Exp.

No: 02
Date:

FRICTION LOSSES IN PIPES

Aim:

To find the loss of head due to friction in pipe and plot its characteristics.
Apparatus required:
1. Pumping system
2. Measuring tank
3. Sump tank
4. Differential manometer
5. Supply pump set
Figure:



Description:
The loss of energy may be classified into two types:
1. Major losses
2. Minor losses
Major losses of energy in fluid flow are due to friction. This is calculated by
darcy-weisbach and chezys formulae.
Minor losses occur due to abrupt changes in cross section of the pipe i.e. at the
entry of the pipe and exist of the pipes, losses due to the bending, obstacle at fluid
flow etc. Sine minor losses negligible compared to major losses in general ignored.
Formulae:
Loss of head due to friction h
f
= (4flv
2
)/(2gD)
Where, h
f
= (h
1
-h
2
)*12.6 in m
f= co-efficient of friction for pipe
L= distance between the sections for which the loss of head is measured
v= mean velocity of flow







Model graphs:


Procedure:
1. First of all open all the exit valves and ensure that no air bubbles exist in connecting transparent
pipes.
2. Close all the other pipes except that one for which frictional losses is measured.
3. Open the bypass valve slowly and note down the reading in the limbs of manometer.
4. At each setting calculate the actual discharge using equation
Q= (AH)/T in m
3
/sec
Where, A= area of collecting tank
H= raise of water in tank (in m)
T= time taken to collect 10 cm of water in the collecting tank (in sec)
Estimate mean velocity of flow using relation v= Q/a

Tabulation:

s.
n
o
Manometer
readings
h
f
=x*12.6 Rise of
water
Time
taken for
the rise of
water
(sec)
Actual
discharg
e
Q=AH/T
(m
3
/sec)
Velocity
m/s
V=Q/a
Co
efficie
nt of
frictio
n
Hydraul
ic
gradien
t
i= h
f
/l
h
1
h
2
X= h
1
~ h
2

cm H (cm) T v f


Calculation:
A= 0.25*0.25
A= 0.0625m
2

a= /4*d
2

a=m
2

h
1
=cm
h
2
=cm
X=h
1
-h
2
=.cm
Q
actual
= (AH)/T
Q=.. m
3
/sec
Velocity of jet, v =Q/a
v =. m/sec
Co-efficient of friction, f= (h
f
2gd)/(4lv
2
)
f= ..


Result:
The characteristics of friction loss in pipe are drawn and frictional losses in pipes are