Jy ) R

aac / #.,1$ "1# 6,-

7,"
b
hartree, atomic unit of energy :
h
) m
e
a`PacP (+ # Jy) / %.&2$ 1%% 6,-
7,"
b
erg (cgs unit) erg ) , gacmP*sP + ,-
71
b
footHpoundal ft pdl ) , lbaftP*sP
+ %.#,% -,, --$ &"- %" 6,-
7#
b
cubic centimetre of atmosphereC
standard cubic centimetre
cc atmC scc ) , atm 6 , cmR + -.,-, &#2 b
inchHpound force in lbf ) g 6 , lb 6 , in + -.,,# $"% "#$ -#1 ',' 1 b
footHpound force ft lbf ) g 6 , lb 6 , ft + ,.&22 ",1 $%" &&, %-- % b
calorie (#- XF) cal
#- XF
/ %.,",$ b
calorie (thermochemical) cal
th
) %.,"% b
calorie (,2 XF) cal
,2 XF
) %.,"22 b
calorie (nternational Table) cal
T
) %.,"'" b
calorie (mean) cal
mean
/ %.,$- -# b
calorie (&.$" XF) cal
&.$" XF
/ %.#-%2 b
GilocalorieC large calorie GcalC Fal ) ,--- cal
T
+ %.,"'" 6,-
&
b
litreHatmosphere l atmC sl ) , atm 6 , ! + ,-,.&#2 b
gallonHatmosphere (9S) 9S gal atm ) , atm 6 , gal (9S) + &"&.22' "%$ -,& " b
gallonHatmosphere (imperial) imp gal atm
) , atm 6 , gal
(imp)
+ %'-.'&# 2'$ #2 b
=ritish thermal unit
(thermochemical)
=T9
th
/ ,.-2% &2- 6,-
&
b
=ritish thermal unit (Sc) =T9
Sc
) ,.-2%2 6,-
&
b
=ritish thermal unit ('& XF) =T9
'& XF
/ ,.-2%' 6,-
&
b
=ritish thermal unit ('- XF) =T9
'- XF
/ ,.-2% '" 6,-
&
b
=ritish thermal unit (2$ XF) =T9
2$ XF
) ,.-2% "-% 6,-
&
b
=ritish thermal unit (nternational
Table)
=T9
T
+ ,.-22 -22 "2# '# 6,-
&
b
=ritish thermal unit (mean) =T9
mean
/ ,.-22 "1 6,-
&
b
=ritish thermal unit (&$ XF) =T9
&$ XF
/ ,.-2$ '1 6,-
&
b
Felsius heat unit (nternational
Table)
F?9
T
) , =T9
T
6 , I*XJ + ,."$$ ,-- 2&% 1,' 6,-
&
b
cubic foot of atmosphereC standard
cubic foot
cu ft atmC
scf
) , atm 6 , ftR + #."'$ #-% %"- $&% % 6,-
&
b
cubic yard of atmosphereC standard
cubic yard
cu yd atmC
scy
) , atm 6 , ydR
+ 11.%'" 2#- $"2 ##" " 6,-
&

b
cubic foot of natural gas ) ,--- =T9
T
+ ,.-22 -22 "2# '# 6,-
'
b
horsepowerHhour hpah ) , hp 6 , h
+ #.'"%2,$2&1'$',1#1$#
6,-
'
b
GilowattHhourC =oard of Trade 9nit
GWahC
=.c.T.9.
) , GW 6 , h + &.' 6,-
'
b
thermie th ) , Ncal
T
+ %.,"'" 6,-
'
b
therm (9.S.) ) ,-- --- =T9
2$ XF
+ ,-2.%"-% 6,-
'
b
therm (:.F.) ) ,-- --- =T9
T
+ ,-2.2-2 2"2 #'# 6,-
'
b
ton of TLT tTLT ) , Acal
th
+ %.,"% 6,-
$
b
barrel of oil equivalent bboe / 2." 6,-
'
=T9
2$ XF
/ '.,# 6,-
$
b
ton of coal equivalent TF: ) 1 Acal
th
+ #$.&-1' 6,-
$
b
ton of oil equivalent Tc: ) ,- Acal
th
+ %,."'" 6,-
$
b
quad ) ,-
,2
=T9
T
+ ,.-22 -22 "2# '#6,-
,"
b
(o-er
Oower
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
watt (S unit) W ) b*s + Lam*s + GgamP*sR
+ , W+
lusec lusec ) , !aKm?g*s
;,"<
/ ,.&&&6,-
7%
W
footHpoundHforce per hour ft lbf*h ) , ft lbf*h / &.1'' ,',6,-
7%
W
atmosphere cubic centimetre per
minute
atm ccm ) , atm 6 , cmR*min + ,.'"" 126,-
7&
W
footHpoundHforce per minute ft lbf*min ) , ft lbf*min + #.#2$ '$' 2"- 22#
&&%6,-
7#
W
atmospheregcubic centimetre
per second
atm ccs ) , atm 6 , cmR*s + -.,-, &#2 W
=T9 (nternational Table) per
hour
=T9
T
*h ) , =T9
T
*h / -.#$& -1, W
atmospheregcubic foot per hour atm cfh ) , atm 6 , cu ft*h + -.1$1 --, #%% 1-% W
footHpoundHforce per second ft lbf*s ) , ft lbf*s
+ ,.&22 ",1 $%" &&, %-- %
W
litreHatmosphere per minute !aatm*min ) , atm 6 , !*min + ,.'"" 12 W
calorie (nternational Table) per
second
cal
T
*s ) , cal
T
*s + %.,"'" W
=T9 (nternational Table) per
minute
=T9
T
*min ) , =T9
T
*min / ,1.2"% #'% W
atmosphereHcubic foot per
minute
atmacfm ) , atm 6 , cu ft*min + %1."#- -1% '"# #% W
square foot equivalent direct
radiation
sq ft :0J ) #%- =T9
T
*h / 1-.&&1 -21 W
litreHatmosphere per second !aatm*s ) , atm 6 , !*s + ,-,.&#2 W
horsepower (metric) hp ) 12 m Ggf*s + 1&2.%$" 12 W
horsepower (:uropean
electrical)
hp ) 12 Gpam*s + 1&' W
horsepower (mperial
mechanical)
hp ) 22- ft lbf*s
+ 1%2.'$$ "1, 2"# #1- ##
W
horsepower (mperial electrical) hp ) 1%' W
ton of air conditioning ) , t ice melted * #% h / &2-%. W
poncelet p ) ,-- m Ggf*s + $"-.''2 W
=T9 (nternational Table) per
second
=T9
T
*s ) , =T9
T
*s + ,.-22 -22 "2# '#6,-
&
W
atmosphereHcubic foot per
second
atm cfs ) , atm 6 , cu ft*s
+ #."'$ #-% %"- $&% %6,-
&

W
ton of refrigeration (T)
) , =T9
T
6 , sh tn*lb \ ,-
min*s
/ &.2,' "2&6,-
&
W
ton of refrigeration (mperial)
) , =T9
T
6 , lng tn*lb \
,- min*s
/ &.$&" "126,-
&
W
boiler horsepower bhp
/ &%.2 lb*h 6 $1-.&
=T9
T
*lb
/ $.",- '216,-
&
W
#nglar momentm
8ction, 8ngular momentum
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
S unit bas ) GgamP*s + , bas
atomic unit of action au ) + *#. / ,.-2% 21, 2$'6,-
7&%
bas
cgs unit ergas + ,-
71
bas
*edit+ Ca&acitance
FapacitorBs 8bility to Store Fharge
Name
of nit
Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
farad F
amount of
capacitance for
which a potential
difference of one
volt results in a
static charge of one
coulomb
Density
The S unit for density is^
Gilograms per cubic metre (Gg*mR)
Netric units outside the S
Gilograms per litre (Gg*!). Water generally has a density around , Gg*!, maGing this a
convenient unit.
Gilograms per cubic decimeter (Gg*dmR)
grams per millilitre (g*m!),
grams per cubic centimeter (g*cc or g*cmR).
These are numerically equivalent to Gg*! (, Gg*! + , Gg*dmR + , g*cmR + , g*m!).
n 9.S. customary units or mperial units, the units of density include^
ounces per cubic inch (oT*cu in)
pounds per cubic inch (lb*cu in)
pounds per cubic foot (lb*cu ft)
pounds per cubic yard (lb*cu yd)
pounds per gallon (for 9.S. or imperial gallons) (lb*gal)
pounds per 9.S. bushel (lb*bu)
slugs per cubic foot.
,lectric crrent
:lectric current
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
ampere (S base unit) 8
, 8
esu per secondC statampere (cgs unit) esu*s ) (-., 8am*s) *c / &.&&2 '%,6,-
7,-
8
electromagnetic unitC abampere (cgs unit) abamp ) ,- 8
%agnetic field
also Gnown as Ymagnetic flux densityY and Ymagnetic inductionY
Nagnetic field
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
teslas T webers per square meter (S unit)
amperes*meter 8*m
gauss A )maxwell * cm
#
,-
H%
T
;,$<
%agnetic fl.
magnetic flux
Name of
nit
Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
weber Wb
magnetic flux which, linGing a circuit of one turn, would
produce in it an electromotive force of , volt if it were
reduced to Tero at a uniform rate in , second
,lectric c"arge
:lectric charge
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
coulomb (S unit) F ) 8as + , F
atomic unit of charge au ) e
/ ,.'-# ,1' %'#6,-
7,$

F
statcoulombC franGlinC electrostatic unit (cgs
unit)
statFC FrC
esu
) (-., 8am) *c / &.&&2 '%,6,-
7,-
F
abcoulombC electromagnetic unit (cgs unit) abFC emu ) ,- F
faraday F
) , mol 6
N
A
ae
/ $',%"2.&&"& F
,lectric Di&ole
:lectric 0ipole
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
coulomb metre Fhm ) coulomb 6 metre
,lectromotive force
Qoltage, :lectromotive force
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
volt (S unit) Q ) GgamP*(8asR) + , Q
abvolt (cgs unit) abQ ) ,6,-
7"
Q
statvolt (cgs unit) statQ ) ca (, [b*8am) + #$$.1$# %2" Q
,lectrical resistance
:lectrical resistance
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
ohm (S unit) i ) Q*8 + GgamP*(8PasR)
*edit+ Indctance
nductance
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
henry (S unit) ?
)
+ , ?
*edit+ Dynamic viscosity
0ynamic viscosity
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
pascal second (S unit) Oaas ) Las*mP , Gg*(mas) + , Oaas
poise (cgs unit) O ) ,-
7,
Oaas
/inematic viscosity
Iinematic viscosity
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
S unit mP*s ) mP*s + , mP*s
stoGes (cgs unit) St ) ,-
7%
mP*s
Information entro&y
nformation entropy
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits !elation to bits
S unit b*I ) b*I + , b*I
natC nipC nepit nat ) k
B
+ ,.&"-'2-2(#&) 6 ,-
7#&
b*I
bitC shannon bitC bC Sh ) ln(#) 6 k
B
+ $.2'$$%-(,') 6 ,-
7#%
b*I + , bit
banC hartley banC ?art ) ln(,-) 6 k
B
+ &.,1$-'2&(2&) 6 ,-
7#&
b*I
nibble ) % bits + &."#1$1'-('%) 6 ,-
7#&
b*I + #
#
bit
byte = ) " bits + 1.'22$2#(,&) 6 ,-
7#&
b*I + #
&
bit
Gilobyte (decimal) G= ) ,--- = + 1.'22$2#(,&) 6 ,-
7#-
b*I
Gilobyte (Gibibyte) I=C Ii= ) ,-#% = + 1."&$'$2(,&) 6 ,-
7#-
b*I + #
,-
j#
&
bit
cften, information entropy is measured in shannons, whereas the (discrete) storage space of digital
devices is measured in bits. Thus, uncompressed redundant data occupy more than one bit of storage
per shannon of information entropy. The multiples of a bit listed above are usually used with this
meaning. cther times the bit is used as a measure of information entropy and is thus a synonym of
shannon.
*Tem&eratre
Note: see Temperatre conversion for more detail
Temperature
Name of nit Symbol Definition Conversion to /elvin
Ielvin (S base
unit)
I
- I ) absolute Tero (when an ideal gas would
theoretically occupy no space)
, I
degree
centesimal
XF
befor ,$2%, - XF ) triple point of ?
#
cC after ,$2%,
-.-, XF ) triple point of ?
#
c
;I< / ;XF< d #1&.,2
degree Felsius XF
-XF ) freeTing pt. of ?
#
c, ,--XF ) boiling pt. of
?
#
c at , atm
;I< + ;XF< d #1&.,2
degree JanGine XJC XJa - XJ ) absolute Tero ;I< + ;XJ< 6 2k$
degree
Fahrenheit
XF
- XF ) freeTing pt. of ?
#
cdLaFl, ,"-XF between
freeTing and boiling pt of ?
#
c l ,atm
;I< + (;XF< d %2$.'1) 6
2k$
degree 0elisle X0e
;I< + &1&.,2 7 ;X0e< 6
#k&
degree Lewton XL
;I< + ;XL< 6 ,--k&& d
#1&.,2
degree
Jmaumur
XJm
;I< + ;XJm< 6 2k% d
#1&.,2
degree Jnmer XJn
;I< + (;XJn< 7 1.2) 6
%-k#, d #1&.,2
!adioactivity
Jadioactivity
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
=ecquerel (S base unit) =q ) disintegration per second s
H,
+ , =q
Jutherford rd ) , N=q + , j ,-
'
=q
curie Fi ) &.1 j ,-
,-
=q + &.1 j ,-
,-
=q
;#-<
*edit+ !adioactivity 0 absorbed dose
Jadioactivity H absorbed dose
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
gray Ay ) ,b*Gg + ,m
#
as
H#;#,<
+ , Ay
rad rad ) -.-, Ay + -.-, Ay
*edit+ !adioactivity 0 e)ivalent dose
Jadioactivity H equivalent dose
Name of nit Symbol Definition !elation to SI nits
Sievert (S base unit) Sv + , Sv
J4ntgen equivalent man rem ) -.-, Sv + -.-, Sv
*edit+ Soft-are tools
?ome and office computers come with converters in bundled spreadsheet applications or can access
free converters via the nternet. 9nits and measurements can be easily converted using these tools,
but only if the units are explicitly defined and the conversion is compatible (e.g., cm?g to GOa).
*edit+ 'ree conversion soft-are
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Fonverber , portable application converting utility
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*edit+ 1eneral commercial sorces of converters
8dvanced electronic calculators have unitHconversion functionality.
Spreadsheet programs usually provide conversion functions or formulas or the user can write
their own.
Fommercial mathematical, scientific and technical applications often include converters.
!eferences
,. 2 9nited States Laval cbservatory. (#--1). Selected Astronomical !onstants" #$$%.
February ,2 February #--$.
#. 2 YLST Jeference on Fonstants, 9nits, and 9ncertainty.Y(#--'). Lational nstitute of
Standards and Technology. 8ccessed ## February #--".
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!ide, 0. (:d.). (,$$-). &and'ook of !hemistr( and )h(sics (1,st ed).
=oca Jaton, F!^ FJF Oress. Section ,.
%. o
a

b
Lational =ureau of Standards. (bune &-, ,$2$). Refinement of vales for the (ard and
the pond. Federal Jegister, viewed September #-, #--' at Lational Aeodetic Survey web
site.
2. 2 Lational nstitute of Standards and Technology Aeneral Tables of 9nits of Neasurement
'. 2 The nternational 8stronomical 9nion and 8stronomical 9nits
1. 2 *nternational S(stem of +nits" "th ed. (#--'), =ureau nternational des Ooids et Nesures,
Section %., Table ".
". 2 O. Ienneth Seidelmann, :d. (,$$#). ,-planator( Spplement to the Astronomical
Almanac. Sausalito, F8^ 9niversity Science =ooGs. p. 1,' and s.v. parsec in Alossary.
$. 2 9nits^ S
,-. 2 =arry L. Taylor, :d.,N*ST Special )'lication //$: The *nternational S(stem of +nits 0S*1
(#--, :dition), Washington^ 9.S. Aovernment Orinting cffice, %&,YThe ,#th Fonference
Aenerale des Ooids et Nesures (FAON)(declares that the word pliterq may be employed as
a special name for the cubic decimeterY.
,,. 2 !23ATA 4ale: atomic int of mass. (#--'). Lational nstitute of Standards and
Technology. Jetrieved ,' September #--".
,#. 2 The Swiss Federal cffice for Netrology gives 5entner on a Aerman language web page;,<
and 6intal on the :nglish translation of that page;#<C the unit is marGed Yspmcifiquement
suisse rY
,&. 2 Jowlett, Juss. A 3ictionar( of +nits of Measrement. Qiewed cctober ,%, #--' at
http^**www.unc.edu*srowlett*units*dict].html
,%. 2 !ide, ,$$-, p. ,%H&2.
,2. 2 !23ATA 4ale: atomic nit of force. (#--'). Lational nstitute of Standards and
Technology. Jetrieved ,% September #--".
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=arry L. Taylor, (8pril ,$$2), 7ide for the +se of the *nternational
S(stem of +nits 0S*1 (LST Special Oublication ",,), Washington, 0F^ 9.S. Aovernment
Orinting cffice, pp. 21g'".
,1. 2 =arry L. Taylor, (8pril ,$$2), 7ide for the +se of the *nternational S(stem of +nits 0S*1
(LST Special Oublication ",,), Washington, 0F^ 9.S. Aovernment Orinting cffice, p. 2.
,". 2 Juss Jowlett. (#--2). &ow Man(: A 3ictionar( of +nits of Measre. Qiewed 2 Lovember
#--' at http^**www.unc.edu*srowlett*units*
,$. 2 Standard for the +se of the *nternational S(stem of +nits 0S*1: The Modern Metric S(stem
:::*8STN S ,-H,$$1. (,$$1). Lew torG and West FonshohocGen, O8^ nstitute of
:lectrical and :lectronics :ngineers and 8merican Society for Testing and Naterials. Tables
8., through 8.2.
#-. 2 8mbler Thompson u =arry L. Taylor. (#--"). 7ide for the +se of the *nternational
S(stem of +nits 0S*1 . (Special Oublication ",,. Aaithersburg, N0^ Lational nstitute of
Standards and Technology. p. ,-.
#,. 2 8mbler Thompson u =arry L. Taylor. (#--"). 7ide for the +se of the *nternational
S(stem of +nits 0S*1 . (Special Oublication ",,. Aaithersburg, N0^ Lational nstitute of
Standards and Technology. p. 2.
Ilein, ?erbert. ,$"". The science of measrement: A historical srve(. Lew torG^ 0over
Oublications.
See also
WiGibooGs has a booG on the topic of
FHSST Physics Units:How to Change Units
9nits of measurement
9nits conversion by factorHlabel
False precision
8ccuracy and precision
Significant figures
8pproximate conversion of units .
Temperature conversion
nternational System of 9nits
:nglish units
mperial units
9nited States customary units
Systems of measrement
Netric
systems
nternational System of 9nits 3 centimetreHgramHsecond 3 metreHtonneHsecond 3
gravitational system
Latural
units
Aeometric systems 3 OlancG 3 Stoney 3 YSchr4dingerY 3 8tomic 3 :lectronic 3 vuantum
electrodynamical
Fustomary
systems
8voirdupois 3 Troy 3 8pothecariesB 3 :nglish 3 mperial 3 Fanadian 3 9S 3 0anish 3 0utch 3
Finnish 3 French 3 Aerman 3 Naltese 3 Lorwegian 3 Scottish 3 Spanish and Oortuguese 3
Swedish 3 Oolish 3 Jomanian 3 Jussian 3 Tatar 3 ?indu 3 Oegu 3 Fhinese 3 bapanese 3
Taiwanese
8ncient
systems AreeG 3 Joman 3 :gyptian 3 ?ebrew 3 8rabic 3 Nesopotamian 3 Oersian 3 ndian
cther
systems LonHstandard 3 Nesures usuelles
,.ternal lin4s
A dictionar( of nits of measrement
LST^ Fundamental physical constants w LonHS units (O0F)
=ritish law^ 9nits of measurement regulations ,$$2
The 9nified Fode for 9nits of Neasure
9nits, Symbols, and Fonversions xN! 0ictionary
Jetrieved from Yhttp^**en.wiGipedia.org*wiGi*FonversionyofyunitsY
Fategories^ 9nits of measure z Netrication