3/5/2011

1
3. The Eurocodes
3.1 Introduction to the Eurocodes
what are the Eurocodes?
the aim of introducing the Eurocodes
new terminology
use of COMPACT to revise RC design principles
the student centred learning exercise
use COMPACT to familiarise with EC2
read OBrien and Dixon (1995)
3.2 Actions in the Eurocodes
familiarisation with important definitions
focus on what is written in:
COMPACT, and
OBrien and Dixon (1995)
3.3 The Eurocodes: Summary
3.1 Introduction to the Eurocodes
A total of 9 codes are anticipated to cover the safety, serviceability
and durability of different types of construction material as well as
seismic design and geotechnics
The purpose of the Eurocodes are:
to promote the functioning of the internal (European) market by
establishing common rules for the design and execution of
structures;
to provide common technical rules for the co-ordination of
procedures for the award of public contracts; and
to increase the efficiency of the European construction and
allied industries and professions in markets outside the EC by
offering modern technology and advanced design concepts.
3/5/2011
2
3.1.1 Topic Areas Covered by the
Eurocodes
Titles
still under development
parts
parts of the parts
EC1: Basis of Design and Actions on Structures
EC2: Design of Concrete Structures
EC3: Design of Steel Structures
EC4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures
EC5: Design of Timber Structures
EC6: Design of Masonry Structures
EC7: Geotechnical Design
EC8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance
EC9: Design of Aluminium Alloy Structures
Eurocodes 1 and 2
With regard to the design of RC and PSC structures particularly important are EC1 and EC2
EC1, Part 1
describes the principles and requirements for safety, serviceability and durability of
structures
is intended to be used for direct application with the other parts of EC1 dealing with
Actions on Structures and the design Eurocodes (EC2-9)
EC1 Part 2 covers actions of wind, snow, thermal effects, deformations and
accidents
EC1 Part 3 covers actions on bridges
EC1 Part 4 covers actions on silos and tanks
EC1 Part 5 covers actions induced by cranes and machinery
conclusion: EC1 explains design principles and defines actions (I.e. loads and imposed
deformations) on the structures
EC2 will apply to the design of building and civil engineering structures in:
plain
reinforced; and
prestressed concrete
COMPACT is based in EC1 and EC2
3/5/2011
3
3.1.2 The Eurocodes in COMPACT
3.1.2 COMPACT RC Design - Part 1
revise revise
revise
3/5/2011
4
3.1.2 COMPACT RC Design - Part 1
Topics to be privately revised from COMPACT
Topic 4: Limit States
Topic 5: Material Properties
Topic 6: Loads
EC1 and EC2 are very similar to BS8110
Same basic principles
Eurocodes are to some extent based on BS8110
RC design subject covered in 2nd Year
Will not be repeated here
What is different
Terminology and notation
see A-Z Glossary in COMPACT
only essential notation is covered
Safety factors
Stress-strain curves
Tutorial Sheet
3.2 Actions in the Eurocodes
One area where the EC2 terminology has caused
problems for the UK reader accustomed to BS8110
is the use of the word action(s)
An action is a logical generic term used to describe all
the things that can act on a structure (all sorts of loads,
imposed deformations, etc.)
Depending on which particular thing is acting on a
structure, various types of actions can be defined.
In order to clarify the EC2 terminology, the following
definitions of various actions can be established (OBrien and
Dixon, 1995)
3/5/2011
5
3.2.1 Definitions (1)
Action
is used in the Eurocodes collectively to describe forces and
environmental effects on structures
Direct action
is a force applied to the structures by external agents
e.g. gravity loads, wind, vehicular traffic, etc.
Indirect action
is an imposed deformation in the structure which does not
result from external forces
3.2.1 Definitions (2)
Permanent action
is an action which has little or no variation in
magnitude over the design life of the structure
Variable action
is an action unlikely to maintain a constant
magnitude over the design life of the structure
3/5/2011
6
3.2.1 Definitions (3)
Fixed action
is a direct action which has no freedom of movement within
or on the structure
Free action
is a direct action which can move on the structure
Examples:
Table 3.1 (OBrien and Dixon, 1995)
Permanent direct action: self weight
Free direct action: occupants, furniture
Permanent indirect action: foundation settlement
3.2.2 Types of Actions: Examples
C l a s s A c t i o n T y p e E x a m p l e o f
D i r e c t A c t i o n
E x a m p l e o f
I n d i r e c t A c t i o n
T i m e v a r i a t i o n P e r m a n e n t S e l f w e i g h t
f i x e d
e q u i p m e n t ; s o i l
p r e s s u r e
S e t t l e m e n t ,
s h r i n k a g e ,
c r e e p
V a r i a b l e P e o p l e , w i n d ,
f u r n i t u r e , s n o w ,
t r a f f i c ,
c o n s t r u c t i o n
l o a d s
T e m p e r a t u r e
e f f e c t s
A c c i d e n t a l E x p l o s i o n ,
v e h i c u l a r i m p a c t
T e m p e r a t u r e
r i s e d u r i n g f i r e
S p a t i a l V a r i a t i o n F i x e d S e l f - w e i g h t
( g e n e r a l l y ) ,
t r a i n s ( f i x e d i n
d i r e c t i o n n o r m a l
t o r a i l s )
F r e e P e r s o n s , o f f i c e
f u r n i t u r e ,
v e h i c l e s
S t a t i c / d y n a m i c S t a t i c A l l g r a v i t y l o a d s
D y n a m i c E n g i n e s ,
t u r b i n e s , w i n d
O t h e r s C l o s e l y B o u n d e d W a t e r p r e s s u r e ,
s e l f w e i g h t
N o t c l o s e l y b o u n d e d S n o w , p e o p l e
3/5/2011
7
3.3 The Eurocodes: Summary
Philosophy, material properties and loads
Very similar to BS8110
more realistic and complex partial safety factors
Familiarisation with terminology and notation is required
The Eurocodes are still not fully implementable
CIV325/622 is not aimed at teaching the Eurocodes but at introducing principles
of PSC design
in the EC2 and well as in BS8110
only most important code provisions pertinent to the principle of PSC
design covered in the course(s) will be taken into account and discussed
Revision:
COMPACT
Guidelines:
Tutorial Sheet 2
Section 3: The Eurocodes
Answer the questions