Gyeongsang National University

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Prof. Tae-Won Ban !
! E-UTRAN Protocol Architecture
! LTE MAC
Overview
Scheduling
H-ARQ
Random Access
! LTE RRC
Overview
UE State Model
Mobility Measurement
"#$%&$%'
Prof. Tae-Won Ban (
)*+,-./ 12#%#3#4 .2356%&3%72&
Prof. Tae-Won Ban 8
! MME: Location Registration, Idle State Mobility Handling
! S-GW: Transfer of IP Packets, Anchoring for UE Mobility between
eNodeBs
! P-GW: UE IP Allocation, Packet Filtering into different QoS-based
bearers, Mobility Anchoring for inter-working with non-3GPP
networks
/&%9#2: .2356%&3%72& #; <,)
Prof. Tae-Won Ban =
>&?2&2'
End-to-End Service
EPS Bearer
E-RAB S5/S8 Bearer
Radio Bearer S1 Bearer
UE eNB S-GW P-GW Peer
E-UTRAN EPC Internet
Radio S1 S5/S8
External Bearer
Prof. Tae-Won Ban @
<?A&2&B .2356%&3%72& #; )*+,-./ 12#%#3#4
!"
!"#
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RRC
(,,,,
,measurement )
PDCP
(IP header )
CN
MBMS
RLC
( , ), (Tr mode,UM mode, AM mode)
MAC
(,mux/demux, , UE(RNTI),Ciphering)
PHY
(,,HARQ,mux/demux )
IF/RF
Logical Channel
Transport Channel
Physical Channel
L1
L3
L2
control-plane user-plane
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(DL:,, UL:
)
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Prof. Tae-Won Ban C
! User Plane
12#%#3#4 .2356%&3%72& #; <,)
Prof. Tae-Won Ban D
! Control Plane
No header compression for control plane
12#%#3#4 .2356%&3%72& #; <,)
Access Stratum (AS) protocols between UE and eNB
Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocols between UE and EPC
Prof. Tae-Won Ban E
<,) F."*GH&2H6&9
Prof. Tae-Won Ban IJ
! Downlink Channel Mapping
"5?$$&4 F?KK6$L
Prof. Tae-Won Ban II
! Uplink Channel Mapping
"5?$$&4 F?KK6$L
Prof. Tae-Won Ban I!
"5?$$&4 F?KK6$L
!"
!"#

"#$$ %&'(
!" $% Relerehce Sighal physical cell lD, 504
&%% Prinary Syhch Sighal Hall lrane , 168 cell lD
%%% Secohdary Syhch Sighal 10nsec RF Frane , CP, cell lD
&'()'* Physical Cohlrol Fornal
lhdicalioh Chahhel
PDCCH
&!''* Physical Dowhlihk Cohlrol
Chahhel
PDSCH, PSCH (Sl , ) R
, DL-SCH HARQ , (L
Schedulihg grahl) , ,
DCl lornal
+'* &+'* Physical roadcaslihg
Chahhel
Ml (W, SFN, , PDCCH HARQ
)
!",%'*
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Chahhel
Sl , , ,
&*)'* Physical Hybrid ARQ
lhdicalioh Chahhel
L PSCH HARQ
-'* &-'* Physical Mullicasl Chahhel
." .",%'* &.%'* Physical plihk Shared
Chahhel
,
$/'* &$/'* Physical Rahdon Access
Chahhel
Rahdon Access preanble
&.''* Physical L Cohlrol Chahhel DL PDSCH HARQ ACK/NACK, schedulihg requesl, CQl, Rl,
PMl
!$% Denodulalioh Relerehce
Sighal
PSCH, PCCH Relerehce Sighal
%$% Souhdihg Relerehce Sighal PSCH,PCCH L
Relerehce Sighal
Prof. Tae-Won Ban I(
! Each MAC PDU corresponds to one Transport Block (TB)
F." 1M+ ;#2 M<N+<*O"P
MAC Header MAC Payload
MAC
subheader 1 for
Control Element 1
MAC
subheader (N+3)
for Padding

MAC PDU
MAC Control
Element 1
MAC Control
Element 2
MAC SDU1 MAC SDU N MAC Padding

MAC
subheader 2 for
Control Element 2
Control information
is piggybacked with data
SDUs from
multiple logical channels
Optional Padding
- One subheader for each Control Element, Logical Channel SDU, and Padding (2+N+1=N+3)
- The same order as the corresponding Control Element, Logical Channel SDU, and Padding
Prof. Tae-Won Ban I8
! There are multiple MAC Subheaders in a MAC header
! MAC subheader has 6 or 4 fields
[R/R/E/LCID/F/L]: Used for variable sized MAC SDUs
[R/R/E/LCID]: Used in the last subheader for Padding and subheaders
for fixed sized MAC Control Elements
F." O7Q5&?B&2
MAC Header
R/R/E/LCID
for Con. Ele.
R/R/E/LCID
for padding
R/R/E/LCID
for Con. Ele.
R/R/E/LCID/F/L
for SDU
R/R/E/LCID/F/L
for SDU
Prof. Tae-Won Ban I=
! Fields of MAC Subheader
F." O7Q5&?B&2
R R E LCID F Length
Reserved (1bit)
- Set to "0"
Extension (1bit)
- Flag for "end of MAC header"
Logical Channel ID (5 bits)
- Logical Channel Identity or
- Type of Control Element or
- Padding
Format (1bit)
- Size of "Length" eld
Length (7 or 15 bits)
- Size of corresponding SDU in bytes
Prof. Tae-Won Ban I@
! Fields of MAC Subheader
For Padding and
MAC Control Elements
For SDUs with length less
than 2
7
-1
For SDUs with length
2
7
~2
15
-1
F." O7Q5&?B&2
R R E LCID Octet 1
R R E LCID
F Length (7 bits)
Octet 1
Octet 2
R R E LCID
F Length
Length (15 bits)
Octet 1
Octet 2
Octet 3
Prof. Tae-Won Ban IC
! LCID for DL-SCH
! LCID for UL-SCH
<"RM S<#L63?4 "5?$$&4 RMT
Prof. Tae-Won Ban ID
! 6 MAC Control Elements are defined
! Downlink
Timing Advance Command (8 bits)
Provide the index value (0,1,2,...,63) used to control the amount of timing
adjustment that UE has to apply in Initial and periodic timing
DRX Command (8 bits)
Initiates discontinuous reception mode at UE
Has a fixed size of zero bits
UE Contention Resolution Identity (48 bits)
Sent from eNB to UE for contention resolution during RA procedure
UE can decide whether it has finished RA procedure successfully or not
F." "#$%2#4 )4&U&$%'
Prof. Tae-Won Ban IE
! Uplink
UE Buffer Status Reports (8 or 24 bits)
Reports UE buffer status for UL scheduling
UE Power Headroom (8 bits)
Reports available power headroom information
Ranges from -23dB to 40dB in step of 1dB (64 levels)
Negative values indicates
that UE is Power Limited
C-RNTI (16 bits)
UEs C-RNTI when sending information over CCCH
F." "#$%2#4 )4&U&$%'
UE's
Transmit
Power
Head
room
(+)
Head
room
(-)
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Prof. Tae-Won Ban !J
<,) F." 12#3&B72&'*O35&B746$L
Prof. Tae-Won Ban !I
! Detailed scheduling strategy is not a standard but implementation
issue
! Considerations in scheduling policy
System throughput
User fairness
QoS
Bandwidth, delays, error rate and jitter
! Information required in scheduling
Chanel status information (CSI)
Buffer status and priorities of data flows
Interference
GH&2H6&9 #; O35&B746$L
Prof. Tae-Won Ban !!
! Downlink scheduling schemes
Max SINR
Fair Throughput
Fair Time (Round Robin)
Proportional Fair
! Uplink scheduling schemes
Max SINR
Fair Throughput
Fair Time (Round Robin)
Proportional Fair
Inter-Cell Interference-based Schemes
Min Generating Interference
Max Signal-to-Generating Interference Ratio (SGIR)
GH&2H6&9 #; O35&B746$L
UE 1
UE 2
4
1
2
UE 1
UE 2
Max SINR UE 1 UE 1 UE 2 UE 1 12
Fair TP
UE 1 UE 2 UE 2 UE 2 8
Round Robin UE 1 UE 2 UE 1 UE 2 7

k = arg max
k=1K
R
k
(t)
T
k
(t)
T
k
(t) =

1
1
t
c

T
k
(t 1) +
1
t
c
R
k
(t)
Prof. Tae-Won Ban !(
! Proportional Fair (PF) Scheduler


: Time constant to tradeoff efficiency and fairness
Large : Maximize system throughput
Small : Round Robin
GH&2H6&9 #; O35&B746$L
R
k
(t) : Achievable rate by user k in time t
T
k
(t) : Long-term average user throughput
t
c
t
c
t
c
Prof. Tae-Won Ban !8
! Dynamic Scheduling (DS)
Dynamic resource allocation that are valid only for one or several
subframes
Suitable for bursty data such as web-browsing, etc.
Downlink Assignment: Downlink radio resource allocation to UEs
Uplink Grant: Uplink radio resource allocation
! Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SPS)
DS generates a lot of signaling overhead for services where packets of
small size are periodically generated
<,) O35&B746$L
Prof. Tae-Won Ban !=
! DL Link Adaptation
<,) O35&B746$L
1. UE Reports CQI, PMI, RI through PUCCH (or PUSCH)
2. Scheduler at eNB dynamically allocates DL resource to the UE (PDCCH)
PCFICH
3. eNB sends user data in PDSCH
4. UE sends ACK/NACK through PUCCH (or PUSCH)
Prof. Tae-Won Ban !@
! UL Link Adaptation-Resource Allocation
<,) O35&B746$L
1. UE sends Scheduling Request on PUCCH if UE has no UL-SCH
- RACH procedure to request UL-SCH in absence of PUCCH
2. Scheduler at eNB allocate resources (PRBs and MCS) to UE through
"Uplink Grant" on PDCCH
4. eNB sends ACK/NACK on PHICH
3. UE sends user data on PUSCH
Prof. Tae-Won Ban !C
! UL Link Adaptation-Resource Allocation Modification
<,) O35&B746$L
1. UE sends BSR and PHR on PUSCH
2. Scheduler at eNB dynamically adjusts resources assigned to UE
4. eNB sends ACK/NACK on PHICH
3. UE sends user data on PUSCH based on the adjusted grant
Prof. Tae-Won Ban !D
! User Data Rate Control
! Instantaneous data rate for UEs in UL depends on
Modulation Order
Channel Coding Rate
Frequency Domain Resource Allocation
Time Domain Resource Allocation
! Instantaneous data rate for UEs in DL depends on
Modulation Order
Channel Coding Rate
Frequency Domain Resource Allocation
Time Domain Resource Allocation
Number of Transmit Antennas
<,) O35&B746$L
Prof. Tae-Won Ban !E
<,) F." 12#3&B72&'*P.-V
Prof. Tae-Won Ban (J
GH&2H6&9 #; P.-V
Conventional ARQ
Hybrid ARQ
(Combination of FEC + ARQ)
Prof. Tae-Won Ban (I
GH&2H6&9 #; P.-V
Chase Combining
log
2
(1 +
i
SNR
i
)
Prof. Tae-Won Ban (!
GH&2H6&9 #; P.-V
Incremental Redundancy

i
log
2
(1 +SNR
i
)
Prof. Tae-Won Ban ((
! LTE supports HARQ based on IR for DL-SCH and UL-SCH
! 8 parallel Stop-And-Wait (SAW) HARQ processes are available in both
DL and UL
Each HARQ process requires a separable soft buffer for combining
retransmissions
<,) P.-V
Prof. Tae-Won Ban (8
! Asynchronous
No strict timing for the retransmission
Retransmitted packet is scheduled like any other data packet
! Adaptive
Retransmitted packet can be transmitted via different subcarrier and
modulation scheme
<,) M#9$46$: P.-V
Prof. Tae-Won Ban (=
! Synchronous
Retransmission occurs at a pre-defined time after the initial transmission
Retransmitted packet is not scheduled by scheduler
! Non-adaptive
Retransmission uses the same resources as initial transmission
<,) +K46$: P.-V
Prof. Tae-Won Ban (@
<,) F." 12#3&B72&'*-?$B#U .33&''
Prof. Tae-Won Ban (C
! Usage
Initial network access
Timing synchronization for uplink
Can not carry any user data
! Scenarios
Initial access from RRC_IDLE
RRC Connection Re-establishment procedure
Handover requiring RA procedure
DL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring RA procedure when
UL synchronization status is non-synchronized
UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring RA procedure when
UL synchronization status is non-synchronized or there is no PUCCH
resources for SR
-?$B#U .33&'' 6$ <,)
Prof. Tae-Won Ban (D
! Step 1: RA Preamble Transmission
UE selects one of (64-N
cf
) contention-
based signatures
N
cf
:The number of signatures reserved
for contention-free RACH
Contention-based signatures are divided
into 2 subgroups
! Step 2: RA Response
ID of detected preamble
Timing alignment instruction
Initial Uplink grant for Step 3 message
temporary C-RNTI
"#$%&$W#$*Q?'&B -?$B#U .33&''
Prof. Tae-Won Ban (E
! Step 3: L2/L3 message
RRC Connection Request, or
TA update, or
Scheduling Request
Each UE will transmit its unique UL
CCCH SDU on UL-SCH
! Step 4: Contention Resolution
Contention Resolution ID which
matches the CCCH SDU of only one UE
Only one UE which have a match btw
ID used in Step 3 and ID received in
Step 4 will declare the random access
successful
"#$%&$W#$*Q?'&B -?$B#U .33&''
Preamble collision at Step 1! Colliding UEs receiving the same temporary C-RNTI at Step 2!
Will also collide in the same uplink time-frequency resources at Step 3
Prof. Tae-Won Ban 8J
! Contention-Based RA causes
unpredictable latency
Critical for some cases where low
latency is required such as handover
and resumption of downlink traffic
! Allocates a dedicated signature to the
UE
! The procedure terminates with the RAR
without Contention Resolution
"#$%&$W#$*X2&& -?$B#U .33&''
Prof. Tae-Won Ban 8I
! Cyclic Prefix and Guard Time of PRACH determine the maximum
allowable cell coverage in LTE
"1 ?$B Y, ?$B ,6U6$L .BH?$3&
Guard Time=
max RTT
UE close to eNB
UE at cell edge
Delay spread of UE close to eNB
Delay spread of UE at cell edge
=max delay spread
max RTT
=max RTT+max delay spread
T
CP
Prof. Tae-Won Ban 8!
! There 4 PRACH preamble format
Maximum cell radius is about 100km
"1 ?$B Y, ?$B ,6U6$L .BH?$3&
Prof. Tae-Won Ban 8(
<,) --"*GH&2H6&9
Prof. Tae-Won Ban 88
X7$3W#$' #; --"
! eNB
System Information Broadcast
Radio Resource Management
Connection Management
Measurement Configuration and Mobility Control (Handover)
Paging (MT-Access, System Info Modification, ETWS)
AS Security
Transport NAS messaging
! UE
Transport NAS messaging
System Selection
Cell Reselection
Prof. Tae-Won Ban 8=
OA'%&U R$;#2U?W#$
Types Description
MIB
Essential physical layer information of the cell required to receive
further system information (Cell Bandwidth, SFN, etc)
SIB 1
- Cell access information(PLMN identity, tracking area code,cell
identity, etc.)
- Scheduling information for other SIBs
SIB 2
Common and shared channel information
(RACH parameters, preamble information, and UE timers)
SIB 3-8
Parameters used to control intra-frequency, inter-frequency, and inter-
RAT cell reselection (handover)
SIB 9 Name of Home eNodeB(HeNB)
SIB 10-12
Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) notifications and
Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS) warning messages
SIB 13 MBMS related control information
Prof. Tae-Won Ban 8@
+) "?UK6$L 12#3&B72&
PLMN Selection
Read USIM and
stored info.
Scan Band/Freq
for System
Acquistion
Read MIB and
SIB1
Suitable
cell?
Read SIB2 and
other SIBs
Trigger System
Acquisition
Schedule BCH
reading
All SIBs
obtained
Cell is selected
and UE camps on
CAMPED ON
No
Yes
NAS
AS
RRC
PHY
Prof. Tae-Won Ban 8C
"&44 ?$B O&2H63& ,AK&'
Types Description
Acceptable
UE can camp to obtain limited service such as Emergency calls and
ETWS
Suitable UE can camp to obtain normal service
Barred UE is not allowed to camp on. No service
Reserved Camping is not allowed. Operator service
Restricted
Camping is allowed, but access attempts are not allowed for UEs whose
access class are indicated as barred
Prof. Tae-Won Ban 8D
"&44 O&4&3W#$ "26%&26?
!"## %"#"&'()*
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< =
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; @=
89:)>-/
A=
89:)>-/.BB?(,
C
S
rxlev
Cell selection RX level value (dB)
S
qual
Cell selection quality value (dB)
Q
rxlevmeas
Measured cell RX level value (RSRP)
Q
qualmeas
Measured cell quality value (RSRQ)
Q
rxlevmin
Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm),obtained in SIB 1
Q
qualmin
Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB), obtained in SIB 1
Q
rxlevminoffset

Offset to the signalled Q
rxlevmin
taken into account in the S
rxlev
evaluation as a result of a periodic
search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in a VPLMN, obtained in SIB 1
Q
qualminoffset

Offset to the signalled Q
qualmin
taken into account in the S
qual
evaluation as a result of a periodic
search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in a VPLMN, obtained in SIB 1
P
compensation
max(P
EMAX
P
PowerClass
, 0) (dB)
P
EMAX

Maximum TX power level an UE may use when transmitting on the uplink in the cell (dBm) defined a
s P
EMAX
in [TS 36.101], obtained in SIB 1
P
PowerClass

Maximum RF output power of the UE (dBm) according to the UE power class as defined in
[TS 36.101]
*9-,:F)( '()) '()) *()(+,-./ '()) *()(+,-./
=
02)(3>-/.BB?(
G() H II
SIB3 !
"#$%&'(
1 ;JHKL M =
02)(3>-/
1 ;NH ;4 ;JJOKL>
! Criteria:
!"## %"#"&'()*
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02)(3
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; @=
02)(3>-/
A=
02)(3>-/.BB?(,
C D
+.>E(/?:,-./
; *
89:)
< =
89:)>(:?
; @=
89:)>-/
A=
89:)>-/.BB?(,
C
S
rxlev
Cell selection RX level value (dB)
S
qual
Cell selection quality value (dB)
Q
rxlevmeas
Measured cell RX level value (RSRP)
Q
qualmeas
Measured cell quality value (RSRQ)
Q
rxlevmin
Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm),obtained in SIB 1
Q
qualmin
Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB), obtained in SIB 1
Q
rxlevminoffset

Offset to the signalled Q
rxlevmin
taken into account in the S
rxlev
evaluation as a result of a periodic
search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in a VPLMN, obtained in SIB 1
Q
qualminoffset

Offset to the signalled Q
qualmin
taken into account in the S
qual
evaluation as a result of a periodic
search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in a VPLMN, obtained in SIB 1
P
compensation
max(P
EMAX
P
PowerClass
, 0) (dB)
P
EMAX

Maximum TX power level an UE may use when transmitting on the uplink in the cell (dBm) defined a
s P
EMAX
in [TS 36.101], obtained in SIB 1
P
PowerClass

Maximum RF output power of the UE (dBm) according to the UE power class as defined in
[TS 36.101]
*9-,:F)( '()) '()) *()(+,-./ '()) *()(+,-./
=
02)(3>-/.BB?(
G() H II
SIB3 !
"#$%&'(
1 ;JHKL M =
02)(3>-/
1 ;NH ;4 ;JJOKL>
!"## %"#"&'()*
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'()) *()(+,-./ '0-,(0-./1 *
02)(3
4 & 567 *
89:)
4 &
; *
02)(3
< =
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; @=
02)(3>-/
A=
02)(3>-/.BB?(,
C D
+.>E(/?:,-./
; *
89:)
< =
89:)>(:?
; @=
89:)>-/
A=
89:)>-/.BB?(,
C
S
rxlev
Cell selection RX level value (dB)
S
qual
Cell selection quality value (dB)
Q
rxlevmeas
Measured cell RX level value (RSRP)
Q
qualmeas
Measured cell quality value (RSRQ)
Q
rxlevmin
Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm),obtained in SIB 1
Q
qualmin
Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB), obtained in SIB 1
Q
rxlevminoffset

Offset to the signalled Q
rxlevmin
taken into account in the S
rxlev
evaluation as a result of a periodic
search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in a VPLMN, obtained in SIB 1
Q
qualminoffset

Offset to the signalled Q
qualmin
taken into account in the S
qual
evaluation as a result of a periodic
search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in a VPLMN, obtained in SIB 1
P
compensation
max(P
EMAX
P
PowerClass
, 0) (dB)
P
EMAX

Maximum TX power level an UE may use when transmitting on the uplink in the cell (dBm) defined a
s P
EMAX
in [TS 36.101], obtained in SIB 1
P
PowerClass

Maximum RF output power of the UE (dBm) according to the UE power class as defined in
[TS 36.101]
*9-,:F)( '()) '()) *()(+,-./ '()) *()(+,-./
=
02)(3>-/.BB?(
G() H II
SIB3 !
"#$%&'(
1 ;JHKL M =
02)(3>-/
1 ;NH ;4 ;JJOKL>
Prof. Tae-Won Ban 8E
<,) --"*+) O%?%& F#B&4
Prof. Tae-Won Ban =J
)FF O%?%& F#B&4
! EPS mobility management (EMM) state model
EMM-
Deregistered
EMM-
Registered
Detach
Attach Reject
TAU Reject
Attach accept
TAU accept
MME holds no valid location info about UE
MME may keep some UE context to avoid
the need for Authentication Key Agreement
during every attach
MME holds location info for the UE at least
to the accuracy of a tracking area
UE performs TAU, responds to paging, and
sends service request if there is uplink data
Prof. Tae-Won Ban =I
)"F O%?%& F#B&4
! EPS connection management (ECM) state model
No NAS signaling connection btw UE and
network
No context for UE in E-UTRAN
Location of UE is known within the accuracy
of a tracking area
Mobility is managed by TAU
NAS signaling connection btw UE and MME
- RRC connected btw UE and E-UTRAN
- S1 connected btw E-UTRAN and MME
Location of UE is known within the accuracy
of a cell
Mobility is managed by handovers
ECM-
Idle
EMM-
Connected
S1 connection
establishment
S1 connection
release
Prof. Tae-Won Ban =!
--" ?$B )FF ?$B )"F O%?%&'
NAS
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
S1AP
SCTP
IP
L2
L1
NAS
S1AP
SCTP
IP
L2
L1
UE eNB MME
ECM Connection
RRC
Connection
S1
Connection
RRC-
Connected
RRC-
Idle
RRC State
EMM-
Registered
EMM-
Deregistered
ECM-
Connected
ECM-
Idle
EMM
State
ECM
State
Prof. Tae-Won Ban =(
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Prof. Tae-Won Ban =8
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Prof. Tae-Won Ban ==
F#Q646%A F&?'72&U&$% -&K#2W$L
Events Description
A1 Serving becomes better than threshold (Serving > Th)
A2 Serving becomes worse than threshold (Serving < Th)
A3
Target becomes better than serving cell + extra margin
(Target > Serving + offset)
A4 Target becomes better than threshold (Target > Th)
A5
Serving becomes worse than threshold 1 and target becomes better than
threshold 2 (Serving <Th1 & Target>Th2)
B1 Inter-RAT target becomes better than threshold
B2
Serving becomes worse than threshold 1 and Inter-RAT target becomes
better than threshold 2
! Event Reporting
Prof. Tae-Won Ban =@
-&;&2&$3&'
! 3GPP TS 36.321 MAC
! 3GPP TS 36.213 Physical layer procedures
! , LTE
! , LTE MAC, LTE RRC/RRM
! Netmanias, LTE
! M. Lazhar Belhouchet, et al., LTE/SAE Mobility and Session
Management, in ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on LTE