CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of five sub chapters. First, the explanation of the research design.
Second is the description about the source of data and data. Third is about instrument that is used
in collecting data. Fourth is the brief explanation on how the data is collected by the writer and
the last is also a brief explanation on how the data is analyzed by the writer.

3.1 Research Design
In this study, the writer employs the qualitative research. According to John W. Creswell
(in Haris Herdiansyah: 2011) explained that qualitative approach method is an investigation
process. Step by step, the researcher tried to understand social phenomenon by distinguishing,
comparing, imitating, and grouping object study. Qualitative approach has the purpose to
understand a social situation, event, roles, interaction, and groups.

3.2 Source of Data and Data
The source of data of this analysis is the book entitled Nursery Rhymes (2009) published
by Brown Watson. While, the data of this analysis are in form of sentences, phrase and words
which contains language style in Nursery Rhymes book.

3.3 Research Instrument
The writer uses the key or main instrument in collecting the data that is the writer herself.
It is used to get this study more effective and efficient to collect the data of language styles in a
children book entitled Nursery Rhymes (2009) published by Brown Watson. Arikunto (2002:126)
said that human instrument is the only primary instrument that is possibly used to collect the data
needed. To get the data, the writer chooses a book which titled is Nursery Rhymes published by
Brown Watson. After obtaining the data, the writer started to analyze the data provided.

3.4 Data Collection
The writer uses content analysis as a method in collecting the data. Bernard Berelson
(1952: 74) defined content analysis as a research technique for the objective, systematic, and
quantitative description of manifest content of communications. Content analysis is a research
tool focused on the actual content and internal features of media. It is used to determine the
presence of certain words, phrases, characters, or sentences within texts. Texts can be defined
broadly as books, book chapters, newspaper headlines and articles.
The writer collect the data through several steps, firstly, reading and comprehending all
of nursery rhymes in a Nursery Rhymes book for several times. The second is coding of the data,
for example: 3. 1. Number 3 means that it is the third nursery rhyme in the book, then number 1
mean that it is in page one.
2. 6: Higgeldy, piggeldy, my black hen,
She lays eggs for gentlemen;
Sometimes nine and sometimes ten,
Higgledy, piggeldy, my black hen.
The last is categorizing, and noting the nursery rhyme by using code based on the
division of language style in the following table:
Table 1. Style Based on Diction
Styles in Diction
Formal Style Informal Style Spoken Style
T
h
e

N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

C
o
d
e

G
h


Total

(Source: Sugiharto, 2000)






Table 2. Style Based on Sentence Structure
Styles in Sentence Structure
Climax Anticlimax Parallelism Antithesis Repetition
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T
h
e

N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

C
o
d
e



Total

(Source: Sugiharto, 2000)
Note:
Anticlimax 1 : Decrement
2 : Katabasis
3 : Bathos

Repetition 1 : Epyzeuksis 5 : Symploche
2 : Tautotes 6 : Mesodiplosis
3 : Anaphora 7 : Epanallepsis
4 : Epystrophe 8 : Anadiplosis




Table 3. Style Based on Meaning
Style in Meaning
Rethorical Style
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
a B a b
T
h
e

N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

C
o
d
e




Total

(Source: Sugiharto, 2000)
Note:
1. Alliteration 13. a. Pleonasm
2. Assonance b. Tautology
3. Anastrophe 14. Periphrasis
4. Apophasis 15. Prollepsis or Anticipation
5. Apostrophe 16. Erothesis
6. Asyndeton 17. a. Syllepsis
7. Polysindeton b. Zeugma
8. Chiasmus 18. Epanorthosis
9. Ellipsis 19. Overstatement
10. Euphemism 20. Paradox
11. Litotes 21. Oxymoron
12. Hysteron Proteron
Style in Meaning
Metaphorical Styles
(Sou
rce:
Sugi
harto
,
2000
)
Note
:
1. Simile 9. Metonymy
2. Metaphor 10. Atonomasia
3. a. Alegory 11. Hypallage
b.Parable 12. a. Irony
c. Fable b. Cynicism
4. Personification c. Sarcasm
5. Allusion 13. Satire
6. Eponym 14. Innuendo
7. Epitet 15. Antiphrasis
8. a. Synecdoche pars pro toto 16. Paranomasia
b. Synecdoche totum pro parte
The data collection will be done simultaneously with the data analysis. The data
collection was terminated when the available was considered to be substantial enough to answer
the research problem.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16
a b c a b a b c
T
h
e

N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

C
o
d
e





Total


3.5 Data Analysis
The data analysis of this research is interactive model analysis. Miles and Huberman (in
Haris Herdiansyah: 2011) said that the activities of data analysis in qualitative design is done
interactively and continuously in each of step of the research until finish. There are four linked
sub processes that are applied in research; they are data collection, data reduction, data display,
and conclusion drawing or verification.
Applying this theory, the first step is data collection. The data are collected by taking it
from the novel. The second is data reduction. The writer reduces, classifies, and codes the data.
The third, the data are displayed. The analysis is started from the first research question, the
writer categorizes and explains sentence, phrase, and word based on Keraf classification of
language style. After that, straight forward to the second research question, the writer describes
the language style which dominantly appears in Nursery Rhymes book by giving percentage of
each style, then putting in the table. The last is conclusion and verification, the writer will
interprets by drawing meaning from displayed data.