A Copy of 130614 REP Potential of Clean Coal Technologies in India An SME Perspective Web

POTENTIAL OF CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA:
AN SME PERSPECTIVE
SEPTEMBER 2013
POTENTIAL OF CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA:
AN SME PERSPECTIVE
SEPTEMBER 2013
List of abbreviations and acronyms
AMD Acid Mine Drainage
APGENCO Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Ltd
BCCL Bharat Coking Coal Limited
BHEL Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited
CCGT Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
CCL Central Coal Fields Limited
CCS Carbon Capture and Storage
CCS-JP Carbon Capture and Storage Joint Programme
CCT Clean Coal Technology
CCUS Carbon Capture Use Storage
CFBC Circulating Fluidised-Bed Combustion
CGPL Coastal Gujarat Power Limited
CIAB Coal Industry Advisory Board
CIL Coal India Limited
CMAL Coal Mines Authority Limited
CMPDIL Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited
CO Carbon Monoxide
CO
2
Carbon Dioxide
COACH Cooperation Action within CCS China-EU
COS Carbonyl Sulphide
CSLF Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
EC European Commission
ECL Eastern Coalfields Limited
EERA European Energy Research Alliance
EII European Industrial Initiative
EOR Enhanced Oil Recovery
ESMP Environmental and Social Mitigation Project
EU European Union
ETS European Union Emission Trading Scheme
FBC Fluidised-Bed Combustion
FP5 Fifth Framework Programme
FP6 Sixth Framework Programme
FP7 Seventh Framework Programme
GHG Green House Gas
GPS Global Positioning System
HM Heavy Media
IEA International Energy Agency
IED Industrial Emissions Directive
IGCC Integrated Gasification Combined cycle
IWT Inland water transportation
kWh Kilowatt hour
JSPL Jindal Steel and Power
LE Life extension
MCL Mahanadi Coalfields Limited
MGR Merry-go-round system
MW Megawatt
NAPCC National Action Plan on Climate Change
NEC North Eastern Coalfields
NCL Northern Coalfields Limited
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NO
X
Nitrous Oxides
NZEC Near Zero Emissions Coal
ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited
OPTIMASH Optimizing Gasification of High-Ash content coals for electricity generation
PC Pulverised Coal
RFID Radio-Frequency Identification
R&D Research & Development
R&M Renovation & Modernisation
ROM Run-Of-Mine
SCCL Singareni Collieries Company Limited
SECL South Eastern Coalfields Limited
SLC Standing Linkage Committee
SME Small and Medium Enterprise
SO
2
Sulphur Dioxide
SOE State-Owned Enterprise
SO
X
Sulphur Oxides
UCG Underground Coal Gasification
UMPP Ultra Mega Power Project
USC Ultra-Super Critical
WCL Western Coalfield Limited
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
POTENTIAL OF CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA: AN SME PERSPECTIVE
EUROPEAN BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
4
HM Heavy Media
IEA International Energy Agency
IED Industrial Emissions Directive
IGCC Integrated Gasification Combined cycle
IWT Inland water transportation
kWh Kilowatt hour
JSPL Jindal Steel and Power
LE Life extension
MCL Mahanadi Coalfields Limited
MGR Merry-go-round system
MW Megawatt
NAPCC National Action Plan on Climate Change
NEC North Eastern Coalfields
NCL Northern Coalfields Limited
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NO
X
Nitrous Oxides
NZEC Near Zero Emissions Coal
ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited
OPTIMASH Optimizing Gasification of High-Ash content coals for electricity generation
PC Pulverised Coal
RFID Radio-Frequency Identification
R&D Research & Development
R&M Renovation & Modernisation
ROM Run-Of-Mine
SCCL Singareni Collieries Company Limited
SECL South Eastern Coalfields Limited
SLC Standing Linkage Committee
SME Small and Medium Enterprise
SO
2
Sulphur Dioxide
SOE State-Owned Enterprise
SO
X
Sulphur Oxides
UCG Underground Coal Gasification
UMPP Ultra Mega Power Project
USC Ultra-Super Critical
WCL Western Coalfield Limited
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
Promoting European Clean Technologies in India & Tackling Climate Change
5
Acknowledgements
This research report was prepared as 2013 workplan activity of EBTC. The report was researched,
drafted and prepared by EBTC partner European Institute for Asian Studies (EIAS) by a team
comprising - Miha Hribernik (Research Coordinator), Abu Anwar (Junior Researcher), Alberto
Turkstra (Junior Researcher) and Maria Chiara Zannini (Junior Researcher). Review, and guidance
contributions from Suman Lahiri (Regional Manager, EBTC), Monish Verma (Environment Sector
Specialist, EBTC) Vittalkumar A Dhage (Energy Sector Specialist, EBTC) and Dibyendu Sengupta
(Transport Sector Specialist, EBTC).
We would also like to acknowledge all the experts consulted, agencies supported and contributed
to this report.
The draft version of this report was presented at the 7
th
EU-India Clean Coal Working Group
Meeting in Brussels on 18 June 2013. The authors appreciate the feedback both from the
participants of the Meeting as well as from other experts who commented on the draft document.
Many of their suggestions have been incorporated into the final version. Most of all, the authors
would like to kindly thank Ms Marion Wilde from the European Commission for organising the
Working Group Meeting and for providing feedback and assistance throughout the research and
writing process.
Disclaimer
The technical suggestions/recommendations in the report should not be construed as advice of any form. EBTC
shall not be liable for any loss, damage, liability or expense incurred or suffered by use of this report,
including, without limitation, any fault, error, omission with respect thereto. Neither EBTC/its partners nor
EUROCHAMBRES make any warranty, express or implied or assume legal liability or responsibility for accuracy,
completeness, or use of any third party information in the report. The report may include text, information,
table or data that may be a copyright of a third party. It is assumed that such information has been obtained
through prior consent of the owner by the EBTC affiliates/partners. If anyone is found selling the report or
commercially acquiring any gain directly or indirectly, it should be immediately brought to the notice of EBTC
for further actions.
Trademark Disclaimer:
Any specific name, logo, trademark, sign, and/or design or any other intellectual property referenced herein
are merely used for research purpose and are the property of their respective owners. Their reference in this
publication does not either implicitly or explicitly constitute a suggestion, warranty, indication or
recommendation of the products manufactured, produced, marketed or traded by the respective intellectual
property owners/holders.
Copyright 2013 EBTC/EIAS. Reproduction or retransmission of the materials, in whole or in part in
unamended form is allowed provided reference to the valid source is given. Reproduction for commercial aims
even with source indication is forbidden. The report is free and available on EBTC website site www.ebtc.eu
EBTC is a European Union initiative managed and implemented by EUROCHAMBRES. This document has been
produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole
responsibility of the EBTC/ EIAS and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the
European Union.
Any complains or assertions should be mailed at report@ebtc.eu
6
Contents
Executive summary....................................................................................................... 8
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 9
2. Coal mining............................................................................................................. 12
2.1 Main coal regions and their characteristics .................................................................... 12
2.2 Coal mining industries.............................................................................................. 13
2.2.1 State industries........................................................................................................14
2.2.2 Private enterprises....................................................................................................15
2.2.3 Small scale coal operations ........................................................................................15
2.3 Coal washing ......................................................................................................... 17
2.4 Environmental issues with coal mining and washing ........................................................ 18
2.5 Technological development and potential for sustainable coal mining................................... 20
2.6 Current scenario, technologies and opportunities for SMEs................................................ 21
3. Coal logistics .......................................................................................................... 23
3.1 Characteristics of coal logistics................................................................................... 23
3.2 Environmental issues with coal logistics........................................................................ 24
3.3 Technological development and potential for sustainable coal logistics ................................. 25
4. Coal power plants ................................................................................................... 28
4.1 Current plant technologies ........................................................................................ 28
4.2 New developments and innovation in plant technologies................................................... 29
4.3 Environmental issues and coal power plants .................................................................. 33
5. An overview of other clean coal technologies, the regulatory environment
and funding opportunities....................................................................................... 37
5.1 Potential for other clean coal technologies..................................................................... 37
5.1.1. Carbon capture and storage......................................................................................37
5.1.2. Coal gasification......................................................................................................39
5.2 Overview of EU and Indian clean coal legislation and EU funding opportunities....................... 41
5.2.1 Policy perspective: the EU .........................................................................................41
5.2.2 Policy perspective: India............................................................................................43
5.3 Successful clean coal cases ....................................................................................... 44
5.3.1 European Union: Block R, Boxberg Thermal Power Plant.................................................44
5.3.2 India: Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project ......................................................................45
6. Role of Coal India Limited in the Indian coal sector.................................................. 47
6.1 Challenges ............................................................................................................ 47
6.2 Corporate social responsibility, research and development ................................................ 47
6.3 Opportunities......................................................................................................... 48
7. Conclusion and recommendations............................................................................ 50
7.1 Roadmap for technology transfer in India ..................................................................... 51
Bibliography............................................................................................................... 54
Interviews.................................................................................................................. 60
Annex......................................................................................................................... 61
7
Executive summary
This study explores business opportunities in the Indian coal based power value chain for
European small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that specialise in clean coal technology
(CCT), while also providing a general overview of the Indian coal based power value
chain and its three pillars: coal mining, coal logistics and coal power plants. There is
significant scope for the reduction of environmental pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG)
emission in each of the three.
As a large producer and consumer of coal that will continue to rely on the fossil fuel as
the main source of electricity for decades to come India undoubtedly represents
European companies specialised in CCT with substantial investment opportunities.
Despite the outdated infrastructure prevalent in Indias mines, there is room for the
reduction of their environmental impact. European SMEs could find opportunities in the
introduction of new coal washing and dry coal sorting.
In coal logistics and transportation opportunities are more limited due to the prevalence
of local small transportation associations and the monopoly of Indian Railways. Even so,
European SMEs could contribute by collaborating on the production of new low-emissions
haul trucks, conveyors, vehicle guiding software and equipment and in introducing new
modes of transportation, such as hydro-transport.
The most promising of the three pillars is within coal power plants. European expertise
in advanced (supercritical, circulating fluidised-bed combustion and integrated
gasification combined cycle) boiler technology is perfectly suited for more widespread
adoption in Indian power plants where outdated (subcritical) boiler technology is still
prevalent. Small and medium enterprises could also participate by providing spares,
repairs and maintenance, offering consulting services, enabling biomass co-firing (which
is suitable for use in older boilers) and developing power plant operating software.
The paper also provides a brief overview of both EU and Indian CCT-related and
environmental legislation. The former serves as an example of good practice which sets
the benchmark for such legislation, while the latter needs to be taken into account by
any EU company wishing to do business in the Indian coal sector. This section of the
paper also examines various EU funding opportunities for CCT, which include the
European Commissions Seventh Framework Programme and various tenders by its
Directorate General for Energy, as well as funding available through the Research Fund
for Coal and Steel. The section concludes by highlighting two examples of good practice
in implementing CCT in the EU and India respectively Block R of the Boxberg Thermal
Power Plant in Germany, and the Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project in Indias Gujarat
state.
An overview of the role of Coal India Limited (CIL), the worlds largest coal producing
company, concludes the paper. It finds that CIL is well positioned to spearhead global
innovation in CCT through both direct research and development of new technologies, as
well as indirectly through ripple effects created by investment in areas such as corporate
social responsibility.
As one of the goals of the study is to present the range of existing CCT expertise and
technology in Europe, a list of 32 SMEs along with their contact details and short
descriptions is attached.
8
1. Introduction
India is the worlds third largest coal producing country and the fourth largest coal
importer. The country continues to significantly rely on coal for electricity generation,
and this abundant and affordable fossil fuel accounts for 69 percent of the countrys
electricity output.
1
As coal will continue to power a large and possibly even increasing
share of the Indian economy in the foreseeable future, managing the negative side-
effects of the coal industry should be seen as a continued priority.
Over the past several decades, advancements in clean coal technology (CCT) have
managed to reduce the coal industrys negative environmental and health impacts across
the globe. Despite steadily reducing its own reliance on coal, the European Union (EU)
remains the world leader in cutting-edge CCT, and is home to a wide array of companies
specialised in reducing the environmental impact of the coal industry. Far from being
purely the domain of large multinational companies, many small and medium enterprises
(SMEs) from countries such as Germany, Poland and the United Kingdom, offer a range
of technological and consulting solutions that could be put to good use in India as the
country prepares to curb the negative side-effects of its burgeoning coal sector over the
coming years and decades.
The aim of this study is to explore business opportunities for such European SMEs
specialised in CCT in the Indian coal based power value chain, with the goal of reducing
its environmental impact. This was done both by examining existing literature on the
subject, as well as through interviews with experts from academia, EU institutions, the
business community and professional associations 17 individuals were interviewed
altogether.
The concept of CCT itself can be seen as an umbrella term, encompassing a wide array
of technologies and innovations that can help reduce emissions of fly ash, particles and
gasses such as carbon dioxide (CO
2
), carbon oxide (CO) and nitrous oxides (NO
X
), to
name a few in the coal industry. Perhaps owing to the breadth of the term, there is no
single agreed-upon definition of CCT. A report by the International Energy Agency (IEA)
has identified four groups of CCTs (coal upgrading, efficiency improvements at existing
power plants, advanced technologies and near-zero emission technologies) which can
dramatically reduce GHG [greenhouse gas] emissions.
2
This study examines SME business opportunities across the three main pillars of the
coal based power value chain: mining, logistics and power plants. As with CCT, there is
no universally accepted definition of an SME. These can differ between countries and
even between various sectors and industries. This report therefore relies on the official
EU definition, adopted on 1 January 2005. Within the Union, a company is considered an
SME if it has less than 250 employees and an annual turnover not exceeding EUR 50
million, and/or an annual balance sheet not exceeding EUR 43 million.
3

1
World Coal Association.(2012). Coal Statistics. Retrieved 10 April 2013 from
http://www.worldcoal.org/resources/coal-statistics/.
2
International Energy Agency. (2008). Clean Coal Technologies: Accelerating Commercial and Policy Drivers
for Deployment. Retrieved 10 April 2013 from http://www.iea.org/ciab/papers/clean_coal_ciab_2008.pdf.
3
European Commission. (2005). The new SME definition: User guide and model declaration. Retrieved 10 April
2013 from http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sme_definition/sme_user_guide_en.pdf.
9
This study made every attempt to examine as many business opportunities for European
SMEs in CCT in India as possible. Even so, the scope of the study and the diversity of
existing CCT have inevitably led to some aspects receiving more attention than others,
with some being omitted for the sake of brevity and due to time constraints. As such,
this report serves as a broad overview of EU SME business opportunities in CCT in India,
of available funding opportunities and the institutional and regulatory environments in
the EU and India. Future research on the topic could follow up with an in-depth focus on
specific technologies, specific parts of the coal supply chain, or the business and
regulatory environment of various regions or states in India. Apart from the introduction
and conclusion, the study consists of five sections, each of which is concluded by an
overview of opportunities for SMEs in the specific sector analysed.
Section two examines coal mining in India, and provides an overview of the countrys
main coal regions and its state-owned and private coal mining industries. This section
also highlights some promising SME business opportunities in CCT, in particular in
reserve assessment technology, consulting and coal washing and dry sorting equipment.
Section three focuses on coal logistics, its characteristics in India, environmental issues
and possible opportunities for implementing sustainable solutions through European
SMEs. Although the least promising of the three pillars in terms of CCT, business
opportunities present themselves in low-emissions haul trucks, vehicle guidance
software and equipment, as well as conveyor belts and, potentially, hydro-transport.
The fourth section highlights the last pillar of the value chain by first examining current
plant technologies in India, continuing with an overview of new boiler technologies that
could see more widespread implementation in India, and the environmental issues
connected with coal power plants. This section discovers significant business
opportunities for European SMEs in providing new (supercritical) boiler technologies,
developing power plant operating software, spare parts and maintenance, consultancy
services and enabling biomass co-firing.
Section five begins by briefly addressing two other CCT innovations that are only
beginning to be considered in India, but which may see more widespread interest over
the long term carbon capture and storage (CCS) and underground coal gasification
before continuing with an overview of EU and Indian clean coal-related legislation and
funding opportunities; former to establish a benchmark for effective environmental and
coal legislation; the second as it is relevant for any company interested in doing business
in the Indian coal sector. This part of the paper concludes with two examples of good
practice in implementing CCT in the EU and India respectively; Block R of the Boxberg
Thermal Power Plant in Germany and the Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project (UMPP) in
Indias Gujarat state.
The fifth and final section turns its attention to the Coal India Limited (CIL), the
countrys largest coal company. Accounting for over 80 percent of Indias coal sector,
this state-owned enterprise has the potential to spearhead CCT innovation in India over
the coming years with increased investment in research & development and areas such
as corporate social responsibility (CSR). As the worlds single largest coal producing
company, Coal India also offers European SMEs with substantial opportunities for
business collaboration.
10
The paper concludes with a comprehensive overview of recommendations for SMEs
interested in investing in CCT in India, and is accompanied by a list of 32 such
companies, showcasing the spectrum of CCT solutions currently available in Europe.
11
2. Coal mining
2.1 Main coal regions and their characteristics
India has very large fossil fuel resources, but there is significant uncertainty in
quantifying the precise amount of coal reserves.
4
These difficulties are linked to the
dependence on the coal industry (and hence to its interests) for the assessment of
quantification operations. Furthermore, the estimations often include resources that
cannot be reached using current technology,
5
since the classification does not take into
account the geological complexities of the coal fields. In India, coal can generally be
found in two main geological horizons: Gondwana sediments (Permian) and early
Tertiary sediments (Eocene). The majority of the deposits belongs to the first category,
and are located in the eastern and south-eastern part of the country, specifically in
Andhra Pradesh, Assam and Bihar (even though in these two regions only in very small
quantities), Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Sikkim,
Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The tertiary coalfields are mainly located in Arunachal
Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland and other northeast regions.
6
Finally, lignite
resources can be found in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jammu, Kashmir and
Pondicherry. Coal resources are categorized according to borehole spacing; they are
considered inferred when the borehole spacing is greater than two kilometres, and
indicated when the spacing is between one and two kilometres.
The quality of Indian coal is poor and is worsening since the higher quality resources
have already been exploited. Coking coal accounts for around 18-20 percent, of which
only a small percentage is of prime coking quality.
7
Prime coking coal can be found
especially in the Jharia coalfield, the Dhanbad district and Jharkhand state. The rest of
Indian coal is characterised by high ash content. This is due to the fact that the majority
of coal in India is located in Gondwana sediments, which are characterised by seams
intertwined with mineral sediments, and is further increased due to opencast mining
production. Indian coal also has particularly high moisture content, while sulphur content
and calorific values are low. Coal in India commonly falls into categories D, E and F,
which have low calorific value.

4
Official sources report that proved coal reserves reach 99 billion tonnes. See: Ministry of Coal. (2013a). Coal
Reserves. Retrieved 23 May 2013 from http://www.coal.nic.in/reserve2.htm. According to NRG Expert, a UK-
based energy research and intelligence company, Indias reserves are 56.8 billion tonnes (the worlds fifth
largest). See: NRG Expert. (2011). Coal and Clean Coal Report. Retrieved 21 May 2013 from
http://www.nrgexpert.com/energy-market-research/coal-and-clean-coal-report/.
5
Chikkatur, A.P. (2008). A Resource and Technology Assessment of Coal Utilization in India. Retrieved 21 May
2013 from http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/india-coal-technology.pdf.
6
Ministry of Coal, Coal Reserves.
7
Ministry of Coal, Coal Reserves; NRG Expert, Coal and Clean Coal Report.
12
Table 1: Classification of Indian coal with calorific, ash and moisture values
8
Grade
Calorific value
range
(in kcal/kg)
Ash and moisture
content
(in percent)
A Exceeding 6200 Not exceeding 19.5
B 5600 to 6200 19.6 to 23.8
C 4940 to 5600 23.9 to 28.6
D 4200 to 4940 28.7 to 34.0
E 3360 to 4200 34.1 to 40.0
F 2400 to 3360 40.1 to 47.0
G 1300 to 2400 47.1 to 55.0
2.2 Coal mining industries
Coal mining in India dates back to the end of the 18
th
century, and was started by the
East India Company in the Raniganj Coalfield in West Bengal. It developed rather slowly
over one century, until the introduction of steam locomotives; later on a further stimulus
for increased productivity came from World War I. In 1956, in order to further develop
the potentialities of the mining sector, steps towards planned development were taken
with the nationalisation of the Singareni Collieries Company Ltd and the set-up of the
National Coal Development Corporation.
9

In 1972, the Coking Coal Mines Nationalisation Act
10
was promulgated, as the Indian
government officially took over the management of all Indian coking mines. In 1973,
with the Coal Mines Ordinance (Taking over of Management),
11
non-coking mines were
also nationalised and put under the management of Coal Mines Authority Limited
(CMAL). Coal India Ltd was then formed in November 1975 to manage both the
companies.
12
The nationalisation was aimed at better coordination and more efficient
scientific development of the coal sector. In 1993, the Coal Mines Nationalisation Act was
amended, designating the only two groups eligible to carry out coaling operations: either
state-owned companies or a person to whom a sublease has been granted by the above
mentioned government company or corporation having a coal mining lease, subject to
the conditions that the coal reserves covered by the sublease are in isolated small
pockets or are not sufficient for scientific and economic development in a coordinated
manner and that the coal produced by the sub-lessee will not be required to be

8
Compiled from: Productivity Portal India. (year unknown). 1.3 Properties of Coal. Retrieved 13 June 2013
from
http://www.productivity.in/knowledgebase/Energy%20Management/c.%20Thermal%20Energy%20systems/4.
1%20Fuels%20and%20Combustion/4.1.3%20Properties%20of%20Coals.pdf; Coal India Limited. (2013b).
Grades. Retrieved 13 June 2013 from http://www.coal.nic.in/point4.html.
9
Ministry of Coal.(2013b). Coal Mining in India. Retrieved 23 May 2013 from
http://www.coal.nic.in/abtcoal.htm.
10
The Coking Coal Mines Nationalisation Act, 1972. Entered into force on 1 May 1972.Retrieved 24 May 2013
from http://www.coal.nic.in/ca4.pdf.
11
The Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1973. Entered into force on 30 January 1973.Retrieved 24
May 2013 from http://www.coal.nic.in/ca7.pdf.
12
Coal India Limited. (2013). Company. Retrieved 24 May 2013 from
http://www.coalindia.in/Company.aspx?tab=3.
13
transported by rail.
13
In 2000, another amendment allowed state governments or
undertakings to mine from smaller sites, provided that CIL certifies that it has no
intention to use those coal resources.
14
The influence of the government on coal is not limited to the mining only, but covers
every aspect, from the assessment of resources (through the Geological Survey of
India), to planning of distribution and transportation.
2.2.1 State industries
Coal India Ltd, founded in 1975, is the largest coal mining company in India, and the
largest coal producer globally. The company is active in eight states and produces
around 81.1 percent of the countrys overall coal production, covering nearly 74 percent
of the national coal market.
15
It has seven subsidiaries and one mine planning and
consultancy company (Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited (CMPDIL) in
Ranchi, Jharkhand). Coal India operates open cast mines, mixed and underground
mines, as well as coal beneficiation facilities. Furthermore, CIL owns Coal India Africana
Limitada in Mozambique and other establishments such as workshops, training institutes
and centres and hospitals.
The eight producing companies wholly owned by CIL
I
Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL), Sanctoria, West Bengal. Characterised by a low ash content and
high calorific value coal. The company operates some of Indias oldest underground mines,
utilising very old technology. It has 105 mines (88 underground, 17 opencast).
Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), Dhanbad, Jharkhand. It is the largest producer of coking coal,
and it supplies mainly iron and steel industries. The mines are underground and operated with
little mechanisation. The ash content is very high and requires extensive processing, but most of
the coal washing plants are outdated and in poor condition.
Central Coalfields Limited (CCL), Ranchi, Jharkhand. It produces low quality coking coal and
steam coal from mainly opencast mines.
South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), Bilaspur, Chattisgarh. For the most part, it operates
opencast mines, as well as some underground and mixed mines. Among CILs subsidiaries it is the
largest, due to the favourable geological conditions of the area. The company uses more
innovative technologies (thick seam extraction with cable bolting, depillaring of contiguous seams
with floor pinning, and powered support longwall technology).
Western Coalfields Limited (WCL), Nagpur, Maharashtra. It operates both underground and
opencast mines. The area presents groundwater-bearing layers above the coal seams, making the
mining operations difficult.
Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL), Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh. It operates opencast mines only,
producing low-quality coking and steam coal. This subsidiary does not perform coal washing.
Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL), Sambalpur, Orissa. Same as NCL: prevalence of opencast
mining, low-quality coking and steam coal.
North Eastern Coalfields (NEC), a small coal producing unit operating in Margherita, Assam.
I
Coal India Limited, Company.

13
Ministry of Coal.(2013c). Eligibility to Coal Mining. Retrieved 24 May 2013 from
http://coal.nic.in/eligibility_to_coal_mining.htm.
14
Lahiri-Dutt, K. (2007). Illegal Coal Mining in Eastern India: Rethinking Legitimacy and Limits of Justice,
Economic and Political Weekly, 42 (49), pp. 57-66.
15
Coal India Limited, Company.
14
The second largest Indian coal producer is Singareni Collieries Company Ltd (SCCL), a
company jointly owned by the Government of Andhra Pradesh and Government of India
(51:49 equity basis). It operates over four districts of Andhra Pradesh, on 13 opencast
and 42 underground mines. Its extraction operations amount to about eight percent of
Indian coal.
16
The company operates mainly through long wall mining and mechanised
room-and-pillar method.
Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd is also state-owned, but a six percent share of the
ownership is private. It mines lignite in Tamil Nadu, using bucket-wheel excavators,
conveyors and spreaders, and serves mainly thermal power plants. The extraction of
lignite is made difficult by the high moisture content caused by the closeness of the sea
and the annual monsoon.
17

2.2.2 Private enterprises
In 2000, a modification to the law was introduced (Coal Mines Nationalisation
Amendment Bill)
18
in order to open the coal sector to private actors. The decision was
motivated by the shortage of coal provision that characterizes the Indian market.
Despite the liberalisation, the government still maintains control over the distribution of
coal and over its import and related taxes. Private investment is permitted to supply
particular consumers, and foreign investment is also allowed on a case-by-case basis.
19
The Indian government, though, encourages collaborative agreements for technology
transfer, a sector in which European SMEs could also be involved.
Jindal Steel and Power (JSPL) is a private company with a significant presence in sectors
like mining, power generation and infrastructure. It is considered to be the second
largest player in the coal market after CIL. It operates the largest coal-based sponge
iron plant in the world at Raigarh, in Chhattisgarh.
20
Tata Iron Steel Company Ltd is also present in the Indian coal sector. The company is
Indias largest private sector steel company, and owns underground and opencast coal
mines in Jharia, Bihar and West Bokaro.
21

2.2.3 Small scale coal operations
When estimating the figures about coal in India, it is advisable to take into consideration
the existence of a non official coal market, as the numbers involved are far from
irrelevant: according to Lahiri-Dutt, the black market produces around 70-80 million
tonnes of coal per year.
22
This is a phenomenon that affects all of the coal regions, but is
especially relevant in the northeast and east area of the country.
23
Illegal mining can
take three main forms: small shallow-dug village mines on private land (also known as

16
Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. (2013). Singareni at a Glance. Retrieved 27 May 2013 from
http://scclmines.com/home.asp.
17
NRG Expert, Coal and Clean Coal Report, p. 279.
18
Coal Mines Nationalisation Amendment Bill, 2000. Entered into force on 8 December 2000.Retrieved 24 May
2013 from http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1190950856/1190950856_coal_mines.pdf.
19
20
Jindal Steel and Power. (2013). Corporate Profile. Retrieved 31 May 2013 from
http://www.jindalsteelpower.com/about-us/corporate-profile.aspx.
21
22
Lahiri-Dutt, Illegal Coal Mining in Eastern India: Rethinking Legitimacy and Limits of Justice, p. 58.
23
West Bengal, Jharia, North Karanpura , Jharkhand and Meghalaya.
15
rat hole mining), mining on re-opened abandoned or orphaned government mines, and
scavenging on the leasehold land of official operating mines.
24
It is also important to
keep in mind that not all of the coal involved in the black market is actually illegally
mined; there is also a broad phenomenon of smuggling legally mined coal. Illegal coal is
usually sold to small consumers that are left out from the official distribution, which is
mostly aimed at big users, such as power plants. The distribution of this illegal coal is
often carried out by the so-called cyclewallahs, itinerant sellers on bikes, carrying sacks
of coal that can weigh up to hundreds of kilos. The cyclewallahs, especially common in
the Raniganj region, reach consumers such as local brick kilns and even individual
homes. Illegal mining derives from the broader issue of unclear legislation on mineral
resources and land ownership, and the dubious classification concerning mines and
minerals.
25
According to Lahiri-Dutt, the lack of clarity and transparency would make it
dangerous to invite either foreign investment or open up the coal sector to private
investment.
26
The situation in Meghalaya
27
provides a clear example of these kind of problems
connected with illegal mining and unclear legislation. Due to the ambiguity of the law,
and With a striking absence of state regulations, the discovery of significant mineral
resource deposits () meant these new local powers could gain unrestricted access to all
the resources, cashing in on the mining boom () show[ing] little regard for nationwide
regulations, employing unsafe and environmentally irresponsible mining practices.
28
The
most commonly used of these practices is rat hole mining, which requires a total
clearing of the land of all vegetation, in order to dig pits to expose coal seams (the pits
are not really deep, from five to a hundred metres), then miners enter these holes and
with rudimental tools extract chunks of coal.
29
Apart from the obvious dangers for the
miners, this kind of mining practice is highly harmful for the environment. Furthermore,
illegal mining creates large influxes of poor immigrants, willing to work in this business,
leading to social imbalances, and the development of a coal-related mafia.
30
Nevertheless, it would be problematic to suddenly end illegal mining, since the economic
and social organisation of these areas has developed upon these kinds of activities. At
the end of 2012, the Deputy Chief Minister in-charge of Mining and Geology, Bindo M
Lanong after holding meetings with stakeholders including miners, exporters and
environmentalists launched a new policy that would allow the government to regulate
mining activities in Meghalaya. The regulation is intended to be very gradual and its
main objective is to minimise the adverse effect of mineral development on
environment and ecology by adopting appropriate preventive measures and ensuring
that mining operations is [sic] done considering the safety and health of all concerns

24
Lahiri-Dutt, Illegal Coal Mining in Eastern India: Rethinking Legitimacy and Limits of Justice, p. 62.
25
For further details see part 2.1, Main coal regions and their characteristics.
26
Lahiri-Dutt, Illegal Coal Mining in Eastern India: Rethinking Legitimacy and Limits of Justice, pp. 64-65.
27
Meghalaya is a small state in the northeast part of India, bordering on Assam, Bihar and Bangladesh. It is
characterised by a vivid biodiversity, and by the presence of autochthon tribes. Meghalaya is part of the Sixth
Schedule areas defined by the Constitution; therefore tribals do not need any permission for mining. They tend
to oppose state-run projects and are suspicious of foreign presence.
28
Das, D. (2007). Cultural Politics, Identity Crisis and Private Capitalism in Coal Mines of Meghalaya, Northeast
India. Retrieved 17 May 2013 from http://www.asmasiapacific.org/uploads/100.pdf.
29
IANS. (2012). M'laya government finally gives nod to mining policy. Retrieved 27 August 2013 from
http://www.sentinelassam.com/meghalaya/story.php?sec=2&subsec=8&id=134425&dtP=2013-03-19&ppr=1.
30
Rai, T. (2007). Meghalaya: no bowing to coal mafia, mining policy on way. Retrieved 27 August 2013 from
http://www.indianexpress.com/news/meghalaya-no-bowing-to-coal-mafia-mining-policy-on-way/248002/.
16
[sic].
31
Consultancy in security training, legislation and regulation might be the only
field in which European SMEs could eventually have a role in these small scale coal
operations.
2.3 Coal washing
Coal washing is a process of separation which uses the difference in specific gravity of
coal and the impurities that are extracted along with it, such as shale, sand and stones.
The purpose of coal washing is to get a relatively pure marketable coal, with a higher
calorific value since non-combustible material is separated from useful combustible
material.
32
Due to the high ash content, this process is particularly appropriate for Indian
coal, and it started to be adopted in the 1950s. Traditional Indian coal washeries mainly
use (outdated) European technology, but the need for coal washing is increasing and
calls for an improvement of the technologies and a broadening of beneficiation. Coal
washing allows the lowering of production costs through improved thermal efficiency and
availability, and also reduces the amount of material to be transported, hence cutting
emissions in transportation. Furthermore, coal washing increases the calorific value of
the coal, lowers ash disposal, operation and maintenance costs, reducing the need for
imports of higher quality coal. Coal washing also reduces land requirements, and has a
social impact as well, decreasing settlement costs and effects on cultivation in the impact
zone, and improving health and living conditions.
In 1997, the Ministry of Environment and Forest decreed that all thermal plants located
at a distance of a thousand kilometres
33
or more from the mine (or located in very
polluted urban areas) must use coal not exceeding 34 percent ash content. This law does
not apply to plants situated near mining sites, which can burn coal without beneficiating
it.
34
The regulation was meant to be operative since 2001, but has not been
implemented on a large scale. In India there are currently 17 coking coal and 32 thermal
coal washeries, with a total installed capacity of 130 million tonnes a year. However, the
real effective utilisation is rather low.
35
The actual washing is preceded by crushing, in
order to reduce the size of raw coal. While the smaller pieces are not washed, the bigger
ones are beneficiated by jig, heavy medium bath or heavy medium cyclone. In some
washeries inefficient barrel washers and spirals are used, and sometimes the cleaning of
coal is limited to rock removal by hand picking. However, these methods are clearly not
efficient.
36

31
The Hindu Business Line. (2012). Meghalaya announces mining policy; accepts rat-hole mining. Retrieved 17
May 2013 from http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/meghalaya-announces-mining-policy-
accepts-rathole-mining/article3969297.ece.
32
METSO. (2013). ESPL tests Metsos Coal Washing Technology. Retrieved 27 May 2013 from
http://www.metso.com/in/india_articles.nsf/WebWID/WTB-110606-22577-512AD.
33
Revised to 500 km in 2012.
34
Zamuda, C. D., and Sharpe, M. A. (2007). A Case for Enhanced Use of Clean Coal in India: An Essential Step
towards Energy Security and Environmental Protection. Paper presented between 22-24 August 2007 at the
Workshop on Coal Beneficiation and Utilization of Rejects in Ranchi. Retrieved 27 May 2013 from
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/international/Publications/Coal_Beneficiation_Workshop/coal_beneficiation_paper
_zamuda.pdf.
35
Sachdev, R.K. (2012). Coal production and preparation in India. Presentation presented on 16 June at the 3
rd
CCPUE and China Coal Preparation Development Forum in Beijing. Retrieved 27 April 2013 from
http://www.cpsi.org.in/documents/Presentation%20for%20China-16%20June%202012.pdf.
36
Zamuda and Sharpe, A Case for Enhanced Use of Clean Coal in India: An Essential Step towards Energy
Security and Environmental Protection, p. 4.
17
Although the governments support and Coal Indias recent investments in coal washing,
obstacles for implementation and improvement of this kind of coal beneficiation continue
to persist. There is widespread perception that improving coal washing would add to the
cost of supplied coal, but this would be true from a very short term perspective only. In
fact, in the longer term, improving these techniques would have major economic
benefits.
37
The hurdles are not technical, but primarily political. One of the main issues in achieving
a satisfying development of coal beneficiation is the need for effective coordination
between the different governmental departments dealing with coal (such as the Ministry
of Coal, the Ministry of Transportation and the Ministry of Railways); from extraction, to
preparation, transportation, distribution and use. Furthermore, the coal pricing system
should also be addressed, including the quality of coal as a factor influencing in the cost,
so that there would be a further incentive to the production of quality coal.
Until 2012, coal supplied by Coal India the countrys largest single supplier, was priced
based on quality, grade and the amount of heat generated from a particular type of coal.
This method was revised in January 2012, and made the price depend on the coals
gross calorific value, which led to an increase in prices. In April 2013 Coal India and
NTPC Limited, a large state-owned power generation company, agreed on a new pricing
system; the price of coal will now be calculated based on the amount of heat that can be
generated by burning a particular amount of coal, with coal sampling done by a third
party.
38

2.4 Environmental issues with coal mining and washing
Coal mining has severe impacts on the environment that go well beyond the problem of
production of CO
2
generally associated with the use of coal. Mining deeply affects air,
water and land resources. Due to mining, dust and methane, sulphur dioxide (SO
2
),
oxides of nitrogen, CO and other gases are spread in the air,
39
thus affecting water and
land resources, as well as human health. These are consequences of underground
mining and, even more, of opencast operations.
40
Another source of damage related to
mining are fires in the mines, which are frequent and have severe consequences not only
for the environment and the safety of the workers, but also for the production itself.
The impact of mining and associated activities on water resources is also difficult. Mining
requires large amounts of water, diminishing the quantity available for other purposes.
Furthermore, both underground and opencast mining disturbs aquifers and water table.

37
(1) fewer tons of coal handled reducing the transportation costs; (2) less abrasive coal product used in
power plant; (3) increase in mill capacity; (4) reduction in ash deposit formation; (6) increased plant
efficiencies; (7) higher unit availability and capability (8) reduction in tube failures; (9) lower maintenance
costs; (10) reduction in auxiliary power consumption; (11) improved ESP performance; (12) less particulate
emissions; (13) lower sulphur emissions; and (14) less ash to dispose. See: Zamuda and Sharpe, A Case for
Enhanced Use of Clean Coal in India: An Essential Step towards Energy Security and Environmental Protection,
p. 14.
38
Moneycontrol.(2013a). Coal India, NTPC end year-old scuffle on coal pricing. Retrieved 13 June 2013 from
http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/coal-india-ntpc-end-year-old-scufflecoal-pricing_850922.html.
39
Especially through operations such as drilling, blasting, hauling, loading, transporting and crushing. See:
Singh, G. (2006). Environmental Issues with Best Management Practice of Coal Mining in India. Retrieved 15
May 2013 from http://www.teriin.org/events/docs/gurdeep.pdf.
40
For more information about coal mining-related dust fall and its environmental consequences, see: Pandey,
S.K., Tripathi, B.D. and Mishra, V.D. (2008). Dust deposition in a sub-tropical opencast coalmine area, India.
Journal of Environmental Management, 86 (1), pp. 132-138.
18
The main pollutants associated with mining are suspended solids, dissolved salts acidity
and iron compounds.
41
One of the major problems related to coal mining and water
pollution is Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), the outflow of acidic water from coal mines. It
contaminates drinking water and endangers the life of vegetation and water species;
moreover it also causes the corrosion of mining equipment and structures (barges,
bridges, concrete materials).
42
This issue is especially associated with opencast mining,
as well as with coal washing, making necessary more adequate waste water disposals, in
order to prevent the contamination of underground and surface water. Developing
technologies for containment or re-use of AMD and other contaminants such as
mercury
43
that result from mining and coal washing, should become a bigger priority in
the coming years. Disposing of such rejects in an environmentally-friendly manner is
challenging. One option that is already used in India, but could be developed further, is
greater use of these rejects in power generation. As some still have carbon content, they
can generate power through fluidised-bed combustion (FBC) or circulating fluidised-bed
combustion (CFBC) units at the end of the washery.
44
The impact of mining activities on land is probably the most evident, with large scale
excavations, removal of top soil, dumping of solid wastes, cutting of roads, creation of
derelict land, subsidence and so on. Whereas the impact of opencast mining is more
noticeable, the one of underground drilling might not be immediate to the eye, but it
does affect the land on a large scale. Finally, noise and vibration generated by mining
and related operations, such as blasting and crushing, not only affect the quality of life
and work of the people working or living in the mining area, but also have an impact on
the environment, as they disturb the local fauna, causing it to move elsewhere, hence
misbalancing the eco-system.
The Indian government has issued legislation concerning environmental protection, with
the aim of addressing these kinds of problems.
45
The Ministry of the Environment and
Forests has also started to reject some projects for new coalfields due to their
environmental impact, whenever it determines that they would result in further
deforestation and water pollution.
46
Nevertheless, these measures have not had the
expected outcome, as the focus on mining as a priority is still very strong, hence
implementation of laws and regulations is still rather weak.
Following some comments from civil society and non-governmental organisations
(NGOs), Coal India has tried to mitigate the effects of coal mining, introducing air, water
and land pollution control measures with the Environmental and Social Mitigation Project
(ESMP). This project was implemented in 25 selected opencast mines, was funded by the
World Bank from 1996 to 2002 and tackled both environmental and social problems.
47
Nevertheless, reports on CIL environmental practices found that in some cases
overburden is not stocked safely, plantation density is below expectation, topsoil is not

41
Tiwary, R.K. and Dhar, B.B. (1994). Environmental pollution from coal mining activities in Damodar River
basin, India, Mine Water and the Environment, 13, pp.1-10.
42
Fennel, P., and Wilson, D. (2006).Coal Mining in India. Retrieved 27 April 2013 from
www2.mccombs.utexas.edu/faculty/david.spence/2006coalindia.ppt.
43
Feedback on draft version of the report.
44
Singh, V.K. (2005). Coal Washing & Power Generation from Washery Rejects. Presentation delivered in
November at the 2
nd
Indo-US Coal Working Group Meetingin Washington, DC. Retrieved 27 August 2013 from
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/international/Publications/cwg_nov05_singh_washery.pdf.
45
For a review of Indian legislation on the topic, see: Fennel and Wilson, Coal Mining in India.
46
Information obtained through interview.
47
Singh, Environmental Issues with Best Management Practice of Coal Mining in India, p. 4.
19
properly restored and effluent, sewage treatment is often inadequate and, in general,
some mines operate without appropriate environmental systems certification.
Furthermore, problems of compliance have been pointed out in the field of monitoring of
implementation of environment protection performance.
48
In general terms, it can be
said that clean coal technologies and environmental concerns have to be implemented
under strict monitoring and need special care to succeed in India. As new power plants
are built, they do incorporate more CCT. There is also a need to renovate the older
plants, as the main goal is to keep them running as long as possible, without significant
regard for environmental concerns.
49

2.5 Technological development and potential for sustainable coal mining
As previously remarked, domestic coal production is not able to meet the increasing
demand. To face this supply-demand discrepancy without heavily relying on imports, it is
necessary for India to further develop its mining sector. Indias reliance mainly on
opencast mining and the geological properties of its coal, make it necessary for the
country to resort to coal washing and other methods of beneficiation, in order to meet
the energy need. At present, Coal India is working to build new washing capacity, with
the setting up new washeries at coal mines and with the identification of new sites for
additional ones, opening big opportunities in investment for both Indian and foreign
investors.
Main coal washing technologies currently in use in India
II
Coking coal
Heavy media (HM) cyclones
Deshaling jigs, HM bath, batac jig and froth flotation
Deshaling jig, HM cyclone and flotation
HM washer, cyclone and flotation
Jig (coarse coal), jig (small coal) and froth flotation
Jig and heavy media
Thermal coal
Rotary breaker and barrel washer
HM washer, baum jig and flotation
Run-of-mine (ROM) jigs, batac jigs
HM washer, HM cyclone
HM cyclone, hydro cyclone and spiral
Some new technologies are being introduced. For example: fine coal washing and washing of low
volatile medium coking coal for enhancement of domestic met coal supply; and washery flow sheet
simulation and IT applications for improved recovery and better quality control. Furthermore, dry
beneficiation is also in the demonstration stage. Other new technologies could also be considered for
more widespread implementation. One example is dry sorting through the use of X-ray machines,
which is an affordable alternative to coal washing, which has the added benefit of not consuming
(often scarce) water resources. X-ray sorting does, however, require highly-skilled personnel to
operate effectively.
III
II
Sachdev, Coal production and preparation in India.
III

48
Sreenivas, A. and Bhosale, K. (2013). Black and Dirty: the real challenges facing Indias coal sector.
Retrieved 24 April 2013 from
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/The%20real%20challenges%20facing%20India%E2%80%
99s%20coal%20sector.pdf.
49
20
In order to improve its coal production, both in terms of quality, quantity and
environmental impact, India is trying to switch from opencast to underground mining as
a main source of coal. Nevertheless, this objective is not always accessible with Indian
know-how, technologies and resources only. Innovations and development in
technologies for coal mining and beneficiation come also from the collaboration with
external actors. A good example of this cooperation is the European Commissions (EC)
call for tenders Introduction of a new underground mining technology at North-East
Coalfields in Assam, India. The project aims at introducing underground mining
technology in this area where the traditional long wall and room and pillar methods
have been impossible to use, due to the thickness and the inclination of the seams,
using Spanish experience in similar mining conditions.
50

The US is also active in the field of mine-related cooperation with India. The Department
of Energys Coal Working Group and the Department of States Asia-Pacific Partnership
on Clean Development and Climates Coal Mining Task Force sponsor several activities to
promote the improvement of processed coal in India. These initiatives include technical
exchange visits, workshops and transfer of information and technology on coal
beneficiation, as well as coal preparation demonstration projects.
51

2.6 Current scenario, technologies and opportunities for SMEs
The examples mentioned in the previous paragraph show how Indias strong need for
energy represents a great potential for cooperation and foreign investors. Currently in
India, coal projects have been halted and/or delayed due to issues in regulation, the
current explorations of coal reserves are not efficient, and mining technologies have
proven to be inadequate or outdated to face the challenges of Indian high-ash content
coal. In addition, beneficiation equipment is also scarce and existing equipment is not
efficient. The pricing system does not incentivise innovation, and coal-related regulation
does not facilitate improvements.
A 2012 report from the Indian Chamber of Commerce
52
emphasises the involvement of
the Indian government in facing these challenges. It mentions some proposed reforms in
particular, such as the creation of a Single Window Agency at state and central level for
all coal-related matters, in order to achieve more coordination and efficiency and the
drafting of a sustainable development framework for mining areas. Furthermore, the
government is also considering to start auctioning coal licences via competitive bids, and
public-private partnerships (both for domestic and foreign actors) are being encouraged.
These openings and the need for change are good opportunities for European SMEs to
help introduce CCT and other technologies that can help address the environmental
impact of Indian coal mining and limit greenhouse gas emissions.

50
Call for Tenders N
o
ENER/A3/2013-453-1: Study on introduction of a new underground mining technology at
North-East Coalfields at Assam, India. Retrieved 3 June 2013 from
http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/energy/tenders/doc/2013/2013s_089_150442_specifications.pdf; Fuentes-Cantillana,
J.L. (2012). Steep Seam Mining in Spain. Presentation delivered on 11 July at the 7
th
EU-India Coal Working
Group Workshop in Leeds.
51
Security and Environmental Protection, pp. 15-16.
52
Indian Chamber of Commerce. (2012). The Indian coal sector: Challenges and future outlook. Retrieved 05
May 2013 from http://www.pwc.in/en_IN/in/assets/pdfs/industries/power-mining/icc-coal-report.pdf.
21
Opportunities for SMEs in coal mining
Technology for reserve assessment
Upgrading of existing coal mines (both chance for consultation and supply of
technology)
Construction of new mines, with a special focus on underground mining
Introduction of X-ray-assisted dry coal sorting
Upgrading of coal washeries (SMEs could sell new and old machineries)
Setting up of new coal washeries based on coal specific and cost effective flow-sheets
Consultancy and technology supply to improve environmental protection
Consultancy for policy improvement
22
3. Coal logistics
3.1 Characteristics of coal logistics
Logistics is a key factor in the coal supply chain, as coal transportation can account for
up to 70 percent of the delivered cost of coal.
53
Logistical considerations begin at the
coal mine proper and include the use of appropriate and economic mining and material
handling equipment and the transportation of coal to stock yards and waste dump sites.
On-site transportation is most commonly either discontinuous (principally by large haul
trucks) or continuous (such as belt conveyors or mobile conveyor bridges).
54
The transfer of coal from the point of extraction to the final consumer (power plants or
industry) can be done through various modes of transport. In India, the supply of coal to
consumers is determined by the Standing Linkage Committee (SLC). The SLC establishes
linkages between supply points, core consumers (power, cement and steel industries) as
well as non-core consumers (other industries).
55
Some 56 percent of coal transport from
the mines to consumers is based on railways, with the rest transported by road
(approximately 19 percent), merry-go-round (MGR) systems for the increasing number
of power plants located near pitheads (approximately 18 percent) and other.
56
The share
of domestic inland water transportation (IWT) is negligible, but the growing amount of
coal being imported to cover Indias energy needs principally reaches the country by
ship. Most of Indias major coal ports such as Mundra, Dahej, Magdalla, Sikka and
others are located in Gujarat on the west coast, although new ports are being built in
the south and east of the country to accommodate the increasing imports.
57
Within the
ports, coal is unloaded, handled and stored mainly by conveyors before it is transported
further either by road or railway.
58
Even though transport by road offers flexibility, fuel, tyre, labour and maintenance costs
make the usage of trucks costly and inefficient. As a result, large companies such as
state-owned Coal India Ltd, principally utilise trucks for carrying coal from pitheads to
the nearest railheads.
59
Coal transportation by road is handled by a variety of private
companies and large truck owners associations. The share of coal transported by railway
is on the rise, and India is currently planning to complete three major railway lines in
Jharkhand, Chattisgarh and Odisha by 2017 in order to reach its goal of producing 615

53
World Coal Institute. (2009). The Coal Resource: A Comprehensive Overview of Coal. Retrieved 24 May 2013
from
http://www.worldcoal.org/bin/pdf/original_pdf_file/coal_resource_overview_of_coal_report(03_06_2009).pdf.
54
Lieberwirth, H. (2012). Cost efficient mining, transport and dumping operation in large scale surface mines.
Presentation delivered on 10 July at the 7
th
EU-India Coal Working Group meeting in Leeds.
55
For more on the role of the SLC, please see: Chikkatur, A. P., and Sagar, A. D. (2007). Cleaner Power in
India: Towards a Clean-Coal-Technology Roadmap (Discussion Paper 2007-06). Cambridge, Mass.:
BelferCenter for Science and International Affairs; Ministry of Coal. (2013d). Present Policy Regarding Coal
Linkage. Retrieved 31 May 2013 from http://coal.nic.in/linkage.html.
56
Goel, M. (2010). Implementing Clean Coal Technology in India: Barriers and Prospects. In India
Infrastructure Report 2010: Infrastructure in a Low Carbon Economy (pp. 208-221). Oxford: Oxford University
Press; Sharma, E. K. (2013). High and dry. Retrieved 27 May 2013 from
http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/poor-railway-network-coal-iron-power-stations/1/192680.html.
57
Reuters. (2010). FACTBOX-India coal ports, vessels and monsoon effects. Retrieved 30 May 2013 from
http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/03/24/india-coal-ports-factbox-idINLDE62N0CN20100324.
58
59
Sanyal, S. (2012). Moving, not producing, coal is the key: CIL chief. Retrieved 30 May 2013 from
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/moving-not-producing-coal-is-the-key-
cil-chief/article4203829.ece.
23
million tonnes of coal in 2016/17.
60
Transportation by railway is handled by state-owned
Indian Railways.
3.2 Environmental issues with coal logistics
The on-site discontinuous transport method consumes a considerable amount of energy
and has an unfavourable carbon footprint due to emissions from large haul trucks. In
contrast, continuous mining systems rely on electricity and their lower carbon emissions
will likely increase the appeal of these systems in the future.
61
The same applies to transportation from mines to the final consumers. A study of the
Indian transport sector by Ramachandra and Shwetmala
62
shows that shipping accounts
for the smallest amount of CO
2
and CO emissions, followed by railways, aviation and
road transport.
Table 2: Transport emissions (as percent of all annual emissions) in India per type of
transport
63
Type of transport CO
2
emissions CO emissions
Shipping 0.6% N/A
Railway 2.0% 1.2%
Aviation 2.9% 45.1%
Road 94.5% 53.3%
As stated earlier, coal in India is mined at a limited number of locations primarily in
the east of the country, with major coalfields including Jharia, East Bakara and West
Bakara
64
which are often located far away from factories and power plants. This makes
coal transport an important factor that leaves some scope for a reduction in emissions.
Even though power plants are increasingly being built nearer to coal mines enabling
transport through electricity-powered systems such as MGR and conveyors the scope
for greater investment in such systems in India remains limited. Given the countrys
extensive railway network and the costs involved with building, operating and
maintaining conveyors, these systems will likely remain feasible only for distances of
some 10 kilometres, replacing transportation by truck to a limited degree.
65
As coal in India contains a large amount of ash frequently between 40 and 50 percent
the transportation of such high amounts of inert material over long distances increases
emissions in transportation. Effective coal washing can significantly reduce the amount

60
Reuters. (2013). India hopes to complete three key coal rail links in 2017 minister. Retrieved 24 May 2013
from http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/03/19/india-coal-rail-idINDEE92I0B820130319.
61
Lieberwirth, Cost efficient mining, transport and dumping operation in large scale surface mines.
62
Ramachandra, T. V., and Shwetmala. (2009). Emissions from Indias transport sector: Statewise synthesis,
Atmospheric Environment, 43(34), pp. 1-8.
63
Calculated by Ramachandra and Shwetmala.
64
Chikkatur and Sagar, Cleaner Power in India: Towards a Clean-Coal-Technology Roadmap (Discussion Paper
2007-06), p. 89.
65
24
of matter that needs to be transported. Since 2002, the Indian Ministry of Environment
and Forest requires that coal shipped more than 1,000 kilometres (revised to 500 in
2012) from the mine should be washed and have less than 34 percent ash.
66
An analysis
of one facility, the Dadri Power Plant, estimates that the use of coal washing in that plant
alone reduced CO
2
emissions from transportation and combustion by over 600,000
tonnes per year.
67
Another recent study discovered a significant reduction in emissions
after dry coal sorting using X-ray sorting equipment; CO
2
emissions were reduced by
four kilograms when transporting X-ray-sorted coal over a distance of 30 kilometres.
68
3.3 Technological development and potential for sustainable coal logistics
The increasing share of railway transportation is making coal logistics in India more
sustainable over the long term. The construction of expensive new lines is, however,
proceeding slowly and the overburdened railway transport network is causing
bottlenecks in the transport of coal.
Although already diminishing, coal transport by road will remain a reality in India for
some time to come. As a result, procuring modern vehicles with lower CO
2
emissions
and new technology such as electronic-controlled engine management and twin-speed
drive axle which increases fuel efficiency should be encouraged. Such technology is
already available in India and has been implemented into haul trucks by companies such
as Indias second largest vehicle manufacturer, Ashok Leyland.
In addition, modern information technology, such as advanced vehicle tracking and
dispatch systems, can greatly increase efficiency in transportation, save fuel and reduce
emissions. As with other vehicle technology, it is already available domestically: One
recent example is the implementation of a radio-frequency identification (RFID) vehicle
tracking system developed by the Mumbai-based company Essen. The system was
introduced by the Sundargargh Truck Owners Association, which manages a fleet of
over 4500 coal transport trucks.
69
Beyond improving existing modes of transportation, coal logistics in India could be made
more sustainable by adopting new methods. One technological solution that is already
widely available but has yet to be adopted on a large scale in India is hydro-
transport, which is primarily based on coal slurry pipelines. These enable the
transportation of crushed coal mixed with water over long distances while integrating
coal beneficiation (such as marginal ash reduction), mitigating risks of spontaneous
combustion, completely isolating coal transport from the outside environment, and
enabling the dewatered coal to be readily converted into briquettes.
70
In India, hydro-

66
The World Bank. (2008). Clean Coal Power Generation Technology Review: Worldwide Experience and
Implications for India. Retrieved 2 May 2013 from http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-
information/LCGIndiaCCTjune2008.pdf.
67
Security and Environmental Protection, p. 7.
68
69
Free Press Journal. (2013). One of Indias Largest Truck Owners Association Implements Breakthrough
RFID-Based Vehicle Tracking System to Ensure Greater Transparency in the Supply Chain. Retrieved 27 May
2013 from http://freepressjournal.in/one-of-indias-largest-truck-owners-association-implements-
breakthrough-rfid-based-vehicle-tracking-system-to-ensure-greater-transparency-in-the-supply-chain/.
70
Sridhar, S., and Grover, S.K. (2012).Indian Domestic Coal Transport Logistics and Technology. Presentation
delivered on 19 November at the 4
th
Coal Summit in New Delhi. Retrieved 24 May 2013 from
http://indiaenergyforum.org/4th-coal-summit/presentations/session3/SK-GROVER.ppt.
25
transport would be economically feasible across distances of 10 kilometres or more.
71
Even though hydro-transport is seeing increased investment in other coal-abundant
countries, such as China, the slow and complex decision-making process in India has so
far prevented its widespread adoption.
72
In India, SMEs form the backbone of logistics services. The majority of these enterprises
consist of individual truck owners, companies operating small fleets of trucks and single
office logistics providers.
73
Given the large scale of coal transportation and the quantities
of transported material involved, SME participation in coal logistics is more limited.
Individual vehicle owners and smaller companies can participate in transportation,
primarily by becoming part of truck owners associations. Every federal state in India has
one such association,
74
and each manages a fleet of trucks that numbers in the
thousands. The transport sector is firmly in the domain of Indian companies, and the
scope for European SME participation is limited. Any such company wishing to directly
participate in coal logistics would also likely face substantial pressure from well-
established and politically connected local transportation businesses.
75
Even so,
examples of ways that European SMEs could still contribute to reducing emissions in
road-based transportation include new vehicle tracking software and equipment, and
participation in the development of hybrid and fuel-efficient trucks.
76
As more power plants are now constructed closer to coal mines, MGR and conveyor
systems present another opportunity. However, the well-established nature of the
technology, coupled with the slow pace of innovation in this mode of transportation,
77
mean that European companies would have to contend with local companies which could
often provide the same solutions at a more competitive price.
Lastly, should new modes of coal transportation, such as hydro-transport, gain more
widespread adoption in India over the coming years, European SMEs specialised in
equipment such as coal slurry pipelines, hose-diaphragm pumps and sludge dewatering
will be well positioned to enter a sector with limited domestic competition.

71
72
73
For a general overview of the role of SMEs in the Indian logistics sector, please see: Deloitte. (2009).
Conference paper on SMEs in logistics: Bringing value to the changing Indian landscape. Retrieved 24 May
2013 from http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-
India/Local%20Assets/Documents/aSME%20logistics%20report.pdf.
74
75
76
77
26
SME opportunities in logistics
Software companies specialising in RFID and Global Positioning (GPS) tracking systems
could sell their products to logistics companies and truck owners' associations
As Indian transport companies continue to upgrade and modernise their truck fleets
with more cost- and fuel-efficient vehicles, highly specialised SMEs that contribute
spefic components to such trucks could play a role
If new modes of transportation, such as hydro-transport, become widely adopted in
India, opportunities will arise for specialised European SMEs
Indirect contribution to reducing emissions in transportation: Contributing to coal
washing and dry (X-ray) coal sorting, which both greatly help reduce emissions in
transportation
27
4. Coal power plants and their environmental impact
4. Coal power plants
4.1 Current plant technologies
Indian coal power plants heavily rely on one technology for converting coal to electricity:
subcritical pulverised coal boiler with steam based electrical power production. This
process involves breaking down coal, burning it in a boilers burners and using the
resulting heat to boil water in a closed water/ steam circuit and boiling it up to the
saturation point of water.
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL) is the leading provider of India's total power
generating utility sets. The company is involved in the design, engineering, manufacture,
construction, testing, commissioning and servicing of a wide range of products and
services in the power plant field. They are also involved in research and development of
improving performance and efficiency of current technologies and developing new
products. Currently, subcritical power plants remain prevalent in India, with the best
power plant equipped with 500 megawatt (MW) subcritical units operating with a net
efficiency of around 33 percent.
78
As previously mentioned, Indian coal has a high-ash
content which hinders the effectiveness of energy generated. With relation to power
plants, the high ash content increases coal consumption and reduce the plants
efficiency. It is important to note that subcritical pulverised coal fails to meet the
demand of India's future ambitions, so alternatives which use supercritical and ultra-
supercritical steam parameters should be invested into.
79
The NTPC is India's largest power company, set up in 1975; its primary aim was to
accelerate power development in India. It has an installed capacity of 41,184 MW,
making it the largest power generation company in any country.
80
The SOE integrates
many environmentally friendly technologies, with a primary focus on restricting the
damage on the environment. This report suggests that cooperation between European
SMEs and NTPC may be possible in fields of mutual interests.
With regard to restricting the impact made on the environment by Indian coal-based
power plants, there is a variety of technology currently being used. This involves
removing chemical impurities prior to combustion, during combustion or post-
combustion. Removing chemical impurities prior to combustion is when coal is chemically
washed of minerals and impurities. During combustion, the use of scrubber technology
filters the exhaust air in smoke stacks. When burning coal, carbon dioxide is not the only
harmful chemical which is emitted into the atmosphere; sulphur is another common
element found in coal. When burnt, sulphur oxide is released into the atmosphere and
contributes heavily to acid rain. Other pollutants emitted from coal fired power plants
include nitrogen oxides and mercury. Scrubbers help to remove most of the sulphur
oxide from the smoke stack exhausts of a power plant. The smoke from the burning coal

78
Chikkatur, A Resource and Technology Assessment of Coal Utilization in India, pp. 1-2.
79
Chikkatur, A Resource and Technology Assessment of Coal Utilization in India, p. 32.
80
NTPC.(2013). About Us. Retrieved 13 June 2013 from
http://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28&Itemid=41&lang=en.
28
first goes through a particulate filter to remove soot and ash. Then the smoke enters a
scrubber which pulls out sulphur from the smoke. Flue-gas separation is another
alternative which removes carbon dioxide with a solvent, strips off the carbon dioxide
with steam and condenses the steam into concentrated steam. These two processes can
then contribute to the capture of CO
2
, in order to prevent it from escaping into the
atmosphere. Carbon capture and storage involves separating the CO
2
from flue gas,
transporting it to a storage location and injecting it into suitable underground geological
formations, including depleted oil and gas fields, un-mineable coal seams and saline
water-bearing reservoir rocks.
81
The harming emitted gases are secured in containers
which can be stored geologically or in the ocean even though the latter option may not
gain widespread acceptance due to environmental concerns. Projections estimate that
the transport of captured CO
2
by pipelines will become the most widely used method,
and is already being employed to an extent.
82
All forms of CCS require careful preparation and monitoring to avoid environmental
damage. The use of CCS is an emerging technology within Europe but not widespread in
India. It requires a large initial investment and is not seen as attractive because it is still
in the early phases. Moreover, the use of carbon capture and storage will increase the
energy generation cost.
83
Once developed it can definitely be an asset for India's
campaign to reduce harmful emissions from their coal-based power plants.
India's clean coal technology in power plants is in its early stages. The emission clean up
technology can be improved to prevent harmful emissions entering into the atmosphere.
To this end, more control devices which reduce emissions of mercury and nitrogen
oxides will likely begin to appear in Indian power plants, presenting EU SMEs with
another opportunity for participation.
84
In general, these SMEs have a unique advantage
because they are in a position to provide modern technologies as solutions, consult and
create long lasting relationships which are of mutual benefit.
4.2 New developments and innovation in plant technologies
It is transparent that India will need to expand its current technologies in the coal-based
power plant sector to adapt to the current and upcoming challenges. These challenges
include: overcoming the high ash content, creating more efficient plants and finally,
reducing the impact made on the environment. A great opportunity can be created for
European SMEs to share their knowledge and work together with Indian business to
overcome these obstacles collectively. Besides renovation and modernisation (R&M) of
existing PC-based power plants, there are four feasible and effective developments and
innovations, which Indian power plants can explore:
a) Supercritical boilers
b) Circulating fluidised-bed boilers
c) Oxy-fuel combustion
d) Integrated gasification combined cycle

81
Kapila, R.V., and Gibbins, J. (2010). Getting India ready for Carbon Capture & Storage, Energy Manager,
July-Sept 2010, pp. 10-13.
82
83
World Coal Institute, The Coal Resource: A Comprehensive Overview of Coal, pp. 34-36.
84
29
a) Supercritical boilers
Supercritical boilers can be a good upgrade for Indian power plants in case of new
builds, as they require supercritical turbines that can accept the same high temperature
and pressure as supplied by the boiler.
85
Supercritical boilers operate at a higher
temperature compared to subcritical boilers thus allowing less fuel to be used and less
greenhouse gasses being produced. This increase of efficiency can contribute to the
reduction of harmful emissions in the long term.
Currently, supercritical boilers remain in the minority in India, but are seeing increased
implementation in newer power plants. The state-owned NTPC Limited has provided
substantial funding for the development of supercritical boilers,
86
and BHEL has installed
one at the Barh Thermal Power Project Stage-II, located about 75 kilometres from Patna
in Bihar. This power plant is now projected to produce 50 percent of the energy needs of
Bihar.
87
This successful case of a supercritical boiler being used to meet the energy
needs of Bihar can be a good example to the Indian power sector, although an initial
investment will be required to upgrade boilers; the long-term increase of energy, the
efficiency savings generated and reduced impact on the environment are great
incentives. Aware of the technologys potential, Indian companies are already investing
increasing efforts into developing new materials for supercritical and ultra-supercritical
boilers.
88
For example, a memorandum of understanding has been signed between
multiple stakeholders including NTPC, BHEL, the Indian Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research, Fraunhofer IFF and the University of Oxford who will jointly
pursue research on materials facing temperatures up to 700 degrees centigrade.
89
It is important to state that although subcritical pulverised coal (PC) boilers will be
continued to be built to meet the short term demand, investments have begun to take
place and should continue to do so to increase the total number of supercritical boilers.
90
b) Circulating fluidised-bed combustion
Circulating fluidised-bed combustion is when alternations are made to the bottom of the
furnace which allows power plants greater flexibility in burning a wide range of coal and
other fuels (for example, biomass or waste); all of this without compromising efficiency
and reducing pollution rates. Although the conversion results in strongly increased
efficiency, the process is not straightforward and needs to be carried out by experts.
Such boilers rely on various fluidised bed techniques, working under atmospheric
pressure or under pressure. These include bubbling and circulating fluidised beds. This
brings the efficiency of CFBC up to 45 percent, if operated in supercritical conditions.
91

85
86
87
The Times of India.(2013). Bihar likely to get additional 330 MW of power by October. Retrieved 22 May
2013 from http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-25/patna/38009056_1_bihar-state-power-first-
unit-523mw.
88
89
90
91
International Energy Agency. (2013). Fluidized Bed Conversion. Retrieved 30 August 2013 from
http://www.iea.org/techno/iaresults.asp?id_ia=18.
30
Given the high ash content of Indian coal, the use of CFBC technology in India is already
on the rise in 2007, 8 units were in use, with a further 18 on order
92
and one may
expect this to increase in the future. This technology is generally associated with lignite,
middlings from coal washeries and other waste coal.
This report suggests that CFBC is a technology that India could begin to implement on a
wider scale. Due to the inefficiency of older subcritical PC boilers, alternatives are
needed to meet the increased demands being placed on coal-based power plants. This
technology allows fuel flexibility, as it is compatible with a variety of fuels, is reliable and
has good combustion efficiency. The flexibility neutralises the high-ash nature of Indian
coal; moreover, it has been developing since the 1970s thus allowing it to be a 'safe'
option. If SO
2
regulations are implemented in the future, CFBC would be a natural
candidate to be used more. It is a technology which this report recommends and is one
which should be taken into consideration when building new coal based power plants.
In addition, to CFBC, bubbling fluidised-bed combustion technology deserves a brief
mention due to its wide-spread use in India, despite not representing a new technology
solution. It has been supplied in the country by BHEL since the 1970s, and is being used
in over 60 plants in India. It is fuel-flexible and many units run on combinations of coal,
often with high ash or low calorific-value fuels, such as waste and biomass.
93
Major advances in CFBC that have taken place over the recent years mean that Europe is
spearheading the technology. Even if India continues to implement CFBC more widely,
adopting cutting-edge technology on a larger scale would still likely necessitate
cooperation with European partners. A European example of CFBC being used
successfully is Birka Energi, an energy utility in Hgdalen, Sweden. It can burn coal with
forest residues, sawdust, bark and wood pellets. This flexibility and reduced emissions
have allowed the energy unit to produce sufficient electricity and are meeting the needs
of Hgdalen in an environmentally considerate manner.
94
Another example of a newer,
larger capacity and more efficient unit is the agisza Power Station in Poland. This
modern plant uses a state-of-the-art 600 MW supercritical boiler, manufactured by
Dongfang.
95
c) Oxy-fuel combustion
Indian power plants can also engage in oxy-fuel combustion, which is a process wherein
the fuel is burnt in pure or enriched oxygen to create a flue gas composed of primarily of
carbon dioxide and water. When coal is burnt in oxygen rather than air, it means that
the flue gas is mostly CO
2
(due to the lack of nitrogen in pure or enriched oxygen) and
hence can more readily be captured by amine scrubbing at about half the cost of
capture from conventional plants.
Oxy-fuel combustion can be a good long-term solution for India in their attempt to
reduce the harmful emissions from power plants. It can also be an attractive option

92
93
94
European Bioenergy Networks.(2003). Biomass Co-Firing An Efficient Way to Reduce Greenhouse Gas
Emissions. Retrieved 7 June 2013 from
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/studies/doc/bioenergy/2003_cofiring_eu_bionet.pdf.
95
31
because it does not have a major impact on the boiler-turbine steam cycle, and with
proper design its impact on the boiler fire-side processes and auxiliary equipment can be
minimized.
96
It is important to note that oxy-fuel combustion techniques require high
level of expertise, technical maturity and are attached with a high cost.
97
In comparison to the other three options proposed, this report suggests that joint
cooperation between European SMEs and Indian counterparts should engage in the fields
of research and development of oxy-fuel combustion with the aim to install technologies
in power plants. Introducing oxy-fuel combustion into India will be a long-term process,
as the technology is still being proven under commercial conditions. Its widespread
implementation is also unlikely in the absence of an effective international agreement to
reduce CO
2
emissions and as long as power shortages in India persist.
98
It will only ever
be applied in the country if CCS becomes mandated by the Indian government, of which
there are no signs at the time of writing.
99
d) Integrated gasification combined cycle
The integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plant is a means of using coal and
steam to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide from the coal and these are then
burned in a gas turbine with secondary steam turbine (i.e. combined cycle) to produce
electricity. If the IGCC gasifier is fed with oxygen rather than air, the flue gas contains
highly-concentrated CO
2
which can readily be captured post-combustion as above.
The IGCC can be an attractive option for future Indian power plants because the higher
temperature produced by gasification process to the steam turbine cycle is used in
steam turbines to produce additional electrical power. The efficiency rates are about 45
percent in comparison to pulverised coal plants which operate at efficiencies ranging
from about 33-40 percent.
100
Plants that utilise IGCC also use considerably less water
compared to pulverised plants, thus making it an attractive option for regions where
water is a critical issue. Finally, the ash in the IGCC process is easier to handle and store
in comparison to fly ash.
India retains some IGCC research experience, owing to work conducted by BHEL. There
have been some proposals for IGCC plants in the country, although progress has been
very slow thus far.
101
India first began working on IGCC in the 1980s, as part of a
project run by BHEL. The country had several gasification plants operating Koppers
Totzek gasification technology during the 1980s, but these only supplied fertiliser
plants.
102
A more recent IGCC project was initiated in 2006 in the western Indian state

96
Tigges, K. D., Klauke, F., Bergins, C., Busekrus, K., Niesbach, J., Ehmann, M., Vollmer, B., Buddenberg, T.,
Wu, S., and Kukoski, A. (year unknown). Oxyfuel Combustion Retrofits for Existing Power Stations. Retrieved 3
June 2013 from
http://www.hitachipowersystems.us/supportingdocs/forbus/hpsa/technical_papers/Oxyfuel%20Combustion%2
0Retrofits%20for%20Existing%20Power%20Stations.pdf.
97
Mills, S. J. (2007). Prospects for coal and clean coal technologies in India. London: IEA Clean Coal Centre.
98
99
100
Abelo, M., Bonavita, N., and Martini, R. (2007). Advanced process control at an integrated gasification
combined cycle plant. Retrieved 3 June 2013 from
http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot267.nsf/veritydisplay/62cf14177b1a39d2852572fb004b4eb3/$file/ac2
%20isab_abb.pdf.
101
102
32
of Gujarat as a joint venture between Indian multinational Oil and Natural Gas
Corporation Ltd (ONGC) and Gujarat Industries Power Company. However, it has hardly
made any progress. To date, one small IGCC plant operates in India a 52 MW unit
operates as part of the Sanghi cement plant. This lignite-fuelled unit is operated by IBIL
Energy and uses IGT/Enviropower gasification technology. It started operations in
2002.
103
The country's first major coal gasification plant aimed at supplying energy to the grid is
currently being built by Jindal Steel and Power Ltd. State-run Rashtriya Chemicals and
Fertilizer and Gas Authority of India Ltd are working on the second one. In addition to
that, BHEL, the state-owned engineering and manufacturing enterprise, and the Andhra
Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Ltd (APGENCO), are setting up a 125 MW
demonstration IGCC plant in Andhra Pradesh.
104
The project was scheduled to be
completed by 2008, with an additional 400 MW commercial plant in 2012. To date,
neither unit has been completed.
105
A lack of funding appears to be the main reason
behind the delay: The Indian government agreed to contribute Rs 300 crore, but has not
done so to date, and both BHEL and APGENCO are reluctant to invest more of their own
capital.
106
There are of course some setbacks which have to be mentioned. The major issue is the
high level of complexity the IGCC plant is more like a chemical plant than a power
plant.
107
Moreover, higher capital costs are attached to IGCC plants also with oxy-fuel
combustion IGCC will not be adopted on a wider scale as long as there is no effective
international agreement to reduce CO
2
emissions and as long as the acute power
shortage in the country remains.
108
European SMEs can play a pivotal role in assisting
Indian power plants in dealing with the complex aspect of IGCC plants. By
recommending certain materials and assisting in the technical aspects of manufacturing,
they can relieve the Indian power plants of some costs.
4.3 Environmental issues and coal power plants
Coal based power plants significantly impact the environment. Direct impacts resulting
from construction and ongoing operations include: flue-gas emissions (sulphur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, mercury, particulates/dust); pollution of local streams, rivers and
groundwater from effluent discharges; percolation of hazardous materials from the
stored fly ash; noise pollution during operation.
109
Indirect impacts include degradation
and destruction of land, water, forests and habitats; displacement, resettlement and
rehabilitation of people affected by mining operations; and the building of power plants
and power grids.

103
104
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India CCS Scoping Study: final report.
105
106
Ramesh, M. (2013). A symbol of collective apathy. Retrieved 30 August 2013 from
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/a-symbol-of-collective-apathy/article4591441.ece.
107
108
109
Vijay, S., and Chikkatur, A.P. (2011). The Role of Technology in Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from
Power Sector in Developing Countries: The Case of China, India, and Mexico. In F. Princiotta (Ed.), Global
Climate Change The Technology Challenge (pp. 345-376). New York: Springer.
33
Stricter control of criteria air pollutants (sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury,
particulate matter/dust) from coal power is essential. Emission of particulates from
power plants is of serious concern, especially in India, because of the high-ash content
of coal. The high ash content also leads to problems in ash disposal, as power plants
require large tracts of land for storing and land-filling ash. One acre of land is needed for
one MW of installed capacity.
110
The use of such large areas for ash storage leads to
air/water pollution and creates adverse effects to local communities (for example, the
land near power plants cannot be used for agricultural production or cattle grazing).
Enforcement of environmental regulations is a serious challenge, especially since power
supply is in constant demand. Although there are provisions in law that allow power
plants to be shut down, the lack of energy prevents this, as a result about a third of
thermal plants have failed to meet standards
111
and are still operating.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a growing technology in Europe which aims to
restrict the emissions of CO
2
produced by coal-based power plants. During this process,
carbon dioxide is captured and then stored geologically or in the ocean. The aim is to
prevent CO
2
from being emitted into the atmosphere. In Europe CCS technology is being
explored; the European Commission has funded projects to research and develop CCS
further and power plants have pursued this technology to reduce the harmful impacts
made on the environment.
112
This report suggests that the Indian government should
consider investing into CCS research. Support and partnerships can be made by
European business in this field.
It is clear that coal-based power plants can produce harmful pollution which contributes
to both acid rain and global warming.
113
The various gasses which are the result of
combustion also damage local habitation. It is pivotal that India engage in exploring
other technologies which can assist in their honest attempt to make their coal cleaner.
Sub-critical pulverised coal power plants are the most common coal-based power plants
in India. With the projected economic growth in India, however, they will not be able to
adequately support the concurrent demand in energy which is already significantly
exceeding supply. This looming energy crisis will have implications on both business and
civilian population. Developments have been taking place and will continue to do so to
ensure energy security does not create economic problems. It is crucial that
environmental considerations are taken into account when dealing with coal-based
power plants the biggest threat to the environment when dealing with the whole cycle.
Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) technology is already widely used in Indian power plants,
but there is scope for improving the efficiency. The ESP is an effective method for
removing particles flowing from gas. It is highly efficient and fairly affordable in
comparison to other clean up technologies. The use of scrubbers in power plants should
also be continued and invested into more. It is an efficient system which not only allows
the regulation of harmful emissions, but also cheap in comparison to fitting new boilers.

110
111
112
113
World Coal Institute, The Coal Resource: A Comprehensive Overview of Coal, pp. 34-36.
34
An opportunity which European SMEs can get involved with is the area of biomass
burning. It can accompany a circulating fluidised-bed boiler which is able to burn both
coal and biomass simultaneously. Even though it reduces boiler efficiency,
114
biomass
co-firing can help reduce emissions and is already being used in India. Most biomass in
the country comes in the form of sugar cane waste, rice husk waste and dry parts of
cotton, however, there is no centralised authority or a company which is involved in the
distribution, which presents more opportunities for European SMEs.
115
European SMEs can also share research, expertise and parts for the aforementioned
boiler technologies. Supercritical boilers, for example, are a technological solution which
India has already started investing into. This example reflects opportunities for European
SMEs as they can sell specific parts for the boiler, recommend improvements to increase
efficiency and they can offer to collaborate in fields of research.
Software companies specialising in power plant operating systems may contribute
operating systems for more effective and streamlined power plant operations.
116
The plant auxiliary equipment like energy efficient pumps and motors may also provide
opportunities for EU SMEs. The recent thrust toward energy efficiency by the
government and subsequent legislation calls for usage of more energy efficient
equipment. Smart technologies for monitoring and controlling energy consumption will
also be welcomed by the Indian power sector.
European SMEs do not necessarily have to remain limited to the provision of equipment
or software. Consultancies can, for example, play an important role by consulting their
Indian counterparts through assessment studies.
117
By initially taking a consultancy
angle, mutual trust can be established and Indian power plants may be able to
incorporate European expertise. This can contribute to a long term relationship being
established which could lead to further cooperation in developments of boiler and power
plant technologies.
118
In addition to and as a result of consultancy, there is the opportunity that EU SMEs and
EU training institutes provide education and training, both classroom and type as well as
on-the-job type, to operating level employees of Indian power plants.
As previously mentioned, the majority of coal-based power plants in India are PC
subcritical plants. The way forward to address energy needs of India should focus not
only on creating new sustainable, efficient and environmentally friendly power plants,
but also on renovation and modernization of the old power plants. With regard to plant
renovation or boiler modernisation programmes, activities are already in place. Since the
1980s, government- and private-sponsored renovation and modernisation (R&M) and life
extension (LE) projects in India have been fairly effective in increasing plant efficiency
and availability, and reducing emissions. Such projects have, however, primarily
targeted small units, limiting the overall effect of R&M and LE efforts. Many large plants
remain obsolete and inefficient, and are unlikely to close for the foreseeable future due

114
115
116
117
118
35
to the countrys energy shortage. It is a fact that these existing subcritical PC power
plants are presently the essential backbone of the Indian power industry. Most of these
plants have R&M programmes in place, which will help to decrease the amount of the
fuel used, increase the plants efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint significantly. As
R&M and LE projects continue, EU SMEs may find some opportunities to participate.
119
Finally, European SMEs can offer supplying services and provide spare parts for power
plants, although competing with the price level of established Indian companies is
usually a significant hurdle.
120
The Indian government can play a pivotal role to ensure that power plants expand their
use of clean technologies by creating incentives or changing the frame-work as a whole.
The next section shall explore the ways in which this is possible and compare it to the
European context from a technology and policy perspective.
SME opportunities in power plants
Share research and expertise with Indian partners
As India continues to invest in more supercritical boilers, more opportunities for
European SMEs with relevant expertise and technology will arise over the coming years
o Sell boilers (supercritical, IGCC, CFBC) or specific parts
o Recommend improvements for increased efficiency
o Collaborate in research
Develop supply services and spare parts for both the most widespread (subcritical) and
modern boilers
Participate in R&M and LE projects
Biomass co-firing; already used in India, easily adapted to older (subcritical) boilers
prevalent in India
Renovation &modernisation of older subcritical PC-fired boilers in the modules:
Fuelpreparation /fuel blending; combustion technology (efficiency increase, lifetime
extension); turbine efficiency; cooling systems;emission control and cleaning
Software for operating power plants
Control devices for emissions of nitrogen and mercury oxides
Consulting services
o Example: assessment studies
o Consulting can serve as an effective starting point for entry into the Indian coal
sector
o Traning in operation and maintenance

119
120
36
5. An overview of other clean coal technologies, the regulatory
environment and funding opportunities
5.1 Potential for other clean coal technologies
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), India, with its rapidly growing
population and increasing energy demand, is expected to become one of the top three
emitters of greenhouse gases by 2030.
121
Fossil fuel-based power resources will remain
a major part of Indias energy mix in the foreseeable future, with coal playing a
predominant role in electricity generation until at least the middle of the century. This
section will cover three technologies CCS, IGCC and combined cycle gas turbines
(CCGT) with great potential to reduce CO
2
emissions from fossil-fired power plants
with a view to mitigate the risks associated with climate change. They have great
potential for the future, and IGCC and CCGT are already commercially viable, whereas
CCS is still largely in the demonstration phase.
5.1.1. Carbon capture and storage
As mentioned earlier in the paper, CCS involves separating the CO
2
from flue gas,
transporting it to a storage location and injecting it into suitable underground geological
formations, which includes depleted oil and gas fields, un-mineable coal seams and
saline water-bearing reservoir rocks.
122
Carbon capture and storage is currently not seen as an immediate priority for the Indian
government, although it has shown interest in being involved in research & development
(R&D) activities on CCS in order to access global knowledge sharing and technology
transfer processes. India is, for instance, actively involved with the Carbon Sequestration
Leadership Forum (CSLF), an initiative of the US Department of Energy which started in
2003.
123
In addition, one of the key outcomes of the International Workshop on Indias
Clean Coal Future held in New Delhi in 2012 was the Delhi Declaration on Clean Coal,
which supports efforts to strengthen all carbon technologies, including renewable
energy, Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) and Carbon Capture Use Storage (CCUS)
technologies worldwide.
124
According to an expert stakeholder survey which analysed the prospects and suitability
of CCS in India, respondents expected CCS to become important only in the long-
term.
125
More specifically, respondents expected the Indian government to prioritise
nuclear and solar technologies instead of CCS. On the other hand, stakeholders thought
that the private sector industry in India will give more priority to CCS than the
government, and that by 2050 it could potentially become the top investment priority.

121
International Energy Agency. (2007). World Energy Outlook: China and India insights. Paris: IEA.
122
Kapila and Gibbins, Getting India ready for Carbon Capture & Storage.
123
124
Four institutions participated in the International Workshop on Indias Clean Coal Future: the Energy and
Resources Institute (India), the Atlantic Council (US), the Global CCS Institute (Australia) and the European
Centre for Energy and Resource Security (EUCERS) at Kings College London. They met in Delhi from 31
October to 1 November 2012. The full text of the Declaration is available here:
http://cdn.globalccsinstitute.com/sites/default/files/publications/54176/thedelhideclarationoncleancoal-
12112012.pdf.
125
Kapila, R.V., Chalmers, H., Haszeldine, S., and Leach, M. (2011). CCS prospects in India: results from an
expert stakeholder survey, Energy Procedia, vol. 4, pp. 6280-6287.
37
One respondent noted that CCS will remain at the end of the technology spectrum, as it
reduces the energy efficiency of the plant, in an already energy deficit country.
126
There
is indeed a consensus in India and throughout the developing world that CCS is to be
considered a frontier technology that needs to be established in developed countries
first to bring down the cost through R&D and large-scale deployment. Demonstration
plants utilising CCS should be constructed and operated in developed countries to reduce
the uncertainties regarding costs and energy efficiency implications of CCS, before any
commercial-scale CCS projects in India can be considered.
Several questions remain regarding the technical feasibility and viability of CCS in India.
New technologies like CCS need to be carefully monitored to assess the suitability and
cost effectiveness of this technology for Indian conditions.
127
It is thought that the low
efficiency of old plants in India makes them unsuitable for CCS. Hence, although CCS
projects will likely be cost competitive in the long run, investing in CCS is only feasible if
highly efficient power plants are built or if existing plants can be retrofitted.
The high cost of electricity and reduced net electricity generation supposes an additional
barrier, as well as the potential energy penalties CCS imposes: to produce the same
output, about 30 percent more energy is consumed to run a typical CCS plant.
128
Another significant challenge identified by respondents was how CCS would cope with
the loss of efficiency associated with the high ash content of Indian coal. For this reason,
the technologies being developed in Europe might not be a viable option for
India.
129
Another obstacle is that CCS projects, which are necessarily large scale, are
harder to implement than many other renewable technologies such as wind and solar,
which can start out small and gradually upscale with time.
130
The total CO
2
storage capacity in Indian oil and gas reservoirs to be limited, insufficiently
large to store the lifetime emissions of Indias planned UMPPs.
131
Furthermore, there is
no accurate assessment of geological storage site data. Preliminary studies indicate that
potential CO
2
storage sites in India are located in the plains of the Ganges, Brahmaputra
and Indus rivers, as well as immediate offshore regions in Indias Southwest coast and
the Bay of Bengal. There is also likely to be considerable saline aquifer CO
2
storage
potential in the shallow offshore zone around the margins of peninsular India and in the
states of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Assam.
132
One of the options that have been advanced for CO
2
storage is enhanced oil recovery
(EOR). One of the advantages of EOR is that the cost of storing the CO
2
is offset by the
revenues accrued by the additional oil that can be recovered from quasi-depleted oil

126
Kapila et al, CCS prospects in India: results from an expert stakeholder survey, p. 6283.
127
Government of India Planning Commission. (2011). Faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth: an
approach to the Twelfth Five Year Plan. Retrieved 4 June 2013 from
http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/12appdrft/appraoch_12plan.pdf.
128
McKinsey & Company. (2009). Environmental and energy sustainability: an approach for India. Mumbai:
McKinsey & Company.
129
Kapila et al, CCS prospects in India: results from an expert stakeholder survey.
130
Geological Survey of Belgium. (2012). Clean Coal Technologies and Carbon Capture and Storage in
Kazakhstan: reflections and ACCESS project results. Brussels: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences,
Geological Survey of Belgium.
131
132
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG). (2008). A regional assessment of the potential for CO2
storage in the Indian subcontinent, Technical Study 2008/2.Retrieved 3 June 2013 from
http://www.ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/2008-02.pdf.
38
fields through this procedure. In India, however, it has been stated that there are few oil
fields which are sufficiently depleted to require EOR presently.
133
Data on the cost of CCS is rare and largely inaccurate, in particular considering that no
commercial-sized power plants equipped with the technology have been built yet. Cost
estimates for CCS vary widely, depending on whether CCS technology is equipped in new
power plants or whether existing plants are retrofitted. Costs will also vary depending on
the type of CO
2
transport (pipelines or other methods), type of storage (for instance, un-
mineable coal seams or depleted oil and gas reservoirs), the type of power plant
(supercritical or IGCC plant, for example) and the stage at which carbon is captured.
134
Significant differences in the methods employed to estimate the cost of CCS systems for
fossil fuel power plants have also contributed to a lack of accurate CCS cost estimates.
The global CCS Institute published a White Paper in March 2013, acknowledging that
there are significant differences and inconsistencies in the way CCS costs are currently
calculated and reported by various organizations and called for an urgent and timely
effort to improve and systematize the estimation and communication of CCS costs.
135
To sum up, challenges to implementing CCS include, but are not limited to, technology
readiness, construction and running costs, safety of carbon dioxide capture and
geological storage processes, financing mechanisms and limited geological storage.
Hence, given Indias current energy mix and the uncertainties surrounding, CCS will only
become a viable option in the medium-to-long term.
136
5.1.2. Coal gasification
The introduction of IGCC is an alternative for a less energy consuming and more
complete separation of CO
2
for newly built coal-fired power plants compared to
retrofitting existing plants. This technology is a combination of two leading technologies:
coal gasification, that is, combining coal, oxygen and steam to produce synthesis gas (a
mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen), and combined-cycle, which re-uses waste
heat to produce more electricity, and is hence one of the most efficient methods of
electricity production.
Coal gasification can either occur at surface level separately from or integrated in the
process of energy production or underground. Combining CCGT with underground coal
gasification (UCG) can have significant advantages over conventional coal-based power
generation systems and surface gasification: The use of gasification technology allows
generally better carbon capture; power plants utilising UCG-CCGT are environmentally
efficient; they produce much lower emissions of carbon dioxide compared to
conventional power plants.

133
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). (2013). India CCS Scoping Study: final report. Retrieved 5 June
2013 from http://cdn.globalccsinstitute.com/sites/default/files/publications/88981/india-ccs-scoping-study-
final-report.pdf.
134
Nelder, C. (2013). Why carbon capture and storage will never pay off. Retrieved 11 June 2013 from
http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/take/why-carbon-capture-and-storage-will-never-pay-off/534.
135
Global CCS Institute. (2013). Toward a common method of cost estimation for CO2 capture and storage at
fossil fuel power plants. Canberra: Global CCS Institute.
136
39
Approximately 30 percent less NO
x
is generated during the UCG process compared to
conventional coal burning. Furthermore, there is no emission of other pollutants like
mercury and other solid wastes such as fly ash or slags as almost all of the contaminated
residues remain underground. Plants that have introduced UCG-CCGT are cost
competitive. Under suitable conditions a considerable part of the generated CO
2
can be
stored underground, reducing the costs related to the storage and transportation of CO
2
,
no surface gasifiers or ash management facilities are required. This reduces the size and
the operational complexity of the plants. It has been noted, however, that many types of
coal found in India cannot use the most common of gasification processes (slagging
entrained flow) without further preparation, such as coal washing and/or admixture of
low ash feed-stocks, such as pet-coke, due to the high ash content and high ash fusion
temperatures of Indian coal.
137
This reflects the importance of coal gasification. Research
undertaken by BHEL suggests that air-blown pressurised fluidised bed gasifier (PFBG) is
the optimal way of gasifying Indian coal.
138
Despite significant advantages of UCG, several drawbacks also exist: the necessary
technology remains unproven to a certain extent and is limited to coal as the only
available feedstock; the gasification process is difficult to control; the resulting syngas
contains tar, which requires the use of additional cleaning procedures; the process
carries with it a risk of unintended subsurface smouldering fire; the relatively low
heating value of the created gas makes transporting it over long distances
uneconomical; and environmental impacts such as possible ground water
contamination, ground subsidence and gas leakage of the UCG process should be kept
in mind.
139
Coal gasification plants are successfully operating in a number of countries, including in
South Africa, Australia, Uzbekistan and China. In comparison, Indias experience in this
field is relatively short, although there is plenty of potential: according to calculations by
the Coal Ministry, if only five percent of Indias un-mineable coal reserves are
successfully exploited for gasification, it could yield the equivalent of three billion cubic
metres.
140
In March 2013, Indias Coal Ministry identified five lignite blocks and two coal blocks for
syngas production, with estimated reserves of 950 million tonnes, which would be
offered to private investors to undertake UCG projects.
141
At the same time, India has
sought to collaborate with the South African government in underground coal gasification
technologies and to develop projects in India through suitable joint ventures with private
investors.
142
The allocation of the seven blocks for gasification projects is subject to the
announcement of a comprehensive policy encompassing all aspects of coal gasification,

137
Roy, R.K. (2012). Underground coal gasification: potential and prospects in India. Presentation delivered on
28 August 2012 at the Inaugural Australian Syngas Association Conference in Brisbane, Australia. Retrieved 30
May from http://asaconference.com.au/files/2012/08/9-Raj-Kumar-ASA-UCG-Presentation-Potential-Prospects-
in-India-23082012.pdf.
138
139
140
Das, A.K. (2013a). India identifies new coal blocks for gasification projects. Retrieved 29 May 2013 from
http://www.miningweekly.com/article/india-identifies-new-coal-blocks-for-gasification-projects-2013-03-13.
141
Das, India identifies new coal blocks for gasification projects.
142
Das, A.K. (2013b). India seeks collaboration with SA on coal gasification technology. Retrieved 29 May 2013
from: http://www.miningweekly.com/article/india-seeks-collaboration-with-sa-on-coal-gasification-
technology-2013-03-08.
40
which is expected shortly. In particular, amendments will need to be made to the Mines
and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act of 1957 to enable these blocks to be
offered to private investor, and more generally to open the private sector to the
exploration and exploitation of minerals. Currently, under Indian coal mining legislation,
coal mining is the exclusive domain of the government or government-owned mining
companies.
5.2 Overview of EU and Indian clean coal legislation and EU funding
opportunities
This section aims to provide a brief overview of the state of clean coal legislation in both
the EU and India, funding opportunities available in the EU for research on clean coal
and in particular CCS technologies. Furthermore, it sheds light on available funding for
clean coal pilot projects and bilateral initiatives between the EU and key partners (China,
India) for increased experience sharing and the promotion of clean coal technologies.
5.2.1 Policy perspective: the EU
1. Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, on the geological
storage of carbon dioxide. With a view of making sure that CO
2
is safely and
permanently stored in CCS projects across Europe, the Directive establishes a
comprehensive regulatory framework for the geological storage of CO
2
; transport and
capture are considered to be sufficiently covered by existing legislation. The Directive
applies to both offshore and onshore geological storage of CO
2
.
143
From 2013 onwards,
the environmentally safe capture, transport and geological storage of CO
2
will also be
covered by the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (ETS).
144
2. Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on industrial
emissions. The so-called Industrial emissions directive (IED) is the successor of the IPPC
Directive and aims to minimise pollution from various industrial sources throughout the
EU.
145
The IED tightens further the emission limit values for SO
x
. According to the IED,
by 2014, operators must declare future plans for each fossil fuel plant and from 2016
emissions from the plant must have been brought into line by fitting emissions
reduction technology, for example or the plants will be opted out via a limited-hours
derogation or a peak-plant derogation.
146
3. The European Energy Research Alliance (EERA) launched the CCS Joint Programme
(CCS-JP) in 2010, involving over 49 participants and associates from 19 member states.
The CCS-JP is dedicated to reaching necessary pre-conditions for the large-scale
deployment of CCS, including cost competitive and energy efficient CO
2
capture methods
and processes, and extending the application of subsurface CO
2
storage technologies.

143
Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological
storage of carbon dioxide.Entered into force on 5 June 2009.Retrieved 5 June 2013 from http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:0114:0135:EN:PDF.
144
Geological Survey of Belgium, Clean Coal Technologies and Carbon Capture and Storage in Kazakhstan:
reflections and ACCESS project results.
145
Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial
emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control). Entered into force on 17 December 2010.Retrieved 5
June 2013 from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:334:0017:0119:en:PDF.
146
Hitchin, P. (2011). Is Europe ready for the IED and willing?, PEI Magazine, November 2011, pp. 40-45.
41
The programme is structured in two sub-programmes corresponding to two of the main
steps in the CCS chain: CO
2
capture and CO
2
storage.
147
4. The European Industrial Initiative (EII) on CCS was launched in 2010. It is a multi-
stakeholder initiative and serves as a model for collaboration between industry, EU
member states, the European Commission and research institutes. The CCS EII has two
key objectives: ensure the cost competitive deployment of CCS in the medium-to-long-
term and its further development to allow its application to all carbon intensive industrial
sectors. It builds on the comparative strength of each stakeholder. The responsibility of
industry is to manage technology and market risk. Member states provide a clear
regulatory framework at the national level and ensure regulatory compliance, as well as
guarantee financial support. The European Commission provides guidance in relation to
regulatory frameworks, provides clarity over applicable EU law and policy and how these
may affect business decisions, and provides financial support through EEPR (European
Energy Programme for Recovery).
148
5. The Research Fund for Coal and Steel has a budget allocation of EUR 50 million to
fund research and pilot projects undertaken by universities, research centres and private
companies to enhance the safety and efficiency of the EU coal industry.
149
6. The EU has been actively funding and supporting research, development and
demonstration of clean coal and CCS technologies. Under the Fifth and Sixth Framework
Programmes (FP5 & FP6), approximately EUR 86 million were spent on CCS and clean
coal. Under the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), the amount earmarked for CCS
and clean coal has increased to approximately EUR 250 million until 2013.
150
Under FP7,
research and demonstration activities in the field of clean coal technologies and CCS
include, among others, advanced capture techniques, qualification of deep saline
aquifers, storage safety, gas turbines in IGCC power plants, oxy-fuel fluidised bed
combustion, efficiency increases in pulverized coal power plants and support for
regulatory activities for CCS.
The current Framework Programme considers CCS a priority area. One example of a
project funded under FP7 is entitled Technology Options for Coupled Underground Coal
Gasification and CO
2
Capture and Storage. The project has been allocated just under
EUR three million, and represents a collaborative effort between 16 institutions from 12
different countries in Europe, North America, Asia and Oceania.
151
In addition, the EC has
earmarked EUR 60 million for cooperation on cleaner coal technologies and CCS with
emerging economies. As part of FP7, several projects have been initiated under the
heading Optimizing gasification of high-ash content coals for electricity generation
(OPTIMASH).

147
European Energy Research Alliance. (2013). Informative flyer on CCS-JP. Retrieved 4 June 2013 from
http://www.eera-set.eu/lw_resource/datapool/_items/item_740/eera-flyera4_-carboncapture32013rz.pdf.
148
Zero Emissions Platform. (2010). CCS EII implementation plan 2010-2012.Retrieved 4 June 2013 from
setis.ec.europa.eu/system/files/CCS_EII_Implementation_Plan_final.pdf.
149
Research Fund for Coal and Steel. (2012). European Coal & Steel Research: Progress to Innovation.
Retrieved 5 June 2013 from ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/coal-steel-rtd/docs/rfcs-activities_en.pdf.
150
Wilde, M. (2012). European Union funding of clean coal and CCS technologies. Presentation delivered in
Moscow on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2013 from
http://www.iea.org/media/workshops/MarionWilde2.pdf.
151
42
7. The 2009 Communication from the European Commission entitled Demonstrating CCS
in emerging countries financing the EU-China Near Zero Emissions Coal (NZEC) Plant
project is a prime example of experience sharing. Following the EU-China Partnership on
Climate change, agreed in 2005, this Communication sets out the plan of the EC to
establish an investment scheme to co-finance the construction and operation of a power
plant to demonstrate CCS technology in China.
152
One of the initiatives that is being
funded under FP6 is the COACH (Cooperation Action within CCS China-EU) project which
will prepare the ground for implementation in China of large-scale poly generation
energy facilities with options for coal based electric power generation, as well as
production of hydrogen and synthetic fuels. Project COACH addresses the following
issues: coal gasification for appropriate poly-generation schemes with CO
2
capture and
storage and the identification of reliable geological storage capabilities of CO
2
in
China.
153
This project could also serve as a model for other technology cooperation
activities between the EU and developing countries and key partners, such as India and
South Africa.
8. A Joint Declaration for enhanced cooperation on energy between the EU and the
government of India was signed at the 12
th
EU-India Summit which took place in New
Delhi in February 2012. Both sides agreed to increase cooperation in the field of energy
security and sustainability. Both sides agreed that joint efforts should focus on the
development and the deployment of strategies for clean energy production, among
which clean coal technologies and advanced coal mining, and that business to business
cooperation (with a specific focus on SMEs) should be promoted to enhance cooperation
in the energy sector.
154
5.2.2 Policy perspective: India
1. A clean energy tax on imported and domestic coal (set at INR 50 per tonne) was
introduced in 2010. Funds raised from this tax go into a National Clean Energy Fund and
are invested in the research, development and deployment of clean and renewable
energy projects, in particular solar power projects.
155
2. In 2012, the Indian government announced plans to expand its domestic action plan
to cut greenhouse gas emissions (the National Action Plan on Climate Change NAPCC
launched in 2008) by adding a new mission plan on clean coal and clean carbon
technology to minimise the large volumes of CO
2
emissions from coal-fired power
plants.
156
Initiatives in the mission plan include developing next generation coal-fired
power plants using advanced supercritical boilers and integrated gasification combined
cycle technologies.

152
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council of 25 June 2009:
Demonstrating Carbon Capture and Geological Storage (CCS) in emerging developing countries: financing the
EU-China Near Zero Emissions Coal Plant project. Retrieved 7 June 2013 from http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SEC:2009:0814:FIN:EN:PDF.
153
European Commission. (2010). China-EU Near Zero Emission Goal. Retrieved 10 June 2013 from
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/dossiers/nzec/index_en.htm.
154
Joint Declaration for enhanced cooperation on energy between the European Union and the Government of
India, 12
th
EU-India Summit, New Delhi, 10 February 2012.Retrieved 5 June 2013 from
http://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/joint-declaration.pdf.
155
Khanna, A.A. (2012). Quest for green coal.Retrieved 5 June 2013 from
http://www.financialexpress.com/news/quest-for-green-coal/897383/0.
156
The NAPCC has eight missions: on solar power, energy efficiency, water, sustainable habitat, Himalayas,
deforestation, agriculture and strategic knowledge.
43
3. In order to significantly reduce Indias energy shortages in the future, the Ministry of
Power launched in 2005-06 an initiative to facilitate the development of UMPPs, each
having a capacity of approximately 4000 MW. All UMPPS are required to be developed
using supercritical technology with higher thermal efficiencies and less CO
2
emissions.
Moreover, all planned UMPPs are required to prepare and submit an environmental
impact assessment to the Ministry of Environment and Forests in order to receive
environmental clearance. In the case of Mundra project (explored in more detail in sub-
section 5.3.2 below), one of the four UMPPS awarded by the government so far, Coastal
Gujarat Power Limited (CGPL), Mundras operator, established a Corporate Environment
and Safety Group responsible for the implementation of an environmental monitoring
and evaluation program during the construction and operation phases of the power
plant.
157
4. Indias Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017) highlights the need to invest in R&D of
ultra-supercritical (USC) units. It notes that 50 percent of the Twelfth Plan target and
the coal-based capacity addition in the Thirteenth Five Year Plan would be through
super-critical units. The plan highlights coal bed methane as another promoting
technology. It notes the difficulties with implementing coal gasification because of the
high ash content of Indian coal; hence the efficiency gains would be minimal.
Furthermore, it points to the importance of UCG technology as it will enable utilisation of
deep coal deposits in the medium term. For that reason, it encourages pilot projects to
be undertaken in this field.
158
5.3 Successful clean coal cases
This section of the report examines cases of good practice in CCT from the EU and India.
It consists of one case study of successful CCT implementation in lignite power plant
projects, which are traditionally large producers of greenhouse gas emissions.
5.3.1 European Union: Block R, Boxberg Thermal Power Plant
Within recent years, the utilisation of various state-of-the-art CCT solutions to coal
power plants has noticeably reduced their emissions. One example is Block R of the
Boxberg Thermal Power Plant, located in the German state of Saxony. The facility is
operated by Vattenfall, a Swedish state-owned enterprise (SOE) and one of Europes
largest energy companies.
The Boxberg power plant was upgraded in 2012 by the addition of Block R, a new ultra-
supercritical 675 MW facility priced at EUR one billion
159
which brought the plants
total installed capacity up to 2,575 MW. Although due to its size the entire Boxberg plant
remains a sizeable source of CO
2
emissions in Germany, Block R represents an example
of how emissions can be reduced even in large lignite plants, which are conventionally a
source of substantial greenhouse emissions. Vattenfall estimates that the use of the
latest materials, boilers and turbine technology will lower Boxbergs annual consumption

157
Asian Development Bank. (2013). Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project: project data sheet. Retrieved 6 June
2013 from http://www.adb.org/projects/41946-014/main.
158
Government of India Planning Commission. (2013). Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017): Faster, more
inclusive and sustainable growth, vol. 1. New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
159
Ingenieur.(2012). Investionsbedinungen fr GuD-Anlagen derzeit ungnstig. Retrieved 3 June 2013 from
http://www.ingenieur.de/Branchen/Energiewirtschaft/Investionsbedingungen-fuer-GuD-Anlagen-derzeit-
unguenstig.
44
by 30 percent when compared with the global average. According to official company
data, the addition of Block R plants efficiency rate was increased by two percentage
points and brought up to 44 percent, leading to a sharp drop in emissions.
160
The plant was designed to have specific CO
2
emissions of 924 grams per kilowatt-hour
(kWh), compared to the average of 980-1230 grams per kWh at Germanys other lignite
plants. Boxberg uses pulverised coal combustion, emits only very low levels of flue gas
emissions and is built in compliance with both the existing EU Directive on Industrial
Emissions 2010/75/EU (explained in more detail in sub-section 5.2.1) and upcoming
tighter restrictions.
161
Prior to construction of Block R, Boxberg was heavily criticised by
various environmental organisation, including the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).
162
Despite
the improvement in efficiency, Boxberg continues to attract criticism from some
environmental groups. One estimate puts Block Rs annual CO
2
emissions at 5,130,000
tonnes.
163
Vattenfall argues that emissions have been greatly reduced; the company
estimates that its increasingly widespread adoption of CCT has reduced the emissions of
Vattenfall installations in Europe NO
x
emissions to 15 percent below the legal limit,
sulphur dioxide levels down by 45 percent and dust by 50 percent.
164
5.3.2 India: Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project
Although CCT is yet to be adopted in India on a large scale, several major operations
have already adopted CCT solutions to a considerable degree. One recent example is the
USD 4.1 billion Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project, located in Gujarat state. The plant is
Indias first UMPP and part of the governments 2005 Power for All by 2012 initiative,
aimed at reducing future power shortages in the country. Currently, some 16 UMPPs are
planned in Indias various states, including Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and
Jharkhand.
165
Ordered in 2007 by the Coastal Gujarat Power Limited subsidiary of Indias largest
private power company, Tata Power Ltd, Mundra is the countrys first coal power plant
containing an 800 MW supercritical boiler. The plant has an output of 4000 MW (five
boilers of 800 MW each).
166
These boilers, provided by Doosan Heavy Industries &
Construction Co Ltd, Korea, are based upon EU technology. Boiler technology from UK-
based manufacturer Doosan Babcock is also being used for the supply of many other of
Indias new supercritical plants currently being installed, including the seven units at
Kudgi, Lara and Raipur.
167
The Mundra project was completed in March 2013, after six
years and ahead of schedule. One interviewed expert argued that until relatively

160
Vattenfall. (2012). Boxberg. Retrieved 3 June 2013 from http://powerplants.vattenfall.com/node/291.
161
162
World Wildlife Fund. (2007). Dirty Thirty Ranking of the most polluting power stations in Europe.
Retrieved 3 June 2013 from http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/european_dirty_thirty_may_2007.pdf.
163
Ekopolitan. (2013). A list with all of Vattenfalls fossil-fuelled CO2 emitting power plants 2010, 2011,
2012.Retrieved 5 June 2013 from http://www.ekopolitan.com/climate/vattenfalls-fossil-fuelled-co2-emitting-
power-plants.
164
Vattenfall. (2013). Emissionen durch Vattenfalls Braunkohlekraftwerke gering. Retrieved 3 June 2013 from
http://corporate.vattenfall.de/de/pressemitteilungen-
detailseite.htm?newsid=C915BD4CBF74478999648589AF67CD5F.
165
Tata Power. (2012). Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project: Towards a cleaner and greener future. Retrieved 3
June 2013 from http://www.tatapower.com/cgpl-mundra/pdf/umpp-greener-future121015.pdf.
166
Tata Power. (2007). Tata Power signs Contract for Boiler Island Scope on EPC basis with Doosan for first
4000 MW Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project. Retrieved 3 June 2013 from http://www.tatapower.com/media-
corner/presslease/07may16.aspx.
167
45
recently, such a project could not have been completed in less than a decade.
Cooperating with a private company, coupled with recent changes in Indian business
legislation, allows such large and modern projects that incorporate CCT to progress
faster. Even so, the same expert called the rapid and ahead-of-schedule development of
the Mundra UMPP as truly amazing.
168
The plants location near the major Mundra coal port allows it to rely primarily on coal
imported from Indonesia. Although more expensive than domestic coal, its lower levels
of sulphur and ash mean reduced emissions and less space that needs to be allocated for
ash disposal facilities. The plants emissions of greenhouse gases is estimated at 750
grams of CO
2
per kWh, compared with the national average of 1,259 grams per kWh for
coal based power plants. Other CCT solutions in Mundra include electro static
precipitators to control particulate matter emissions, low NOx burners which reduce NO
x
emissions by some 35 percent, dust control and dust suppression systems and a coal
ash storage pond.
169
The Mundra project is currently likely the most modern and energy-
efficient coal-based power plant in India. By Tata Powers own calculations, its more
efficient supercritical boilers enable the plant to burn some 1.7 million tonnes of coal less
annually than if it were equipped with older subcritical boilers, which are prevalent in the
country.
170
Despite these estimates, the Mundra UMPP has come under some criticism by
various NGOs, which argue that the plant does not conform to all environmental
norms.
171

168
169
Tata Power, Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project: Towards a cleaner and greener future.
170
Moneycontrol. (2013b). Tata Power synchronises third 800 MW unit at Mundra UMPP. Retrieved 3 June 2013
from http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tata-power-synchronises-third-800-mw-unit-at-mundra-
umpp_766254.html.
171
The Economic Times. (2013). Vested interests, foreign NGOs spreading falsehood in Gujarat, says Tata
Power. Retrieved 3 June 2013 from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-
13/news/36311430_1_mundra-umpp-mundra-project-largest-private-power-producer.
46
6. Role of Coal India Limited in the Indian coal sector
Coal India Limited remains the most important player in the Indian coal industry by a
wide margin. Even though its role was explored in detail earlier in the study, this section
provides an overview not only of challenges, but unique opportunities to develop
collaboration with CIL in pioneering high-tech innovations for Indias coal sector as a
whole. As the largest coal company in the world, Coal India has the potential to
spearhead the worlds clean coal development by focusing on cutting edge technological
initiatives, which will in the process also reduce Indias carbon footprint and the
countrys environmental degradation.
6.1 Challenges
As mentioned in detail earlier in the study, CIL has tried to mitigate the effects of coal
mining by introducing air, water and land pollution control measures within its
ESMP.
172
Despite the efforts, Indias primary concern is still to produce enough energy to
meet the demands of the agricultural and industrial sectors and the population.
Therefore, issues such as protecting the environment from harmful emissions, or health
and safety procedures are not high on the agenda.
173
However, this does not mean that
CIL is not interested in moving in this direction through new partnerships and
cooperation. Therefore, enhanced collaboration between CIL and European SMEs on
clean coal and environmental technology, including R&D, will provide opportunities for
great improvement of the clean coal industry in India.
In India, current challenges include technical issues such as coal transport by trucks, as
vehicles must in some cases travel thousands of kilometres to get from the mines to the
power plants and brick kilns; health and safety issues; and failings in the implementation
of current mining legislation. Other challenges which CIL must overcome are in the areas
of coal smuggling and illegal mining. The implications affect different aspects, from
environmental degradation to safety issues and social instability with the creation of a
broad mafia network as a result. Measures are being taken to tackle coal smuggling and
illegal mining, but more needs to be done.
The quality of technology used in mining operations is still quite low in areas such as
reserve assessment, extraction, transport and beneficiation. Due to the problematic
nature of Indian coal, in order to achieve higher levels of productivity, more advanced
technologies are required. Furthermore, in comparison to the European Union, where
very rigorous health and safety procedures are in place, India's implementation of these
procedures is not yet as strict.
6.2 Corporate social responsibility, research and development
To date, CIL has engaged in a broad spectrum of activities under its corporate social
responsibility (CSR) programme. Infrastructure support is a keystone of CILs
achievements. The construction of community buildings, roads and culverts; repair; and
supply of furniture for educational institutions are part of the broad project. Another
example can be the generation of employment. This has been achieved through the

172
For further information see section 2.4 Environmental issues with coal mining and washing.
173
47
setting up of cooperative societies and construction of shopping complexes. Moreover,
social empowerment initiatives have also been implemented through training and
development in different fields. For this same purpose, CIL has also provided financial
assistance to NGOs.
174

Research and development is part of CSR, but not yet acknowledged as such. If CSR was
included within R&D, it would result in improved products as well as improved production
design, which would be more compliant with environmental and safety issues. This would
also lead to enhanced productivity and business competitiveness.
As CSR implementation is quite new for Indian public sector companies, there is an
urgent need to professionalise CSR policies and primarily focus these policies on issues,
which are specific to their own industrial sector. There are still many challenges to
overcome in relation to environmental standards, labour conditions and safety issues.
Furthermore, as these public sector companies are some of the biggest in their
respective industrial sectors in India, they already have the expertise, know-how and
skills available to address these areas of concern. Through the combining of R&D and
CSR, the relevant public sector companies through their sheer size, will have a much
greater impact in their fields. If they invest within their own company, they will reap
much greater rewards than if they invest in outside domains in which they have little
experience and which they are forced to outsource to external partners and experts.
It would be to the advantage of Coal India to allocate a greater proportion of their
budgets to internal CSR policies in order to professionalise them at all levels. By making
CSR an integral part of R&D, Coal India can not only improve its clean coal technology
but also educate its workforce and their families, and provide them with better health
care, and address the environmental, labour and safety issues outlined above. Finally, it
is imperative that CIL develops its capacity building at the management level, as the
managers will be responsible for ensuring that all CSR policies are properly implemented
by all levels of staff.
If Coal India dedicates the necessary resources and attention to CSR, positive impacts
would be seen in a variety of fields, including improved business competitiveness,
development of innovative clean coal technology, greater protection of the environment
and a much more motivated workforce. These results would positively affect the efforts
of CIL to achieve its goal of becoming a leading Indian environmentally conscious
company and a global leader in clean coal development. Furthermore, CIL would
indirectly improve the welfare of the local community and satisfy its stakeholders.
6.3 Opportunities
In the course of this paper, many challenges which CIL faces have been highlighted, as
well as how the company has the potential to overcome them. As mentioned, investment
in the R&D field will positively impact CIL performance. With specific reference to CSR,
opportunities are visible. The health and safety conditions of many mines throughout
India are still below global standards. One way in which CIL can increase their CSR
initiatives is by adequately providing workers with safer working equipment and

174
For more information on CIL corporate social responsibility activities see: Coal India. (2012). Note on CSR
policy of the company (CIL). Retrieved 7 June 2013 from
www.coalindia.in/Documents/CIL_website_final_csr_25092012.pdf.
48
conditions and investing in cleaner coal technologies which will allow Coal India to
adequately support the local environment and surrounding projects, as was announced
by the Government of India.
175
Furthermore, these measures will enhance the positive
image and perception of the company.
Another opportunity for CIL is to focus its attention on transporting coal from the pithead
to railway stations in distances of under ten kilometres. As previously mentioned, by
investing in conveyor belts, a technology which is cost-effective, reliable and
environmentally friendly, Coal India will be able to comfortably overcome the problems
which it is currently facing.
176
Moreover, due to the nature of conveyor belts, it is an
economically feasible option as the long-term maintenance costs are lower compared to
truck transport.
Coal India should also focus on overcoming the obstacles presented by abandoned
mines. According to a Ministry of Coal official, the government has identified between 18
and 20 abandoned coal mines which still have an estimated two billion tonnes of
reserves of coal between them. These mines are located in areas controlled by CIL
subsidiaries, such as Eastern Coalfields, Bharat Coking Coal and Central Coalfields.
177
Re-
investing efforts into these mines will not only allow local economies to benefit, but will
also assist CIL in their mission to supply India with coal in a cleaner and more efficient
way.

175
Press Information Bureau, Government of India. (2012). CSR activities of Coal India.Retrieved 7 June 2013
from http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=82821.
176
For further information see section 3. Coal logistics.
177
Mining Weekly. (2013). India attempts to revive abandoned coal mines. Retrieved 7 June 2013 from
http://www.miningweekly.com/article/india-attempts-to-revive-abandoned-coal-mines-2013-04-17.
49
7. Conclusion and recommendations
The Indian coal based power value chain presents EU SMEs with substantial business
opportunities. Although much of the infrastructure remains to be upgraded, the country's
continued investment in new coal mines and power plants is increasingly accompanied
by investment in CCT.
Although the coal industry is traditionally the domain of large state-owned or
multinational companies, SMEs can carve a niche for themselves in each of the three
'pillars' of the Indian coal sector mining, logistics and power plants. By contributing, for
example, consulting services, maintenance, and modern equipment, European SMEs
have extensive opportunities to do business in India.
Even so, the business environment in India has several characteristics that need to be
taken into account: bureaucratic procedures can be lengthy and complex; market
penetration is often possible only with cooperation with an Indian company; newcomers
to the coal sector may face pressure from established and well-connected local
enterprises; and matching the low prices of domestically produced CCT can be a
challenge.
A major coal consumer and importer, and home to the worlds largest coal producing
company, CIL, India is in a promising position to become a major player in CCT, once
some of the aforementioned obstacles alongside some others, such as outdated
environmental legislation are overcome. With its major market share, substantial
resources and state backing, Coal India is particularly well-placed to spearhead CCT
innovation through direct R&D, as well as create positive ripple effects by investing in
related areas, such as CSR.
This study aimed to provide a broad overview of the Indian coal based power value
chain, to showcase examples of existing practices in the EU and India, to highlight the
business environment in India and to explore specific CCT business opportunities for
European SMEs. By doing so, it laid the ground-work for future in-depth studies that
could explore specific areas and technological solutions, as well as the business
environment of individual Indian states.
Final recommendations
Coal mining
o Technology for reserve assessment
o Upgrading of existing coal mines (both chance for consultation and supply of
technology)
o Construction of new mines, with a special focus on underground mining
o Introduction of X-ray-assisted dry coal sorting
o Upgrading of coal washeries (SMEs could sell new and old machineries)
o Setting up of new coal washeries based on coal specific and cost effective flow-sheets
o Consultancy and technology supply to improve environmental protection
o Consultancy for policy improvement
o In the medium term, potential opportunities in underground coal gasification,
which will enable the utilisation of deep coal deposits
50
The logistics sector presents limited opportunities due to decreasing share of road
transportation and prevalence of domestic companies:
o Introducing new RFID or GPS-based vehicle tracking systems and vehicle guiding
software
o Contributing specialised equipment or parts in hybrid and fuel-efficient trucks
o If new modes of transportation, such as hydro-transport, become widely adopted in
India, opportunities will arise for specialised European SMEs
o Indirect contribution to reducing emissions in transportation: Contributing to coal
washing and dry coal sorting, which both greatly help reduce emissions in
transportation
In coal power plants
o Biomass co-firing
o As India continues to invest in more supercritical boilers, more opportunities for
European SMEs with relevant expertise and technology will arise over the coming
years
Sell boilers or specific parts
Opportunities in circulating fluidised-bed combustion technologies
Opportunities in integrated gasification combined cycle technologies
Recommend improvements for increased efficiency
Renovation &modernisation of existing plants
Collaborate in research
o Develop supply services and spare parts for both existing and cutting-edge boilers
o Opportunities in plant auxiliaries
o Software for operating power plants
Financing could be obtained through a variety of EU programmes, grants, and tenders
o Seventh Framework Programme (FP7)
OPTIMASH
o Calls for tenders by the European Commission's Directorate General for Energy
o The European Commission's Horizon 2020 programme which will succeed FP7 in
2014; it contains no provision for CCT at present, negotiations on the final version of
the programme are on-going, and this may become an option once the programme is
launched in 2014
o The Research Fund for Coal and Steel
7.1 Roadmap for technology transfer in India
This section summarises the different types of environmentally-friendly technologies and
CCT solutions suggested in this study, and includes an estimate of the likely timeframe
for their introduction to India short-term (immediate or within the next two years),
medium-term (five to ten years) or long-term (ten years or more) along with any
constraints the implementation may face.
Technology
Timeframe for
introduction
Constraints Remarks
Biomass co-firing Short term o Lack of an efficient
biomass
distribution system
Already in use
Easy to implement
in outdated boilers
51
Technology
Timeframe for
introduction
Constraints Remarks
CCS Long term (2050 or
later based on expert
survey)
o Unknown costs
o Still in
demonstration
phase (even in the
EU)
o Efficiency penalty
(reduced net
electricity
generation)
o Problematic for use
with high-ash coal
o Lack of accurate
geological storage
site data
CFBC Medium term o As long as PC
boilers continue to
operate in India on
a wide scale, CFBC
implementation will
take time
Flexible technology,
can use a wide
range of fuels
Highly efficient and
compatible with
high ash content
Lower SO
2
emissions
Coal washeries
(upgrade)
Short term o Concerns about
increased costs
associated with
modern washing
technology
o Lack of state
interest and
incentives
Combustion
efficiency
Short term o Mentality of
operating a boiler
o Awareness of the
operators
o Might require
modifications to the
boiler
Technologies available
with the EU companies
can be of great use.
Control devices for
emissions of
nitrogen and
mercury oxides
Short term
Conveyor belts Short term o Mature technology
that can be
produced
domestically at a
low price
o When used over
long distances,
maintenance costs
Already widely
used on many sites
in India, but not
across long
distances
See: MGR
52
Technology
Timeframe for
introduction
Constraints Remarks
and security
concerns a factor
ESP Short term Already widespread
and affordable, but
could be upgraded
and made more
efficient
Hydro-transport Long term o Lack of government
investment and
interest in the
technology
o Considerable use of
water
Mature and
affordable
technology with
few unknowns
IGCC Medium term o Need for technical
expertise
o High capital costs
of IGCC plants
High efficiency
rates (45%)
Low consumption
of water
MGR Short term o Mature technology
that can be
produced
domestically at a
low price
Already in use,
share slowly
increasing due to
new plants located
nearer to mines
See: conveyor belts
Oxy-fuel combustion Long term o High level of
expertise; technical
maturity
o High costs
No impact on the
boiler-turbine-
steam cycle
Plant auxiliary
equipment (pumps,
motors and similar)
Short term Recent changes in
legislation open
possibilities for
SMEs specialising in
auxiliaries
Power plant
operating systems
Short term o Widely used,
significant
innovation and
breakthroughs
difficult
Already widely
used, but improved
systems and
software could
increase efficiency
further
RFID Short term o Availability of
domestic
technology
Already adopted in
some truck owners
associations
See also: Vehicle
tracking and
dispatch systems
Supercritical boilers Short term o Availability of
domestic
technology and
Currently represent
a minor share of
boilers in India, but
53
Technology
Timeframe for
introduction
Constraints Remarks
funding by
companies such as
BHEL and NTPC
Limited
are seeing
increasing adoption
across the country
UCG Medium term o High ash content in
coal problematic
o Regulations
currently inhibit
private investment
A few pilot projects
already running in
India
Five lignite and two
coal blocks will
provide
approximately 950
million tonnes of
coal for syngas
production
Vehicle tracking and
dispatch systems
Short term o Domestic
competition
See also: RFID
X-ray sorting
machines
Short term o Need for trained
operators
Eliminates need for
use of water
Bibliography
Chapters in edited volumes
Vijay, S., and Chikkatur, A.P. (2011). The Role of Technology in Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions
from Power Sector in Developing Countries: The Case of China, India, and Mexico. In F. Princiotta (Ed.),
Global Climate Change The Technology Challenge (pp. 345-376). New York: Springer
Print articles
Hitchin, P. (2011). Is Europe ready for the IED and willing?, PEI Magazine, November 2011, pp. 40-45
Kapila, R.V., Chalmers, H., Haszeldine, S., and Leach, M. (2011). CCS prospects in India: results from
an expert stakeholder survey, Energy Procedia, vol. 4, pp. 6280-6287
Kapila, R.V., and Gibbins, J. (2010). Getting India ready for Carbon Capture & Storage, Energy Manager,
July-Sept 2010, pp. 10-13
Lahiri-Dutt, K. (2007). Illegal Coal Mining in Eastern India: Rethinking Legitimacy and Limits of Justice,
Economic and Political Weekly, 42 (49), pp. 57-66
Pandey, S.K., Tripathi, B.D. and Mishra, V.D. (2008). Dust deposition in a sub-tropical opencast
coalmine area, India. Journal of Environmental Management, 86 (1), pp. 132-138
Ramachandra, T. V., and Shwetmala. (2009). Emissions from Indias transport sector: Statewise
synthesis, Atmospheric Environment, 43(34), pp. 1-8
Tiwary, R.K. and Dhar, B.B. (1994). Environmental pollution from coal mining activities in Damodar
River basin, India, Mine Water and the Environment, 13, pp. 1-10
54
Studies and reports
Chikkatur, A.P. (2008). A Resource and Technology Assessment of Coal Utilization in India. Retrieved 21
May 2013 from http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/india-coal-technology.pdf
Coal India. (2012). Note on CSR policy of the company (CIL). Retrieved 7 June 2013 from
www.coalindia.in/Documents/CIL_website_final_csr_25092012.pdf
European Bioenergy Networks. (2003). Biomass Co-Firing An Efficient Way to Reduce Greenhouse Gas
Emissions. Retrieved 7 June 2013 from
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/studies/doc/bioenergy/2003_cofiring_eu_bionet.pdf
European Commission. (2005). The new SME definition: User guide and model declaration. Retrieved 10
April 2013 from
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sme_definition/sme_user_guide_en.pdf
Geological Survey of Belgium. (2012). Clean Coal Technologies and Carbon Capture and Storage in
Kazakhstan: reflections and ACCESS project results. Brussels: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural
Sciences, Geological Survey of Belgium
Global CCS Institute. (2013). Toward a common method of cost estimation for CO2 capture and storage
at fossil fuel power plants. Canberra: Global CCS Institute
Goel, M. (2010). Implementing Clean Coal Technology in India: Barriers and Prospects. In India
Infrastructure Report 2010: Infrastructure in a Low Carbon Economy (pp. 208-221). Oxford: Oxford
University Press
Government of India Planning Commission. (2011). Faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth: an
approach to the Twelfth Five Year Plan. Retrieved 4 June 2013 from
http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/12appdrft/appraoch_12plan.pdf
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG). (2008). A regional assessment of the potential for
CO2 storage in the Indian subcontinent, Technical Study 2008/2. Retrieved 3 June 2013 from
http://www.ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/2008-02.pdf
Indian Chamber of Commerce. (2012). The Indian coal sector: Challenges and future outlook. Retrieved
05 May 2013 from http://www.pwc.in/en_IN/in/assets/pdfs/industries/power-mining/icc-coal-report.pdf
International Energy Agency. (2007). World Energy Outlook: China and India insights. Paris: IEA
International Energy Agency. (2008). Clean Coal Technologies: Accelerating Commercial and Policy
Drivers for Deployment. Retrieved 10 April 2013 from
http://www.iea.org/ciab/papers/clean_coal_ciab_2008.pdf
McKinsey & Company. (2009). Environmental and energy sustainability: an approach for India. Mumbai:
McKinsey & Company
Mills, S. J. (2007). Prospects for coal and clean coal technologies in India. London: IEA Clean Coal
Centre
NRG Expert. (2011). Coal and Clean Coal Report. Retrieved 21 May 2013 from
http://www.nrgexpert.com/energy-market-research/coal-and-clean-coal-report/
Productivity Portal India. (year unknown). 1.3 Properties of Coal. Retrieved 13 June 2013 from
http://www.productivity.in/knowledgebase/Energy%20Management/c.%20Thermal%20Energy%20syste
ms/4.1%20Fuels%20and%20Combustion/4.1.3%20Properties%20of%20Coals.pdf
Sreenivas, A. and Bhosale, K. (2013). Black and Dirty: the real challenges facing Indias coal sector.
Retrieved 24 April 2013 from
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/The%20real%20challenges%20facing%20India%E2
%80%99s%20coal%20sector.pdf
Tata Power. (2012). Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project: Towards a cleaner and greener future. Retrieved
3 June 2013 from http://www.tatapower.com/cgpl-mundra/pdf/umpp-greener-future121015.pdf
55
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). (2013). India CCS Scoping Study: final report. Retrieved 5
June 2013 from http://cdn.globalccsinstitute.com/sites/default/files/publications/88981/india-ccs-
scoping-study-final-report.pdf
The World Bank. (2008). Clean Coal Power Generation Technology Review: Worldwide Experience and
Implications for India. Retrieved 2 May 2013 from http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-
information/LCGIndiaCCTjune2008.pdf
World Coal Institute. (2009). The Coal Resource: A Comprehensive Overview of Coal. Retrieved 24 May
2013 from
http://www.worldcoal.org/bin/pdf/original_pdf_file/coal_resource_overview_of_coal_report(03_06_2009
).pdf
World Wildlife Fund. (2007). Dirty Thirty Ranking of the most polluting power stations in Europe.
Retrieved 3 June 2013 from
http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/european_dirty_thirty_may_2007.pdf
Zero Emissions Platform. (2010). CCS EII implementation plan 2010-2012.Retrieved 4 June 2013 from
setis.ec.europa.eu/system/files/CCS_EII_Implementation_Plan_final.pdf

Papers and conference papers
Abelo, M., Bonavita, N., and Martini, R. (2007). Advanced process control at an integrated gasification
combined cycle plant. Retrieved 3 June 2013 from
http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot267.nsf/veritydisplay/62cf14177b1a39d2852572fb004b4eb3/$fil
e/ac2%20isab_abb.pdf
Chikkatur, A. P., and Sagar, A. D. (2007). Cleaner Power in India: Towards a Clean-Coal-Technology
Roadmap (Discussion Paper 2007-06). Cambridge, Mass.: BelferCenter for Science and International
Affairs
Das, D. (2007). Cultural Politics, Identity Crisis and Private Capitalism in Coal Mines of Meghalaya,
Northeast India. Retrieved 17 May 2013 from http://www.asmasiapacific.org/uploads/100.pdf
Deloitte. (2009). Conference paper on SMEs in logistics: Bringing value to the changing Indian
landscape. Retrieved 24 May 2013 from http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-
India/Local%20Assets/Documents/aSME%20logistics%20report.pdf
Singh, G. (2006). Environmental Issues with Best Management Practice of Coal Mining in India.
Retrieved 15 May 2013 from http://www.teriin.org/events/docs/gurdeep.pdf
Tigges, K. D., Klauke, F., Bergins, C., Busekrus, K., Niesbach, J., Ehmann, M., Vollmer, B., Buddenberg,
T., Wu, S., and Kukoski, A. (year unknown). Oxyfuel Combustion Retrofits for Existing Power Stations.
Retrieved 3 June 2013 from
http://www.hitachipowersystems.us/supportingdocs/forbus/hpsa/technical_papers/Oxyfuel%20Combusti
on%20Retrofits%20for%20Existing%20Power%20Stations.pdf
Zamuda, C. D., and Sharpe, M. A. (2007). A Case for Enhanced Use of Clean Coal in India: An Essential
Step towards Energy Security and Environmental Protection. Paper presented between 22-24 August
2007 at the Workshop on Coal Beneficiation and Utilization of Rejects in Ranchi. Retrieved 27 May 2013
from
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/international/Publications/Coal_Beneficiation_Workshop/coal_beneficiation
_paper_zamuda.pdf

News articles
Das, A.K. (2013a). India identifies new coal blocks for gasification projects. Retrieved 29 May 2013 from
http://www.miningweekly.com/article/india-identifies-new-coal-blocks-for-gasification-projects-2013-
03-13
56
Das, A.K. (2013b). India seeks collaboration with SA on coal gasification technology. Retrieved 29 May
2013 from: http://www.miningweekly.com/article/india-seeks-collaboration-with-sa-on-coal-
gasification-technology-2013-03-08
Free Press Journal. (2013). One of Indias Largest Truck Owners Association Implements Breakthrough
RFID-Based Vehicle Tracking System to Ensure Greater Transparency in the Supply Chain. Retrieved
27 May 2013 from http://freepressjournal.in/one-of-indias-largest-truck-owners-association-
implements-breakthrough-rfid-based-vehicle-tracking-system-to-ensure-greater-transparency-in-the-
supply-chain/
Ingenieur. (2012). Investionsbedinungen fr GuD-Anlagen derzeit ungnstig. Retrieved 3 June 2013
from http://www.ingenieur.de/Branchen/Energiewirtschaft/Investionsbedingungen-fuer-GuD-Anlagen-
derzeit-unguenstig
Khanna, A.A. (2012). Quest for green coal. Retrieved 5 June 2013 from
http://www.financialexpress.com/news/quest-for-green-coal/897383/0
Mining Weekly. (2013). India attempts to revive abandoned coal mines. Retrieved 7 June 2013 from
http://www.miningweekly.com/article/india-attempts-to-revive-abandoned-coal-mines-2013-04-17
Moneycontrol. (2013a). Coal India, NTPC end year-old scuffle on coal pricing. Retrieved 13 June 2013
from http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/coal-india-ntpc-end-year-old-scufflecoal-
pricing_850922.html
Moneycontrol. (2013b). Tata Power synchronises third 800 MW unit at Mundra UMPP. Retrieved 3 June
2013 from http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tata-power-synchronises-third-800-mw-unit-
at-mundra-umpp_766254.html
Rai, T. (2007). Meghalaya: no bowing to coal mafia, mining policy on way. Retrieved 27 August 2013
from http://www.indianexpress.com/news/meghalaya-no-bowing-to-coal-mafia-mining-policy-on-way/248002/
Ramesh, M. (2013). A symbol of collective apathy. Retrieved 30 August 2013 from
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/a-symbol-of-collective-apathy/article4591441.ece
Reuters. (2010). FACTBOX-India coal ports, vessels and monsoon effects. Retrieved 30 May 2013 from
http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/03/24/india-coal-ports-factbox-idINLDE62N0CN20100324
Reuters. (2013). India hopes to complete three key coal rail links in 2017 minister. Retrieved 24 May
2013 from http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/03/19/india-coal-rail-idINDEE92I0B820130319
The Hindu Business Line. (2012). Meghalaya announces mining policy; accepts rat-hole mining.
Retrieved 17 May 2013 from http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/meghalaya-announces-
mining-policy-accepts-rathole-mining/article3969297.ece
The Times of India. (2013). Bihar likely to get additional 330 MW of power by October. Retrieved 22 May
2013 from http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-25/patna/38009056_1_bihar-state-
power-first-unit-523mw
Sanyal, S. (2012). Moving, not producing, coal is the key: CIL chief. Retrieved 30 May 2013 from
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/moving-not-producing-coal-is-
the-key-cil-chief/article4203829.ece
Sharma, E. K. (2013). High and dry. Retrieved 27 May 2013 from
http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/poor-railway-network-coal-iron-power-stations/1/192680.html
The Economic Times. (2013). Vested interests, foreign NGOs spreading falsehood in Gujarat, says Tata
Power. Retrieved 3 June 2013 from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-
13/news/36311430_1_mundra-umpp-mundra-project-largest-private-power-producer

Presentations
Fennel, P., and Wilson, D. (2006). Coal Mining in India. Retrieved 27 April 2013 from
www2.mccombs.utexas.edu/faculty/david.spence/2006coalindia.ppt
57
Fuentes-Cantillana, J.L. (2012). Steep Seam Mining in Spain.Presentation delivered on 11 July at the 7
th
EU-India Coal Working Group Workshop in Leeds
Lieberwirth, H. (2012). Cost efficient mining, transport and dumping operation in large scale surface
mines. Presentation delivered on 10 July at the 7
th
EU-India Coal Working Group meeting in Leeds
Roy, R.K. (2012). Underground coal gasification: potential and prospects in India. Presentation delivered
on 28 August 2012 at the Inaugural Australian Syngas Association Conference in Brisbane, Australia.
Retrieved 30 May from http://asaconference.com.au/files/2012/08/9-Raj-Kumar-ASA-UCG-Presentation-
Potential-Prospects-in-India-23082012.pdf
Sachdev, R.K. (2012). Coal production and preparation in India. Presentation delivered on 16 June at
the 3
rd
CCPUE and China Coal Preparation Development Forum in Beijing. Retrieved 27 April 2013 from
http://www.cpsi.org.in/documents/Presentation%20for%20China-16%20June%202012.pdf
Singh, V.K. (2005). Coal Washing & Power Generation from Washery Rejects. Presentation delivered in
November at the 2
nd
Indo-US Coal Working Group Meeting in Washington, DC. Retrieved 27 August
2013 from http://www.fossil.energy.gov/international/Publications/cwg_nov05_singh_washery.pdf
Sridhar, S., and Grover, S.K. (2012). Indian Domestic Coal Transport Logistics and Technology.
Presentation delivered on 19 November at the 4
th
Coal Summit in New Delhi. Retrieved 24 May 2013
from http://indiaenergyforum.org/4th-coal-summit/presentations/session3/SK-GROVER.ppt
Wilde, M. (2012). European Union funding of clean coal and CCS technologies. Presentation delivered in
Moscow on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2013 from
http://www.iea.org/media/workshops/MarionWilde2.pdf

Legislation
Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological
storage of carbon dioxide. Entered into force on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2013 from http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:0114:0135:EN:PDF
Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial
emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control). Entered into force on 17 December 2010.
Retrieved 5 June 2013 from http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:334:0017:0119:en:PDF
Coal Mines Nationalisation Amendment Bill, 2000. Entered into force on 8 December 2000. Retrieved 24
May 2013 from http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1190950856/1190950856_coal_mines.pdf
The Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1973.Entered into force on 30 January 1973.
Retrieved 24 May 2013 from http://www.coal.nic.in/ca7.pdf
The Coking Coal Mines Nationalisation Act, 1972.Entered into force on 1 May 1972. Retrieved 24 May
2013 from http://www.coal.nic.in/ca4.pdf

Official documents
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council of 25 June 2009:
Demonstrating Carbon Capture and Geological Storage (CCS) in emerging developing countries:
financing the EU-China Near Zero Emissions Coal Plant project. Retrieved 7 June 2013 from http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SEC:2009:0814:FIN:EN:PDF
Call for Tenders N
o
ENER/A3/2013-453-1: Study on introduction of a new underground mining
technology at North-East Coalfields at Assam, India. Retrieved 3 June 2013 from
http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/energy/tenders/doc/2013/2013s_089_150442_specifications.pdf
Government of India Planning Commission. (2013). Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017): Faster, more
inclusive and sustainable growth, vol. 1. New Delhi: SAGE Publications
58
Joint Declaration for enhanced cooperation on energy between the European Union and the Government
of India, 12
th
EU-India Summit, New Delhi, 10 February 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2013 from
http://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/joint-declaration.pdf

Websites
Asian Development Bank. (2013). Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project: project data sheet. Retrieved 6
June 2013 from http://www.adb.org/projects/41946-014/main
Coal India Limited. (2013a). Company. Retrieved 24 May 2013 from
http://www.coalindia.in/Company.aspx?tab=3.
Coal India Limited. (2013b). Grades. Retrieved 13 June 2013 from http://www.coal.nic.in/point4.html
Ekopolitan.(2013). A list with all of Vattenfalls fossil-fuelled CO2 emitting power plants 2010, 2011,
2012. Retrieved 5 June 2013 from http://www.ekopolitan.com/climate/vattenfalls-fossil-fuelled-co2-
emitting-power-plants
European Commission. (2010). China-EU Near Zero Emission Goal. Retrieved 10 June 2013 from
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/dossiers/nzec/index_en.htm
European Energy Research Alliance. (2013). Informative flyer on CCS-JP. Retrieved 4 June 2013 from
http://www.eera-set.eu/lw_resource/datapool/_items/item_740/eera-flyera4_-
carboncapture32013rz.pdf
IANS. (2012). M'laya government finally gives nod to mining policy. Retrieved 27 August 2013 from
http://www.sentinelassam.com/meghalaya/story.php?sec=2&subsec=8&id=134425&dtP=2013-03-
19&ppr=1
International Energy Agency. (2013). Fluidized Bed Conversion. Retrieved 30 August 2013 from
http://www.iea.org/techno/iaresults.asp?id_ia=18
Jindal Steel and Power. (2013). Corporate Profile. Retrieved 31 May 2013 from
http://www.jindalsteelpower.com/about-us/corporate-profile.aspx
METSO. (2013). ESPL tests Metsos Coal Washing Technology. Retrieved 27 May 2013 from
http://www.metso.com/in/india_articles.nsf/WebWID/WTB-110606-22577-512AD
Ministry of Coal. (2013a). Coal Reserves. Retrieved 23 May 2013 from
http://www.coal.nic.in/reserve2.htm
Ministry of Coal. (2013b). Coal Mining in India. Retrieved 23 May 2013 from
http://www.coal.nic.in/abtcoal.htm
Ministry of Coal. (2013c). Eligibility to Coal Mining. Retrieved 24 May 2013 from
http://coal.nic.in/eligibility_to_coal_mining.htm
Ministry of Coal. (2013d). Present Policy Regarding Coal Linkage. Retrieved 31 May 2013 from
http://coal.nic.in/linkage.html
Nelder, C. (2013). Why carbon capture and storage will never pay off. Retrieved 11 June 2013 from
http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/take/why-carbon-capture-and-storage-will-never-pay-off/534
NTPC. (2013). About Us. Retrieved 13 June 2013 from
http://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28&Itemid=41&lang=en
Press Information Bureau, Government of India. (2012). CSR activities of Coal India. Retrieved 7 June
2013 from http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=82821
Research Fund for Coal and Steel. (2012). European Coal & Steel Research: Progress to Innovation.
Retrieved 5 June 2013 from ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/coal-steel-rtd/docs/rfcs-activities_en.pdf
Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. (2013). Singareni at a Glance. Retrieved 27 May 2013 from
http://scclmines.com/home.asp
59
Tata Power. (2007). Tata Power signs Contract for Boiler Island Scope on EPC basis with Doosan for first
4000 MW Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project. Retrieved 3 June 2013 from
http://www.tatapower.com/media-corner/presslease/07may16.aspx
Vattenfall. (2012). Boxberg. Retrieved 3 June 2013 from http://powerplants.vattenfall.com/node/291
Vattenfall. (2013). Emissionen durch Vattenfalls Braunkohlekraftwerke gering. Retrieved 3 June 2013
from http://corporate.vattenfall.de/de/pressemitteilungen-
detailseite.htm?newsid=C915BD4CBF74478999648589AF67CD5F
World Coal Association.(2012). Coal Statistics. Retrieved 10 April 2013 from
http://www.worldcoal.org/resources/coal-statistics/
Interviews
Interviews were conducted from 6 May to 7 June 2013. In total, 17 interviews took place. Due to the
wishes of several interviewees, when information obtained from interviews is cited in the report, it does
not reference the specific person. Several other individuals and organisations were consulted during the
research phase; their names have been omitted on request.
The following individuals have been interviewed:
1. Dr Tine Compernolle, University of Hasselt (6 May)
2. Dr Christian Niemann-Delius, RTWH Aachen (15 May)
3. Alexandr Jevsejenko, European Commission, DG Climate Action (16 May)
4. Antongiulio Marin, European Commission, DG Climate Action (16 May)
5. Dr Stoyan Gaydardzhiev, University of Lige (21 May)
6. Andrew Timms, Doosan Power Systems (22 May)
7. Rudolf Gnsl, FELUWA Pumpen GmbH (27 May)
8. Klemens Backhaus, A-TEC GmbH (28 May)
9. Lothar Schmeier, Tenova TAKRAF (29 May)
10. Raj Kumar Sachdev, Coal Preparation Society of India (30 May)
11. Wolfgang Dirschauer, Vattenfall (31 May)
12. Christopher Robben, TOMRA Sorting (31 May)
13. Dr Dermot Roddy, Newcastle University (1 June)
14. Sir William OBrien, Yorkshire Coal Task Force (4 June)
15. Marion Wilde, European Commission, DG Energy (4 June)
16. Marian Molenda, RAFAKO S.A. (7 June)
17. Alexandra Sombsthay, European Commission, DG Energy (7 June)
60
Annex
Examples of European SMEs working in clean coal technology
Below is a list of 32 European SMEs working in the coal or coal-related sector, either in Europe, India, or
both. The list is by no means exhaustive, but is meant to serve as a brief overview of the types of clean
coal technologies and expertise provided by small and medium enterprises in Europe.
1. ACWA
Address: Keighley Road, Skipton, North Yorkshire, BD23 2UE United Kingdom
Contact: Tel: +44 (0) 1756 794794, Fax: +44 (0) 1756 790898, E-mail: acwa@acwa.co.uk, Website:
www.acwa.co.uk
Description: ACWA is a global provider of air pollution control, water and wastewater solutions. Not
specifically focused on coal, nevertheless has contributed to coal wastewater projects in coal mines.
2. AITEMIN
Address: Margarita Salas, 14. Parque Legans Tecnolgico, 28918 Legans (Madrid), Spain
Contact: Tel: +34 91 442 49 55, E-mail: aitemin@aitemin.es, Website: www.aitemin.es
Description: AITEMIN is a Spanish technology centre specialised in mining and environmental
technologies, with wide experience in mining systems for steep coal seams and in developing monitoring
and control systems for underground coal mines.
3. A-TEC Anlagentechnik GmbH
Address: Eurotec Ring 15, 47445 Moers, Germany
Contact: Tel 1: +49 (0) 28 41 884 3850, Tel 2: + 49 (0) 28 41 884 3855, E-mail through contact form
on website, Website: www.atec.de
Description: A-TEC is a small company which specializes in coal mine methane gas degasification and
utilization technologies. It operates in Germany, Russia, and Kazakhstan.
4. Advanced Cyclone Systems, S. A.
Address: Centro de Empresas NET Edifcio PROMONET: Rua de Salazares, no 842, 4149-002 Porto,
Portugal
Contact: Tel/Fax: +351 225 322 097/96, E-mail: info@acsystem.pt, Website: http://www.acsystems.pt/
Description: Advanced Cyclone Systems is a small Portuguese company specialised in advanced cyclone
systems. It is active in Portugal, Spain, France, Scandinavia, Poland and Brazil.
5. Aparatura Pomiarowa KWANT Bogdan Niewczas spka jawna
Address: ul. Somiana 17, 30-316 Krakw, Poland
Contact: Tel: + 48 12 2690720, Fax: + 48 12 2690725 E-mail: kwant-inst@kwant-inst.pl, Website:
www.kwant-inst.pl
Description: KWANT renders complex services in the field of measuring and monitoring systems,
systems for regulation of PF and air flow rate, pylofon and noise reduction at industrial plants.
61
6. Bokela Ingenieurgesellschaft fr Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik GmbH
Address: Tullastr. 64, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
Contact: Tel: +49 721/9 64 56-0, Fax: +49 721/9 64 56-10, E-mail: bokela@bokela.com, Website:
http://www.bokela.com
Description: BOKELA is a medium-sized private company active on international markets and serves
users of solid/liquid separation technologies in different industries, such as the minerals processing
industry, chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, electroplating industry and recycling industry. It
has a representative office in India.
7. Codel Environmental Monitoring Solutions
Address: Station Building, Station Road, Bakewell, Derbyshire, DE45 1GE, United Kingdom
Contact: Tel: +44 (0) 1629 814351, Fax: +44 (0) 8700 566307, E-mail through contact form on
website, Website: http://www.codel.co.uk/index.htm
Description: CODEL International Ltd is a UK company, globally active, specialised in the design and
manufacture of high-technology instrumentation for monitoring atmospheric pollutant emissions and
combustion processes.
8. CTP ChemischThermischeProzesstechnik GmbH
Address: Schmiedlstrasse 10, 8042 Graz, Austria
Contact: Tel: +43 316 4101-0, Fax: +43 316 4101-80, E-mail: office@ctp.at, Website: http://www.ctp-
airpollutioncontrol.com/en/contact/
Description: CTP is a company specialised in air pollution control for industrial applications, it is also
involved in the mining sector with regenerative thermal oxidation systems. It is active worldwide, also in
Asia, but not in India yet.
9. Dragflow
Adress: Via Pasubio, 40 - 37069 Villafranca (VR), Italy
Contact: Tel: +39 (0) 45 6304521, Fax: +39 (0) 45 6335758, E-mail through contact form on website,
Website: http://www.dragflow.it/default.asp
Description: Dragflow is an Italian small company focused on design and manufacturing activities for
dredging, mining and industrial sectors. Its distribution network is extended worldwide and it provides
consultancy, service and assistance.
10. DrySoTec GmbH
Address: Heinz-Bcker-Strae 19, 45356 Essen, Germany
Contact: Tel: +49 201 450 95-0, Fax: +49 201 450 95-18, E-mail through contact form on website,
Website: www.drysotec.de
Description: DrySoTec specialises in flue gas cleaning, by employing methods such as dry absorption,
spray absorption, MKT systems, and wet scrubbing. The company is headed by two technical directors
and supported by a team of engineers.
62
11. DSD Chemtech GmbH & Co KG
Address: Eupener Strae 150, 50933 Cologne, Germany
Contact: Tel: +49 221 500 1100, Fax: +49 221 500 1200, E-mail: info@dsd-chemtech.com, Website:
www.dsd-chemtech.com
Description: DSD Chemtech is an engineering and sales company specialised in process technology and
plants in the fields of chemical industry and manufacturing. The company works in sulphuric acid
technology, mist and droplet elimination, scrubbing systems, biofilters and thermal and catalytic
incinerators. Their products include mesh pads, mist eliminators and reverse jet scrubbers.
12. DURAG GmbH
Address: Kollaustr. 105, 22453 Hamburg, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49 40 554218-0, Fax: +49 40 584154, E-mail: info@durag.de, Website: www.durag.de
Description: DURAG GmbH has more than sixty-five years of experience in developing and
manufacturing equipment for environmental monitoring and combustion technology for all sectors of the
power production and process industry and includes the companies DURAG, DURAG data systems,
VEREWA, DURAG process & systems technology, Hegwein, Smitsvonk, and Durag Siena do Brasil.
Internationally the DURAG GROUP operates own Subsidiaries for Sales and Service in Brazil, China,
France, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Russia, UK and USA.13. DURAG data systems GmbH
Contact: Tel: +49 40 554218-0, Fax: +49 40 584154, E-mail: info@durag-data.de, Website:
www.durag-data.de
Description: DURAG data systems GmbH is dedicated to developing and manufacturing equipment and
software solutions for environmental and process data acquisition and handling for all sectors of the
industry, including power production and process industry.
14. DURAG process & systems technology GmbH
Contact: Tel: +49 40 554218-0, Fax: +49 40 584154, E-mail: info@durag-process.de, Website:
www.durag-process.de
Description: DURAG process & systems technology GmbH is dedicated to the development and
manufacturing of hardware and software solutions for visualization and thermal analysis (thermography)
of combustion processes as a tool for optimisation of the combustion.
15. Hegwein GmbH
Address: Am Boschwerk 7, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
Contact: Tel: +49 711 135788-0, Fax: +49 711 135788-5, E-mail: info@hegwein.de, Website:
www.hegwein.de
Description: Hegwein GmbH has more than seventy years of experience in developing and
manufacturing gas and oil fired ignition burners, burners and accessories for gas and oil trains, for the
power and process industry.
63
16. Smitsvonk Holland B.V.
Address: Loodstraat 57, 2718 RV Zoetermeer, Netherlands
Contact: Tel: +31 79 3613533, Fax: +31 79 3611378, E-mail: sales@smitsvonk.nl, Website:
www.smitsvonk.nl
Description: Smitsvonk Holland B.V. has more than seventy years of experience in developing and
manufacturing gas fired ignition burners and ignition systems incl. flare ignition systems for the Power
and Petrochemical Industry.
17. ERG (Air Pollution Control) Ltd
Address: Enviro Centre, Enterprise House, Foundry Lane, Horsham, West Sussex, RH13 5PX, United
Kingdom
Contact: Tel: +44 (0) 1403 221000, Fax: +44 (0) 1403 221001 or +44 (0) 1403 271671, E-mail:
info@ergapc.co.uk, Website: http://www.ergapc.co.uk/index.htm
Description: ERG (Air Pollution Control) Ltd is a supplier of air pollution control (APC) systems and
services. It specialises in areas such as industrial gas cleaning, particulate removal systems, hazardous
waste flue gas cleaning and soluble contamination capture and recovery. The company also offers
consultancy services. To date, it has built some 600 operational plants across the globe.
18. FELUWA Pumpen GmbH
Address: Beulertweg, 54570 Mrlenbach, Germany
Contact: Tel: +49 (0) 65 94 / 10 - 0, Fax: + 49 (0) 65 94 / 10 - 200, E-mail: info@feluwa.de, Website:
www.feluwa.de or www.feluwa.com
Description: FELUWA is a medium-sized company which specialises in hose-diaphragm pumps, hose-
diaphragm piston pumps, and underground sludge dewatering. FELUWA operates both in Europe and
India. The company is part of ARCA Group, which has facilities in Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands,
Mexico, India, Korea and China.
19. FLUID S.A.
Address: ul. Spdzielcza 9, 28-340 Sdziszw, Poland
Contact: Tel: +48 41 381 26 25, Fax: + 48 41 381 2625, E-mail: fluid@fluid.pl or sekretariat@fluid.pl
(office), Website:www.fluid.pl
Description: The company's offer includes turnkey construction and sale at home and abroad, Energy
Recovery Plant (ZOE), together with a license to manufacture the biocarbon brand FLUID. The Company
intends to conduct its own ZOE and based on that offers: the biocarbon brand FLUID, green energy,
renewable thermal energy, manure with a long decay and additions to fertilizers (mineralized ash).
20. Haldex S.A.
Address: Pl. Grunwaldzki 8-10, 40-951 Katowice, Poland
Contact: Tel: +48 32 786 95 52, Fax: +48 32 786 95 59, E-mail: secretariat@haldex.com.pl, Website:
www.haldex.com.pl
Description: Haldex S.A. has 50 years of experience in the coal industry. The company specialises in:
the recovery of coal from coal dumps; coal blending; waste management; coal transport; and offers
consulting services.
64
21. JVK Filtration Systems GmbH
Address: Postfach 60, ObereLerch 2, 91166 Georgensgmnd, Germany
Contact: Tel: +49 (0) 9172/707-0, Fax: +49 (0) 9172/707-77, E-mail: jvk@jvk.de, Website:
www.jvk.de
Description: JVK deals with filter presses, pressure filters, vacuum tank, filters vacuum, rotary filters,
electrolysis and micro filtration, which find application in many sectors, such as waste water/sewage,
chemistry, metallurgy and mining. The company is active worldwide, including in India.
22. Laboratorio Oficial Jose Mara de Madariaga (LOM)
Address: C/Eric Kandel, 1 (Tecnogetafe), 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
Contact: Tel: +34 91 442 13 66, Fax: +34 91 441 99 33, E-mail: lom@lom.upm.es, Website:
www.lom.upm.es
Description: LOM is a spin-off of the Polytechnic University of Madrid. Due to its wide international
experience in the coal mine industry and with coal-fired power plants, LOM provides technological
support related to coal mine methane degasification; methods, techniques and risk assessment in
mining; and hazardous area management for coal processes with potentially explosive atmospheres (gas
and dust). Through the Polytechnic University of Madrid LOM is participating in one of the European
projects (CIUDEN-Spain) for Technology Development for CO2capture, transport and storage.
Additionally, LOM has testing facilities that include an accredited laboratory for inflammable substances
characterisation. Currently, LOM has a representative office in Asia.
23. Lambion Energy Solutions GmbH
Address: Auf der Walme 1, 34454 Bad Arolsen, Germany
Contact: Tel: +49 5691 807-0, Fax: +49 5691 807-138, E-mail: office@lambion.de, Website:
www.lambion.de
Description: Lambion Energy Solutions specialises in biomass, which is presents a potential for a greater
share of biomass co-firing in India. Lambions range of expertise includes turnkey biomass power plants,
heating plants, and CHP cogeneration facilities. The company has completed projects in 72 countries
around the world, including in India.
24. MikroPul GmbH
Address: Edmund-Rumpler-Str.2, 51149 Cologne, Germany
Contact: Tel: +49 (0) 2203-93910, E-mail through contact form on website, Website:
http://www.mikropul.de/home/home.php
Description: MikroPul has been active in the field of dust collection, air pollution control and product
recovery for decades. It operates worldwide as a partner in engineering, plants and systems for filtration
and product recovery of (valuable) dusts.
25. OFAMA Sp. z.o.o.
Address: ul. Niemodliska 87, 45-864 Opole, Poland
Contact: Tel: +48 77 474 50 04, Fax: +48 77 474 50 05, E-mail: ofama@ofama.eu, Website:
www.ofama.eu
Description: Ofama offers designing and production of, vibratory screens, vibratory feeders, vibratory
conveyors, bucket elevators, vibratory drives, belt conveyors, screw conveyors, valves and flat crushers.
65
26. OsmoKaulamo Engineering Oy
Address: Wahlinkatu 6, 78250 Varkaus, Finland
Contact: Tel 1 (OsmoKaulamo): +358 400 674 173, Tel 2 (Aki Kaulamo): +358 40 512 3400, Fax: +358
17 552 6618, E-mail: oke@oke.fi, osmo.kaulamo@oke.fi or aki.kaulamo@oke.fi, Website: www.oke.fi
Description: Osmo Kaulamo Engineering was established in 1989 as a family-owned engineering
enterprise. The company specialises in engineering, design and project management of power and boiler
plants, and provides energy and engineering consulting services. Their product range includes silencers,
soot-blowing and ventilation systems, piping, continuous emission monitoring systems, and valves. The
company maintains a presence in India, which includes collaboration for the manufacture of CFBC
boilers.
27. PP-EKO Sp. z.o.o.
Address: ul. Agatowa 12, 03-680 Warsaw, Poland
Contact: Tel: +48 22 667 04 56, Fax: +48 22 678 94 90, E-mail: office@ppeko.com.pl,
orjdj@ppeko.com.pl,Website:www.ppeko.com.pl
Description: PP-EKO is a technological company that specializes in wastewater treatment and recovery,
and biogas systems for industry and municipalities. Its offer includes proprietary technologies for power
plants wastewater, mine wastewater recovery and reuse, water circuit closure, desalination, as well as a
wide range of biogas systems. On the market since 1993, the company has completed around 100
projects. PP-EKO operates in Europe and Asia (for example, Japan).
28. PROREM Sp. z.o.o.
Address: ul. Energetykw 7, 44-330 Jastrzbie-Zdrj, Poland
Contact: Tel: +48 32 47 51 409, Fax: +48 32 47 51 410, E-mail: prorem@prorem.pl, Website:
www.prorem.pl
Description: Established in 2000, PROREM Sp. z.o.o. offers a wide range of products and services; the
latter include design, sizing, turn-key delivery, installation, commissioning and after-sale services. The
equipment on offer by the company includes jigs, filter presses, screens, valves and fittings, coal
briquetting and control systems.
29. Sly Filters (Europe) Ltd
Address: 12 Coal Cart Road, Interchange Leicester, Birstall, Leicester, LE4 3BY United Kingdom
Contact: Tel: +44 (0)116 260 8187, Fax: +44 (0)116 264 0543, E-mail: sales@slyfilters.com, Website:
http://www.slyfilters.com/index.html
Description: Sly Filters Ltd is a middle-sized company, founded in 1874, dealing with dry filter dust
collectors and wet scrubbers dust collectors, including venturi scrubbers.
30. Testchem
Address: ul. Niepodlegoci 82d, 44-370 Pszw, Poland
Contact: Tel: +48 32 455 88 90Fax: +48 32 455 88 90, E-mail: biuro@testchem.pl, Website:
www.testchem.eu
Description: Testchem offers grinders and crushers for preparation of laboratory samples for inspection
and testing; devices (samplers) for automatic sampling of bulk materials. Their main advantage is that
the process is completely automated eliminating direct operation and risks resulting from it; cooling
66
systems for cooling and temperature stabilization of spectrometers, diffractometers, microscopes and
other devices; laboratory presses used to prepare samples for X-ray spectrometry, diffractometry and
infrared spectrometry for preparing solid samples of bulk materials, crushing and homogenizing
biological samples.
31. TOFAMA S.A.
Address: ul. Marii Skodowskiej-Curie 65, 87-100 Toru, Poland
Contact: Tel: +48 56 619 5201, Fax: +48 56 619 5272, E-mail: export@tofama.eu, Website:
www.tofama.eu
Description: At present the company offers state-of-the-art instruments and equipment used in the
production, storage and transportation of chemicals and food products including pumps for chemical
fluids and food products, industrial valves and metal equipment.
32. ZAKAD NAUKOWO - TECHNICZNY "EKO - LAB"
Address: JASIE, ul Sdecka 3, 32-800 Brzesko, Poland
Contact: Tel: +48 14 68 67 523, Fax: +48 14 68 67 522, E-mail: ekolab@ekolab.com.pl, Website:
www.ekolab.com.pl
Description: Eko-Lab is an experienced Polish producer of laboratory equipment and accessories
assigned for quality control needs in mining, power and chemical industry, as well as in research
laboratories and in environmental protection. EKO LAB produces, among others, jaw and roll crushers of
various sizes; various laboratory mills (vibration, ball, impact); control screens (various size and shape
of screen frame); laboratory screen shakers corresponding to the produced screens; and groove dividing
heads for dividing samples.
67
Other key players in clean coal technology
Below is a list of 11 major companies that are key players in clean coal technology. All of the enterprises
on the list are either European or European subsidiaries of a major international company. They possess
cutting-edge technology and expertise, and are active on both the European and global level. Small and
medium enterprises in the EU could also cooperate with these key players on major projects and in
doing business in India.
1. Alstom Group
Address: 3, Avenue Andr Malraux, 92309 Levallois-Perret Cedex, France
Contact: Tel: +33 (0)1 41 49 20 00, Website: www.alstom.com
Description: Alstom Group is the world leader in integrated power plants for the production of electricity
and air quality control systems. Alstom has expertise on a wide range of CCT, including circulating
fluidised bed solutions, boilers, turbines designed to cope with ultra-supercritical steam parameters,
turbogenerators, air quality control systems and CCS. Alstom Group is currently present in around 100
countries across the globe.
2. Doosan Power Systems Limited
Address: Doosan House, Crawley Business Quarter, Manor Royal, Crawley, West Sussex, RH10 9AD,
United Kingdom
Contact: Tel: +44 (0) 1293 612 888, Fax: +44 (0) 1293 584 321, E-mail: dps.online@doosan.com,
Website: www.doosanpowersystems.com
Description: Doosan Power System encompasses three subsidiaries of Doosan Global, a multinational
corporation based in the Republic of Korea. The three subsidiaries Doosan Babcock, Doosan Lentjes
and Doosan Skoda Power specialise in boilers, air pollution control and turbo generator manufacturing.
In the field of CCT, Doosan Power Systems possesses expertise in supercritical boilers, post-combustion
carbon capture, biomass co-firing and carbon reduction by using Doosans OxyCoal technology.
3. DMT GmbH & Co. KG
Address: Am Technologiepark 1, 45307 Essen, Germany
Contact: Tel: +49 201 172-1952, Fax: +49 201 172-1971, E-mail: ralph.schlueter@dmt.de, Website:
www.dmt.de
Description: DMT offers a wide range of services and products of interest to any company specialised in
CCT or the coal industry in general. This includes engineering and inspection services in mining,
exploration and geo survey, international consulting for mining operations, coke making technology, the
construction industry, mechanical and plant engineering, as well as product and structural safety. Their
products encompass measurement, testing and monitoring systems, explosion-proof electronics, and
technical engineering software, among others.
4. E.ON Group
Address: E.ON-Platz 1, 40479 Dsseldorf, Germany
Contact: Tel: +49 211 4579 0, Fax: +49 211 4579 501, E-mail: info@eon.com, Website: www.eon.com
Description: E.ON is the worlds most geographically diversified power producer. In relation to CCT, the
companys main focus is on CCS and it is actively involved in the development of all three stages of
CCS: pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture and oxyfuel combustion. Most of its focus is on
post-combustion technologies, as they can be most easily retrofitted into existing power plants and are
68
the most commercially viable. Currently, E.ON is supporting more than 80 promising R&D projects along
the entire CCS value chain.
5. Hitachi Europe Limited
Address: Whitebrook Park, Lower Cookham Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire SL6 8YA, United Kingdom
Contact: Tel: +44 (0) 1628 58 5000, Fax: +44 (0) 1628 58 5373, Website: www.hitachi.eu
Description: Hitachi Europe operates several subsidiaries, some of which specialise in CCT. Hitachi Power
Europe GmbH offers utility steam generators, flue gas cleaning systems (capable of precipitating 99.9
percent of dusts from the gas), firing systems and components, as well as turbines. It is able to provide
all the prerequisite steps for the construction of a coal-fired power plant. The company has recently also
constructed the first mobile CO2 capture pilot plant.
6. Magaldi Industrie S.r.l.
Address: Via Irno 219, 84135 Salerno, Italy
Contact: Tel: +39 089 688 111, Fax: +39 089 481 766, E-mail: industrie@magaldie.com, Website:
www.magaldi.com
Description: Magaldi is a supplier of conveying solutions, equipment and services for the global power,
cement and metallurgical companies. The company offers ash handling solutions (such as dry bottom
ash extraction systems, bottom ash post-combustion systems, ash recycling systems and fluidised bed
ash extraction systems), ancillary equipment (such as conveyor skirting, spillage recovery and conveyor
belt cleaning systems), conveyors for bulk material handling and fully integrated automation solutions
for electrical and control (such as software for ash systems control).
7. RAFAKO S.A.
Address: ul. Lakowa 33, 47-400 Racibrz, Poland
Contact: Tel: +48 032 410 10 00, E-mail: info@rafako.com.pl, Website: www.rafako.com.pl
Description: RAFAKO is the largest boiler manufacturer in Europe. The company offers general
contracting within the scope of fossil-fired power generation units. This includes boiler islands, PC boilers
for sub- and supercritical steam parameters, CFB boilers, heat recovery steam generators, stoker-fired
boilers and flue gas cleaning plants and equipment. It also provides boilers for waste incineration and
biomass combustion.
8. Siemens Energy
Address: Freyeslebenstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Contact: Tel: +49 180 524 70 00, Fax: +49 180 524 24 71, E-mail: support.energy@siemens.com,
Website: www.energy.siemens.com
Description: With 86,000 employees, Siemens Energy is one of the largest companies included in this
list. It provides a wide array of CCT-related technological solutions. These include gas turbines (with
over 60 percent efficiency), power plant control systems, IGCC plants, turnkey coal-fired power plants,
CCS solutions and supercritical CFB boilers.
9. STEAG Energy Services GmbH
Address: Rttenscheider Strae 1-3, D-45128 Essen, Germany
Contact: Tel: +49 201 801-00, Fax: +49 201 801-2737, E-mail: info-energyservices@steag.com,
Website: www.steag-energyservices.com
69
Description: STEAG Energy Services covers a wide range of areas, ranging from engineering services
and modernisation of fossil fuel-fired power plants through plant management services to IT systems
(energy and operation management systems and communication technologies) that support the
planning, operation and maintenance of power plants. The company owns an Indian subsidiary, STEAG
Energy Services (India) Pvt. Ltd.
10. ThyssenKrupp AG
Address: ThyssenKrupp Allee 1, P.O. Box, 45063 Essen, Germany
Contact: Tel: +49 201 844 0, Fax: +49 201 844 536000, E-mail: info@thyssenkrupp.com, Website:
www.thyssenkrupp.com
Description: ThyssenKrupp offers innovative solutions across a wide range of sectors and application
areas. The companys major contribution in the field of CCT is its range of fully mobile crushers. These
large electrically powered crushers can be employed in open pit mines and can replace hundreds of
heavy-duty trucks, with all the accompanying fuel, driver and replacement part costs. In conjunction
with a conveyor belt system, such crushers can reduce CO2 emissions up to 350,000 tonnes a year and
only require three to four specialists to operate.
11. Vattenfall AB
Address: Evenemangsgatan 13C, 169 56 Solna, Sweden
Contact: Tel: +46 8 739 50 00, Fax: +46 8 17 85 06, E-mail: info@vattenfall.com, Website:
www.vattenfall.com
Description: Vattenfall currently operates 16 coal power plants in Europe, in Denmark, Germany and the
Netherlands. The company is currently focusing on two areas; CCS and biomass co-firing. Its long-term
CCS research and development project has thus far resulted in a 30 MW pilot plant at the Schwarze
Pumpe lignite-fired power plant in Germany, and a CCS pilot project at the Willem Alexander power
plant in the Netherlands, operated by Vattenfalls daughter company Nuon.
70
130614_REP
This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The views expressed in this publication are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reect the views of EBTC or the European Union.
The European Business and Technology Centre (EBTC) sup-
ports EU companies and researchers on their market entry to
India by offering long-term hands-on support with a myriad of
services. With ofces in Indias metros of New Delhi, Mumbai,
Bengaluru and Kolkata, EBTC is well placed to offer complete
end-to-end solutions to companies who want to enter and our-
ish in the Indian market.
EBTCs efforts focus on 4 key sectors Biotech, Energy, En-
vironment and Transport all of which offer enormous scope
for closer EU-India collaboration, be it in business, science or
technology. As the connecting platform between business,
research, and government, EBTC ensures that EU players are
well networked with a solid base from which to develop their
venture.
EBTC New Delhi (Head Ofce)
DLTA Complex, South Block, 1
st
Floor
1, Africa Avenue, New Delhi 110 029, INDIA
Tel: +91 11 3352 1500
Fax: +91 11 3352 1501
E-mail: energy@ebtc.eu
www.ebtc.eu
New Delhi | Mumbai | Bengaluru | Kolkata | Brussels

E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n

B
u
s
i
n
e
s
s

a
n
d

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

C
e
n
t
r
e
,

2
0
1
3
.

A Copy of 130614 REP Potential of Clean Coal Technologies in India An SME Perspective Web

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

A Copy of 130614 REP Potential of Clean Coal Technologies in India An SME Perspective Web

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Copy of 130614 REP Potential of Clean Coal Technologies in India An SME Perspective Web

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

POTENTIAL OF CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA:

You might also like