Defects in vision

o Presbyopia: as people age, the lens becomes less flexible and near point recedes from
the eye. As a result objects far away cannot be see. Can be corrected using a converging
lens
o Hyperopia: lens cannot decrease focal length to focus on nearby objects and so nearby
objects cannot be see. Corrected using a converging lens
o Myopia: lens cannotincrease focal length to focus on far away objects and so farther
objects cannot be seen. Corrected using a diverging lens
o Astigmatism: occurs when the cornea is not spherical but instead elongated. Results in
distorted images. Corrected using a cylindrical surface lens
Keywords: ias, upsc, civil service, study material, general studies
Applications of Mirrors
o Kaleidoscope: A toy in which multiple images are formed by two mirrors placed inside a
tube
o Periscope: Two plane mirrors fixed facing each other ! degrees. "sed in submarines
o Concave mirror: #hen used close to face gives magnified image. "sed for shaving,
personal care etc
o Convex mirror: $roduces smaller image but gives wider range of view. "sed in rear view
mirrors
o Parabolic mirror: A concave mirror whose section is the shape of a parabola, helps in
focusing. "sed as reflectors in search lights, car head lights etc
Keywords: ias, upsc, civil service, study material, general studies
Keywords: ias, upsc, civil service, study material, general studies
Optics in the atmosphere
Observed effect Underlying cause Description
Blue colour of sky Rayleigh scattering
Higher frequencies (blue light) get more
scattered than lower frequencies
Red colour of sunrise
and sunset
Mei scattering
Scattering due to suspended particles (like
dust) when suns rays hae to trael longer
distance
Halos!afterglows Scattering Scattering off ice particles
Sundog Scattering
Scattering off ice crystals causing bright
spots on the sky
Mirage Refraction
"oaya #emlya effect Refraction Sun appears to rise earlier than predicted
$ata Morgana
Refraction due to
temperature inersion
%b&ects beyond the hori'on can be seen
eleated
Rainbow (otal internal reflection
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Optics for photography
Desired effect Approach
)lose up *se macro lens
+ong shot (elephoto lens
,anoramic pictures -ide angle lens
Handle low light conditions
.ncrease e/posure time (decrease
shutter speed)
$ast moing ob&ects
0ecrease e/posure speed (increase
shutter speed)
.ncrease depth of field (foreground and
background both in focus)
.ncrease aperture i1e1 f2number