The document discusses various properties of fluids including:
- Mass density, specific weight, pressure, specific gravity, and specific volume which involve mass and weight.
- Specific heat, specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, and state postulates which involve the flow of heat.
- Viscosity, which is a measure of a fluid's resistance to shear forces and is dependent on velocity gradients. Newtonian fluids obey Newton's law of viscosity.
- Surface tension, which results from unbalanced molecular forces at fluid interfaces and affects phenomena like capillary action and excess pressure in droplets. Surface tension decreases with increasing temperature.
Magneto-Convective Non-Newtonian Nanofluid With Momentum and Temperature Dependent Slip Flow From A Permeable Stretching Sheet With Porous Medium and Chemical Reaction
The document discusses various properties of fluids including:
- Mass density, specific weight, pressure, specific gravity, and specific volume which involve mass and weight.
- Specific heat, specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, and state postulates which involve the flow of heat.
- Viscosity, which is a measure of a fluid's resistance to shear forces and is dependent on velocity gradients. Newtonian fluids obey Newton's law of viscosity.
- Surface tension, which results from unbalanced molecular forces at fluid interfaces and affects phenomena like capillary action and excess pressure in droplets. Surface tension decreases with increasing temperature.
The document discusses various properties of fluids including:
- Mass density, specific weight, pressure, specific gravity, and specific volume which involve mass and weight.
- Specific heat, specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, and state postulates which involve the flow of heat.
- Viscosity, which is a measure of a fluid's resistance to shear forces and is dependent on velocity gradients. Newtonian fluids obey Newton's law of viscosity.
- Surface tension, which results from unbalanced molecular forces at fluid interfaces and affects phenomena like capillary action and excess pressure in droplets. Surface tension decreases with increasing temperature.
The document discusses various properties of fluids including:
- Mass density, specific weight, pressure, specific gravity, and specific volume which involve mass and weight.
- Specific heat, specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, and state postulates which involve the flow of heat.
- Viscosity, which is a measure of a fluid's resistance to shear forces and is dependent on velocity gradients. Newtonian fluids obey Newton's law of viscosity.
- Surface tension, which results from unbalanced molecular forces at fluid interfaces and affects phenomena like capillary action and excess pressure in droplets. Surface tension decreases with increasing temperature.
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Lecture 2 PROPERTIES OF FLUID Chapter Summary n What is Property ? n Properties Involving Mass and Weight n Properties Involving Flow of heat n Shear Stress in Moving Fluid and Viscosity n Surface Tension n Vapour Pressure n Speed of Sound Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 n Characteristics by which physical conditions can be described n Extensive properties ~ properties that varies in proportion to mass of system n Intensive properties ~ properties that are independent of mass n Properties are expressed in basic dimensions ~ length (m), mass (kg), time (s) and temperature (C) ~ use SI unit 2.1. What is Property ? Properties ????? Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 n Mass Density, r : - Formula : mass / volume Unit : kgm -3 Dimension : ML -3 Typical Values : water (1000), air (1.23) n Specific Weight, g : - Formula : weight / volume = rg Unit : Nm -3 Dimension : ML -2 T -2 Typical Values : water (9810), air (12.07) n Pressure, P : - Formula : force / Area Unit : Nm -2 & Dimension : ML -1 T -2 2.2. Properties Involving Mass and Weight Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 n Specific Gravity, SG : - Relative density as compared to a reference value The reference value is normally water at standard temperature and pressure Formula : SG = r fluid / r water Dimension : dimensionless Typical Values : water (1), oil (0.9) n Specific Volume, u : - Formula : volume / mass = 1 / r Unit : m 3 / kg Dimension : L 3 M -1 2.2. Properties Involving Mass and Weight Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 n State postulate - r = r (p,T) , h = h (p,T) etc. n Ideal gas equation of state : p = r RT n Specific Heat, C : - Capacity of substance to store thermal energy Energy that must be transferred to a unit mass of a substance to raise its temperature by 1 degree Unit : kJ/(kgK) C p ~ specific heat capacity at constant pressure C v ~ specific heat capacity at constant volume k = C p / C v = isentropic exponent, R = C p - C v 2.3. Properties Involving Flow of Heat Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 n Specific Heat, C : - C p and C v generally increases with temperature k is general gradually dcrease with temperature k for common 8 gasses 2.3. Properties Involving Flow of Heat Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 n Specific Internal Energy, u : - energy substance possess because of the state of molecular activity in the substance Function of temperature and pressure Unit : J/kg n Specific Enthalpy, h : - combination of : u + p / r Basically = internal energy + flow work 2.3. Properties Involving Flow of Heat Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 2.4. Shear Stress in Moving Fluids Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 ~ Consider fluid moving close to a flat wall ~ Fluid can be envisaged as consisting of multiple layers of filaments ~ At the wall velocity is zero ~ no slip conditions ~ Far from wall, finite velocity exist ~ thus exist velocity gradient 2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity ~ NEWTON observed experimentally : - Shear stress a Rate of change of shear strain ~ Rate of change of shear strain = dV/dy ~ Thus : ~ m is the DYNAMIC VISCOSITY ~ the measure of fluid resistance to shear when there is relative motion within the fluid ~ KINEMATIC VISCOSITY : Dynamics Viscosity / Density NEWTONs Law of Viscosity (NLV) Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity ~ 2 Mechanisms are responsible for shear stress : - Intermolecular bonding ~ small for fluid especially gas Momentum transfer between the layers Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity ~ Fluids that obey the NLV is called NEWTONIAN fluids ~ Fluids that dont obey the NLV is called NON-NEWTONIAN fluids ~ E.g. blood, slurries (mixture of liquid and solid) etc ~ Rheology - study of NON-NEWTONIAN fluids Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity (Ex 1) A1m x 1m board that weigh 25 N slides down an inclined ramp (slope =20 o ) with a velocity of 2.0 cm/s. The board is separated from the ramp by a thin film of oil of 0.05 Ns/m 2 . Neglecting edge effects, calculates the spacing between the board and the ramp Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity (Ex 2) The device shown consists of a disk that is rotated by a shaft. The disk is positioned very close to a solid boundary. Between the disk and boundary is viscous oil. The oil viscosity is 0.01 Ns/m 2 and the spacing is 2 mm. If the rate of rotation is 5 rad/s and D =10 cm, calculates the torque required to rotate the disk. Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity (Ex 3) Some instruments having angular motion are damped by means of a disk connected to the shaft. The disk in turn is immersed in a container of oil as shown. Derive a formula for the damping torque as a function of the disk diameter D, spacing S , rate of rotation w and oil viscosity m. Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity (Ex 4) A special damping device consists of a sphere. The sphere is enclosed in a spherical cavity with the distance between the sphere surface and the interior wall of the cavity being 1 mm. The space between the sphere and the wall is filled with oil (SAE 10W at 38 o C). The diameter of the sphere is 100 mm. The sphere is turned by a shaft that has a diameter much less than the diameter of the sphere. Neglect the effects on the shaft. Determine the torque on the shaft for a rotation of 10 rpm. Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity (Ex 5) Suppose that glycerin is flowing (T=20 o C) and that the pressure gradient dp/dx is 1.6 kN/m 3 . What are the velocity and shear stress at a distance of 12mm from the wall if the space B between the wall is 5cm? What are the shear stress and velocity at the wall? The velocity distribution for viscous flow between stationary plates is Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 n A liquid will form an interface with a second liquid or gas n Molecules near the surface have greater attraction with each other ~ This give rise to surface tension 2.5 Surface Tension Balance force inside the liquid Unbalance force causing surface to be in tension Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 2.5 Surface Tension Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 n Surface tension, , is measured as the force acting across a unit length of line drawn on the surface. Acts in the plane of the surface and normal to any line in the surface n Dimension : MT -2 n Unit : N/m n Effect of surface tension : - Reduce the surface of liquid to minimum ~ droplet tend to be spherical - Excess Pressure in droplets and bubbles - Capillary effect 2.5 Surface Tension ..
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 n Surface tension is dependant on temperature. 2.5 Surface Tension .. Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 2.5 Surface Tension .. Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 Excess Pressure 2 4 Capillary Effect Non wetting Effect 2.5. Surface Tension (Ex 2) Mercury does not adhere to a glass surface, so when a glass tube is immersed in a pool of mercury, the meniscus is depressed. The surface tension of mercury is 0.514 N/m. Find the depression distance in a 1-mm glass tube. Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 2.5. Surface Tension (Ex 1) A water bug is suspended on the surface of a pond by surface tension (water does not wet the legs). The bugs has six legs, and each leg is in contact with the water over a length of 5mm. What is the maximum mass (in g) of the bug is it is to avoid sinking? Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 n Definition ~ Pressure at which a liquid boils and in equilibrium with its own vapour n It is a function of temperature and increasing with temperature n Conversely boiling temperature decrease with decrease in pressure and boiling can occur at low temperature is pressure is low enough n This phenomena is called CAVITATION n Occurs in fluid machinery and causes damages and failures 2.6 Vapour Pressure Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 n Vapour pressure of water increases with temperature 2.6 Vapour Pressure Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 2.6 Vapour pressure Formation of cavitation bubbles in low pressure regions Damage due to cavitation - Hydro Dam Spillway Cavitation damage in fluid machinery Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 n Definition ~ The rate of propagation of small disturbance pressure pulses (sound wave) through the fluid ~ a n Formula ~ a = (kRT) n Air at 20 o C has a of about 343 m/s n Mach number, Ma = V/a measure the fluid velocity relative to the speed of sound n Compressibility becomes important when Ma > 0.3 2.7 Speed of Sound Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223 End of Lecture 2 Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Magneto-Convective Non-Newtonian Nanofluid With Momentum and Temperature Dependent Slip Flow From A Permeable Stretching Sheet With Porous Medium and Chemical Reaction