EEEB 111 ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT LABORATORY - UNITEN Exp.

6, Page 1/17





EEEB111

ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS
MEASUREMENT LABORATORY




Experiment 6:
Introduction to Oscilloscope & Phase Measurement

























EEEB 111 ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT LABORATORY - UNITEN Exp. 6, Page 2/17

EXPERIMENT 6



Introduction to Oscilloscope & Phase Measurement


Assessed OBE Course Objective: CO1 and CO4


OBJECTIVES

The objective of this laboratory experiment is to learn how to use the digital oscilloscope to display
time varying signals and to understand the triggering method of the digital oscilloscope to display a
steady waveform on the oscilloscope.

The phase relationship between two sinusoidal signals, using the Time Delay Method and Lissajous
Pattern Method are also studied.


INTRODUCTION

A. Oscilloscope, AC & DC Voltages

The digital oscilloscope is one of the most useful and versatile instruments used to make electronic
measurements. The primary use of the oscilloscope is to display variation of a voltage with respect to
time. In this experiment, the important control functions of the oscilloscope will be studied.

Two (2) types of waveforms from the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) voltages will
be observed. DC voltages do not vary with time and are characterized by its magnitude only.



Figure 6.1: Osci l l oscope r epr esent at i on of a DC Vol t age

AC voltages vary with time and are characterized by its magnitude and frequency.



Figure 6.2: Osci l l oscope r epr esent at i on of an AC Vol t age

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Peak-to-peak amplitude (see Figure 6.2) is the voltage difference between the maximum and
minimum of the waveform.

Zero peak-to-peak amplitude of the waveform is half of the peak-to-peak amplitude.

The period of the waveform is the time required for the waveform to complete one cycle; the
reciprocal of the period is the frequency of the waveform.



Figure 6.3: Wavef or mPar amet er s

B. Triggering Basics

The triggering mechanism of the oscilloscope determines the starting point of each horizontal
sweep. When a trigger source voltage passes through a particular voltage level (called the
threshold), the time base generator is triggered.

To get a stable waveform, the trigger source and input signal must be synchronized. (i.e. on same
frequency or multiples of the same frequency)

The three (3) trigger sources are:

1. Internal
- used when the signal being displayed is the trigger source.

2. External
- allows the user to apply an external signal to be used as a synchronization signal.

3. Line
- utilizes the 50 Hz power line voltage from the power supply utility as the triggering
source.















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C. Phase Measurements

The phase of a sinusoidal is the displacement of that signal relative to a reference, usually another
signal.

1. Time Delay Method


Figure 6.4: Phase Measur ement by Ti me Del ay Met hod

Consider the waveforms in Figure 6.4. Both waveforms have the same frequency, but one
waveform, V
2
, is shifted in time relative to the other waveform, V
1
. Thus, V
2
is said to lag V
1
.
Similarly, it may be said that V
1
leads V
2
.

The phase angle may be computed using the equation:

=
360

where

is the fraction of the period which V

2
is shifted in time relative to V
1
.


2. Lissajous pattern method

This method requires the oscilloscope to display the variation of one signal voltage with
respect to a second signal voltage, rather than with respect to time.

In this application, the XY display capability of the signal oscilloscope is used. The reference
signal V
1
is applied to the horizontal (X) input, while V
2
is applied to the vertical (Y) input.

Given that the two signals have the same frequency, an elliptical Lissajous pattern will be
formed. The phase angle may be computed from the Lissajous pattern by noting that:

=
1

where A and B are quantities which may be read from the Lissajous pattern.

Figure 6.5 illustrates the input signals and the resulting Lissajous pattern.


T is the period of the
waveforms.

T is the distance between
the points where both V1
and V2 cuts the Time axis.

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Figure 6.5: I nput Si gnal s and Resul t i ng Li ssaj ous Pat t er n

PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT

Download, read and print Introduction to Oscilloscope Measurement from
http://metalab.uniten.edu.my/~sulaiman/eeeb111.htm . Bring the printed material to lab to assist
during the experiment.






















V
t
C
D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V
1
=C sin t
8
V
t
B
A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V
2
=B sin (t +)
B
A
-B
-A
-D -C
D C
V
2
V
1


A is the point where the ellipse cuts
the V2 axis.

B is the maximum point of the
ellipse.

Adjust the Ellipse waveform using
the vertical adjusting knob of
Channel 1 to be centered at zero.
Position (V1,V2) =(0V,0V)

EEEB 111 ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT LABORATORY - UNITEN Exp. 6, Page 6/17


UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
College of Engineering
Semester: I / II / Special Academic Year: 20 .. / 20 ..
COURSE CODE: EEEB111 EXPERIMENT NO.: 6
LAB INSTRUCTOR: DATE: TIME:
TITLE: Introduction to Oscilloscope & Phase Measurement
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this laboratory experiment is to learn how to use the digital oscilloscope to display time
varying signals and to understand the triggering method of the digital oscilloscope to display a steady
waveform on the oscilloscope.

The phase relationship between two sinusoidal signals, using the Time Delay Method and Lissajous
Pattern Method are also studied.
PRE-LAB: MARKS:
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:
Part A: Displays of High Frequency Sine Waveforms on DC and AC Couplings
Graph /2
Part B: Displays of Low Frequency Square Waveforms
Graph /2
Part C: Study of the Sensitivity Control
Graph /2
Part D: Study of the Sweep Time Control
Graph /2
Part E: Triggering Controls
Min & max trigger values /1
Graph slope triggers /1
Graph sync signal /1
Table 6.1 /3
Part F: Phase Measurements using Time Delay Method & Lissajous Pattern Method
Graph /2
Table 6.2 /1.5
Graph /2
Table 6.3
/1.5
POST-LAB:
Part A:
Q1 /1
Q2 /2
Part B
Q1
/1
/ /
Q2
Part C
/2
/1.5
CONCLUSIONS: /1.5
INSTRUCTORS COMMENTS:
TOTAL:
/30
STUDENT NAME: STUDENT ID:
SECTION:

EEEB 111 ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT LABORATORY - UNITEN Exp. 6, Page 7/17

GROUP MEMBER: STUDENT ID:
EQUIPMENT
1. Oscilloscope
2. Function Generator (AC Power Supply)
3. Oscilloscope Probes x 2nos.
4. BNC-Crocodile Clips Probe x 1no.


PROCEDURE

Part A: Displays of High Frequency Sine Waveforms on DC and AC Couplings

a. Take a BNC-Crocodile Clips probe, which has a probe setting of x1.

b. Connect the BNC end of the BNC-Crocodile Clips probe to the function generators MAIN
output.

c. Take an Oscilloscope probe, and set the probe setting to x10.

d. Connect the coaxial end of the Oscilloscope probe to the oscilloscopes Channel 1 input.

e. Attach the remaining ends of BNC-Crocodile Clips and the Oscilloscope probes together.
Note that the metallic hook end on the Oscilloscope probe is the positive and the wire is the
negative.

f. Turn on the function generator and oscilloscope.

g. Set it to display, on the oscilloscope screen, a sine wave output of:

Frequency = 1 kHz
Peak-to-peak amplitude = 8V

h. Press AUTOSCALE.

This AUTOSCALE feature requires AC signals with frequencies 50 Hz to function.
For frequencies < 50 Hz, manual scaling using the Horizontal (time) control knob must be
done.

i. Press the Vertical Menu button of Channel 1.

A menu will be displayed at the bottom of the oscilloscope screen.
It shows the coupling options available on the oscilloscope.

j. Select the ground coupling option.

Ground coupling determines the ground reference i.e. the zero voltage reference line.

k. Adjust the zero reference line using the vertical adjusting knob of Channel 1 to be centered
at zero.

l. Select the AC coupling option.

m. Save the resulting waveform to memory Mem 1.

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n. Repeat the ground coupling procedure.

o. Display for the DC coupling option.

p. Sketch BOTH resulting waveforms on the following graph, indicating title, proper couplings
and labeling axes.






Graph of High Frequency Sine Waveforms on AC and DC Couplings




Sensi t i vi t y: Sweep Ti me:

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Part B: Displays of Low Frequency Square Waveforms

a. Set the function generator to deliver a square wave output of:

Fr equency = 5 Hz
Peak- t o- peak ampl i t ude = 8V

b. Adjust the Horizontal Sensitivity knob to get at least one cycle or complete
waveform displayed on the screen.

As mentioned before the Autoscale feature does not function for frequency < 50 Hz,
therefore we need to use the Horizontal sensitivity knob to adjust manually.

c. Repeat the Ground coupling procedure.

d. Display the AC coupling waveform.

e. Save to Mem 1.

f. Repeat the procedure with the DC coupling option.

g. Sketch BOTH resulting waveforms on the following graph, indicating title, proper couplings
and labeling axes.






Graph of Low Frequency Square Waveforms on AC and DC Couplings


Sensi t i vi t y: Sweep Ti me:

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Part C: Study of the Sensitivity Control

a. Set the function generator to deliver a sine wave output of:

Fr equency = 1 kHz
Peak- t o- peak ampl i t ude = 8V


a. Turn the Vertical scale knob to adjust the Volts/Div sensitivity for Channel 1. Change
the sensitivity to 2 V/Div and save the resulting waveform to Mem 1.

On the oscilloscope screen, the current sensitivity setting is displayed at the top left hand side,
next to the channel number.

b. Repeat the procedure for sensitivity setting of 5 V/Div save the resulting waveform to Mem
2.

c. Sketch ALL resulting waveforms on the following graph, indicating title, proper couplings
and labeling axes.

d. Label the waveform according to the sensitivity settings: 2V/Div and 5V/Div.







Graph of 2V/div and 5V/div Sensitivity Controls
Sweep Ti me:



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Part D: Study of the Sweep Time Control

a. Using a 500 Hz 8V peak-to-peak sine wave and a sensitivity setting of 2 V/div.

b. Turn the Horizontal scale knob to adjust the ms/div settings to 500s/div.

c. Save to Mem 1.

d. Repeat to get the waveform with sweep settings of 1 ms/div.

e. Sketch ALL resulting waveforms on the following graph, indicating title, proper coupling and
labeling axes.

f. Label the waveforms according to the sweep settings.







Graph of 500s/div and 1ms/div Sweep Time Controls




Sensi t i vi t y:





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Part E: Triggering Controls

1. Set the oscilloscope-triggering mode to Auto mode. To do this, press the Mode button at the
TRIGGER control panel. Next, press the menu key at the bottom of the screen corresponding
to the Auto selection.

2. Select the trigger source to be channel 1. To do this, press the Source button and then, the
menu key at the bottom of the screen corresponding to the Trigger Source selection. Finally,
press the menu key corresponding to the channel 1 selection.

3. Connect a 1 kHz, 4V peak-to-peak triangle wave to the oscilloscopes channel 1 input
connector.

4. Set the trigger source to beAC Coupling Setting.

5. At the Trigger control panel, the trigger level may be adjusted using the corresponding Level
cursor knob. Vary the triggering level, by turning the knob, until the next waveform becomes
unstable (the current trigger level is shown on the screen).

6. Record the minimum and maximum trigger value, which seems to make waveform unstable
(i.e. non-stationary).

Minimum Trigger value =______________

Maximum Trigger value =______________

7. Adjust the triggering level control to zero level i.e. make the waveform stable again.

8. Observe the effect of changing trigger slope setting. The slope setting is changed by first
pressing the Slope/Coupling button at the TRIGGER control panel.

9. Sketch the waveform for both instances of triggering.

Graph of Positive and Negative Slope Triggers


10. Display the synchronizing signal from the function generator (labeled SYNC or TRIG OUT on
the function generator) using Channel 1. Sketch the signal.

Sensitivity:


Sweep Time:

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Graph of Synchronizing Signal


11. Connect a 1 kHz, 4V peak-to-peak sine wave to the oscilloscopes channel 1 input connector
in the AC Coupling Mode.

12. Set the trigger source to channel 1. Switch the trigger source to channel 2, then to Line Mode
and finally to External Mode (also called auxiliary). Observe and record the stability of each
display.

13. With the trigger source set to Ext Mode, connect the SYNC output of the function generator
to the oscilloscope through the External Trigger input terminal at the bottom right of the
scope. Record the stability of the waveforms.

14. Finally, disconnect the SYNC output connection and select the Line triggering source and
reduce the frequency of the sine wave to 50 Hz. Observe and record the stability of the
waveform.

15. Record all observations in the following Table 6.1.

Table 6.1: Resul t s f or St abi l i t y of Tr i gger i ng Di spl ay



















Sine
Waveform
Trigger Source
Stability of
Waveform
1kHz
Channel 1

Channel 2

Line

Ext

Ext with Sync

50Hz Line

Sensitivity:


Sweep Time:

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Part F: Phase Measurements using Time Delay & Lissajous Pattern Method

1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 6.6.

Figure 6.6: RC Ser i es Ci r cui t

2. Use a 1 kHz sine wave with 8 V peak-to-peak amplitude as input V
1
.

3. Connect V
1
to channel 1 and V
2
to channel 2 of the oscilloscope (as shown in Figure 6.6).

4. Be sure that the waveforms are centered about zero reference voltage by using the AC
coupling option (located under the VERTICAL control panel).

5. Select channel 1 as the trigger source, which sets V
1
as the reference signal.

6. Sketch the signals and determine the phase of V
2
relative to V
1
by the time-delay method.

Graph of Time Delay Method Channel 1


7. To measure T, use the Cursors button located at the Measure control panel. Record
measurements.

8. Tabulate your measurements in Table 6.2.

Channel 1
Sensitivity:

Channel 2
Sensitivity:

Sweep Time:

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Table 6.2: Phase angl es usi ng Ti me Del ay Met hod








Note:

In situations where the input signal is very weak (i.e.: amplitude is very small), the waveform
displayed on the oscilloscope will be unstable. To overcome this problem, the External Triggering
Method using the SYNC signal from the Function Generator should be used for proper triggering of
the Oscilloscope.

9. At the HORIZONTAL control panel, press the Main/Delay button.

10. Next, press the menu key corresponding to the XY selection. The Lissajous pattern should be
present on the display.

11. Sketch the display, measure and record the distances 2A (from A to A) and 2B (from B to
B), and compute the phase of V
2
with respect to V
1
.

Lissajous Pattern Method: 1 kHz frequency


9. Tabulate your measurements in Table 6.3.

Table 6.2: Phase Angl es usi ng Li ssaj ous Pat t er n Met hod

Frequency

2A
=A
1
-(-A
2
)

2B
=B
1
-(-B
2
)

=
1

1kHz



Trigger Source T
T
=
360

Channel 1

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POST-LAB ASSIGNMENT

Part A

1. State the proper coupling for the following AC wave form:

a. A high frequency sine wave : ________________


b. A low frequency square wave : ________________



2. Given the waveform shown below, answer the following questions, showing workings.










Vertical Sensitivity = 2 Volts/div
Sweep time = 500s/div






a. What is the peak-to-peak voltage of the triangular wave?




b. What is the period of the waveform?




c. What is the frequency of the waveform?


















Vol t age
Ti me

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Part B

Theoretically,
=
1
1
2



1. Determine the theoretical values for the phase shift of V
2
relative to V
1
for the circuit of Figure
6.6 at 1 kHz.

1 kHz


2. Find the magnitude of the percentage error by comparing the theoretical values against measured
values of Lissajous pattern and Time Delay methods.

Lissajous Pattern Method Time Delay Method











Part C: Open Ended Question

1. How important an oscilloscope in the engineering field? Provide at least one sample of
application.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSIONS:

Identify THREE (3) main understandings that you have gained from this experiment.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________