INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS

ELE 3103
TASK 1 : INDIVIDUAL WORK
1.0 DIPHTHONGS
1.1 Chosen Diphthongs
The coursework made us choose two words between consonants, vowels or diphthongs.
For this coursework, two dipthongs have been choosen as an item to be reviewed. From this
point onwards these two dipthongs will be as a references for this coursework.
The choosen diphthongs are as follow;
1. /ai/
2. /o/
1. Notes !n" Point O# A$ti%&'!tion In P$o"&%ing Diphthongs
diphthong is two vowel sounds that come together so !uickl" that the" are
considered to be onl" one s"llable. #hile a vowel digraph is two letters with the first letter
making a long sound and the second letter is silent. #e call this$ %first one does the
talking, the second keeps on walking.% &n short when two vowels are beside each other
and make one sound the" are called digraphs.
#e had choosed two diphthong from '(() *nglish s"llabus for +ear ,. There
were five diphthongs were taught in "ear ,. From "ear , s"llabus, we came out with table
below.
-ipththong .vowel digraphs/
ie /i/
o! /o/
d"e soak
r"e coach
b"e approach
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
e"e load

1.2.1 -&01T1234 $ /i/
*5amples of this diphthong $
d"e /di/ r"e /li/
b"e /bi/ e"e /di/
The diphthong sounds of /i/ are as follows$
Lo( %ent$!' o$ 'o( )!%* to high #$ont tense &n$o&n"e" 6 /i/ 6
#hich means that,
rticulation refers to the place and manner of pronunciation. 1igh, mid, and low
refer to height of articulation, which describes the place in the mouth where the
vowel is pronounced. This diphthong /i/ produce 'o( vowels in the bottom of the
mouth.
Front, central, and back refer to frontness of articulation, which describes the part
of the tongue used to pronounce the vowel. This diphthong /i/ produce %ent$!'
vowels which it used the middle of the tongue, and produce )!%* vowels where
the part of the tongue closest to the throat.
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
Tense and la5 refer to the tenseness of articulation, which describes the tension
of the tongue during pronunciation. 7ut for this diphthong /i/, tense vowels are
pronounced with a tensed tongue and la5 vowels with a rela5ed tongue.
)ounded and unrounded refer to the roundness of article, which describes the
shape of the lips during the pronunciation of the vowel. 7ut for this diphthong /i/,
it was &n$o&n"e" vowels with the lips pulled in and back.

1.2.2 -&01T1234 $ /o/
*5amples of this diphthong $
boat /bot/ road /rod/
coat /cot/ load /lod/
The diphthong sounds of /o/ are as follows$
High )!%* tense $o&n"e" 6 /o/ 6
#hich means that,
rticulation refers to the place and manner of pronunciation. 1igh, mid, and low
refer to height of articulation, which describes the place in the mouth where the
vowel is pronounced. This diphthong /o/ produce high vowels are pronounced
in the top of the mouth
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
Front, central, and back refer to frontness of articulation, which describes the part
of the tongue used to pronounce the vowel. This diphthong /o/ produce )!%*
vowels with the part of the tongue closest to the throat.
Tense and la5 refer to the tenseness of articulation, which describes the tension
of the tongue during pronunciation. 7ut for this diphthong /o/, tense vowels are
pronounced with a tensed tongue and la5 vowels with a rela5ed tongue.
)ounded and unrounded refer to the roundness of article, which describes the
shape of the lips during the pronunciation of the vowel. 7ut for this diphthong /o/,
it was $o&n"e" vowels are pronounced with the lips pushed forward in an 2
shape.
1.+ ,o$e e-p'!n!tion
#hat e5actl" does the phrase %vowel articulation% mean8 rticulation refers to the place and
manner of pronunciation. 1igh, mid, and low refer to height of articulation, which describes the
place in the mouth where the vowel is pronounced. 1igh vowels are pronounced in the top of
the mouth, mid vowels in the middle of the mouth, and low vowels in the bottom of the mouth.
(a" the words beat and bat to feel the difference between a high and a low vowel.
Front, central, and back refer to frontness of articulation, which describes the part of the tongue
used to pronounce the vowel. Front vowels are pronounced with the tip of the tongue, central
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
vowels with the middle of the tongue, and back vowels with the part of the tongue closest to the
throat. (a" the words fit and foot to feel the difference between a front and a back vowel.
Tense and la5 refer to the tenseness of articulation, which describes the tension of the tongue
during pronunciation. Tense vowels are pronounced with a tensed tongue and la5 vowels with a
rela5ed tongue. (a" the words wheat and wet to feel the difference between a tense and a la5
vowel.
)ounded and unrounded refer to the roundness of article, which describes the shape of the lips
during the pronunciation of the vowel. )ounded vowels are pronounced with the lips pushed
forward in an 2 shape and unrounded vowels with the lips pulled in and back. (a" the words
food and foot to feel the differences between a rounded and an unrounded vowel.
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
1.. C'!ss$oo/ A%ti0it1 To P$!%ti%e Diphthongs 2Songs3
4$o/ the song: Ro( 5o&$ 6o!t
This is the original verses$
)ow row row "our boat
4entl" down the stream
9erril", merril", merril", merril"
:ife is but a dream
2., 1 -iphthongs /ai/
1ere;s some new verse$
)ide ride ride "our bike
)iding down the hill
&f "ou forget to slow "our bike
+ou fall and hurt "our knee
7link blink blink "our e"e
#hen "ou see the light
&f "ou give a kindl" smile
+our da" will shine and fine
#alk walk along the street
(ee the apple pie
Take a mone" in "our pocket
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
:et;s bu" apple pie
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
1., 2 -iphthongs /o/
1ere;s some new verse$
)ow row row "our boat
#atch the water flow
&f "our e"es can catch the toad
The toad is swimming slow
7rush brush brush "our coat
4entl" near the stream
7rush the coat with water and soap
Tr" to make it clean
<hase chase chase the toad
<hase it near the lake
&f "ou see it on the road
<atch and give it to snake
)ow row row "our boat
4entl" down the lake
-on;t stand up and rock the boat
2r "ou will fall into the lake
)ow row row "our boat
4entl" down the stream
-on;t fill up so man" in boat
2r it will be over load
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
#alk walk along the road
#earing =ean and coat
#atch "our step when see the toad
toad is crossing the road
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
TASK : INDIVIDUAL WORK
.0 ,ORPH7,7
.1 Notes O# ,o$phe/e
>.1.1 Free 9orpheme
&n linguistic, a #$ee /o$phe/e is a single linguistic unit which carries
meaning and can be used on its own as a word. Free morpheme is a morpheme
that can stand alone as a word within a sentence without another morpheme. &t
does not need an"thing attached to it to make a word. For e5ample, Cat is a free
morpheme. 9ost roots *nglish are free morphemes .for e5ample, dog, syntax, and
to/, although there are a few cases of roots .like -gruntle as in disgruntle/ that must
be combined with another bound morpheme in order to surface as an acceptable
le5ical item. % word like ?house? or ?dog? is called a free morpheme because it can
occur in isolation and cannot be divided further into meaningful units.
The free morphemes with le5ical content represent the ma=or parts of
speech$ noun, verbs, ad=ectives and adverbs. The free grammatical functional
morphemes include the minor parts of speech$ articles, prepositions and
con=unction among others. *5amples of free morphemes are shown in table
below.
4$ee Le-i%!' ,o$phe/e
No&n Ve$)s A"8e%ti0es A"0e$)s
man watch happ" further
stapler listen gloom" there
comb hear sad forthwith
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
4$ee G$!//!ti%!' ,o$phe/e
A$ti%'e P$eposition Con8&n%tion
the between while
an behind and
a on but
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
2.1.2 7ound 9orpheme
&n morpholog", a )o&n" /o$phe/e is a morpheme that cannot stand
alone as an independent word. 9ost *nglish language affi5es .prefi5es and
suffi5es/ are bound morphemes. prefi5 is a letter or a group of letters attached to
the beginning of a word that partl" indicates its meaning. For e5ample, there are
supportive and opposing prefi5es which are used to support for or disapproval of
whatever is e5pressed b" the word the";re attached to. #e also have negative
prefi5es, prefi5es of place, si@e, degree and status. #e have prefi5es of time and
order and prefi5es of number. *5amples for all these prefi5es are shown in the
table below.
P$e#i-es
T1pe ,e!ning 7-!/p'es
S&ppo$ti0e !n"
Opposing
pro A on the side of, supporting proBlife
proBmarket
anti A against antiBsocial
antibod"
antiBregulator"
contra A contrasting, against contraception
contradistinction
Neg!ti0e P$e#i-es
dis A opposite of what is meant b"
the second element.
disagree
dislike
disadvantage
un A the opposite of
im .before Cp;/
ir .before Cr;/
il .before Cl;/
unfair
improper
irrelevant
illegal
non A not nonBstop
nonBsmoker
P$e#i-es
T1pe ,e!ning 7-!/p'es
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ELE 3103
P$e#i-es o#
P'!%e
ante A before anteroom
antechamber
e5tra A outside, be"ond e5tracurricular
e5traBpa"
e5tramarital
inter A between
intra A inside
international
interracial
intravenous
intramural
tele A at a distance telecommunication
television
trans A across transse5ual
transnational
under A below underground
underclothes
undercharge
P$e#i-es o#
si9e: "eg$ee
!n" st!t&s
arch A highest, worst archbishop
archBenem"
micro
macro A large
micro transmitter
macroBeconomics
mini A small mini marathon
miniskirt
P$e#i-es o#
Ti/e !n"
O$"e$
mid A middle midBafternoon
midnight
post A after post mortem
postBmodernism
pre A before preschool
preview
#hile suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word
to form a new word or to alter the grammatical function of the original word.
*5amples are given in the table below.
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ELE 3103
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No&n S&##i-es
S&##i- ,e!ning 7-!/p'e
Bac" state or !ualit" privac"
Bal act or process of refusal
Ber, Bor one who trainer, protector
Bness state of being heaviness
Ve$) S&##i-es
Bate become eradicate
BBif", Bf" make or become terrif"
Bi@e, Bise become civili@e
A"8e%ti0e S&##i-es
Bable, Bible capable of being reliable , edible
Bal partitioning regional
Bive having the nature of creative
Bless without endless
INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
2.1.> -erivational 9orpheme
De$i0!tion!' can be defined as the morpheme which produce a new
le5eme from a base. .7auer. 1DEE$ 12/ or make new words from old one. .<r"stal,
p.DF/. -erivational morphemes have clear semantic content. &n this sense the" are
like content words, e5cept that the" are not words. s we have seen, when a
derivational morpheme is added to a root or stem, it adds meaning. The derived
word ma" also be of a different grammatical class than the original word. s shown
b" suffi5es such as -able and -ly. #hen a verb is suffi5ed with -able, the result is an
ad=ective, as in desire G able, adore G able. #hen the suffi5 -en is added to an
ad=ective, a verb is derived, as in dark G en. 2ne ma" form a noun from an
ad=ective, as in sweet G ie. 2ther e5amples are $
No&n to
A"8e%ti0e
Ve$) to No&n
A"8e%ti0e to
A"0e$)
No&n to Ve$)
A"8e%ti0e to
No&n
Ve$) to
A"8e%ti0e
bo" G ish
.bo"ish/
virtu G ous
.virtuous/
ac!uitt G all
.ac!uittal/
clear G ance
.clearance/
e5act G l"
.e5actl"/
!uiet G l"
.!uietl"/
moral G i@e
.morali@e/
brand G ish
.brandish/
tall G ness
.tallness/
specific G
it"
.specific/
read G able
.readable/
creat G ive
.creative/
7ut not all derivational morphemes cause a change in grammatical class.
*5amples$
No&n to No&n Ve$) to Ve$) A"8e%ti0e to A"8e%ti0e
friend G ship
.friendship/
human G it"
.humanit"/
un G do
.undo/
re G cover
.recover/
pink G ish
.pinkish/
in G flammable
.inflammable/
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
2.1., &nflectional 9orpheme
:inguistics recogni@es two classes of bound morphemes. The first class is
called in#'e%tion!' /o$phe/es and their influence on a base word is predictable.
&nflectional morphemes modif" the grammatical class of words .nouns, verbs and
ad=ectives/ b" signaling a change in number, person, gender, tense, and so on, but
the" do not shift the base form into another word class. &t is most t"picall" reali@ed
b" adding affi5ation .suffi5/ to the base form.
For noun word class, we can inflect it for number and gender. &nflected for
number can be divide into two, which are regular and irregular. )egular means the
changes is =ust involve adding 6s to the base form, while the irregular means we
change the vowels or change the base word to form a new word or not change the
word at all. s e5ample$
In#'e%te" #o$ n&/)e$
In#'e%te" #o$ gen"e$
Reg&'!$ I$$eg&'!$
bo" H bo"s foot H feet waiter H waitress
cat H cats child H children actor H actress
&t is also same for the verb word class, but we inflected the verbs for tense.
&nflected for tense can be divide into three, which are regular, irregular and no
phonological relation. s for e5ample$
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
In#'e%te" #o$ tense
Reg&'!$ I$$eg&'!$ No
Phono'ogi%!'
Re'!tion
No %h!nge Vo(e'
%h!nge
Conson!nt
%h!nge
Vo(e' !n"
%onson!nt
%h!nge
bo" H bo"s hit H hit H hit drink H
drank H
drunk
make H
made H
made
leave H left
H left
go H went
For the ad=ectives word class, we inflected for comparative. &t can divide
into phonological relation and no phonological relation. 0honological relation
means we =ust add suffi5 such as 6er or 6est to the ad=ective while no phonological
relation means the comparative words occur in the form of new word. s e5ample$
In#'e%te" #o$ %o/p!$!ti0e
0honological relation 3o phonological relation
hot H hotter H hottest good H better H best
tall H taller H tallest bad H worse H worst
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
. G$!phi% O$g!ni9e$ o# ,o$phe/e
2.2.1 Free 9orpheme
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
2.2.2 7ound 9orpheme
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
2.2.> -erivational 9orpheme
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ELE 3103
2.2., &nflectional 9orpheme
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INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION: TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS
ELE 3103
6I6LIOGRAPH5
6OOKS
9orales, *d. :iving in (panglish$ The (earch for :atino &dentit" in merica. :os ngeles$ :
#eekl" 7ooks, 2FF2.
9orales, *. .2FF2/. :iving in spanglish$ The search for latino identit" in merica. :os ngeles$
: #eekl" 7ooks.
lan <ruttenden .2FF1/. Gimsons Pronunciation of English .I
th
ed./. 3ew +ork$rnold.
-avid *. Freeman, +vonne *. Freeman. .2FF,/. Essentials Linguistic What You eed !o "now
to !each #eading, E$L, $%elling, Phonics, and Grammar& 0oltsmounth, 31. 1einemann.
3ina 1"ams, )obert )odman J Kictoria Fromkin. 'n (ntroduction of Language .L
th
ed./. Mnited
(tate$ 1einle. NNNNNNNNN.2FFF/. Longman )andy Learners *ictionary& *dinburgh,
*ngland.
(egen, Ooseph <., and Oosie #ade. The 0atient;s 4uide to 9edical Tests$ *ver"thing +ou
3eed to 'now bout the Tests +our -octor 2rders. 2nd ed. 3ew +ork$ <heckmark 7ooks,
2FF2.
-avid 7rett .2FFL/. *nglish 9orpholog". http$//davidbrett.uniss.it/.../*nglish9orpholog"
PDI:ecture2.ppt. ccessed on 2F1F
-erivational and &nflectional 9orpheme. http$//www.unc.edu/Qtofu/ling1F1/loggrab/-vs&.pdf.
ccessed on 2F1F
1eather 9arie 'osur .2FFD/. *nglish Kowels (ound. http$//www.brighthub.com/hubfolio/heatherB
marieBkosur/articles/,>LD>.asp5. ccessed on Oanuar", 22 2F1F
'risten 9ills .1DDE/. 9orpheme.
http$//www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng/morpheme.htm. ccessed on 2F1F
9orpholog". http$//www.ling.ohioBstate.edu/Qkdk/2F1/autumnF1/slides/morpholog"B,up.pdf.
ccessed on 2F1F
)ichard 3ord!uist .2F1F/. 7ound 9orpheme.
http$//grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/boundmorphterm.htm. ccessed on 2F1F
)ichard 3ord!uist .2F1F/. Free 9orpheme.
http$//grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/freemorphterm.htm. ccessed on 2F1F
.2F1F/ http$//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7oundNmorpheme
)ichard 3ord!uist .2F1F/. <ommon 0refi5es in *nglish.
http$//grammar.about.com/od/words/a/comprefi5FL.htm accessed on 2F1F
22