This document summarizes a method for determining the displacement surface of a known three-dimensional compressible boundary layer in terms of mass flow defects associated with the velocity profiles parallel to the surface. It shows that the height of the displacement surface above the body is equal to the height characterizing the mass flow defect of the chordwise velocity profile. Numerical values are found for the displacement surface of a boundary layer about a cone at a small angle of attack to a supersonic stream.
This document summarizes a method for determining the displacement surface of a known three-dimensional compressible boundary layer in terms of mass flow defects associated with the velocity profiles parallel to the surface. It shows that the height of the displacement surface above the body is equal to the height characterizing the mass flow defect of the chordwise velocity profile. Numerical values are found for the displacement surface of a boundary layer about a cone at a small angle of attack to a supersonic stream.
This document summarizes a method for determining the displacement surface of a known three-dimensional compressible boundary layer in terms of mass flow defects associated with the velocity profiles parallel to the surface. It shows that the height of the displacement surface above the body is equal to the height characterizing the mass flow defect of the chordwise velocity profile. Numerical values are found for the displacement surface of a boundary layer about a cone at a small angle of attack to a supersonic stream.
DI SPLACEMENT EFFECT OF A THREE-DI MENSI ONAL BOUNDARY LAYER
By hANKLU? ~. MOOEE SUMMARY A method is d.scribed for determining ihe dtiplacawnt SUrjaC.C)oj a known threedimewion.a 1compre&M.e 130undary- lizyer @w in terrm of the mm+w defects a880ciat4d with the projil.tx of the two velocity component.a parallel to the 8-urjace. llu result i-s a generalization of the plane j?mo concept of dti- placement thickne8s introduced in order to o?acribe how a thin bounda~ layer distorts the outer nonmkcoua @w. % tight oj the diq.?uament @ace above the body SW&UX jor$ow abowt a yawed injinite cylinder ia 8hown to be equal to the height characterizing t.lw mm8-- deject of t.lw chordtie velocity projile. The dtiplucemm&suxjace he@ht is 8hown to differ, in general, jrom that a880cia&d with the redtant 7nu$8- @w deject, even at 8tugnation points of the 8econdaw jlo-w. Numerical valw+x are found for the knm threedi nwwi mml boundarylayer @o about a cone at a smali? angle oj atiack to a super80nti stream. INTRODUCTION The boundary l ayer establ i shed i n the fl ow .of a sl i ghtl y vi scous fl ui d about n body i s normal l y consi dered an i sol ated regi on wherei n the effects of vi scosi @ predomi nate and outsjdo of whi ch the moti on of the fl ui d i s governed by the l aws of nonvi scous moti on. I ?or l arge Reynol ds numbem, the boundary l ayer i s assumed to be so thi n that the non- vi scous porti on of the fl ow occurs as though there were no boundary l ayer. Thi s assumpti on i s str i ctl y correct i n the l i mi t of i nfi ni te Reynol ds number. For l arge but fi ni te Reynol ds numbers, the growth of the boundary l ayer causea the stream to be defl ected away horn the body surface. Thi s di spl acement effect of the boundary l ayer on the nonvi scous fl ow may properl y be determi ned bm the behav- i or of the boundary l ayer i tsel f, w establ i shed ei ther by experi ment or by sol uti on of the Prandtl boundary-l ayer I equati ons for kni nar fl ow. I t does not fol l ow, however, that thi s revi sed outer fl ow may properl y be used i n conjuncti on wi th the Prandtl equati ons to yi el d an i mprovement i n the boundary-l ayer cal cul ati on. Such an i mprovement may be obtai ned onl y by use of a new set of equati ons that take i nto account the vari ati on of pressure across the boundaxy l ayer. Thi s vari a- ti on i s negl ected i n the l ?randtl equati ons. (See Al dens i terati ve sol uti on for i ncompressi bl e fl at-pl ate fl ow, ref. 1.) : En-es NAOA T.N %22, ~Lr@ocmnmt Eti Ofa T bree-DhnemIoneJBoundary The customary defi ni ti on of di spl acement thi ckness (ref. 2) i s appl i cabl e to two-di mensi onal fl ow and i s expressed i n the fol l owi ng equati on: J b@L dy=plu(h-&) (1) o where h is some l ocati on wel l outsi de the boundary l ayer (fi g. 1) at whi ch pu=p,w and beyond whi ch the fl ow maybe consi dered nonvi scous. (A l i st of symbol s i s provi ded i n the appendi x.) Under the assumpti on of m extremel y thi n boundary l ayer, hi s so smal l that MWmaybe taken as the eval uati on at the body surface (y= O)of the nonvi scous fl ow obtai ned by negl ecti ng the presence of the boundary l ayei . Equati on (1) equates the actuaJ mass fl ow near the surface wi th the mass fl ow whi ch -woul d be associ ated wi th a non- vi scous fl ow that termi nate at 6* rather than e.ktendi ng to the wal l . . Thus, the nonvi scous porti on of the fl ow behaves as i f i t occurred i n the presence of a sol i d boundary gi ven by the di spl acement thi ckness 6*(z). Equati on (1) maybe sol ved for 6*: *=Jb(-%)dy Ordi nmi l y, theoreti cal boundary-l ayer sol uti ons for pu/ piul asymptoti cal l y approach 1 for l arge val ues of Reynol ds number based on y. Therefore, di spl acement thi ckness i s often defi ned as fol l ows: *=JJ(-%l)dy Tn() h y=s(x) ,-- Body surface X4 - FIGURE 1.Plane boundary-l ayer fl ow. by~, by Fran?dlaK. Nw% K&2. 367 368 EEPORT 112 4NATI ONAL ADVI SORY COMMI TTEE FOR AERONAUTI CS Surface yQhLr,z)-- FIGURE 2.T kuee-&nensi onal bounda@ayer fl ow (Cartesi an coordi nates). For three-di mensi onal boundary-l ayer fl ows, two l ength characteri zi ng mass-fl ow defects may be dei i ned i n ter ms of the proti es ~f the two vel oci ~ components tangenti al to the surface (fi g. 2), . Yl x-%)dy : (,, / Yl l b(-%l )d and i t i s not cl ear whi ch, i f ei ther, defi nes a di spl acement surface that properl y descri bw the extent to whi ch the non- vi scous fl ow i s defl ected by the boundary l ayer. Of coume, i t i s expected that there does exi st a di spl ace- ment surface for such fl ows. The amdysi s that fol l ows shows that such a surface may be descri bed by a defi ni ng equati on more fundamental than equati on (1). The vel oci ty and densi ty profi l es are assumed to be known for the three-di mensi onal fl ows under consi derati on. Cases for whi ch thi s i s true i ncl ude: the l ami nar boundary l ayer on yawed i nfi ni te cyl i nders, tr mted by I ?randtl (ref. 3), R. T. Jones (ref. 4), and Seam (ref. 5); and the l ami nar boundary l ayer on a cone at a smal l angl e of attack to a supersoni c stream (ref. 6). The di spl acement effect of these fl ows wi l l be treated speci i kdl y. The i nvesti gati on was conducted at the NACA Lewi s l aboratory i n February 1952. THEORY DEPINING RELATION FOR DISPL4CEMBNT SORPACE The boti dary-l ayer sol uti on (assumed known) yi el ds a certai n di stri buti on of vel oci ty vb@+ normal to the body &n&ce at the outer edge I i(z,z) of the boundary layer, where p,u, and w may be taken essenti al l y equal to pl ,ul , and WI (see fi g. 2). Under the assumpti on that the nonvi scous fl ow i s al tered onl y sl i ghtl y by di spl acement, the most di rect way to compute thi s efFect woul d be to suppose that the nonvi scous equati ons hol d for y >h (z,z) and to i mpose the fol l owi ng boundary condi ti on on the normal vel oci ty Oofi n. the outer fl ow:. 1 o.~obl (~j z) at Y=h (~, z) (3) Eokeyer, si nce the boundary condi ti ons usual l y encountered i n nonvi scous fl ow speci fy an i mpermenbl o surface, i t i s conveni ent to recast the boundary condi ti on gi ven i n equa- ti on (3) i n answer to the questi on: What i mpermeabl e surface y= A(z,z) woul d defl ect a nonvi scous fl ui d i n such u way as to produce a normal vel oci ty sati sfyi ng condi ti on (3)? Thi s fi cti ti ous surface may be cal l ed the di spl acement surface. Because A(z, z) i s i magi ned to be a stream surface, i t i s necessary to speci fy that at y=A the resul tant vel oci ty vector (u, u, w) be tangent to the surface y=A. Thus, at y=A the rati o of u to the magni tude of g, whi ch i s defi ned ,as the vector (u, w), must be set equal to the sl ope of the surfoce y=A, measured i n the di recti on of the vector ~, or, equi va- l entl y, equal to the component i n the di recti on of ~ of the vector grad A. I n vector notati on, therefore, the normal vel oci ty u whi ch woul d be produced k- a nonvi scous fl ui d at an i mpermeabl e surface y=A i s ~ . grad A. The vector ~ may be obtai ned by eval uati ng the vel oci ty vector of the unrevi sed nonvi scous fl ow at the body surface (v= O), undw the rel ated assumpti ons that the vel oci ty vector vari es onl y sl i ghtl y over di stancea of the order of the actual boundary- l ayer.thi ckness and that the revi si on requi red to take account of di spl acement i s sl i ght. Thus, at y=A (see fi g. 3), The i ncrement i n Ow between A and. h i s appro.si nmtel y (h-A)boti /@; agai n, a thi n boundary l ayer i s assumed and onl y the ti t ter m i n a Tayl ors ser i es i s used. To the order of approxi mati on contempl ated i n thi s anal ysi s, bVO@y.may be obtai ned from the unrevi sed non- vi scous fl ow eval uated at y= O. Tl ms, the fi cti ti ous i m- p&meabl e surface A woul d produce, at y=h, a normal vel oci ty (seel l g. 3) I ntroduci ng thi s resul t i nto the boundary condi ti on gi ven i n equati on (3) yi el ds the dei i ni ng rel ati on for A(x, z) (4) The boundary-l ayer sol uti on yi el ds ~bl . EXPRESSION OF A IN TERMS OF MASS-PLOW DEFECTS The di spl acement surfqce A may be rel ated to tho mrm- fl ow defects (eqs. .(2)), whi ch characteri ze the boundary l ayer, as fol l ows: I n a Carte9i an coordi nate system (fi g, 2), the equati on of conti nui ~ for both ,the boundary-l ayer and nonvi scous fl ow i s (5) Under the Prandti boundary-l ayer assumpti ons, the Cartesi an equati ons of moti on, and hence equati on (5), maybe ~ppl i od i n an orthogonri l curvi l i near coordi nate system i n whi ch the DI SPLACEMENT I WI ?ECT OF A THR31E1-DI MENSI ONAL BOUNDARY LAYER 369 surfaco of the body i s gi ven by y= O,provi ded the radi us of curvature of the body i s everywhere ki rge as compared wi th the boundary-l ayer thi ckness. I ntegrati ng equati on (5) across the boundary l ayer yi el ds --J(%+%)d (P vb2),_h ha s [ , ~ (/m-pu)+% (wmm)]cw or, i nasmuch as h i s outsi de the boundary l ayer where pu=plul and PW=PIW, where d=and & are the mass-fl ow defects defi ned i n equati ons (2), For the nonvi scous fl ow, Vti =O at the body surface (?/=0), and equati on (5) becomes 4%9..0=-(*%) I ntroduci ng equati ons (6) and (7) i nto equati on &[PIUI (AQ]+: [P@I (A%)]=0 (7) (4) yi el ds (8a) I n a Cartesi an coordi nate system, the di spl acement surface i s rel ated to the mass-fl ow defects by equati on (8a). When cases ari se for whi ch other coordi nate systems must be used, the fol l owi ng general i zati on i n vector form of equati on (8a) may be used: iv[QIJhJh (PlgrPg)dY]=o (8b) where y i a the di stance normal to the body surfaceand where the di vergence operator i nvol ves di i l erenti ati on onl y wi th respect to the two coordi nates paral l el to the body s~face. EXAMPLES Pl ane fl ow .Equati on (8a) may be i ntegrated to. yi el d, for pl ane fl ow (a/a2=o), K A=6=+ pl U1 (9) where K i s a constant of i ntegrati on. The appearance of thi s constant means, i n general , that the revi sed boundary condi ti on on the nonvi scous fl ow near the wal l may be ~ppl i ed at any surface i n the boundary-l ayer regi on; for exampl e, al ong the wal l i tsel f. Of course, i f there i s a stagnati on poi nt on the body Where UI vani shes, then Kmust be taken equal to zero and the revi sed boundary condi ti on must be i mposed at the l ocati on A= 6., at l east near the stagnati on poi nt. Yof Egl . gradA + (h-A)(#l ..1 _ l Surface y=h(x,z)--, . ..::, W<:::::.,. Surface Y=ALr,z)- / , -Body surface FIGURE 3.Displacement surface in threedh enmonal fl ow (Cartwi an cooml i natee). Stagnati on poi nt of seconduy fl ow,-l h the verti cal pl ane of symmetry of the fl ow about a body of revol uti on at an angl e of attack, the ci rcumferenti al vel oci ty component vani shes.i n the boundary l ayer as wel l as i n the nonvi scous outar regi on. Such stagnati on of the secondary moti on woul d occur i n a vari ety of cases, i n parti cukx, wherevar an wwnti al l y three-di mensi onal fl ow has a pl ane of symmetry. When wi i s desi gnated as the component of secondary fl ow (ci rcumferenti al vel oci ty for a body of revol uti on) at the outer edge of the boundary l ayer, and equati on (8a) i s wri tten i n the form [ la[l o (lo) & PIuI(A6J +WI & PI(A-+z) +PI(A&) ~= i t i s cl ear that A cannot equal 6=,i n general , even i f both W1 and the boundary-l ayer profi l e of w vani sh, unl ess bw@z al so vani she5. Fl ow about yawed i nfi ni te oyl i nder.-l h the fl ow about a yawed Mni te cyl i nder, there i s a spanwi se boundary-l ayer vel oci ty profi l e and an a,moci abd sp~wi se mass-fl ow defect. (See refi . 3 to 5.) I f z i s taken i n ,the chordwi ee di recti on (fi g. 4), the enti re fl ow depends onl y on z. Thus, deri vati ves wi th respect to the spanwi se coordi nate z vani sh; and, hence, from equati on (8a), the pl ane-fl ow resul t (eq. (9)) appl i es. Accordi ngl y, the spanwi se mass-fl ow defect represented by & does not i nter i nto the determi nati on of the di spl acement surface. ,i / ( \ \ \ \. \ \ \ , ., FIGUBE 4.Coordinate system for yawed fite oylinder. 370 . d ? MO \ REPORT 112 4I ?ATI ON-41J v.v ; \ - ADVI SORY COMMITIEE FOR AERONA~,CS Q 2e . --- FIQURE 5.Cuordi nate system Supersoni c fl ow about cone When the coord.i nati system equati on (8b) becomes \ for cone at angl e of attack. at smal l angl e of attaok. shown i n fi gure 5 i s used, [ 1[ 1 si n O+ PIUIZ (AU +% Pfuh (A&) =0 (11) Because the outer flow is COtiC4 PI, UI, ~d WI W13f~cti o~ onl y of p; and equati on (11) DI ZLY be ~t~ PIU1 ski e~[Z(A-aJ]+;[PIWI(A-ap)]=O (13) I n the case of coni cal outer fl ow, the associ ated boundary- l ayer pr oi i l es shows i mi l ari ty of the Bl asi us type i n meri di onal pl anes (see ref. 7 or 8). Thus, i n a meri di onal pl ane, A, & and 3 are proporti onal to & I &orporati on of thi s i nfor- mati on i nto equati on (13) gi ve9 : PM sin O (H)+% [ 1 PIW1(A8P) =0 (14) For a cone at smal l angl e of attack ~ u, i s nearl y equal to Z, the vel oci ty on the cone surface at zero angl e of attack. The quanti ti es pl , A, 6., and L vw O~Y sl i f$tl Y wi th de of attack, whereas Wl =& si n p (15) where JL depends onl y on the cone vertex angl e and the fl ow Mach number and i s defi ned i n reference 6 as fol l ows: , The quanti ti es Z, Z, md Z m in the not~tion of ref~ence 9J wherei n they are tabul ated. To the i l r st order i n i , the substi tuti on of equati on (16) i nto equati on (14) yi el ds the resul t ; -& A2(ti,-tiJ Cos (0 A=6z+ (16; . The anal ysi s of reference 6 yi el ds the val uea of & and 6P, Cl earl y; A di fl ere from ~. i n the pl ane of symmetry p= 0, r, where the ci rcumferenti al vel oci ty w vani shes. I t mi ght, 30 0 \ / deg in (iiHa=O ]0 ~mv - () ~in~ J* 8xda a.o lp=lr 25 fo 1 / / / / x:{ m+ a 1( + / I .5 . 20 / l I , 1 I r i Ill 1A IJj- I I I I I I I I I I 2 3 4 5 6
Mach number, Afo
FI?UEE 6.Proportionfd rate of incres+e of displacement thiokness with angle of attack on cone. , DI SPLAC13MDNT DFFBCT OF A =DE-DI NDI W310NW BOUNDARY LAYDR 371 however, be noted that i n the pl ane p=~, ~, A=&. F~e 6 shows the proporti onal rate of i ncrease of di spl acement thi cl mess A wi th angl e of attack i n the pl ane of symmetry q=r at zero angl e of attack. The correspondi ng rate of i ncrease of the mass-fl ow defect 6=i s shown for compari son. These curves are obtai ned horn equati on (16) and the resul ts of reference 6. The si ne of the semi vertex angl e i s i ntroduced m a factor pri mari l y to per mi t presentati on of the case 0=0 as the l i mi t of an i ndetermi nate form. l ?or a stream Mach number of 2, the change i n di spl acement thi ck- ness appears to be of the order of 50 percent l arger than the change i n the meri di onal mass-fl ow defect. CONCLUDING REMARKS The foregoi ng anal ysi s deal s onl y wi th the di spl acement effect of a I ui own boundary l ayer on the nonvi scous outer fl ow, and hence can be appl i ed onl y i f the boundary-l ayer . behavi or has been determi ned ei ther theoreti cal l y or experi - mental l y. The l atter approach mi ght possi bl y fi nd appl i - cati on i n the correcti on of nozzl e contxmrsfor boundary-l ayer devel opment. I n thi s connecti on, perhaps, i t shoul d be noted that the anal ysi s i s not r estr i cted to l ami nar fl ows. Lmvrs FLI GHTPROPULSI ONLABO~TORY NATI ONALADVI SOEYCoanrmmm FOR AERONAUTI CS CLI WI WND, OHI O, i kta~Ch6, 1962 APPENDIX-SYMBOLS The fol l owi ng symbol s are used i n thi s report: A2 functi on of cone angl e and Mach number (eq. (15)) lb hei ght above body surface at whi ch p, u, w= PI, UI, wI, and beyond whi ch nonvi scous equati ons appl y (eq. (3)) Al . abeam Mach number fl vel oci ty vector composed of components paral - l el to body surface u, w u vel oci ty component i n x4recti on E meri di onal vel oci ty component at cone at zero angl e of attack v vel oci ty component i n y-di recti on surface of Vbl boundazyl ayer sol uti on for vel oci ty n,ormal to surface, eval uated at outer edge of boundary l ayer Vof nonvi scous sol uti on for vel oci ty normal to surface, eval uated near the surface w vel oci ty component i n z-di recti on I x z } coordi nates i n body surface I I coordi nate normal to surface a angl e of attack A ,hei ght above body of di spl acement surface - 6* di spl acement thi cl mem i n pl ane fl ow 8= l ength characteri zi ng maw-fl ow defect of u-profi l e (eqs. (2) and 02)) 8. l eng& cha&&&i ng rna&fl ow defect of w-prefl e (eq. (12)) . 6P l ength characteri zi ng ma.wfl ow defect of w-profi l e (eq. (12)) 8 semi vertex angl e of cone P densi ~ P angul ar coordi nate (@g. 5) Subscri pt 1 denotes eval uati on of nonvi scous fl ow at body surface, taken equi val ent to condi ti ons at outer edge of boundary l ayer of i nfi ni tesi mal thi ckness: REFERENCES 1. Al den, Henry Leonard: i %cond Approxi mati on to the Lami nar Boundary Layer Fl ow over a Fl at Pl ate. Jour. Math. and Phys., vol . XXVI I , no. 2, Jul y 1948, pp. 91104. 2. Prandtl , L.: The Mechani es of Vi scoue Fl ui ds. Vol . I I I of Aer o- dynami c Theory, di v. G, see. l % W. F. Durand, ad., Jul i us Spri nger (Berl fn), 1943, pp. 80-82. 3. Prandtl , L.: On Boundary Layer e i n Thr ee Di mensi onal Fl ovJ. I bp. & Trans. No. 64, Bri ti sh R. A. E., May 1,1946. 4. Joxq Rober t T.: Effects of %wepbaok on Boundary Layer and Separati on. NACA Rep. 884, 1947. (Supemwdes NACA TN 1402.) 5. Seam, W. R,: The Boundary Layer of Yawed Cyl i ndem. Jour. Aer o. Sci .,vol . 15, no. 1, Jan. 1948, pp. 49-52. 6. Moor e, Frankl i n K.: Lami gar Boundary Layer on a Ci roul ar C!ene i n Supertmni a Fl ow at a Smal l Angl e of Atta&. NACA TN 2521,1951. 7. Moor e, FranMi n K.: .Three-Di mensi onal Compressi bl e Lami nar Boundary-Layer Fl ow. NACA TN 2279,1951. 8. Hayes, Wal l ace D.: The Three-Di mensi onal Boundary Layer. NAVORD Rep. 1313, NOTS 384, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Stati on (I nyokern), May 9, 1951. @.ur. Ordnance Task As- si gnment NOT&36-Re3d-441-3.) 9. Anon.: Tabl es of Supersoni c Fl ovJ Around Yawi ng Cones. Teoh Rep. No. 3, Dept. El ec: Eng., M. I . T., 1947. . . .