FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING

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Lecture 7-1
3.3 Non-destructive insulation tests
Part I- Chapter 3: Insulation test techniques
Instructor: Dr. Jian Li
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Lecture 7-2
3.3 Non-destructive insulation tests
One classification of high voltage tests
Type approval tests
Delivery tests
Field acceptance tests
Preventive tests
Another classification
Non-destructive insulation tests
Tests related to electrical properties of insulation, including
insulation resistance, loss factors, partial discharges.
Destructive insulation tests
To investigate breakdown voltages of insulation under AC, DC,
and impulse voltages.
Breakdown voltage defines the upper limit of the voltage range.
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-3
3.3.1 Insulation resistance measurements
Megameters are used for insulation resistance measurements.
Record data 60 seconds after power source applied on samples.
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-4
3.3.1 Insulation resistance measurements
Measured parameters
Insulation resistance
Absorptance coefficient
Polarization coefficient
"
"
15
60
R
R
K =
min 1
min 10
P
R
R
=
Insulation is in good condition when P
exceeds 1.5
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Lecture 7-5
3.3.2 Leakage current measurements
Testing voltages up to 10 kV are applied for measurements of
leakage currents of electrical equipment.
It is more sensitive to detect insulation defects in equipment than
insulation resistance measurements by megameters.
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-6
3.3.3 Dielectric loss and capacitance measurements
All kinds of dielectrics or insulation materials and systems can
be characterized by its inherent polarization phenomena.
The polarization phenomena can be expressed by a capacitance
C and a magnitude of power dissipation (dielectric loss) in the
frequency domain.
The dielectric loss can be quantified by the dissipation or loss
factor tan.
Too high losses during AC voltages may cause thermal breakdown.
Dielectric losses provide information about the quality of newly
manufactured equipment.
Capacitance and dissipation factor shall be essentially constant
with increasing voltage, as insulation systems are linear systems.
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-7
3.3.3 Dielectric loss and capacitance measurements
1. The Schering bridge
s s s
C R = tan
p p
p
C R

1
tan =

+
+ =
+
=
2 2
) (tan 1
1 ;
) (tan 1
s
s
s p
s
s
p
C
R R
C
C

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Lecture 7-8
3.3.3 Dielectric loss and capacitance measurements
The balance conditions obtained when the
indicator G shows zero deflection are:
dc
ad
bc
ab
Z
Z
Z
Z
=
3
4 4
4 4
,
) / 1 (
)] / 1 ( [
,
1
,
1
R Z
C j R
C j R
Z
C
j Z
C
j R Z
dc bc
N
ab
x
x ad
=

=
= =

N
x N x
C
C
R R
R
R
C C
4
3
3
4
, = =
4 4
tan C R C R
x x
= =
R
4
is made constant and in general realized as a multiple of (1000/)

thus making possible a direct reading of tan
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Lecture 7-9
3.3.3 Dielectric loss and capacitance measurements
High-voltage bridge with Faraday cage
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-10
3.3.3 Dielectric loss and capacitance measurements
Current comparator (Glynne) bridge
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Lecture 7-11
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Partial discharges (PD) are closely related to the life of
insulation.
Scheme of an insulation system comprising a cavity (left) and
the equivalent circuit (right)
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-12
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Recurrence of partial discharges
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-13
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Recurrence of partial discharges
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-14
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Recurrence of partial discharges
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-15
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Recurrence of partial discharges
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-16
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Recurrence of partial discharges
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-17
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Recurrence of partial discharges
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-18
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Recurrence of partial discharges
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-19
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Recurrence of partial discharges
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-20
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Recurrence of partial discharges
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-21
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Recurrence of partial discharges
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-22
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Recurrence of partial discharges
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-23
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Elliptical display
(a) Point-plane discharges
(b) Void discharges at inception
(c) Void discharges at twice
inception voltage
An example of cavity
discharges
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-24
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Detection circuits
Parallel-connected detection circuit (left)
Series-connected detection circuit (middle)
Balanced detection circuit (right)
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
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Lecture 7-25
3.3.4 Partial discharge measurements
Calibration
Purpose of calibration is to know the relationship between the
impulse voltage magnitude and the apparent charge of the sample.
C
k
M
Z
d
Z
m
C
x
U
0
C
0
u C
k
C
x
M
Z
d
Z
m
U
0
C
0
u
C
k
Z
m
C
x
Z
U
0
C
0
u
Z
d
Z
Calibration circuits for three detection circuits (recommended)
0 0 0
H q K = H K q
0
=