B2013 Crim2 Title1-14 Provisions

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions
Camille Umali

TITLE1:CrimesAgainstNationalSecurityandthelawsofnations
Chapter1:CrimesagainstNationalSecurity
Section1:TreasonandEspionage
Art.
No.
Title Elements Definitions/Included Notincluded/Othernotes
114 Treason Treasonbreachofallegiancetoa
governmentcommittedbyapersonwhoowes
allegiancetoit
Nature:
Violationbyasubjectofhis
allegiancetohissovereignor
supremeauthority
Elements
1. OffenderisFilipinocitizenoranalien
residinginthePhilippines
2. Thatthereisawarinwhichthe
Philippinesisinvolved
3. Offendereither:
a. LevieswaragainsttheGovernment
b. Adherestotheenemies,givingthem
aidandcomfort
Waysofproving
1. Testimonyoftwowitnessestothesame
overtactTWOWITNESSRULE
Reason:accusedshouldbeafforded
specialprotectionduetotheextreme
seriousnessofthecrime
2. Confessionoftheaccusedinopencourt
ProvingAdherence
1. Onewitness
2. Natureoftheact
3. Circumstancessurroundingtheact
Proofofcitizenship:prisonrecord,
testimonyofhiswitnesses
Allegianceobligationoffidelityand
obediencewhichtheindividualsoweto
thegovernmentunderwhichtheylive
ortotheirsovereigninreturnfor
protectiontheyreceive
maybepermanentortemporary
Levieswar
1.actualassemblingofmen
2.forpurposeofexecutinga
treasonabledesignbyforce
Warisdirectedtothegovernment
Incollaborationwithaforeignenemy
Adherencetoenemyintenttobetray
Aidorcomfortstrengthentheenemy
Evidence:givinginfo,food
Deedorphysicalactivity
Beingamakapili
Mustbeintentional
Continuingoffense
Defenses:
1. Obediencetodefactogovernment
2. Lossofcitizenshipbyjoiningarmy
NOT
3. Duressanduncontrollablefear
Cannotbecommittedintimeofpeace
Noneedforaformaldeclarationofthe
existenceofastateofwar
Noadherence,aidandcomfortmaynot
amounttotreason
Neednotactuallystrengthentheenemy
Commandeeringofwomentosatisfythe
lustoftheenemy
Evidentpremeditation,superior
strengthandtreacheryabsorbed
Defenseofsuspendedallegianceand
changeofsovereigntyisarenot
accepted
Owesabsoluteandpermanent
allegiance
Sovereigntyisnottransferred
Subsistenceofthelegitimate
authority
Whatissuspendedistheexerciseof
therightsofsovereignty
Aggravating:
4. Cruelty
5. ignominy
115 Conspiracyand
proposaltocommit
treason
Conspiracy
committedwhenintimeofwar,2or
morepersonscometoanagreement
tolevywaragainsttheGovernment
ortoadheretotheenemiesandto
givethemaidorcomfortanddecide
tocommitit
Proposal
intimeofwarapersonwhohas
decidedtolevywaragainstthe
Governmentortoadheretothe
enemiesandtogivethemaidor
comfort,proposesitsexecutionto
someotherpersonorpersons
2witnessruledoesnotapply
Reason
veryexistenceofthestateisindanger
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116 Misprisionoftreason 1. Offendermustbeowingallegiancetothe
Governmentandnotaforeigner
2. Hehasknowledgeofanyconspiracy
(committreasonagainsttheGovernment)
3. Heconcealsordoesnotdiscloseand
makeknownthesameASAPtothe
governororfiscaloftheprovinceor
mayororfiscalofthecityinwhichhe
resides
Punishedasaccessorytothetreason
andprincipalinthecrimeofmisprision
oftreason
Anexceptiontothegeneralrulethat
meresilencedoesnotmakeaperson
criminallyliable
Cannotbecommittedbyresidentalien
A.20doesnotapply
117 Espionage Enteringwithoutauthorityorreservation
too ential btainanyinformationofconfid
nature
1. Offenderentersanyoftheplaces
mentioned(warship,fortor
naval/militaryestablishment)
2. Noauthority
3. Purposeistoobtaininformationand
otherdataofconfidentialnature
Disclosingtotherepresentativeof
foreignnationthecontentsofarticles
whichhehadinhispossessionbyreason
ofthepublicofficeheholds
1. Offenderispublicofficer
2. Hehasinhispossessionthearticles,
dataorinformationbyreasonofthe
publicofficeheholds
3. Hedisclosestheircontentstoa
representativeofaforeignnation
Necessarythatinformationisobtained
Section2:Provokingwaranddisloyaltyincaseofwar
118 Incitingtowarof
givingreasonsfor
reprisal
1. Offenderperformsunlawfulor
unauthorizedacts
2. Suchactsprovokeorgiveoccasionfora
warinvolvingorliabletoinvolvethe
PhilippinesorexposeFilipinocitizensto
reprisalsontheirpersonsorproperty
Committedintimeofpeace
Penaltyishigherwhentheoffenderisa
publicofficeroremployee
Intentionisimmaterial
119 Violationofneutrality 1. ThereisawarinwhichthePhilippinesis
notinvolved
2. Thereisaregulationissuedbycompetent
authorityforthepurposeofenforcing
neutrality
3. Offenderviolatessuchregulation
Neutralitytakesnopartinacontestof
armsgoingonbetweenothers
Theremustbearegulationissuedby
competentauthorityforthe
enforcementofneutrality

120 Correspondencewith
hostilecountry
1. TimeofwarinwhichPhilippinesis
involved
2. Offendermakescorrespondencewithan
enemycountryorterritoryoccupiedby
enemytroops
3 Correspondenceisby: .
a. Prohibitedbygovernment
b. Carriedoninciphersorconventionalsigns
c. Containingnoticeorinformationwhich
mightbeusefultotheenemy
Correspondencecommunicationby
meansoflettersorletterswhichpass
betweenthosewhohavefriendlyor
businessrelations
Ifprohibited,evenifinnocent

Camille Umali

121 Flighttoenemys
country
1. Thereisawar
2. Owesallegiancetothegovernment

3. Goingtoenemycountryisprohibitedby
competentauthority
Section3:PiracyandmutinyonthehighseasinPhilippinewaters
122 Piracyingeneraland
mutinyonthehigh
seasorinPhilippine
waters
Piracyrobberyorforcibledepredationon
thehighseaswithoutlawfulauthoritywith
animofurandiandinthespiritandintention
ofuniversalauthority
1. VesselisonhighseasorPhilippine
waters
2. Offendersarenotmembersofits
complementorpassengersofthevessel
3. Offender:
a. Attackorseizevessel
b. Seizethewholeorpartofthecargo
ofsaidvessel,equipmentorpersonal
belongingsofitscomplementor
passenger
Mutinyunlawfulresistancetoasuperior
officerorraisingofcommotionsand
disturbancesonboardorshipagainstthe
authorityofitscommander
Piracy Mutiny
Personswho
attackare
strangers
Membersofthe
creworpassengers
Hasintenttogain Mayintendto
ignoretheofficers
ortocommit
plunder

123 1. Bymeansoffiring
2. Abandonedvictimswithoutmeansof
savingthemselves
QualifiedPiracy
3. Accompaniedbymurder,homicide,
physicalinjuriesorrape

Camille Umali

TITLE2:CrimesagainsttheFundamentalLawsoftheState
Chapter1:ArbitraryDetention,Expulsion,ViolationofDwelling,PIDofPeacefulMeetingandCrimesagainstReligious
Worship
Section1:ArbitraryDetentionandExpulsion
Art.
No.
124 ArbitraryDetention 1. Publicofficeroremployee
2. Detainsaperson
3. Detentioniswithoutlegalgrounds
Detentionactualconfinementofapersonin
anenclosureorinanymannerdetainingand
deprivinghimofhisliberty
Restrainresultingfromfear
Withoutlegalground:
Notcommittedanycrime
Noreasonablegroundfor
suspicion
Notsufferingfromviolentinsanity
oranyotherailment

Canbecommittedthroughimprudence
Nominimumperiodofdetention
Probablecausefactsandcircumstances
whichcouldleadareasonablediscreetand
prudentmantobelievethatanoffensehas
beencommittedandthattheobjectsought
inconnectionwiththeoffenseareinthe
placesoughttobesearched
Arrestwithoutwarrantlawful(in
flagrantedelicto,immediatelythereafter
escapingprisoner)
Inhispresence,persontobe
arrestedcommitted,actually
committingorisattemptingto
commitanoffense
Anoffensehasinfactjustbeen
committed,hehasprobablecause
tobelievebasedonpersonal
knowledgeoffactsand
circumstancesthatthepersontobe
arrestedhascommittedit
Persontobearrestedisaprisoner
whohasescapedfrompenal
establishment
125 Delayindeliveryof
detainedpersonsto
theproperjudicial
authorities
1. Publicofficeroremployee
2. Detainedapersonforsomelegalground
3. Failstodelivertotheproperjudicial
authorities
Lightoffense:12hours
Correctionalpenalty:18hours
Afflictiveorcapital:36hours
REASON:
Preventanyabuseresultingfrom
confiningapersonwithoutinforming
himofhisoffenseandwithout
permittinghimtogoonbail
Judicialauthoritycourtsofjusticeor
judgesofsaidcourtsvestedwith
judicialpowertoorderthetemporary
detentionorconfinementofaperson
Personshouldbereleasedwhenjudge
isnotavailable
Circumstancesconsideredifdetaineda
personbeyondlegalperiod
Meansofcommunication
Hourofarrest
Others:timeofsurrender,material
possibilityforthefiscaltomake
theinvestigation,filingofinfo
Preventingexerciseofrightsof
attorney
Illegaldetentionifbyprivateperson
Doesnotapplywhenthereisawarrant
ofarrest
Fiscalisnotliableunlessheordered
detention
Rightofthepersondetained:
Informedofthecauseofdetention
Allowedtocommunicatewithhis
attorneyorcounsel
A.124 A.125
Illegalfromthe
beginning
Illegalitystarts
fromexpirationof
theperiodoftime
specified
126 Delayingrelease Acts un p ished:
1. DelayingperformanceofJ/Eorder
2. Delayingserviceofthenotice
3. Delayingtheproceeding
Elem nt e s:
2. ThereisJ/Eorderfortherelease
3. Delayswithoutgoodreasoneitherofthe3acts(above)
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127
Expulsion A punished: cts
1. ExpellingapersonfromthePhilippines
2. Compellingapersontochangehis
residence
Elem nt e s:
2. Eitherofthetwoactspunished
3. Notauthoritytodoso

Section2:ViolationofDomicile
128 ViolationofDomicile Acts Punished:
1. Enteringthedwellingagainstwillof
owner
2. Searchingpaperswithoutprevious
consent
3. Refusingtoleavethepremises
Elem nt e scommon:
2. Notauthorizedbyjudicialorder
Havingsurreptitiouslyenteredthe
dwelling(refusaltoleavenotthe
entrance)
Qua yin lif gcircumstances

1. Nighttime
2. Papersoreffectsarenotreturned
immediately
129 SearchWarrants
maliciouslyobtained
andabuseinthe
serviceofthose
legallyobtained
Acts Punished:
1. Procuringsearchwarrantwithout
justcause
2. Exceedingauthorityorusing
unnecessaryseverity
Elem nt : e s
2. Procuressearchwarrant
3. Nojustcause
Searchwarrant
Orderinwritingissuedinthenameofthe
PeopleofthePhilippines,signedbyajudge
directedtoapeaceofficercommandinghim
tosearchforpersonalpropertydescribed
thereinandbringitbeforethecourt
Validfor10days
Personalpropertytobeseized:
1. Subjectofoffense
2. Stolenorembezzled
3. Usedorintendedtobeusedas
meansofcommittinganoffense
Req sit ui esforissuingsearchwarrant:
1. Probablecauseinconnectionwith
onespecificoffense
2. Determinedpersonallybyjudge
3. Examinationunderoathby
complainant/witnesses
4. Particularlydescribingthe
place/things
5. CanbeanywhereinthePhilippines
Test oflackofjustcause:
WONtheaffidavitfiledinsupportof
theapplicationforsearchwarrant
hasbeendrawinsuchamanner
thatperjurycouldbecharged
Legal:searchandseizurewithout
warrantasanincidenttolawfularrest
Elem nt e sofexceedingauthority:
1. Publicofficer/employee
2. Legallyprocuredasearchwarrant
3. Exceedsauthority/useunnecessary
severity
130 Searchingdomicile
withoutwitnesses
5. Searchwarrantislegallyprocured
6. Searchesthedomicile,paperorother
belongingsofanyperson
7. Owner,anymemberoffamilyor2
witnessesresidinginthesamelocalityis
notpresent
Searchtogooverorlookthroughforthe
purposeoffindingsomethingtoexamine
Doesnotapplytosearchesofvehiclesor
othermeansoftransportation
Searchwithoutwarrantundertariffand
customscodedoesnotincludedwelling
Camille Umali

Section3:Prohibition,InterruptionandDissolutionofpeacefulmeetings
131 Prohibition,
Interruptionand
Dissolutionof
peacefulmeetings
Actspunished
1. P/Iwithoutlegalgroundtheholdingofa
peacefulmeetingordissolvingit
2. Hinderinganypersonfromjoiningany
lawfulassociationorfromattendingany
ofitsmeeting
3. P/Hanypersonfromaddressingany
petitiontotheauthorities
Elem nt e scommon
2. Performanyofthe3acts
Meetingisnotpeaceful
Offenderisastrangernotaparticipant
Righttopeacefulmeetingisnotabsolute
Nolegalground:dangerisnotimminent
andtheevilsoughttobepreventedis
notserious
Meetingofmunicipalcouncilcrime
againstlegislativebody

Section4:Crimesagainstreligiousworship
132 Interruptionof
religiousworship
2. Religiousceremoniesormanifestationof
anyreligionareabouttotakeplace
3. Preventsordisturbedthesame
Qualifyingcircumstance:
Violenceorthreat

133
1. Actscomplainedofwereperformed Offendingthe
religiousfeelings a. Inaplacedevotedtoreligious
worship
b. Duringthecelebrationofany
religiousceremony
2. Mustbenotoriouslyoffensivetothe
feelingsofthefaithful
Directedagainstreligiouspracticeor
dogmaorritualforthepurposeof
ridicule,asmockingorscoffingat
attemptingtodamageanobjectof
religiousveneration
Inaplaceofreligiousworshipnot
necessarythatthereisareligious
ceremony
Deliberateintenttohurtthefeelingsof
thefaithful
Offensetofeelingisjudgedfrom
complainantsPOV
Religiousceremonyreligiousacts
performedoutsideofachurchsuchas
processions,specialprayersforburying
deadpersons

Camille Umali

TITLE3:CrimesagainstPublicOrder
Chapter1:Rebellion,Coupdetat,SeditionandDisloyalty
Art.
No.
134 Rebellionor
insurrection
RA9372
RA7659
4. Therebe:
(a) PublicuprisingAND
(b) Takingofarmsagainstthe
government
5. Thepurposeis:
(a) Removefromtheallegiancetosaid
Governmentoritslaws
i. TerritoryofthePhilippines
ii. Anybodyofland,navalorarmed
forces
(b) DeprivetheChiefExecutiveor
Congress,whollyorpartially,ofany
oftheirpowersorprerogatives
Rebellionobjectofthemovementis
completelytooverthrowandsupersedethe
existinggovernment
Insurrectionrefertomovementwhichseeks
merelytoeffectsomechangeofminor
importanceortopreventtheexerciseof
governmentalauthoritywithrespectto
particularmattersorsubjects
Purposemustbeshown
Rebellion Subversion
Crimeagainst
publicorder
Crimeagainst
nationalsecurity
Actualclashofarmsisnotnecessary
Notnecessarythatthepurposeis
accomplished
Givingaidandcomfortisnotcriminal

Treason Rebellion
Levyingwar
performedtoaid
theenemy
Levyingwarduring
peacetime
Maybecommitted
bymereadherence
totheenemyby
givingaidand
comfort
Alwaysinvolves
takinguparms
134
A
Coupdetat 1. Offenderisaperson/sbelongingtothemilitaryorpoliceholdinganypublicofficeoremployment
2. Itiscommittedbymeansofswiftattackaccompaniedbyviolence,intimidation,threat,strategyorstealth
3. AttackisdirectedagainstthedulyconstitutedauthoritiesoftheRepublicofthePhilippinesoranymilitarycamporinstallation
communicationnetworks,publicutilitiesorotherfacilitiesneededfortheexerciseandcontinuedpossessionofpowers
Withorwithoutcivilianparticipation
135 Penalty Whoareliable
8. Theleaders
(a) Promotes/Maintains/HeadsaR/I
(b) Leads/Directs/Commandsothersto
undertakeacoupdetat
Directedothers,spokeforthem,signed
receiptsandotherdocuments
9. Participants
(a) Participates/Executescommandsof
othersinR/I(anyperson)
(b) P/EcommandsofothersinCoup
detat(anypersoningovernment
service)
(c) P/Supports/Finances/Abets/Aidsin
undertakingcoupdetat
Publicofficermusttakeactivepartto
beliable;meresilenceoromissionnot
punishableinrebellion
Nottakingtheoathofallegianceisnota
defense
SEE:HERNANDEZ/ENRILEv.SALAZAR
Actscommittedinfurtheranceto
rebellionareabsorbed
Killingsthatarepoliticallymotivated
Politicalcrimesdirectlyaimedagainst
politicalorder,commoncrimescommitted
toachievedapoliticalpurpose
136 Conspiracyand
Proposaltocommit
coupdetat,rebellion
orinsurrection
Conspiracy
1. 2ormorepersonscometoanagreement
toswiftlyattackortorisepubliclyand
takearmsagainsttheGovernmentfor
anypurposeofR/I
2. Theydecidetocommitit
Proposal
1. Apersonhasdecidedtoswiftlyattackorto
risepubliclyandtakearmsagainstthe
GovernmentforanyofthepurposesofR/I
2. Suchpersonproposesitsexecutionto
someotherperson/s

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137 Disloyaltyofpublic
officersor
employees
1. Offenderisapublicofficeroremployee
2. Commitsanyofthefollowingacts:
(a) Failingtoresistrebellionbyallthemeansintheirpower
(b) Continuingtodischargethedutiesoftheirofficesunderthecontroloftherebels
Acceptingappointmenttoofficeunderthem
138 Incitingtorebellion
orinsurrection
1. Offenderdoesnottakearmsorisnotin
openhostilityagainstthegovernment
2. Incitesotherstoexecutionofanyactsof
rebellioninA.134
3. Incitingisdonebymeansofspeeches,
proclamations,writing,emblems,
bannersorotherrepresentations,
tendingtothesameend
Rebellionshouldnotbecommitted

Inciting Proposal
Inducesanothertocommitrebellion
Notrequired Personwho
proposeddecided
tocommitit
Donepublicly Usessecretmeans
139 Sedition 1. Offendersrisepubliclyortumultuously
2. EmployF/Iorothermeansoutsidelegal
method
3. Purpose:
(a) Preventpromulgationorexecutionof
anylaworholdingofpopularelection
(b) Preventthenational/provincial/local
governmentoranypublicofficerfrom
freelyexercisingitsfunctionorprevent
executionofadminorder
(c) Inflictanyactofhateorrevengeupon
thepersonorpropertyofanypublic
officeroremployee
(d) Tocommit,foranypoliticalorsocialend,
anyactofhateorrevengeagainstprivate
personsoranysocialstatus
(e) Todespoil,foranypoliticalorsocialend,
any
person/municipality/province/National
Governmentofallitspropertyorany
partthereof
Seditionraisingofcommotionsor
disturbancesinthestat;ultimateobjectis
aviolationofpublicpeace
Tumultuousdisturbancecausedby
morethan3personswhoarearmedor
providedwithmeansofviolence
140 Penalty Pers onsliable

1. Leader
2. Personsparticipatinginthesedition

141
Conspiracyto
commitsedition
1. 2ormorepersonscometoanagreementandadecisiontorisepubliclyandtumultuouslyto
attainanyoftheobjectsofsedition
2. Theydecidetocommitit

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142
Incitingtosedition
PD90
Actspunished
1. Incitingotherstotheaccomplishmentof
anyoftheactswhichconstitutesedition
bymeanofspeeches,proclamations,
writings,emblems,cartoons,bannersor
otherrepresentationstendingtothe
same
2. Utteringseditiouswordsorspeeches
whichtendtodisturbpublicpeace
3. Writing,publishing,circulating
scurrilouslibels
againstthegovernmentoranyduly
constitutedauthoritiestherein
tendtodisturb/obstructanylawful
officerinexecutingfunctions
tendtoinstigateotherstocabaland
meettogetherforunlawfulpurpose
suggest/inciterebelliousconspiracies
ornots
tendtostiruppeopleagainstlawful
authorities
disturbthepeaceofcommunity,safety
andorderofgovt
knowinglyconcealsuchevilpractices
Elements:
1. Doesnottakedirectpartinthecrimeof
sedition
2. Incitesotherstotheaccomplishmentof
anyactswhichconstitutesedition
3. Incitingisdonebymeansofspeeches,
proclamations,writing,emblems,
banners,etc.
low,vulgar,meanorfoul Scurrilous
Rules:
1. Clearandpresentdanger:
wordsmustbeofsuchnaturethatby
utteringthemthereisadangerifa
publicuprisingandthatdangermust
bebothclearandimminent
present:timeelement
2. dangeroustendencyrule
tendtocreateadangerofpublic
uprisingthenthosewordscouldbe
properlybethesubjectofapenal
clause
Chapter2:Crimesagainstpopularrepresentation
Section1:Crimesagainstlegislativebodiesandsimilarbodies
143 Actstendingto
preventthemeeting
oftheAssemblyand
similarbodies
1. ThereisaprojectedoractualmeetingofCongressoranyofitscommittees,ConCom,orany
provincial/municipalboard
Anyperson,preventssuchmeeting

Camille Umali

144 Disturbancesof
proceedings
1. ThereisameetingofCongressoranyof
itscommittees,ConCom,orany
provincial/municipalboard
2. Offenderdoes:
(a) Disturbssuchmeeting
(b) Behaveswhileinthepresenceof
anysuchbodiesinsuchmanneras
tointerruptitsproceedingsorto
impairtherespectdueit
Mayalsobepunishedbycontempt
Section2:Violationofparliamentaryimmunity
145
Violationof
parliamentary
immunity
Act.1
1. Offenderusesforce,intimidation,threatorfraud
2. PurposeistopreventanymemberofCongressfrom:
(a) AttendingthemeetingofitscommitteeorConCom
(b) Expressingopinion
(c) Castinghisvote
Act.2
1. Offenderispublicofficeroremployee
2. ArrestsorsearchesanymemberofCongress
3. Congressattimeofarrestisinregularsession
Memberarrested/searchedhasntocommittedanyactunderRPC
bypenaltyhigherthanprisionmayor
Chapter3:IllegalAssembliesandAssociations
146 IllegalAssemblies Act.1
1. Thereisameeting,gatheringorgroupof
personswhetherinfixedplaceor
moving
2. Meetingisattendedbyarmedpersons
Act.2
1. Thereisameeting,gatheringorgroupof
personswhetherinfixedplaceor
moving
2. Audience,armedornot,isincitedtothe
commissionofcrimeoftreason,R/I,
seditionordirectassault
Personsliableforillegalassembly
1. Theorganizerorleadersofthemeeting;
2.Persons merely present at the meeting, who
must have a common intent to commit the
felonyofillegalassembly.
If any person present at the meeting

carriesanunlicensedfirearm:
presumedthatthepurposeofthemeeting
insofarasheisconcernedistocommitacts
punishableunderRPC
he is considered a leader or organizer of
themeeting.
Nogathering=noillegalassembly
Crimeisunderspeciallaw=NOT
Illegal
assembly
IllegalAssociation
basisofliability
isthegathering
foranillegal
purposewhich
constitutesa
crimeunder
RPC
basisistheformation
ofororganizationof
anassociationto
engageinanunlawful
purposewhichisnot
limitedtoaviolation
oftheRevisedPenal
Code
147 IllegalAssociations 1. Associationstotallyorpartially
organizedforthepurposeofcommitting
anyofthecrimespunishableunderRPC
2. Associationstotallyorpartially
organizedforsomepurposecontraryto
publicmorals
Whoareliable
1. Founders
2. Meremembers
Personsliable
1. Founders, directors and president of the
association;
2.Meremembersoftheassociation.
Illegal
assembly
IllegalAssociation
Thereisa
meeting
Notnecessary
Themeeting
andattendance
atsuchmeeting
thatare
punished.
Actofformingor
organizingand
membershipinthe
associationthatare
punished
Personsliable:
founder
members
Personsliable:
Organizer
Peoplepresent
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Chapter4:Assaultupon,andResistanceandDisobedienceto,PersonsinAuthorityandTheirAgents
148 DirectAssault Act.1
1. Offenderemploysforceorintimidation
2. Aimoftheoffenderistoattainanyofthe
purposesofthecrimeofrebellionorany
oftheobjectsofthecrimeofsedition
3. Thereisnopublicuprising
Act.2
1. Offendermakesanattack,employsforce,
makesseriousintimidationormakes
seriousaseriousresistance
2. Personassaultedisapersoninauthority
orhisagent
3. Atthetimeoftheassault,thepersonin
authorityorhisagentisengagedinthe
actualperformanceofofficialdutiesor
thatheisassaultedbyreasonofthepast
performanceofofficialduties
4. Offenderknowsthattheoneheis
assaultingisapersoninauthorityorhis
agentintheexerciseofhisduties
5. Nopublicuprising
It is the spirit of hate which is the essence
ofdirectassault.
Personinauthorityisanypersondirectly
vested with jurisdiction, whether as an
individualorasamemberofsomecourtor
government corporation, board, or
commission. A barangay chairman is
deemedapersoninauthority.
Agent of a person in authority is any
person who by direct provision of law or
by election or by appointment by
competent authority, is charged with the
maintenance of public order and the
protection and security of life and
property, such as a barangay councilman,
barriopoliceman,barangayleaderandany
personwhocomestotheaidofapersonin
authority.
Theonlytimewhenitisnotcomplexed
iswhenmaterialconsequenceisalight
felony,thatis,slightphysicalinjury.
Itisnotnecessarythattheoffender
knowswhatismeantbypersonin
authorityoranagentofonebecause
ignorantialegisneminemexcusat.
149 IndirectAssault 1. Apersoninauthorityorhisagentisthe
victimofanyoftheformsofdirect
assaultdefineinA.148
2. Personcomestotheaidofsuchauthority
oragentAIDOFTHEAGENTOF
PERSONSINAUTHORITY
3. MakesuseofF/Iuponsuchperson
comingtotheaidoftheauthorityorhis
agent
The victim in indirect assault should be a
private person who comes in aid of an
agentofapersoninauthority..
Theassaultisuponapersonwhocomes
inaidofthepersoninauthority.The
victimcannotbethepersoninauthority
orhisagent
Noindirectassaultwhenthereisno
directassault
150 Disobedienceto
summonsissuedby
theNational
Assembly,its
committeesor
subcommittees,by
theConCom,its
C/S/D
1. Refusing,withoutlegalexcuse,toobeysummonsofCongressitsspecialorstandingcommittees/sub/divisionsorbyanycommissionor
committeechairmanormember
2. Refusingtobeswornorplaceunderaffirmationwhilebeingbeforesuchlegislativeorconstitutionalbody
3. Refusingtoansweranylegalinquiryortoproduceanybooks/papers/documents/recordsinhispossessionwhenrequiredtodoso
4. Restraininganotherfromattendingasawitnessinsuchlegislativebody
Inducingdisobediencetoasummonsorrefusaltobeswornbyanysuchbodyorofficial
Camille Umali

151 Resistanceand
disobediencetoa
personinauthority
ortheagentsofsuch
person
Elementsorresistanceandseriousdisobedience
1. Apersoninauthorityorhisagentisengagedintheperformanceofofficialdutyorgiveslawfulorderttheoffender
2. OffenderresistsorseriouslydisobeyssuchpersoninauthorityorAPA(agentofpersoninauthority)
3. ActisnotincludedinA.148150
Simpledisobedience
1. APAisengagedintheperformanceofhisofficialdutyorgiveslawfulordertooffender
2. OffenderdisobeyssuchAPA
Disobedienceisnotofaseriousnature
152 Personsinauthority
andagentsof
personsinauthority
1. Onedirectlyvestedwithjurisdiction:
powerandauthoritytogovernand
executelaws
2. APA:chargedwith
a. Maintenanceofpublicorder
b. Protectionandsecurityoflifeand
property
Mayor
Divisionsuperintendentofschools
Public/privateschoolteachers
Teachernurse
Presidentofsanitarydivision
Provincialfiscal
Justiceofpeace
Municipalcouncilor
Barriocaptainorbarangaychairman
Chapter5:PublicDisorder
153 Tumultsandother
disturbancesof
publicorder
Actspunished:
1. Causinganyseriousdisturbancein
publicplace,office,orestablishment
2. Interruptingordisturbingperformances,
functionsorgatheringsorpeaceful
meetingsifnotyetincludedinA.131and
132
3. Makinganoutcrytendingtoincite
rebellionorseditioninanymeeting
associationorpublicplace
4. Displayingplacardsoremblemswhich
provokeadisturbanceofpublicorderin
suchplace
5. Buryingwithpompthebodyofaperson
whohasbeenlegallyexecuted
Theessenceiscreatingpublicdisorder.
Foracrimetobeunderthisarticle,itmust
not fall under Articles 131 (prohibition,
interruption, and dissolution of peaceful
meetings) and 132 (interruption of
religiousworship).
The disturbance of the pubic order is
tumultuous and the penalty is increased if
it is brought about by armed men. The
term armed does not refer to firearms
but includes even big stones capable of
causinggraveinjury.
Itisalsodisturbanceofthepublicorderifa
convict legally put to death is buried with
pomp. He should not be made out as a
martyr;itmightinciteotherstohatred.
154 Unlawfuluseof
meansofpublication
andunlawful
utterances
1. Publishfalsenewswhichmayendangerpublicorder,orcausedamagetotheinterestorcreditoftheState
2. Throughpublicationsorspeeches,encouragedisobediencetothelaw,ortodulyconstitutedauthorities,orpraiseunlawfulacts
3. Maliciouslypublishofficialresolutionordocumentwithoutauthorityorbeforetheyhavebeenpublishedofficially
4. Anonymouspublications

Camille Umali

155 Alarmsandscandals 1. Dischargefirearm,explosiveinapublic
placetocausealarm&danger
2. Participateincharivariordisorderly
meeting
3. Nocturnalamusementsthatdisturb
publicpeace
4. Causepublicdisturbancewhile
intoxicated
The crime alarms and scandal is only one

crime.
The essence of the crime is disturbance of

publictranquilityandpublicpeace.So,any
kind of disturbance of public order where
the circumstance at the time renders the
act offensive to the tranquility prevailing,
thecrimeiscommitted.
Charivari is a mock serenade wherein the

supposed serenaders use broken cans,
broken pots, bottles or other utensils
therebycreatingdiscordantnotes.
it is producing noise, not music and so it
alsodisturbspublictranquility.
When a person discharges a firearm in

public, the act may constitute any of the
possible crimes under the Revised Penal
Code:
(1) Alarms and scandals if the firearm
when discharged was not directed to
anyparticularperson;
(2) Illegal discharge of firearm under

Article 254 if the firearm is directed or
pointed to a particular person when
dischargedbutintenttokillisabsent;
(3) Attempted homicide, murder, or

parricide if the firearm when
discharged is directed against a person
andintenttokillispresent.
Ifdirectedtoonespecificperson
UNJUSTVEXATION
156 Deliveringprisoner
fromjail
1. Personisconfinedinjailorpenal
establishment
2. Offenderremovestherefromsuch
personorhelpstheescapeofsuch
person
In relation to infidelity in the custody of
prisoners,correlatethecrimeofdelivering
person from jail with infidelity in the
custody of prisoners punished under
Articles 223, 224 and 225 of the Revised
PenalCode.Inbothacts,theoffendermay
beapublicofficeroraprivatecitizen.Both
crimes may be committed by public
officers as well as private persons. In both
crimes, the person involved may be a
convictorameredetentionprisoner.
DISTINCTION:WONthepersonis
custodianoftheprisonerornot
Ifthreepersonsareinvolvedastranger,the
custodianandtheprisonerthreecrimesare
committed:
(1) Infidelityinthecustodyofprisoners;
(2) Deliveryoftheprisonerfromjail;and
(3) Evasionofserviceofsentence.

Camille Umali

Chapter6:EvasionofServiceofSentence
157 Evasionofserviceof
sentence
1. Convictbyfinaljudgment
2. Servingsentencewhichconsistsinthe
deprivationofliberty
3. Evadesserviceofhissentenceby
escapingduringthetermofhissentence
Qualifyingcircumstances
Ifsuchevasionorescapetakesplace
1.By means of unlawful entry (this should be
byscalingReyes);
2.By breaking doors, windows, gates, walls,
roofsorfloors;
3.Byusingpicklock,falsekeys,disguise,deceit,
violenceorintimidation;or
4.Through connivance with other convicts or
employeesofthepenalinstitution.
In leaving or escaping from jail or

prison, that the prisoner immediately
returned is immaterial. It is enough
that he left the penal establishment by
escaping therefrom. His voluntary
return may only be mitigating, being
analogous to voluntary surrender. But
the same will not absolve his criminal
liability.
158 Evasionofserviceof
sentenceonthe
occasionofdisorder,
conflagration,
earthquakes,or
othercalamities
1. Offenderisaconvictbyfinaljudgment
confinedinpenalinstitution
2. Thereisadisorder,resultingfrom:
(a) Conflagration
(b) Earthquake
(c) Explosion
(d) Similarcatastrophe
(e) Mutinyinwhichhehasnot
participated
3. Evadestheserviceofhissentence,by
leavingthepenalinstitutionwherehe
shallhavebeenconfinedontheoccasion
ofsuchdisorderorduringthemutiny
4. Failstogivehimselfuptotheauthorities
with48hoursfollowingtheissuanceofa
proclamationbychiefexecutive
announcingthepassingawayofsuch
calamity
The leaving from the penal establishment

isnotthebasisofcriminalliability.Itisthe
failure to return within 48 hours after the
passing of the calamity, conflagration or
mutinyhadbeenannounced
Thecrimeofevasionofserviceofsentence
may be committed even if the sentence is
destierro, and this is committed if the
convict sentenced to destierro will enter
the prohibited places or come within the
prohibited radius of 25 kilometers to such
placesasstatedinthejudgment.
Thosewhodidnotleavethepenal
establishmentarenotentitledtothe
1/5credit.Onlythosewholeftand
returnedwithinthe48hourperiod
Themutinyreferredtointhesecond
formofevasionofserviceofsentence
doesnotincluderiot
159 Othercasesof
evasionofserviceof
sentence
1. Aconvict
2. GrantedpardonbyChiefExecutive
3. Violatedanyoftheconditionsofsuch
pardon
Inviolationofconditionalpardon,asarule,theviolationwillamounttothiscrimeonlyif
theconditionisviolatedduringtheremainingperiodofthesentence.
Theadministrativeliabilityoftheconvictundertheconditionalpardonisdifferentandhas
nothing to dowith his criminal liability for the evasion of service of sentence in the event
thattheconditionofthepardonhasbeenviolated.
In order that the conditional pardon may be violated, it is conditional that the pardonee
received the conditional pardon. If he is released without conformity to the conditional
pardon,hewillnotbeliableforthecrimeofevasionofserviceofsentence.

Camille Umali

Chapter7:CommissionofAnotherCrimeduringServiceofPenaltyImposedforAnotherPreviousOffense
160

1. Finalconvictionforoneoffense
2. Commitsafelony
3. Beforeservingsentenceorwhileserving
sentence
Commissionof
AnotherCrime
duringServiceof
PenaltyImposedfor
AnotherPrevious
Offense
Othe Ru r les:
1. Secondcrimemustbeafelony(i.e.
punishedunderRPC),butthefirst
crimeneednotbeafelony
2. Thenewoffenseneednotbe
differentformthefirstone
committedunlessthefirstoneisnot
afelony
3. Itdoesnotrequirethatboth
offensesareunderthesametitle
undertheRPC(thisisonlyrequired
inrecidivism,wherethesecond
crimemustbecommittedafterthe
serviceofsentenceofthefirst)
4. Ifthesecondcrimeiscommitted
aftertheserviceofthefirstandthe
2crimesarenotunder1titleofthe
PRC,thecircumstanceisreiteracion
5. Quasirecidivismcannotbeoffsetby
anyordinarymitigating
circumstance
6. Aquasirecidivistmaybepardoned
whenhereaches70yesoldandhe
hasalreadyservedouthisoriginal
sentenceprovidedthatheisnota
habitualcriminal
Habitual
Delinquency
Art.62(5)
Recidivism Habituality/
Reiteracion/
Repetition
Art.14(9)
Art.14(10)
Crimes
committed
Specified:
(a) less serious or
serious physical
injuries
(b)robbery
(c)theft
(d)estafa
(e)falsification
Sufficientthattheoffenderhave
been previously convicted by
final judgment for another
crime embraced in the same
title of the Code on the date of
histrial
Necessary that the
offender shall have
servedouthissentence
forthefirstoffense
Period of time
the crimes are
committed
Within 10 years
from his last
release or
conviction
Noperiodoftime
Number of
crimes
committed
Guilty the third
timeoroftener
The second conviction for an
offense embraced in the same
titleofthisCode
The previous and
subsequent offenses
mustNOTbeembraced
in the same title of the
Code
Theireffects An additional
penalty shall be
imposed
If not offset by any mitigating
circumstance, increase the
penaltyonlytothemaximum
Not always an
aggravating
circumstance
Camille Umali

From ADAPT:

Camille Umali

TITLE4:CrimesagainstPublicInterest
Chapter1:Forgeries
Art.
No.
161 Counterfeitingthe
greatsealofthe
Governmentofthe
PhilippineIslands,
forgingthesignature
orstampofChief
Executive
6. ForgingthegreatsealoftheGovernment
ofthePhilippines
7. ForgingthesignatureofthePresident
8. ForgingthestampofthePresident
Thefirstactsoffalsificationorfalsityare
(1) Counterfeiting refers to money or
currency;
(2) Forgery refers to instruments of
credit and obligations and securities
issued by the Philippine government or
any banking institution authorized by
the Philippine government to issue the
same;
(3)Falsificationcanonlybecommittedin
respectofdocuments.
162 Usingforgedsignature
orcounterfeitedseal
1. Greatsealwascounterfeitedorthe
signatureorstampofthechiefexecutive
wasforgedbyanotherperson
2. Offenderknewofthecounterfeitingor
forgery
3. Usedthecounterfeitsealorforged
signature/stamp
4. Offendershouldnotbetheforger
Theparticipationoftheoffenderisin
effectthatofanaccessory,andalthough
thegeneralruleisthatheshouldbe
punishedbyapenaltyoftwodegrees
lower,underArt.162heispunishedby
apenaltyonlyonedegreelower.
163 Making,importing,
utteringfalsecoins
10. Thereisfalseorcounterfeitedcoins
11. Offendermade,utteredorimportedsuch
coin
12. Incaseofuttering,heconnivedwiththe
counterfeitersorimporters
Kinds:
1. SilvercoinsofPhilorCB
2. Coinsofminorcoinage
3. Coinofcurrencyofforeigncountry
Counterfeiting coins remaking or
manufacturingwithoutanyauthorityto
doso.
lawwantstopreventpeoplefrom
tryingtheiringenuityintheirimitation
ofthemanufactureofmoney
Itisnotnecessarythatthecoin
counterfeitedbelegaltender.
REASON:
Tobarthecounterfeiterfromperfectinghis
craftofcounterfeiting.Soon,iftheydevelop
theexpertisetomakethecounterfeiting
moreorlessnolongerdiscernibleorno
longernoticeable,theycouldmakeuseof
theiringenuitytocounterfeitcoinsoflegal
tender.
164 Mutilationofcoins 1. Mutilatingcoinsofthelegalcurrency
Thereisintenttodamageordefraud
another
2. Importing/utteringthemutilatedcoins
Thereisconnivancewiththe
mutilatororimporter
Mutilation of coins act of diminishing the
propermetalcontentsofthecoineither
by scraping, scratching or filling the
edges of the coin and the offender
gathers the metal dust that has been
scrapedfromthecoin.
Noexpertiseisinvolved
Nointent:PD247willapply
Camille Umali

165 Sellingoffalseor
mutilatedcoin,
withoutconnivance
1. (a)possessionofcoin,C/Mbyanother
(b)withintenttoutterthesame
(c)knowsthatitisfalseormutilated
2. (a)actuallyutteringsuchcoins
(b)knowsthatitisfalseormutilated
notonlytophysicalpossessionbutalso
toconstructivepossessionorsubjection
shouldnotbethecounterfeiter,
mutilator,orimporterofthecoins,
otherwisethecrimeofpossessingsuch
coinswouldbeabsorbedbythecrimeof
counterfeiting
166 Forgingtreasuryor
banknotesorother
documentspayableto
thebearer,I/Usuch
falseorforgednotes
anddocuments
1. Forgingorfalsificationoftreasuryor
banknotesorotherdocumentspayable
tobearer
2. Importationofsuch
3. Utteringofsuchinconnivancewiththe
forgersorimporters
payabletobearerwhenownershipis
transferredbymeredelivery
The code punishes forging or
falsification of bank notes and of
documents of credit payable to bearer
and issued by the state more severely
than counterfeiting coins. The
documentsmentionedintheformerare
proofs of government indebtedness,
thus safeguarding the credibility of the
state.

167 Counterfeiting,I/U
instrumentsnot
payabletobearer
1. Thereisaninstrumentpayabletoorder
orotherdocumentofcreditnotpayable
tobearer
2. OffendereitherF/I/Usuchinstrument
3. Incaseofuttering,heconnivedwith
forgerorimporter
The instrument is payable to order
whenitisdrawnpayabletotheorderof
a specified person or to him or his
order. It is not negotiated by
endorsementanddelivery.
This includes instruments or
documents of credit issued by a foreign
government t or bank because the act
punished includes that of importing,
without specifying the country issuing
them.

168 Illegalpossessionand
useoffalsetreasury
orbanknotesand
otherinstrumentsof
credit
1. Anytreasuryorbanknoteorcertificateorotherobligationandsecuritypayabletobearer,oranyinstrumentpayabletoorderorother
documentofcreditnotpayabletobearerisforgedorfalsifiedbyanotherperson
2. Offenderknowsthatanyofthoseinstrumentsisforgedorfalsified
3. Heeither:
(a) Usesanyofsuchforged/falsifiedinstruments
Possesseswithintenttouseanysuchforgedorfalsifiedinstruments
169 Howforgeryis
committed
1. Bygivingtoatreasuryorbanknoteoranyinstrumentpayabletobearerortoordermentionedtherein,theappearanceoftrueand
genuinedocument
2. Byerasing,substituting,counterfeitingoralteringbyanymeansthefigures,letters,wordsorsigncontainedtherein
170 Falsificationof
legislativedocuments
1. Thereisabill,resolutionorordinance
enactedorapprovedorpendingapproval
byeitherHouseoranyprovincialboard
ormunicipalcouncil
2. Offenderaltersthesame
3. Noproperauthoritytherefor
4. Alterationhaschangedthemeaningof
thedocument
Thecrimeoffalsificationmustinvolvea
writing that is a document in the legal
sense.
The writing must be complete in itself
and capable of extinguishing an
obligation or creating rights or capable
ofbecomingevidenceofthefactsstated
therein.
Untilandunlessthewritinghasattained
thisquality,itwillnotbeconsideredas
documentinthelegalsenseand,
therefore,thecrimeoffalsification
cannotbecommittedinrespectthereto.
Camille Umali

171 Falsificationbypublic
officer,employeeor
notaryor
ecclesiasticalminister
1. Thattheoffenderisapublicofficer,
employee,ornotarypublic
2. Thathetakesadvantageofhis
officialposition
3. Thathefalsifiesadocumentby
committinganyofthefollowingacts:
a. Counterfeitingorimitatingany
handwriting,signatureorrubric
(1) counterfeitingbyimitating
(2) feigning/simulatinganonexistingsignature
b. Causingittoappearthatpersonshave
participatedinanyactorproceedingwhen
theydidnotinfactsoparticipate
c. Attributingtopersonswhohave
participatedinanactorproceeding
statementsotherthanthoseinfactmadeby
them
d. Makinguntruthfulstatementsina
narrationoffacts
(1) Thattheoffendermakesinadocumenta
narrationoffacts
(2) Thathehasalegalobligationtodisclose
thetruthofthefacts
(3) Thatthefactsnarratedareabsolutelyfalse
(nocolorabletruth)
(4) Thattheperversionoftruthinthe
narrationorfactswasmadewithwrongful
intentofinjuringathirdperson(notrequired
whendocumentfalsifiedisapublicdocument)
e. Alteringtruedates
f. Makinganyalterationorintercalationina
genuinedocumentwhichchangesits
meaning(materialmatter)
g. Issuinginauthenticatedformadocument
purportingtobeacopyofanoriginal
documentwhennosuchoriginalexists,or
includinginsuchcopyastatement
contraryto,ordifferentfrom,thatofthe
genuineoriginal
h. Intercalatinganyinstrumentornote
relativetotheissuancethereofina
protocol,registryorofficialbook
4. Ifoffenderisanecclesiasticalminister,
theactoffalsificationiscommittedw.r.t.
anyrecord/docofsuchcharacterthatits
falsificationmayaffectthecivilstatusof
persons
Thereare kindsofdocuments: four
(1) Public document in the execution of
which, a person in authority or notary
publichastakenpart;
(2) Official document in the execution of
whichapublicofficialtakespart;
(3) Commercialdocumentoranydocument
recognizedbytheCodeofCommerceor
anycommerciallaw;and
(4) Private document in the execution of
which only private individuals take
part.
Publicdocumentisbroaderthanthe
termofficialdocument.Beforea
documentmaybeconsideredofficial,it
mustfirstbeapublicdocument.But
notallpublicdocumentsareofficial
documents.Tobecomeanofficial
document,theremustbealawwhich
requiresapublicofficertoissueorto
rendersuchdocument.
Ifsecondelementisnotpresent:A.172
willapply
Checkisnotadocumentyetwhenitis
notyetcompleted
Theelementofdamageisnotnecessary
becauseitistheinterestofthe
communitywhichisintendedtobe
guaranteed.Thecharacterofthe
offenderandhisfaithfulnesstohisduty
isthemainlytakenintoconsideration
estafathroughfalsificationofaprivate
documenteachneedsaspecificintent
Falsification Forgery
Falsification is the
commission of any
of the eight acts
mentioned in
Article 171 on
legislative(onlythe
act of making
alteration), public
or official,
commercial, or
private documents,
or wireless, or
telegraph
messages.
Thetermforgeryas
used in Article 169
refers to the
falsification and
counterfeiting of
treasury or bank
notes or any
instruments
payable to bearer
ortoorder.

Camille Umali

172 Falsificationby
privateindividualand
useoffalsified
documents
A punished: cts
1. Falsificationofpublic,officialor
commercialdocumentbyaprivate
individual
Elem nts: e
1. Thattheoffenderisaprivate
individualorapublicofficeror
employeewhodidnottake
advantageofhisofficialposition
2. Thathecommittedanyofthe
actsoffalsificationenumeratedin
Art171
3. Thatthefalsificationwas
committedinapublicorofficialor
commercialdocument
2. Falsificationofprivatedocument
byanyperson
Element s:
1 Thattheoffendercommitted
anyoftheactsoffalsification,
exceptthoseinparagraph7,
enumeratedinArt171
2 Thatthefalsificationis
committedinanyprivate
document
3 Thatthefalsificationcaused
damagetoathirdpartyoratleast
thefalsificationwascommitted
withintenttocausesuchdamage
3. Useoffalsifieddocuments
Elements(Introducinginajudicial
proc eeding):
1. Thattheoffenderknewthata
documentwasfalsifiedbyanother
person
2. Thatthefalsedocumentis
embracedinArt171orinanysubd
#1and2orArt172
3. Thatheintroducedsaid
documentinevidenceinany
judicialproceeding
Elem nts(Use ): e inanyothertransactions
1. Thattheoffenderknewthat
thedocumentwasfalsifiedby
anotherperson
2. Thatthefalsedocumentis
embracedinArt171orinanysubd
#1and2orArt172
3. Thatheusedsuchdocument
(notinjudicialproceeding
4. Thattheuseofthefalse
documentcauseddamageto
anotheroratleastitwasusedwith
intenttocausesuchdamage
173 Falsificationof
wireless,cable,
telegraph,and
telephonemessages
anduseofsaid
falsifiedmessages
1. (a)offenderisanofficer/employeeofthegovernmentoremployeeofaprivatecorporation,engagedintheserviceofsendingorreceiving
wirelesscableortelephonemessage
(b)Commitsanyofthefollowing:
1.utter
2.falsifies
2. (a)offenderknewthatW/C/T/TMwasfalsifiedbyanofficeroremployeeofthegovernmentoremployeeofaprivatecorporation,
engagedintheserviceofsendingorreceivingwirelesscableortelephonemessage
(b)usedsuchfalsifieddispatch
(c)useresultedintheprejudiceof3
rd
partyoratleasttherewasintenttocausesuchprejudice
174 Falsemedical
certificate,false
certificatesofmerits
orservice,etc.
Personsliable
1. Physicianorsurgeonwho,inconnectionwiththepracticeofhisprofession,issuesafalsecertificate(itmustrefertotheillnessorinjuryofa
person);
[Thecrimehereisfalsemedicalcertificatebyaphysician.]
2. Publicofficerwhoissuesafalsecertificateofmeritofservice,goodconductorsimilarcircumstances;
[Thecrimehereisfalsecertificateofmeritorservicebyapublicofficer.]
3. Privatepersonwhofalsifiesacertificatefallingwithintheclassesmentionedinthetwoprecedingsubdivisions.

Camille Umali

175 Usingfalsecertificates 1. Thefollowingissuesfalsecertificates(refertopreviousarticle)
2. Offenderknowsthatthecertificatewasfalse
Heusesthesame
176 Manufacturingand
possessionof
instrumentsor
implementsof
falsification
Actspunished
1.Making or introducing into the Philippines
any stamps, dies, marks, or other
instruments or implements for
counterfeitingorfalsification;
2.Possession with intent to use the
instruments or implements for
counterfeiting or falsification made in or
introduced into the Philippines by
anotherperson.
Constructivepossession
Chapter2:Otherfalsities
177 Usurpationof
authorityorofficial
functions
Actspunished
1.Usurpationofauthority.(noconnectionwith
theofficerepresented)
Elements
a. Offender knowingly and falsely
representshimself;
b.Asanofficer,agentorrepresentativeof
any department or agency of the
Philippine government or of any
foreigngovernment.
2.Usurpation of official functions. (excess of

authority)
Elements
a. Offenderperformsanyact;
b.Pertainingtoanypersoninauthority
or public officer of the Philippine
government or any foreign
government, or any agency
thereof;
c. Underpretenseofofficialposition;
d.Without being lawfully entitled to do
so.
178 Usingfictitiousname
andconcealingtrue
name
Actspunished
1.Usingfictitiousname
Elements
a.Offender uses a name other than his
realname;
b.Heusesthefictitiousnamepublicly;
c.Purpose of use is to conceal a crime, to
evadetheexecutionofajudgmentor
tocausedamage[topublicinterest
Reyes].
2.Concealingtruename
Elements
a. Offender conceals his true name and
otherpersonalcircumstances;
b. Purposeisonlytoconcealhis
identity.

179 Illegaluseofuniforms
orinsignia
1. Offendermakesuseofinsignia,uniformsordress;
2. Theinsignia,uniformsordresspertainstoanofficenotheldbysuchpersonoraclassofpersonsofwhichheisnotamember;
Saidinsignia,uniformordressisusedpubliclyandimproperly.
Camille Umali

180 Falsetestimony
againstthedefendant
1. Thereisacriminalproceeding;
2. Offendertestifiesfalselyunderoathagainstthedefendanttherein;
3.Offenderwhogivesfalsetestimonyknowsthatitisfalse.
4. Defendant against whom the false testimony is given is either acquitted or convicted in a
finaljudgment.
REASON:
punish the acts of making false testimonies
since because such acts seriously expose the
courttomiscarriageofjustice.
181 Falsetestimony
favorabletothe
defendant
1. Apersongivesfalsetestimony;
2. Infavorofthedefendant;
3.Inacriminalcase.
Thetestimonyneednotbebeneficialtothedefendant.
Convictionoracquittalofdefendantintheprincipalcaseisnotnecessary.
Rectificationmadespontaneouslyafterrealizingthemistakeisnotfalsetestimony
182 Falsetestimonyin
civilcases
1. Testimonygiveninacivilcase;
2. Testimonyrelatestotheissuespresentedinsaidcase;
3. Testimonyisfalse;
4. Offenderknowsthattestimonyisfalse;
Testimonyismaliciousandgivenwithanintenttoaffecttheissuespresentedinsaidcase.
183 Falsetestimonyin
othercasesand
perjuryinsolemn
affirmation
1. Offender makes a statement under oath
or executes an affidavit upon a material
matter;
2. Thestatementoraffidavitismadebefore
acompetentofficer,authorizedtoreceive
andadministeroaths;
3. Offender makes a willful and deliberate
assertion of a falsehood in the statement
oraffidavit;
4. The sworn statement or affidavit
containing the falsity is required by law,
thatis,itismadeforalegalpurpose.
Material matter is defined as the main

fact which is the subject of the inquiry
or any circumstance which tends to
prove that fact, or any fact or
circumstance which tends to
corroborate or strengthen the
testimony relative to the subject of
inquiry, or which legitimately affects
thecreditofanywitnesswhotestifies.
Asanelementofacrime,theremustbe
competentproofofmateriality.
goodfaithorlackofmaliceis adefense
inperjury.
The statement should be outside the
coverageofart180181.
noperjurythroughnegligenceor
imprudence
Itisnotnecessarythattherebealaw
requiringthestatementtobemade
underoath,aslongasitismadefora
legalpurpose.

184 Offeringfalse
testimonyinevidence
1.Offenderoffersinevidenceafalsewitnessortestimony;
2. Heknowsthatthewitnessorthetestimonywasfalse;
3.Theofferismadeinanyjudicialorofficialproceeding.
Chapter3:Frauds
185 MachinationinPublic
auction
Actspunished
1.Soliciting any gift or promise as a
consideration for refraining from taking part
inanypublicauction;
Elements
a. Thereisapublicauction;
b.Offender solicits any gift or a promise from
anyofthebidders;
c. Suchgiftorpromiseistheconsiderationfor
hisrefrainingfromtakingpartinthatpublic
auction;
d.Offender has the intent to cause the
reductionofthepriceofthethingauction
2.Attempting to cause bidders to stay away
fromanauctionbythreats,gifts,promisesor
anyotherartifice.
Elements
a. Thereisapublicauction;
b.Offender attempts to cause the
bidders to stay away from that
publicauction;
c. Itisdonebythreats,gifts,promises
oranyotherartifice;
d. Offender has the intent to cause
the reduction of the price of the thing
auctioned.
The crime is consummated by mere
solicitation of gift or promise as
consideration for not bidding, or by
mere attempt to cause prospective
bidderstostayawayfromanauction.

Camille Umali

186 Monopoliesand
combinationin
restraintoftrade
Actspunished
1.Combination to prevent free competition in
themarket;
Elements
a. Entering into any contract or
agreement or taking part in any
conspiracy or combination in the
formofatrustorotherwise;
b.In restraint of trade or commerce or
to prevent by artificial means free
competitioninthemarket.
2.Monopoly to restrain free competition in

themarket;
Elements
a. By monopolizing any merchandise
or object of trade or commerce, or
by combining with any other
person or persons to monopolize
saidmerchandiseorobject;
b.In order to alter the prices thereof
by spreading false rumors or
makinguseofanyotherartifice;
c. To restrain free competition in the
market
3. Manufacturer, producer, or processor or
importer combining, conspiring or
agreeing with any person to make
transactions prejudicial to lawful
commerce or to increase the market
priceofmerchandise.
Elements
a. manufacturer, producer, processor
or importer of any merchandise or
objectofcommerce;
b.Combines, conspires or agrees with
anyperson;
c. Purposeistomaketransactions
prejudicialtolawfulcommerceorto
increasethemarketpriceofany
merchandizeorobjectofcommerce
manufactured,produced,processed,
assembledorimportedintothe
Philippines.
187 Importationand
dispositionoffalsely
markedarticlesand
merchandisemadeof
gold,silverorother
preciousmetalsor
theiralloys
1. Offenderimports/sells/disposesarticlesmadeofgold,silverorotherpreciousmetalsortheiralloys
2. Stamps,brands,ormarksofthosearticlesfailstoindicatetheactualfinenessorqualityofsaidmetalalloys
3. Offenderhasknowledgeofthatin(2)
Substitutingand
alteringtrademarks,
tradenamesor
servicemarks
SeeRA8293 188
189 Unfaircompetition,
fraudulent
registrationof
tradename,
trademark,orservice
mark,fraudulent
designationoforigin
andfalsedescription
SeeRA8293
Camille Umali

Title6:CrimeAgainstPublicMorals
CHAPTER1:GamblingandBetting
Art.
No.
Section1:Parricide,Murder,Homicide
195 Gambling SeePD1602
196
Importation,Saleand
possessionofLottery
Ticketsor
advertisements
Acts un p ished:
1. Importingfromanyforeignplace
2. Sellingordistributinginconnivance
withtheimporter
3. Possessing,knowinglyandwith
intenttouse
4. Sellingordistributingwithout
connivancewiththeimporter
Thereispresumptionofintenttosell,
distributeoruse
Possessionisprimafacieevidence
Nonecessarythatlotteryticketsare
genuine
197 Bettinginsportscontents SeePD483

198
Illegalbettingonhorse
races
Actspunished:
1. Bettingonhorseracesduring
periodsnotallowedbylaw
2. Maintainoremployinga
totalizer/device/schemeforbetting
onracesorrealizingprofit
therefromduringperiodsnot
allowedbylaw
Sameday,sameplace=separate
offense
Nopenaltyifnobettingoruseof
totalizer
Horse notallowedbylaw races
July4
Dec.30
Anyregistrationorvotingdays
HolyThursdayandGoodFriday
199 Illegalcockfighting SeePD449
Chapter2:OffensesagainstDecencyandGoodCustom
200 GraveScandal
1. Offenderperformsanact/acts
2. Actishighlyscandalousas
offendingagainstdecencyorgood
customs
3. Highlyscandalousactisnot
expresslyfallingwithinotherarticle
ofthecode
4. committedinpublicplaceorwithin
publicknowledge/view
Decencyproprietyofconduct,proper
observanceoftherequirementsof
modesty,goodtaste,etc.
Customestablishedusage,social
conventionscarriedonbytraditionand
enforcedbysocialdisapprovalofany
violationthereof
GraveScandalactswhichareoffensive
tothedecencyandgoodcustomswhich,
havingbeencommittedpublicly,havegiven
risetopublicscandaltopersonswhohave
accidentallywitnessedthesame

Camille Umali

201
Immoraldoctrines,
obscenepublicationand
Exhibitions
SeePD969,RA7610
TEST:
Depraveorcorruptthosewhose
mindsareopentosuchimmoral
influencesandintowhosehands
suchpublicationmayfall
Publicityisessential
Authorisliableonlywhenpublished
withhisknowledge
WONitshockstheordinaryand
commonsenseofmentoindecency
PURPOSE:
Protectthemoralsofthepublic
Giveaway=distribute
Moralconformitywiththegenerally
acceptedstandardsofgoodnessor
rightnessinconductorcharacter
sometimesspecificallytosexualconduct
Indecencyactagainstthegoodbehavior
andajustdelicacy
Merenudityisnotobscene
Merepossessionofobscenematerialis
notpunishable
202
SeeRA7610
1. Noapparentmeans
Hasphysicalabilitytowork
Neglectstoapplyhimselftolawful
calling
Vagrancyand
Prostitution
2. Loiteringaboutpublicorsemipublic
places
Mendicancyandabettingmendicancy
Dissolutelax,unrestrained,immoral
Tramping/wanderingaboutcountryor
streetswithoutvisiblemeansofsupport
3. IdleordissoluteLodgesinhousesofill
fame
Ruffianbrutal,violent,lawless
Pimpprovidesgratificationforlustof
others
Prostitutes
1. Habituallyindulgesin
Ruffiansorpimps
Thosewhohabituallyassociatewith
prostitutes
4. Notfallunderotherarticles
(a) Sexualintercourse
(b) Lasciviousconduct
Foundloiteringinany
inhabited/uninhabitedplacebelongto
anotherwithoutlawful/justifiable
purpose
5. Prostitutes

2. Formoneyorprofit
Notapplicabletominors
Camille Umali

TITLE7:Crimescommittedbypublicofficers
Chapter1:Preliminaryprovisions
Art.
No.
203 Whoare
public
officers
1. Taking part in the performance of public
functionsinthegovernment;
or
Performing in said government or in
any of its branches public duties as an
employee, agent or subordinate
official,oranyrankorclass;
2.His authority to take part in the

performance of public functions or to
performpublicdutiesmustbe
a.Bydirectprovisionofthelaw;
b.Bypopularelection;or
c. By appointment by competent
authority.
(1)Malfeasance when a public officer
performs in his public office an act
prohibitedbylaw.
Example:bribery.
(2)Misfeasance when a public officer

performs official acts in the manner
not in accordance with what the law
prescribes.
(3)Nonfeasance when a public officer

willfullyrefrainsorrefusestoperform
an official duty which his office
requireshimtoperform.
Chapter2:MalfeasanceandMisfeasanceinOffice
Section1:Derelictionofduty
204 Knowingly
rendering
unjust
judgment
1. Offenderisajudge;
2. He renders a judgment in a case
submittedtohimfordecision;
3. Judgmentisunjust;
4. The judge knows that his judgment is
unjust.
An unjust judgment is one which is

contrarytolaw,orisnotsupportedby
evidence.
A manifestly unjust judgment is one
whichissomanifestlycontrarytolaw
that even a person having a few
knowledge of the law cannot doubt
theinjustice.
There must be evidence that the
judgmentisunjust.
Noliabilityifmereerroringoodfaith.
205 Judgment
rendered
through
negligence
2. Herendersajudgmentinacasesubmittedtohimfordecision;
3. Thejudgmentismanifestlyunjust;
4. Itisduetohisinexcusablenegligenceorignorance.

Camille Umali

206 Unjust
interlocutory
order
2. Heperformsanyofthefollowingacts:
a. Knowingly rendering an unjust
interlocutoryorderordecree;or
b.Rendering a manifestly unjust
interlocutory order or decree
through inexcusable negligence
orignorance.
Maybecommittedonlybyajudgeofatrialcourtandneverofanappellatecourt.
REASONinappellatecourt,notonlyonemagistraterendersorissuestheinterlocutoryorder.An
appellatecourtfunctionsasadivisionandtheresolutionsthereofarehandeddownonlyafter
deliberationsamongthemembersofadivision
207 Malicious
delayinthe
administratio
nofjustice
2. Thereisaproceedinginhiscourt;
3. He delays in the administration of
justice;
4. The delay is malicious, that is, with
deliberate intent to inflict damage on
eitherpartyinthecase.
Malicemustbeproven.
Malice is present where the delay is
sought to favor one party to the
prejudiceoftheother.
Interpreted by the Supreme Court to
referonlytojudgesofthetrialcourt.
Delaywithoutmaliceisnotpunishablebythisarticle.
208 Prosecutionof
offenses:
negligenceand
tolerance
A cts Punished
1.Maliciouslyrefrainingfrominstitutingprosecutionagainstviolatorsofthelaw;
2.Maliciouslytoleratingthecommissionofoffenses.
Elementsofderelictionofdutyintheprosecutionofoffenses
1. Offender is a public officer or officer of the law who has a duty to cause the
prosecutionof,ortoprosecute,offenses;
2. Thereisaderelictionofthedutiesofhisoffice,thatis,knowingthecommissionofthe
crime,hedoesnotcausetheprosecutionofthecriminal,orknowingthatacrimeis
abouttobecommitted,hetoleratesitscommission;
3. Offenderactswithmaliceanddeliberateintenttofavortheviolatorofthelaw.
This crime can only be committed by a public officer

whose official duty is to prosecute offenders, including
thechiefofpoliceandpunongbarangays.
Prevaricacion
a public officer regardless of his duty violates the
oathofhisofficebynotcarryingoutthedutiesofhis
office for which he was sworn to office, thus,
amountingtoderelictionofduty
209 Betrayalof
trustbyan
attorneyor
solicitor
revelationof
secrets
Actspunished
1. Causingdamagetohisclient,either
a.Byanymaliciousbreachofprofessionalduty;
b.Byinexcusablenegligenceorignorance.
Note:Whentheattorneyactswithmaliciousabuseofhisemploymentorinexcusablenegligenceorignorance,theremustbedamagetohisclient.
2. Revealinganyofthesecretsofhisclientlearnedbyhiminhisprofessionalcapacity(damageisnotnecessary);
3. Undertaking the defense of the opposing party in the same case, without the consent of his first client, after having undertaken the defense of said
firstclientofafterhavingreceivedconfidentialinformationfromsaidclient.
Severalactswhichwouldmakealawyercriminallyliable:
(1) Maliciouslycausingdamagetohisclientthroughabreachofhisprofessionalduty.Thebreachofprofessionaldutymust bemalicious.Ifitisjust

incidental,itwouldnotgiverisetocriminalliability,althoughitmaybethesubjectofadministrativediscipline;
(2) Throughgrossignorance,causingdamagetotheclient;
(3) Inexcusablenegligence;
(4) Revelationofsecretslearnedinhisprofessionalcapacity;
5) Undertakingthedefenseoftheoppositepartyinacasewithouttheconsentofthefirstclientwhosedefensehasalreadybeenundertaken
Camille Umali

Section2:Bribery
210 Directbribery Actspunished
1.Agreeing to perform, or performing, in
consideration of any offer, promise,
gift or present an act constituting a
crime, in connection with the
performanceofhisofficialduties;
2.Accepting a gift in consideration of the
execution of an act which does not
constituteacrime,inconnectionwith
theperformanceofhisofficialduty;
3.Agreeing to refrain, or by refraining,
from doing something which it is his
official duty todo, in considerationof
giftorpromise.
Elements
1.Offender is a public officer within the
scopeofArticle203;
2.Offender accepts an offer or a promise
or receives a gift or present by
himselforthroughanother;
3.Such offer or promise be accepted, or
gift or present received by the public
officer
a. With a view to committing some
crime;or
b. Inconsiderationoftheexecutionof
an act which does not constitute
a crime, but the act must be
unjust;or
c. To refrain from doing something
whichitishisofficialdutytodo.
4.The act which offender agrees to
perform or which he executes be
connected with the performance of
hisofficialduties.
There exists an agreement between

publicofficerandgiver.
refers to the act of the receiver and
the act of the giver is corruption of
publicofficial.
whatmaybeginasanindirectbribery
mayactuallyripenintodirectbribery.
consider whether the official act,
which the public officer agreed to do,
isacrimeornot.
YES: delivery is not important as
long as there is meeting of the
minds
REASON: agreement is a
conspiracyinvolvingthedutyofa
public officer. The mere
agreementisafelonyalready.
:mustbedelivered NOT
If the public officer commits the act
which constitutes the crime, he, as
well as the corruptor shall be liable
also for that other crime as principals
by direct participation and
inducement,respectively.
Directbribery Indirectbribery
publicofficeriscalled
upontoperformorrefrain
fromperforminganofficial
actinexchangeforthegift,
presentorconsideration
giventohim
simplyacceptsagiftor
presentgiventohimby
reasonofhispublic
position

The crime of bribery has no frustrated stage. If one

party does not concur, then there is no agreement and
not all the acts necessary to commit the crime were
present.

Camille Umali

211 Indirect
bribery
1. Offenderisapublicofficer;
2. Heacceptsgifts;
3. Thegiftsareofferedtohimbyreasonof
hisoffice.
The public official does not undertake to perform an act or abstain from doing an official duty from
what he received. Instead, the official simply receives or accepts gifts or presents delivered to him
withnootherreasonexcepthisofficeorpublicposition.
the public officer must have performed an act of appropriating of the gift for himself, his family or
employees.
It is the act of appropriating that signifies acceptance. Merely delivering the gift to the public
officer does not bring about the crime. Otherwise it would be very easy to remove a public
officer:justdeliveragifttohim.
This is always in the consummated stage. There is no attempted much less frustrated stage in
indirectbribery.
211
A
Qualified
Robbery
1. Offenderisapublicofficerentrustedwithlawenforcement;
2. Herefrainsfromarrestingorprosecutinganoffenderwhohascommittedacrime;
3. Offenderhascommittedacrimepunishablebyreclusionperpetuaand/ordeath;
4. Offenderrefrainsfromarrestingorprosecutinginconsiderationofanyoffer,promise,
gift,orpresent.
Thepenaltyisqualifiedifthepublicofficeristheone
whoasksordemandssuchpresent.
212 Corruptionof
publicofficials
1. Offendermakesoffersorpromisesorgivesgiftsorpresentstoapublicofficer;
2. Theoffersorpromisesaremadeorthegiftsorpresentsgiventoapublicofficer,undercircumstancesthatwillmakethepublicofficerliablefordirect
briberyorindirectbribery.
212 Confirmation
ofpublic
officials
1. Offendermakesoffersorpromisesorgivesgiftsorpresentstoapublicofficer;
2. Theoffersorpromisesaremadeorthegiftsorpresentsgiventoapublicofficer,undercircumstancesthatwillmakethepublicofficerliablefordirect
briberyorindirectbribery.

Camille Umali

212
CHAPTER3:FraudsandIllegalExactionsandTransactions
Art.
No.
Fraudsagainstpublictreasury
1. offendermustbeapublicofficer
2. heshouldhavetakenadvantageofhis
office(heintervenedinthetransaction
inhisofficialcapacity)
3. heenteredintoanagreementwith
interestedpartyormadeuseofany
otherschemewithregardto
a)furnishingofsupplies
b)makingofcontracts
c)adjustmentorsettlementofaccounts
relatingtopublicpropertyorfunds
Mustactinhisofficialcapacity
Consummatedbymerelyenteringintoan
agreementormerelymakinguseofany
otherschemetodefraudgovernment
1. NotNecessarythatthegovernmentis
actuallydefrauded,intentionissufficient
213 Fraudagainstthe
publictreasuryand
similaroffenses
IllegalExaction
1. offenderisapublicofficerentrusted
withthecollectionoftaxes,licenses,
feesandotherimposts
Collectingofficermustissuereceipt
Taxcollectorneednotaccountfortax
collected
Whenthereisdeceitindemanding
greaterfees,thecrimecommittedis
ESTAFA
2. guiltyofanyoftheffactsoromissions:
OfficerofBIRorBureauofCustomsnot
covered(NATIONALINTERNAL
REVENUECODEORADMINISTRATIVE
CODEapplies
a) demandingdifferentfromorlarger
b) failingvoluntarilytoissuereceipt
c)collectingorreceivingdifferentfrom
thatprovidedbylaw
214 OtherFrauds 1. offenderispublicofficer
2. hetakesadvantageofhisofficial
position
Musttakeadvantageofofficialposition
RTChasjurisdiction
3. hecommitsanyfraudordeceit
enumeratedinA.315toA.318
A.315318:
Estafa,swindling,swindlingaminor,otherdeceits
215 Prohibited
transactions
1. offenderisanappointivepublicofficer
2. hebecomesinterest,DorI,inany
transactionofexchangeorspeculation
3. transactiontakesplacewithinthe
territorysubjecttohisjurisdiction
4. hebecomesinterestedduringhis
incumbency
transactionmustbeoneofexchangeor
speculation
buyingregularlysecuritiesforresaleis
speculation
appointiveofficials:(A.14codeofcommerce)
justices,judges,fiscals
employeesengagedincollection&
administrationofpublicfunds
purchasingofstocksorsharesin
companyissimplyinvestment
216 Possessionof
prohibitedinterest
byapublicofficer
WHOARELIABLE:
1. publicofficer:DorI,becameinterestedinanycontractorbusinessinwhichitishisofficial
dutytointervene
2. experts,arbitrators,privateaccountants:tookpartinthecontractconnectedwiththeestate
intheappraisal,distributionoradjudication
3. guardians&executorswithrespecttothepropertybelongingtotheirwardsortheestate
actualfraudisnotnecessary
interventionmustbebyvirtueofpublic
officeheld
Sec.14,Art.6:senator/congressman
Sec.13,Art.7: president,VP,cabinet
Sec.2,Art.9A:constitutionalcommission
Camille Umali

CHAPTER4:MalversationofPublicFundsandProperties
Art.
No.
217 Presumptionof
Malversation
ActsPunished:
1. appropriatingpublicfundsorproperty
attempttodisposethesamewithout
right
2. takingormisappropriatingthesame
3. consentingorthroughabandonmentor
negligence,permittinganypersonto
takesuchpublicfundsorproperty
thenegligenceoftheaccountableofficer
mustbepositivelyandclearlyshown
tobeinexcusable(maliceorfraud)
4. beingotherwiseguiltyofthe
misappropriationormalversationof
suchfundsorproperty
Elements:
1. offenderispublicofficer
2. hehadthecustodyorcontrolof
fundsbyreasonofthedutiesofhis
office
3. thosefundsorpropertywerepublic
fundsorpropertyforwhichhewas
accountable
4. heappropriated,took,
misappropriatedorconsentedor
throughabandonmentornegligence,
permittedanotherpersontotake
them
REASON:
Whatispunishedisthebreachoftrust
andnotthedamagetothegovernment.
Thus,returnofthemoneyisnota
defense.
Malversation=embezzlement
mustbepublicofficerdefinedinA.203
natureofthedutiesnotthenameofthe
officeiscontrolling
fundsmustbereceivedinofficialcapacity
Webster:foragemaster,THEFT
Wickersham:clerk,THEFT
Privatepersonswhoparticipateasco
perpetratorsintheoffensecouldbe
penalizedforthecommissionofsuchcrime
Governmentfundsincluderevenueandtrust
funds
IFnotcommittedthroughnegligence,lackof
criminalintentorgoodfaithisadefense
Failuretohavedulyforthcomingpublic
fundsorpropertywithwhichheis
chargeableshallbeprimafacieevidencethat
hehasputsuchtopersonaluse
Presumptionmayberebutted.Burdenof
defenseliesontheaccusedtoprovehedid
notmisapplysuchfunds
ReturnoffundsisonlyMITIGATING
Apersonthroughhisnegligencemade
possiblethecommissionofmalversationby
anotherPRINCIPALBYINDISPENSABLE
COOPERATION
Examples:
1. municipalpresident:rentofhouseownedby
themunicipality
2. justiceofpeace:shortofexaminationsfor
fees,fines,orcostscollected
3. municipalsecretary:publicbids
onlyqualifiedchargeofgovernment
propertywithoutauthoritytopartwith
physicalpossessionunlessuponorder
fromimmediatesuperior:NOTGUILTY
Webster/Wickershamcasenot
applicablewhentheaccusedhad
authoritytoreceivethemoney
Shortageispaidfromhispocket,NOT
LIABLE
Borrowingmoneytoreplacemissing
funds
Demandisnotnecessary
DamagetogovernmentisNOTnecessary
PublicFunds:
Redcross,BoyScoutfunds
Postalmoneyorders
Redemptionprice(sheriff)
NARICfunds
Proceedsofsaleofsweepstaketickets
Fundsofmetropolitanwaterdistrict
PublicProperty
Firearmsandexplosivesseized
privateproperty(a.222)
TEST:(negligence)
Didthedefendantindoingthealleged
negligentactusethatreasonablecareand
cautionwhichanordinaryprudentperson
wouldhaveusedinthesamesituation?
(discreetpaterfamilias)
218 Failureofaccountable
officertorender
account
4. offenderispublicofficer,inservice
orseparated
5. mustbeanaccountableofficer
6. requiredbylaworregulationto
renderaccountstotheCOAor
provincialauditor
7. failstodosoafter2mos.After
accountswererendered
REASON:
lawdoesnotsomuchcontemplatethe
possibilityofmalversationastheneedof
enforcingbyapenalprovisiontheperformance
ofthedutyincumbentuponeverypublic
employeewhohandlesgovtfundstorenderan
accountofallhereceives
Demandforaccountingisnotnecessary
Misappropriationisnotnecessary
Camille Umali

219 Failureofresponsible
publicofficerto
renderaccounts
beforeleavingcountry
5. mustbeanaccountableofficerfor
thepublicfundsorproperty
6. hemusthaveunlawfullyleft(or
pointofleaving)withoutsecuring
fromtheCommissiononAudita
certificateshowingthathisaccounts
havebeenfinallysettled
actofleavingmustbeunauthorizedornot
permittedbylaw
220 Illegaluseofpublic
fundsorproperty
1. offenderisapublicofficer
2. thereispublicfundorproperty
underhisadministration
3. suchpublicfundorpropertyhas
beenappropriatedbylawor
ordinance
4. heappliesthesametoapublicuse
otherthanthatforwhichsuchfund
orpropertyhasbeenappropriated
bylaworordinance
Exa ple m :
whenschoolteachersdidnotreceive
theirsalariesbecausetreasurerapplied
thefunds/appropriatedthemto
anotherpublicuse
A.220 A.217
Offendersareaccountablepublicofficers
Nopersonalgain
orprofit
Incertaincases,
profitsfromthe
proceedsofthe
crime
Publicfundor
propertyisapplied
toanotherpublic
use
Itisappliedto
personaluseor
benefitofthe
offenderorof
anotherperson
notechnicalmalversationiftheresno
laworordinanceappropriatingpublic
fundsorpropertyforaparticular
purpose
technicalmalversationisnotincludedin
nordoesitnecessarilyincludethecrime
ofmalversationofpublicfunds
221 Failuretomake
deliveryofpublic
fundsorproperty
Failingtomakepayment
1. publicofficerhasGovernment
fundsinhispossession
2. underobligationtomake
paymentfromsuchfund
3. failstomakepayment
maliciously
Refusingtomakedelivery
mustbemalicious

222 Officersincluded WH MA O YBELIABLE:
1. privateindividualswho,inanycapacitywhatever,have
chargeofanynational,provincialormunicipalfunds,
revenueorproperty
2. administratorordepositoryoffundsorpropertyattached,
seizedordepositedbypublicauthority,evenifsuch
propertybelongstoaprivateindividual
PUR OS P E:
extendtheprovisionsoftheCodeonmalversationtoprivate
individuals
sheriffsandreceiversfallunderadministrator
Privatepropertiesincluded:
1. attached
2. seized
3. deposited
judicialadministratorisNOTincluded
Camille Umali

CHAPTER5:InfidelityofPublicOfficers
Art.
No.
Section1:InfidelityintheCustodyofPrisoners
223 Connivingwithor
consentingtoevasion
1. offenderisapublicofficer
2. hehadinhiscustodyorcharge,a
prisoner,eitherdetentionorbyfinal
judgment
3. suchprisonerescapedfromhis
custody
4. hewasinconnivancewiththe
prisonerinthelattersescape
punishesanypublicofficerwhoshall
consenttotheescape
connivanceisanindispensableelement
relaxationofimprisonment
RA9372
releaseofdetentionprisonerwhocould
notbedeliveredtothejudicialauthority
withinthetimefixed
leniencyorlaxity
224 Evasionthrough
negligence
2. heischargedwiththeconveyanceor
custodyofaprisoner,eitherby
detentionorbyfinaljudgment
3. suchprisonerescapesthroughhis
negligence
LIABILITY:
1. servingsentencebyreasonof
finaljudgment: 57 A.1
2. detentionprisoner:NO
LIABILITY
whatispunishedisthedefinitelaxityasall
thatamountstodeliberatenonperformance
ofdutyonthepartoftheguards
theresonlyonepenalty
recapturingtheprisonerdoesnotafford
completeexculpation
Examples:
1. fallingasleep
2. permittingprisonertogathergabi
3. answeringphonecallandordering
prisonertokeepclosetohim
225 Escapeofprisoner
underthecustodyofa
personnotapublic
officer
1. offenderisaprivateperson
2. conveyanceorcustodyofprisoneror
personunderarrestisconfidedto
him
3. prisonerorpersonunderarrest
escapes
4. offenderconsentstotheescapeof
theprisonerorpersonunderarrest
orthatescapetookplacethroughhis
negligence
notapplicableiftheprivatepersonisthe
onemakingthearrest
Section2:Infidelityinthecustodyofdocuments
226 Removal,concealment
ordestructionof
documents
2. heabstracts,destroysorconceals
documents
3. saiddocumentsshouldhavebeen
entrustedtosuchofficerbyreasonof
hisoffice
4. damage,seriousornot,toa3
rd
party
ortopublicwascaused
removal
forillicitpurpose
tamperit,profitbyitorcommitanact
constitutingabreachoftrust

Camille Umali

227 Officerbreakingseal 1. offenderispublicofficer
2. heischargedwiththecustodyofpapersandpropertypapersandpropertyaresealedby
properauthority
damageorintenttocausedamageisnot
necessary
228 Openingofclosed
document
2. anyclosedpaper,documentor
objectisentrustedtohiscustody
3. heopensorpermitstobeopenedthe
closedpapers,documentsorobjects
4. hedoesnothaveproperauthority
Custody
guardingorkeepingsafe,care
shouldnotfallunderA.227
damageorintenttocausedamageisnot
anelement
Section3:RevelationofSecrets
229 RevelationofSecrets
byanofficer
Revealingsecrets
2. heknowsofasecretbyreasonofhisofficialcapacity
3. revealssuchsecretwithoutauthorityorjustifiablereason
4. damage,greatorsmall,becausedtothepublicinterest
Deliveringwrongfullypaperswhichhemayhavechargedandwhichshouldnotbe
published
2. hehaschargeofpapers
3. thosepapersshouldnotbepublished
4. hedeliversthosetoa3
rd
person
5. deliveryiswrongful
6. damageiscausedtopublicinterest
secretsmustaffectpublicinterest
espionage
secretsofprivatepersons
230 Publicofficer
revealingsecretsof
privateperson
2. heknowsofthesecretsofaprivateindividualbyreasonofhisoffice
3. herevealssuchsecretswithoutauthorityorjustifiablereason
CHAPTER6:OtherOffensesorIrregularitiesbyPublicOfficers
231 OpenDisobedience 1. Officerisajudicialorexecutiveofficer;
2.Thereisajudgment,decisionororderofasuperiorauthority;
3. Such judgment, decision or order was made within the scope of the jurisdiction of the superior authority and issued with all the legal
formalities;
4.He,withoutanylegaljustification,openlyrefusestoexecutethesaidjudgment,decisionororder,whichheisdutyboundtoobey.
232 Disobediencetoorder
ofsuperiorofficers,
whensaidorderwas
suspendedbyinferior
officer
1.Offenderisapublicofficer;
2. Anorderisissuedbyhissuperiorforexecution;
3. Hehasforanyreasonsuspendedtheexecutionofsuchorder;
4.Hissuperiordisapprovesthesuspensionoftheexecutionoftheorder;
5.Offenderdisobeyshissuperiordespitethedisapprovalofthesuspension.
233 Refusalofassistance 1. Offenderisapublicofficer;

2. Acompetentauthoritydemandsfromtheoffenderthathelendhiscooperationtowardstheadministrationofjusticeorotherpublicservice;
3.Offenderfailstodosomaliciously.
Camille Umali

234 Refusaltodischarge
electiveoffice
1. Offenderiselectedbypopularelectiontoapublicoffice;
2. Herefusestobesworninortodischargethedutiesofsaidoffice;
3.Thereisnolegalmotiveforsuchrefusaltobesworninortodischargethedutiesofsaidoffice.
235 Maltreatmentof
prisoners
1. Offenderisapublicofficeroremployee;
2. Hehasunderhischargeaprisonerordetentionprisoner;
3.Hemaltreatssuchprisonerineitherofthefollowingmanners:
a.Byoverdoinghimselfinthecorrectionorhandlingofaprisonerordetentionprisonerunderhischargeeither
(1) Bytheimpositionofpunishmentnotauthorizedbytheregulations;
(2) Byinflictingsuchpunishments(thoseauthorized)inacruelandhumiliatingmanner;
b.Bymaltreatingsuchprisonerstoextortaconfessionortoobtainsomeinformationfromtheprisoner.
Section2:Anticipation,Prolongationandabandonmentofthedutiesandpowersofpublicoffice
236 Anticipationofduties
ofapublicoffice
1.Offenderisentitledtoholdapublicofficeoremployment,eitherbyelectionorappointment;
2. Thelawrequiresthatheshouldfirstbesworninand/orshouldfirstgiveabond;
3.Heassumestheperformanceofthedutiesandpowersofsuchoffice;
4.Hehasnottakenhisoathofofficeand/orgiventhebondrequiredbylaw.
237 Prolonging
performanceofduties
andpowers
1. Offenderisholdingapublicoffice;
2.Theperiodprovidedbylaw,regulationsorspecialprovisionforholdingsuchoffice,hasalreadyexpired;
3.Hecontinuestoexercisethedutiesandpowersofsuchoffice.
238 Abandonmentof
officeorposition
1.Offenderisapublicofficer;
2. Heformallyresignsfromhisposition;
3. Hisresignationhasnotyetbeenaccepted;
4.Heabandonshisofficetothedetrimentofthepublicservice.
Section3:Usurpationofpowersandunlawfulappointments
239 Usurpationof
legislativepowers
1.Offenderisanexecutiveorjudicialofficer;
2.He
(a)makesgeneralrulesorregulationsbeyondthescopeofhisauthorityor
(b)attemptstorepealalawor
(c)suspendstheexecutionthereof.
240 Usurpationof
executivefunctions
2.He
(a)assumesapowerpertainingtotheexecutiveauthorities,or
(b)obstructstheexecutiveauthoritiesinthelawfulexerciseoftheirpowers.
241 Usurpationofjudicial
functions
1. Offenderisanofficeroftheexecutivebranchofthegovernment;
2.He
(a)assumesjudicialpowers,or
(b)obstructstheexecutionofanyorderordecisionrenderedbyanyjudgewithinhisjurisdiction.
Camille Umali

242 Disobeyingrequest
fordisqualification
2. Aproceedingispendingbeforesuchpublicofficer;
3.Thereisaquestionbroughtbeforetheproperauthorityregardinghisjurisdiction,whichisnotyetdecided;
4. Hehasbeenlawfullyrequiredtorefrainformcontinuingtheproceeding;
5. Hecontinuestheproceeding.
243 Ordersorrequestsby
executiveofficersto
anyjudicialauthority
1.Offenderisanexecutiveofficer;
2. Headdressesanyorderorsuggestiontoanyjudicialauthority;
3.Theorderorsuggestionrelatestoanycaseorbusinesscomingwithintheexclusivejurisdictionofthecourtsofjustice.
244 1. Offenderisapublicofficer;
2.Henominatesorappointsapersontoapublicoffice;
Unlawful
appointments
3. Suchpersonlacksthelegalqualificationstherefore;
4.Offenderknowsthathisnomineeorappointeelacksthequalificationatthetimehemadethenominationorappointment.
Section4:Abusesagainstchastity
245 Abusesagainst
chastity
Ac ts punished
1.Soliciting or making immoral or indecent advances to a woman interested in matters pending before the offending officer for decision, or
withrespecttowhichheisrequiredtosubmitareporttoorconsultwithasuperiorofficer;
2. Solicitingormakingimmoralorindecentadvancestoawomanundertheoffenderscustody;
3.Solicitingormakingimmoralorindecentadvancestothewife,daughter,sisterorrelativewithinthesamedegreebyaffinityofanypersonin
thecustodyoftheoffendingwardenorofficer.
El : ements
2.Hesolicitsormakesimmoralorindecentadvancestoawoman;
3.Suchwomanis
a. interestedinmatterspendingbeforetheoffenderfordecision,orwithrespecttowhichheisrequiredtosubmitareport toorconsult
withasuperiorofficer;or
b.under the custody of the offender who is a warden or other public officer directly charged with the care and custody of prisoners or
personsunderarrest;or
c. thewife,daughter,sisterorrelativewithinthesamedegreebyaffinityofthepersoninthecustodyoftheoffender.

Camille Umali

Title8:CrimeAgainstPersons
CHAPTER1:DestructionofLife
Art.
No.
Section1:Parricide,Murder,Homicide
246
Parr cid i e
Relationship
(exist
independentlyof
themeans)
1. apersoniskilled
2. deceasedidkilledbytheaccused
3. deceasedisthe:
a. father
b. mother
c. child(legitimateor
illegitimate)
d. legitimateotherascendant
e. legitimateotherdescendant
f. legitimatespouse
Relationshipisanessentialelement
Qualifyingelement
Marriagesamongmuslims/other
ethnicgroupsperformedaccordingto
theircustoms,rites/practicesarevalid
Relationshipmustbealleged
Canbecommittedwithreckless
imprudence
Parricidebymistake:lawdoesnot
requireknowledgeofrelationship
Childlessthan3yearsold:infanticide
Liabilityofastrangercooperatingin
parricide:homicideormurder
247
Deathorphysicalinjuries
inflictedunder
exceptional
circumstances
1. legallymarriedpersonorparent
surpriseshisspouse/daughterunder18
livingwithhim,intheactofcommitting
sexualintercoursewithanotherperson
2. killsanyorbothorinflictsuponanyor
bothofthemseriousphysicalinjuryin
theactorimmediatelythereafter
3. hehasnotpromotedorfacilitatedthe
prostitutionofhiswifeordaughteror
hasnotconsentedtotheinfidelity
Caseswhenpersoncommittedparricideis
notpunishedbyreclusionperpetuatodeath
1. A.365committedthroughnegligence
2. committedbymistake A.249
3. A.247committedunderexceptional
circumstances
requisitesmustbeestablishedby
evidenceofthedefensebecause
prosecutionwillhavetochargethe
defendantwithparricideorhomicide
orphysicalinjury
mustbelegallymarried
wifeisentitledtobenefits
parentnotrequiredtobelegitimate
appliesonlytodaughterwhoissingle
enoughthatthecircumstancesshow
reasonablythatthecarnalactisbeing
committedorhasjustbeencommitted
theremustbeactualnotpreparatory
intercourse
killingmustbedirectproductofthe
rage
Surprisecomeuponsuddenlyand
unexpectedly;anindispensablerequisite
Immediatelyafterdiscovery,escape,
pursuitandkillingmustallformpartofone
continuousact
doesnotdefineafelony
cannotenterconditionalpleaofguilty
andbesentencewithdestierrocourt
mustreceivedevidenceonthe
circumstancessurroundingthekilling
ifaccuseddidnotseehisspouseinthe
act
whenonlylessseriousorslight
physicalinjurywascommitted
injuriesby3
rd
person:notliable
JUST FIC I ATION:

whenthecircumstancesprovided
arepresentconsidersthespouse
asactinginjustifiedburstof
passion
penaltyofdestierroisnotreallyintended
asapenaltybuttoremovethekillerspouse
fromthevicinityandprotecthimorher
fromactsofreprisalprincipallyofthe
deceasedspouse

Camille Umali

248
Murder
means
(onlyif
deliberately
adopted)
Murderunlawfulkillingofanyperson
whichisnotparricideorinfanticideprovided
thatanyofthefollowingispresent
1. withtreachery,takingadvantageof
superiorstrength,aidofarmedmen,
employingmeanstoweakenthedefense
ormeanstoinsureimpunity
2. inconsiderationofaprice,rewardor
promise
3. meansofinundation,fire,poison,
explosion,shipwreck,strandingof
vessel,derailmentorassaultupona
railroad,fallofanairship,motor
vehicles,othermeansinvolvinggreat
wasteorruin
4. onoccasionofcalamities,earthquake,
volcaniceruption,cyclone,epidemic,
otherpubliccalamity
5. evidentpremeditation
6. cruelty,augmentingthesufferingofthe
victimoroutraging/scroffingathis
personorcorpse
Elements
1. personiskilled
2. accusedkilledhim
3. killingwasattendedbyANYofthe
qualifyingcircumstance
4. killingisnotparricideorinfanticide
musthaveintenttokilltobeliableif
committedbymeansenumeratedin3
ifbytreachery,evenifthereisno
intenttokill
Treacherywheneverpresent&allegedin
theinformation,qualifieskillingtomurder
onlyifthereisonecircumstance
anyofthequalifyingmustbeallegedin
theinformation
(6)alsoinaggravatingcircumstance
Killingofchildoftenderyearsevenif
mannerofattackwasnotshown
Superiorstrengthmustbetaken
advantageof
Armedmenmusttakepartinthe
commissionofthecrime
Meansorpersonsareemployedto
preventbeingrecognized
Onewhogavepriceisprincipalby
induction
bypoisontreacheryand
premeditationareinherent
(4)whentakenadvantageof
: Evidentpremeditation
Timedetermined/conceivedtokill
Actindicatingthatheclungtothe
determinationtokill
Sufficientlapseoftime
Crueltyinflictunnecessarywounds
deliberately
Outragingcommitanextremely
viciousorinsultingact
ifnotkilledattemptedorfrustrated
homicidenointenttokill,no
treachery (Art.4par1)
cannotbegenericaggravatingif
absorbedintheoneofthequalifying
circumstance
usefireifnotespecially/intentionally
used
Errorinpersonamdoesnotmatterwho
diedaslongassomeonediedandtheoneof
thequalifyingcircumstancesispresent
MURDER
249 Homicide
Homicideunlawfulkillingofanyperson
whichisneitherparricide,murdernor
infanticide
Elements:
1. personiskilled
2. accusedkilledhimwithoutanyjustifying
circumstance
3. accusedhadintentiontokillpresumed
4. killingisnotattendedbyanyofthe
qualifyingcircumstancesofmurder,
parricideorinfanticide
victimisunder12:reclusionperpetua
intenttokillispresumedwhen
resultedtodeath;mustbeproved
beyondreasonabledoubt
twodifferentpersons,evenifnotin
conspiracy:bothguiltyofhomicide
:useofunlicensedfirearm aggravating
evenifactofmortallywoundingand
factofsuicideconcurs
Accidentalhomicidedeathbrought
bylawfulactperformedwithproper
careandskill,withouthomicidalintent
Corpusdelictiactualcommission
notkilledattemptedorfrustrated
evidenceofintenttokillisimportant
onlyinattemptedorfrustrated
o usuallyshownbytheweapon
used,bodypartaimedat,
woundsinflicted
o Exception:whennot
deliberatelybut
indiscriminately,when
commonlyused
ifresultedtodeathbecausevictim
refusedtobeoperatedNOTadefense
frustratedbyimprudence
Camille Umali

250
Penaltyforfrustrated
parricide,murderor
homicide
FRUSTRATED
courtmayimposeapenalty2degreeslowerthanthatinA.50
A.50:penaltynextlowerindegreethanthatprescribedbylawfortheconsummatedfelonyiffrustrated
Permissivenotmandatory
ATTEMPTED
Mayimpose3degreeslowerinviewofthefactsofthecase
A.51:penaltytwodegreeslowerthanthatprescribedforconsummatedshouldbeimposeduponprincipalsinanattempted
Againstchiefexecutive:death
Prevailingcircumstancerequirethatheandtheotherpersonsmentionedbegivenampleprotectionagainstlawlesselementswho
mayattemptonorconspireagainsttheirlivesandtomakeitasadeterrent
251
Deathcauseina
tumultuousaffray
1. Therebeseveralpersons
2. Theydidnotcomposegroupsorganized
forthecommonpurposeofassaulting
andattackingeachotherreciprocally
3. Severalpersonsquarreledandassaulted
oneanotherinaconfusedand
tumultuousmanner
4. Someonewaskilledinthecourseofthe
affray
5. Itcannotbeascertainedwhoactually
killedthedeceased
6. Theperson/swhoinflictedserious
physicalinjuriesorwhousedviolence
canbeidentified
WHOARELIABLE
1. Person/swhoinflictedserious
physicalinjuriespar.1
2. If(1)isnotknown,allpersons
whousedviolenceuponthe
personofthevictimbutwith
lesserliabilitypar.2
iftheonewhoinflictedthemortal
woundisknownhomicide
SIR:
freeforall
youcannotidentifywhichsidethe
peoplebelongto
ifthereisclearlydefinedsides:
homicideandthemembersof
onesidewillbedeemedtobe
inconspiracy
252
Physicalinjuriesinflicted
inatumultuousaffray
1. thereisatumultuousaffrayasreferred
intheprecedingarticle
2. participant/ssufferseriousphysical
injuriesorlessserious
3. personresponsiblecannotbeidentified
4. allthosewhoappeartohaveused
violenceareknown
injuredpartymustbeoneorsomeof
theparticipantsintheaffray
penaltyisonedegreelowerthan
physicalinjury
onlythosewhousedviolenceareliable
slightphysicalinjuriesnotincluded
somethingtodowithpenalties
253
Givingassistanceto
suicide
Actspunishable:
1. assistinganothertocommitsuicide
WONitisconsummated
2. lendinghisassistancetoanotherto
commitsuicidetotheextentof
doingthekillinghimself
doesnotmakeanyreferencetothe
relationoftheoffenderwiththe
personscommittingsuicide
assistanceisnotmercykilling
Euthanasiamercykilling
practiceofpainlesslyputtingto
deathapersonsufferingfrom
someincurabledisease
personkilleddidnotwanttodie
doctorwhocommitsthismaybe
liableformurder
Personwhocommitssuicideisnot
liable
Womanwhotriedtocommitsuicideby
drinkingpoisonbutkilledthefetus
insteadNOTliable
Toincurliabilityfortheresultnot
intended,onemustcommita
felony
Suicideisanactnotpunishableby
law
Womanisnotcommittingafelony
Camille Umali

254 Dischargeoffirearms
1. Offenderdischargesafirearm
againstoratanotherperson
2. Nointenttokill
Purposeisonlytointimidateor
frightentheoffendedparty
Canbecomplexedwithseriousorless
seriousphysicalinjury
Evenifnotpointedatvictimwhen
firedaslongasitwasinitiallypointed
atthevictim
Towardsthehouseofvictimalarm
(A.155)
Alarmand
scandal
Discharge
Fireattheair Fireatpeople
withoutintentto
kill
Attempted/FrustratedHomicide
fireatpersonwithintenttokillbutwas
notableto
Section2:InfanticideandAbortion
255 Infanticide
Infanticidekillingofchildlessthan3days
old,killerisparentorgrandparentorany
otherrelativeorstranger
Elem nt e s:
1. Childwaskilled
2. Childwaslessthan72hoursofage
3. Accusedkilledthechild
Sufferpenaltycorrespondingto
parricideormurderdependsonthe
perpetrator(ifaparentorastranger)
Infanticidetoconcealdishonor
Notanelement
Motherorgrandparents:mitigating
Mothermustbeofgoodreputation
Strangerhelpingmother:infanticide
childisborndeadorbornalivecould
notsustainanindependentlifewhenit
waskilled
SIR:Intrauterinelifeof7months,killed
before24hours,nocivilpersonality
Stillliable.
256 IntentionalAbortion
Waysofcommitting
1. usinganyviolenceuponthepersonof
thepregnantwoman
2. acting,withoutviolence,withoutthe
consentofthewoman(administering
drugs)
3. byacting(administeringdrugsor
beverages)withconsentofthepregnant
woman
Elements
1. thereisapregnantwoman
2. violenceisexerted,drugs/beverages
administeredoraccusedactsuponthe
pregnantwoman
3. resultoftheactsin#2,fetusdieseither
inthewomborafterhavingbeen
expelledtherefrom
4. abortionisintended
Abortionwillfulkillingofthefetusin
theuterusorviolentexpulsionofthe
fetusfromthematernalwombwhich
resultsinthedeathofthefetus
fetusmustdieinconsummated
abortion
maybeoverorlessthan6mos.
Fulltermfetusdiesasaresultof
violence
TESTforabortion/infanticide
InfanticideCansustainindependentlife
AbortionDidnothavelifeindependentof
mother
Whoareliable:
Personwhointentionallycaused
abortion
Motherwhoconsented:A.258
Frustratedabortioniffetussurvives
inspiteofattempttokillit;allactsof
executionhavebeenperformed
Abortionisnotintendedandfetusdoes
notdie=lackofintention=physical
injury
257 UnintentionalAbortion
1. Thereisapregnantwoman
2. Theviolenceiduseduponsuchpregnantwomanwithout
intendingabortion
3. Violenceisintentionallyexerted
4. Asaresultofviolencethefetusdiesinthewomborafterbeing
expelledtherefrom
Violenceisintentionallyexerted
Unintentionalabortionthroughrecklessimprudence
Evenifaccuseddidnotknowthatthewomanispregnant
Canbecomplexedwithhomicideandparricide
Nointentiontocauseabortion,noviolence=noabortionofany
kind
Camille Umali

258
Abortionpracticedbythe
womanherselforher
parents
1. Thereisapregnantwomanwhohas
sufferedanabortion
2. Abortionisintended
3. Abortioniscausedby:
a. Pregnantwomanherself
b. Anyotherpersonwithherconsent
c. Anyofherparents,withherconsent
forpurposeofconcealingher
dishonor
Liabilityismitigatedifpurposeisto
concealdishonor(noneforparents)
259
Abortionpracticedbya
physicianormidwifeand
dispensingofabortive
1. Thereisapregnantwomanwhohas
sufferedanabortion
2. Abortionisintended
3. Offender,physicianormidwife,causes
orassistsincausingtheabortion
4. Saidphysician/midwifetakesadvantage
ofhisorherscientificknowledgeorskill
Pharmacists
1. apharmacist
2. noproperprescriptionfromphysician
3. dispensesanyabortive
REASONforpenalty
Usetheknowledgetothe
destructionofhumanlifewhenit
shouldbeusedforitspreservation
RA4729
260 Duel
Actspunished:
1. Killingonesadversaryinaduel
2. Inflictinguponsuchadversaryphysical
injuries
3. Makingacombatalthoughnophysical
injurieshavebeeninflicted
Duelformalorregularcombatpreviously
concertedbetweentwopartiesinthe
presenceoftwoormoresecondsoflawful
ageoneachside,whomaketheselectionof
armsandfixalltheotherconditionsofthe
fight
Personsliable
1. Personwhokilledorinflicted
physicalinjuriesorboth
combatants
2. Secondsasaccomplices
261 Challengingtoaduel
Actspunished
1. Challenginganothertoaduel
2. Incitinganothertogiveoraccepta
challengetoaduel
3. Scoffingatordecryinganotherpublicly
forhavingrefusedtoacceptachallenge
tofightaduel
Personsliable
1. Challenger
2. Instigators
SIR:Legalizeduelpeoplewillbemore
courteous
Chapter2:PhysicalInjuries
262 Mutilation
Mutilationloppingorclippingoffofsomepartofthebody
Kinds:
1. Intentionallymutilatinganotherbydeprivinghim,totallyorpartiallyofsomeessential
organforreproduction
2. Intentionallymakingothermutilation,loppingorclippinganypartofthebodyother
thanessentialorgansforreproduction
Elem nt e s
1. Castration
2. Causedpurposelyanddeliberately
Mayhem Mutilation
Anyotherpart Partessentialpart
forreproduction
Camille Umali

263
Serious physicalinjuries
Consequence
Natureofwound
Properpenalty
Com itt m edby:
1. Wounding
2. Beating
3. Assaulting
4. Administeringinjurioussubstance
In uded: cl
1. Becomesinsane,imbecile,impotentor
blindasconsequence
2. (a)Losesspeechorpowertohear,smell
losesaneye,hand,foot,armorleg
(b)losesuseofanysuchmember
(c)incapacitatedforwork
3. (a)deformed
(b)losesanymemberofhisbody
(c)losesuse
(d)illorincapacitatedtoworkfor90
days
4. Illorincapacitatedtowork>30daysbut
<90days
maybecommittedbyreckless
imprudenceorsimpleimprudence
nointenttokill
Physicalinjuries Homicide
Inflictsphysical
injuries
Maybecommitted
evenifnoPIare
inflicted
nointenttokill Hasintenttokill
Impotentinabilitytocopulate
Blindnesscomplete
Lossofhearingboth(par.2),one
(par.3)
Handpermanent
Par2principalmembersofbody
Par3notprincipalmemberofbody
Deformityphysicalugliness,
permanentanddefiniteabnormality,
conspicuousandvisible
ifcoveredbyclothes
lossofteeth
workincludesavocationorworkat
thetimeofinjury
par4incapacityforanykindoflabor
hospitalizationformorethan30days
medicalattendanceisnotimportant
lesseningofcapacity
mutilationthereisdeliberateintentto
loporclipoffsomeparty
seriousPIbyexcessivechastisementby
parentsarenotqualified
264
Administeringinjurious
substanceorbeverage
1. offenderinflicteduponanotherany
seriousphysicalinjury
2. donebyknowinglyadministeringany
injurioussubstanceorbeverageor
takingadvantageofweaknessofmindor
credulity
3. nointenttokill
weaknessofmindorcredulity
witchcraft,philtersormagnetism
frustratedmurderifthereisintentto
kill
didnotknowoftheinjurioussubstance
whenphysicalinjuriesarelessserious
orslight
265
Lessseriousphysical
injuries
Note:
1. Incapacitatedforlaborfor>10daysbut
<30daysorneedsmedicalattendance
forthesameperiodoftime
2. Physicalinjuryisnotthosedescribedin
A.264
Qualified:
1. (a)manifestintenttoinsultoroffend
(b)ignominy
2. Victimis:
(a)Parent,A,D,guardian,curatoror
teacher
(b)Rankorauthorityifnotdirectassault
Medicalattendanceorincapacityis
required
Noincapacitybutfor13days
>10daysifonlymedicalattendance
andnotincapacity
slightphysicalinjurynomedical
attendanceorincapacityforlabor
Camille Umali

266
Slightphysicalinjuries
andmaltreatment
Kinds:
1. incapacitatedforlaborfor19daysorrequiredmedicalattendanceduringthesame
period
2. Physicalinjurieswhichdidnotpreventtheoffendedpartyfromengaginginhishabitual
workorwhichdidnotrequiremedicalattendance
3. Illtreatmentofanotherbydeedwithoutcausinganyinjury
<10days
Noevidenceoqfactualinjury
Chapter3:Rape
266
A. Rape
B. Penalties
Par1
1. offenderisaman
2. hadcarnalknowledgewithawoman
3. underfollowingcircumstances:
(a) forceorintimidation
(b) deprivedofreason/unconscious
(c) fraudulentmachinationorgrave
abuseofauthority
(d) under12ordemented
Par2
1. commitsanactofsexualassault
2. bymeansof
(b) insertingpenistomouthoranal
orifice
(c) insertinganyinstrumentintogenital
oranalorifice
3. underfollowingcircumstances
(a) forceorintimidation
(b) deprivedofreason/unconscious
(c) fraudulentmachinationorgrave
abuseofauthority
(d) under12ordemented
canbecommittedbyamaleorfemale
nofrustrated
attempted:therewasintenttohave
carnalknowledgeagainstwillbutwas
notconsummated
resignationisnotconsent
par1:rapebysexualintercourse
o oneofthefourcircumstance
issufficient
par2:sexualassault
force
o enoughtoconsummatethe
purposeofcopulating
Statutoryrape:
Lessthan12
Evenifwithconsent
o neednotbeirresistible
o futileresistanceisnot
consent
intimidation
Characterofwomanisimmaterial
Punishedbydeath:
1. Withhomicide
2. Under18offenderisparent,A,
stepparent,guardian,relativebyC/A
(3
rd
degree),commonlawspouse
3. Undercustodyofpoliceormilitary
4. Committedinfullviewofhusband,
parent,children,relativesbyC(3
rd
)
o perceptionofvictimnotby
hardandfastrule
moralascendancyorinfluence
o resistanceisnotnecessary
maybeprovedbyuncorroborated
testimonybywoman
consummated
5. Religiousvocation
o labiaispenetrated
6. Below7
7. OffenderknowsthathehasHIV,AIDS,
otherSTDtransmitted o slightestpenetration
therecanbemultiplerape

8. MemberofAFP,PNPanylaw
enforcementagency
9. Sufferedpermanentphysicalmutilation
ordisability
specialcomplexcrime:Rapewith
homicide
ifnothomicideisnotonthe
occasionofrape
10. Pregnantandoffenderknows
11. Offenderknewofmentaldisability
C. Marriage
D. Presumption
Extinguishespenalsanctionandthepenalty
Againstchastity
Effectextendstoaccomplicesand
accessories
NOTifmultipleiscommitted
canbecommittedbyhusband
againstwife(RA8353)
extinguishediftheresforgiveness
bywife
Evidence:
1. anyphysicalovertactmanifesting
resistanceinanydegree
2. offendedissosituatedastorender
him/herincapableofgivingconsent
Camille Umali

TITLE9:CrimesagainstPersonalLibertyandSecurity
Chapter1:CrimesagainstLiberty
Section1:IllegalDetention
Art.
No.
267 Kidnappingand
seriousillegal
detention
9. Privateindividual
10. Kidnapsordetainsanotherinany
mannerthatdeprivesthelatterofhis
liberty
11. Actofdetentionorkidnappingmustbe
illegal
12. Anyoftheffcircumstancesispresent
(a) K/Dlastsformorethan3days
(b) Committedsimulatingpublic
authority
(c) Seriousphysicalinjuriesareinflicted
orthreatstokillhimaremade
(d) PersonK/Disaminor,femaleora
publicofficer
*ifforextortingmoney:the4
circumstancesarenotnecessary
*ifanyofthe4ispresent:purposeis
immaterial
Kidnapping:
intentiontodeprivevictimof
liberty
Purposeofextortingransom
Detentionorlockingupvictimis
essential
Freedomoflocomotionbutnot
freedomofwill
Restraintneednotbepermanent
Detentionmustbeillegal/not
orderedbycompetentauthority
Canbecomplexwithmurder
Specificintentdeterminativeof
Whetheritismurderorkidnapping
Ifoffenderispublicofficerarbitrary
detention
Actualdemandforransomisnot
necessary
Notnecessarythatvictimbeplacedinan
inclosure
Restraintbyrobbers
Murderifvictimistakentoaplacefor
thesolepurposeofkillinghim
Nocomplexcrimeofillegaldetentionwith
rapeunderA.48
Qualifyin es gcircumstanc
1. Extortransom
Ransommoney,price,orconsiderationpaid
ordemandedforredemptionofcaptured
personorpersons
Paymentthatreleasesfromcaptivity
Conspirators:allareliableevenifsome
didnotreceiveanypartofthemoney
2. Deathofvictimasconsequence
3. Rape
4. Tortureordehumanizingacts
268 SlightIllegal
Detention
Privateindividual
K/Danotherorinanyothermanner
depriveshimofhisliberty
ActofK/Disillegal
4circumstancesmentionedinA.267is
notpresent
Furnishedtheplacecoprincipal
Mitigatingcircumstances:
1. Voluntaryreleaseofperson/detained
within3days
2. Didnotattainthepurposeintended
3. Beforeinstitutionofproceeding,liability
ismitihated
Ifvictimisawomanvoluntaryreleaseis
notmitigating
269 UnlawfulArrest 13. Offenderarrestsordetainsanother
person
14. Purpose:deliverhimtoproper
authorities
15. A/Disnotauthorizedbyorno
reasonablegroundtherefore
Privateorpublicperson
Noperiodisfixedbutmotiveis
controlling
Ifwarrantisauthorized/issuedbycourt
A. 125/126 A. 269
detentionislegal notauthorized
Failsdeliver Arrestisnot
authorized
Camille Umali

Section2:KidnappingofMinors
270 Kidnappingorfailure
toreturnaminor(RA
18)
1. Offenderisentrustedwithcustodyofa
minor(>21)
2. Deliberatelyfailstorestoreminortohis
parents/guardians
NecessarilyincludedinA.267par4(re
minors)
Havingcustodyqualifying
circumstance
A.267 A.270
Not Offenderis
entrustedwith
custody
271 InducingMinorto
abandonhome
1. Minorislivinginhomeofhisparentsor
guardianorthepersonentrustedwith
hiscustody
2. Offenderinducessaidminortoabandon
suchhome
Inducement
Actual
Committedwithcriminalintent
Determinedbywilltocause
damage
Fatherandmothermaycommitcrime
under270or271
Ownfreewillofminortoleavehome
Section3:SlaveryandServitude
272 Slavery 1. Offenderpurchases,sells,K/Dahuman
being
2. Purposeoftheoffenderistoenslavesuch
humanbeing
Purposeistoenslave(todistinguishit
fromjustK/D)
Qualifying:
purposeistoassignvictimtosomeimmoral
traffic(prostitution)
273 Exploitationofchild
labor
1. Offenderretainsaminorinhisservice
2. Againstthewilloftheminor
3. Underthepretextofreimbursinghimself
ofadebtincurredbyanascendant,
guardianorpersonentrustedwith
custody
Indebtednessisnotagroundfor
detention

274 Servicesrendered
undercompulsionin
paymentofdebt
1. Offendercompelsdebtortoworkforhim(householdorfarm)
2. Againstthedebtorswill
3. Purposeistorequire/enforcepaymentofdebt
Chapter2:Crimesagainstsecurity
Section1:Abandonmentofhelplesspersonsandexploitationofminors
275 Abandonmentof
personsindanger
andabandonmentof
onesvictim
Acts : punished
1. Failingtorenderassistance
(a) Placeisnotinhabited
(b)Personsiswoundedorindangerofdying
(c) Accusedcanrenderassistancewithout
detrimenttohimself
(d) Accusedfailstorenderassistance
2. Failingthelporrenderassistanceto
anotherwhomtheoffender
accidentallyinjured
3. Failingtodeliverchild,<7,found
abandonedtoauthorities/familyortoa
safeplace
Camille Umali

276 Abandoningofminor 1. Hascustodyofthechild
2. <7
3. Abandonsthechild
4. Nointenttokill
Permanent,consciousanddeliberate
Parentsguiltydeprivedofparental
authority
Qual yin if gCircumstances
1. deathoftheminor
2. lifewasindanger
Withintenttokillmurder,parricideor
infanticide
Notpresumed

277 Abandonmentof
minorbyperson
entrustedwiththe
custody
Indifferenceof
parents
ActsPunished:
a. Deliveringminortopublicinstitution
withoutconsentofonewhoentrusted
thecareofminortotheoffender/proper
authorities
1. haschargeofrearing/educ
2. deliversminortopublicinstitution
orotherperson
3. noconsentofthosewhoareoughtto
giveconsent
b. Neglectingchildrenbynotgiving
educationthestationoftheirliferequires
andfinancialconditionpermits
1. Parent
2. Neglectschildrenbynotgiving
education
3. Stationinliferequires/financial
conditionpermits
Rearbringstomaturity
Failuretogiveeducationdeliberate
desire
A. 276 A. 277
Custodyisgeneral Specific:rearing
andeducation
<7 <21
Deprives
care/attention
Delivertopublic
institutionorother
person
278 Exploitationof
minors
ActsPunished
1. By causing any boy or girl <16 to perform any dangerous feat of balancing, physical
strength,orcontortion.
Anyperson
2.Byemployinginexhibitionschildren<16whoarenothischildrenordescendants.
Any person who, being an acrobat, gymnast,ropewalker, diver, wildanimal tamer
orcircusmanagerorengagedinasimilarcalling
3.Byemployinganydescendantofhis<12insuchdangerousexhibitions.
Anypersonengagedinanyofthecallings
4.Bydeliveringchild<16gratuitouslytoanypersonfollowinganyofthecallingsenumerated
inparagraph2hereof,ortoanyhabitualvagrantorbeggar.
Anyascendant,guardian,teacherorpersonentrustedinanycapacitywiththecare
ofachild
5. By inducingany child <16 to abandon thehome ofits ascendants, guardians, curators,or
teacherstofollowanypersonengagedinanyofthecallingsmentionedinparagraph2hereof,
ortoaccompanyanyhabitualvagrantorbeggar.
Anyperson
Qualifying:madeinconsiderationofany
price,compensationorpromise
Offenderbedeprivedofguardianshipor
parentalauthority
Exploitationmustrefertoact
endangeringlifeorsafetyofminor
A. 278(5) A. 271
Specificpurpose Nosuchpurpose
<16 <21
279 AdditionalPenalties
Camille Umali

Section2:Trespasstodwelling
280 Qualifiedtrespassto
dwelling
1. Privateperson
2. Entersdwellingofanother
3. Entranceisagainstthewillofthelatter
Purpose:
Protectandpreserveprivacyof
onesdwelling
Criminalintentinheresinn
unwelcomevisitoftrespasser
Dwellingbuildingorstructure
exclusivelydevotedforrestand
comfortasdistinguishedfromplaces
devotedtobusiness,office
Roomoccupiedbyanotherperson
Lackofpermissionisnotprohibition
Allmembersofhouseholdhas
authoritytoextendinvitation
Entrancethroughwindow
Prohibitionmustbepriortoentrance
Byowner

Ifpublicpersonviolationofdomicile
(A.128)
Violenceagainstthings
Prohibitionnotnecessarywhenviolence
orintimidationemployed
Entrancehasthepurposeofpreventing
harmtohimself
Purposeistorendersomeserviceto
humanityorjustice
Entrancetocaf,tavern/innotherpublic
houseswhentheyareopen
Qualifyingcommittedwithviolenceor
intimidation
281 OtherFormsof
Trespass
1. Enterclosedpremisesorfencedestate
2. Entranceismadewheneitheris
uninhabited
3. Prohibitionismanifest
4. Nopermitfromownerorcaretaker
Premisesdistinctanddefinite
locality
Room,shop,buildingordefinite
area
A. 280 A. 281
Privateperson Anyperson
Entersdwelling Entersclosedor
fencedestate
inhabited Uninhabited
Enteringdwelling
againstwill
Enteringwithout
permission
Prohibitionis
expressor
implied
Prohibitionmust
bemanifest
Section3:ThreatsandCoercion
282 GraveThreats ActsPunished
1. Attainedpurpose:
(a) Threatensapersonwithinfliction
uponhisperson/honor/propertyor
uponthehisfamilyofanywrong
(b) Wrongamountstoacrime
(c) Demandformoneyoranyother
condition
(d) Attainspurpose
2. anysuchthreatwithoutattaining
purpose
3. Notsubjecttoacondition
(a) Threatensapersonwithinfliction
uponhisperson/honor/propertyor
uponthehisfamilyofanywrong
(b) Wrongamountstoacrime
(c) Notsubjecttoacondition
Qualifying:threatismadebywritingor
throughmiddleman
3
rd
form:
Mustbeseriousanddeliberate
Nocondition,nodemandformoney
Essence:intimidation
Consummatedassoonasthreatscome
toknowledgeofpersonthreatened

Camille Umali

283 LightThreats 1. Makethreatstocommitawrong
2. Wrongdoesnotconstituteacrime
3. Demandformoneyorotherconditionis
imposedeventhoughnotunlawful
4. attainedthepurposeornot
blackmailing
284 Bondforgood
behavior
ThreatensunderA.282
ThreatensunderA.283
Anadditionalpenalty
285 OtherLightthreats Actspunished:

1. (a)Threateningwithaweapon
(b)drawingaweaponinaquarrelunless
itisselfdefense
2. Orallythreateningheatofangerwith
somenotconstitutingcrime
3. Orallythreateningharmnotafelony
Nodemandformoney
Nocondition
Notdeliberate
Persontowhomthreatsaredirectedis
absent
286 Gravecoercion Way : sofcommitting

1. Preventinganother,bymeansofV/T/I
fromdoingsomethingnotprohibitedby
law
2. Compellinganother,bymeansofV/T/I
todosomethingagainstwill,rightor
wrong
Elem : ent
1. Anyofthetwoactsabove(P/C)
2. EffectedbyV/T/I
3. Restraintisnotmadeunderauthorityof
laworinexerciseofanylawfulright
Force/violenceimmediate,actual,
imminent
Consummatedevenifvictimdidnot
accedetothepurposeofcoercion
Displayofforcewhenarmsarenotused
Whenperformsdutyingoodfaith
287 Lightcoercion 1. Offendermustbeacreditor
2. Seizesanythingbelongingtothecreditor
3. Seizureisaccompaniedbyviolenceor
displayofmaterialforceproducing
intimidation
4. Purposeispaymentofdebt
Unjustvexationanyhumanconduct
which,althoughnotproductiveofsome
physicalormaterialharmwould,
however,annoyorvexaninnocent
persons
TEST:WONoffendersactcaused
annoyance,irritation,vexation,
torment,distressordisturbances
tomindofpersontowhomitis
directed
Noviolenceorintimidation
Actualphysicalviolenceneednotbe
employed

288 Othersimilar
coercioncompulsory
purchaseof
merchandiseand
paymentofwagesby
meansoftokens
1. (a)anyperson,agentorofficerofanyassociationorcorporation
(b)suchfirmhasemployedlaborersoremployees
(c)forcesorcompels,DorI,orknowinglypermitstobeF/Cany
ofhislaborersoremployeestopurchasemerchandiseor
commoditiesofanykindfromhimorfromsaidfirmorcorp.
2. (a)payswagesduealaborer/employeeemployedbyhimby
meansoftokensorobjects
(b)tokens/objectsareotherthanthelegaltendercurrency
(c)suchemployeeorlaborerdoesnotexpresslyrequestthathe
bepaidbysuchmeans
Camille Umali

289 Formation,
maintenanceand
prohibitionof
combinationof
capitallaborthrough
violenceorthreats
1. Offenderemployesviolenceorthreats,insuchdegreeastocompelorforcethelaboreroremployersinthefreeandlegalexerciseoftheir
industryorwork
2. Purposeistoorganize,maintainorpreventcoalitionsofcapitalorlabor,strikeoflaborersorlockoutofemployees
Chapter3:DiscoveryandRevelationofSecrets
290 Discoveryofsecrets
throughseizureof
correspondence
1. Privateindividualorpublicofficernotin
theexerciseofhisofficialfunctions
2. Seizespaperorlettersofanother

3. Purposeistodiscoverthesecretsofsuch
anotherperson
4. Offenderisinformedofthecontentsof
thepapersorlettersseized
Seizetoplaceinthecontrolof
someoneathingortogivehim
possessionthereof
Notnecessarythattherebeforce
orviolence
Purposeistodiscoversecretsof
another
Offendermustbeinformedofthe
contentsofthepaperorletters
Sec.2756ofAdminCodepunishes
unlawfulopeningofmailmatter
Prejudiceisnotanelement
Qualifying:revealscontenttoa3
rd
person
Notapplicabletoletterofminorsor
spouses
291 Revealingsecrets
withabuseofoffice
1. Manager,employeeorservant
2. Learnsthesecretofhisprincipalor
masterinsuchcapacity
3. Revealsthesecret
Learnedbyreasonofemployment
Mustberevealed
Damageisnotnecessary
292 Revealingof
industrialsecrets
1. Personincharge,employee,workmanof
amfgorindustrialestablishment
2. Mfgorindustrialestablishmenthasa
secretoftheindustrywhichtheoffender
haslearned
3. Offenderrevealssuchsecret
4. Prejudiceiscausedtoowner
Mustrelatetomfgprocess
Maybemadeafteremployeeceasedto
beconnectedwiththeestablishment
Prejudiceisanelement

Camille Umali

TITLE10:CrimesagainstProperty
Chapter1:RobberyinGeneral
Art.
No.
293 Robbery Robberytakingofpersonalproperty
belongingtoanotherwithintenttogainby
meanofviolenceagainstorintimidationof
anypersonorusingforceuponanything
Classification
1. Againstperson
2. Useofforceuponthings
Elements
1. Personalpropertybelongingtoanother
2. Thereisunlawfultakingofthatproperty
3. Withintenttogain
4. Byviolenceagainstorintimidationof
anypersonorforceuponanything
Personalproperty
Namingtheownerisessential
Againstthewilloftheowner
Takingdeprivingtheoffendedpartyof
ownershipofthethingtakenwith
characterofpermanency
Intenttogainispresumed
Violenceuponpersonnotthing
V/Ipresentbeforetaking
o Exception:whencomplexwith
homicide,rape,intentional
mutilationoranyserious
physicalinjury
Ifrealusurpation
Intimidationneednotbethreatofbodily
harm
MotorvehicleRA6539
294 Robberywith
violenceagainstor
intimidationof
persons
Actspunished
1. Homicideiscommitted
2. Rapeorintentionalmutilation
3. Physicalinjuryinsanity,imbecility,
impotency,blindness
4. Physicalinjurylossofspeech,hear,eye,
hand,footorarmoruseofthem
5. V/Idegreeisunnecessary
6. Deformorlosesanyothermemberofthe
bodyoruseofthem,incapacitated>90
days
7. NoseriousPIorintimidationonly
Aspecialcomplexcrime
Committedinthecourseorbecauseof
robbery
Separatenotcommittedonoccasionor
byreasonoftherobbery
HOMICIDE
Genericsense:includesparricideand
murder
Norobberywithmurder
o Circumstancesthatcouldve
qualifiedthecrimewouldonly
beaggravating
Intenttotake/gainmustprecedethe
killing
Evenifmotivewasthatofrobberyand
vengeance
Mayprecederobberyormayoccurafter
Eveniftheonekilledisanotherrobber
Evenifdeathofapersonsupervenedby
mereaccident
Toremoveoppositionorsuppressing
evidence
Principalsinrobberyareprincipalin
R+Haswell
RAPE
Evenifcommittedinanotherplace
NoR+attemptedrape
Attemptedrapeandtheft(separate):
takingofpropertyfollowingfailureto
consummaterape
Additionalrapesnotincreasepenalty
Withoutintenttogainnotheftnor
robbery
R+Intimidation Threattoextort
money
Intimidationis
actualand
immediate
Conditionalor
future
Personal Maybethroughan
intermediary
Onlytothevictim Refertoperson,
honororproperty
Intenttogainis
immediate
Notimmediate
R+Violence Gravecoercion
Violence Violence
Intenttogain Nointent
Camille Umali

295 RobberywithPI,
committedinan
uninhabitedplace
andbybandorwith
useoffirearmor
street,roadoralley
Qua ces lifyingcircumstan
1. Uninhabitedplace
2. Band
3. Attackingamovingtrain,streetcar,
motorvehicleorairship
4. Enteringthepassengerscompartments
inatrainorinanymannertakingthe
passengerstherebysurprise
Mustbeallegedintheinformation
Cannotbeoffsetbygenericmitigating
circumstances
Notappliedif:
1. Homicideiscommitted
2. Rapeorintentionalmutilationorarson
3. Insanity/imbecility/impotencyor
blindnessisinflicted
296 Definitionofaband
andpenaltyincurred
bythemembers
thereof
Outline
1. Bandatleast4armedmalefactors
2. Ifanyofthemusedafirearmthatisnot
licensedmaxpenaltyforall
3. Principaleveryonepresent
Requisites
1. Memberoftheband
2. Presentatthecommissionofrobbery
3. Othermemberscommittedassault
4. Didnotattempttopreventtheassault
Conspiracyforrobberybuthomicide
wascommitted
o Proofisnotnecessarywhen4
ormorearmedpersons
committedrobbery
Nocrimeasrobberywithhomicidein
band
RA8294:unlicensedfirearmnotseparate
crimebutmerelyaggravating
o NotapplicablewithR+Hbya
band
297 Attemptedorfrustratedrobberycommittedundercertain
circumstance
Homicidegenericsense
Samepenalty
298 Executionofdeedsby
meansofviolenceor
intimidation
4. Offenderhasintenttodefraudanother
5. Offendercompelshimtosign,execute,or
deliveranypublicinstrumentor
document
6. Compulsionisbymeansofviolenceor
intimidation
Evenifprivateorcommercialdocument
Ifdocumentisvoid
SectionTwo:Robberybyuseofforceuponthings
299 Robberyinan
inhabitedhouseor
publicbuildingor
edificedevotedto
worship
Su divisionA: b
1. Offenderentered
(a) Inhabitedplace
(b) Publicbuilding
(c) Edificeforreligiousworship
2. Entranceby:
(a) Openingnotforentrance
(b) Breakingwall,roof,floor,dooror
window
(c) Useoffalsekeys,picklocks,etc.
(d) Usingfictitiousnameorpretending
exerciseofpublicauthority
3. Onceinside,tookpersonalproperty
belongingtoanotherwithintenttogain
Musthaveintentiontotakepersonal
property
Mustbeahouseorabuilding
Inhabitedhouseshelter,ship,vessel,
constitutingdwellingofoneormore
personseventhoughtheinhabitantsare
temporarilyabsent
Publicbuildingownedbygovernment
orbelongingtoprivatepersonbut
used/rentedbygovt
Breakingactual
Falsekeysgenuinekeysstolenfrom
ownerorkeysotherthanthose
intendedbyownerforuseinthelock
Ifgenuinekeyistakenbyforce:robbery
withintimidation
Theftfalsekeyisusedtoopenwardrobe
orlockedreceptacleordrawerorinsider
door

Camille Umali

SubdivisionB
1. Insidedwellinghouse,publicbuildingor
edificeregardlessofcircumstanceunder
whichheenteredit
2. Takethingswithintenttogain
(a) Breakingdoors,wardrobeorother
kindoflocked/sealedfurnitureor
receptacle
(b) Takingsuchfurnitureorobjects
awaytobebrokenorforcedopen
outsidetheplaceofrobbery
Thosewithoutarmsareliable
Armcarriedmustnotbeusedto
intimidate
Estafaortheftnotforcedopen
300 Robberyinan
uninhabitedplace
andbyaband
Forceupon
things
V/Iofpersons
Uninhabited
placeANDbya
band
Uninhabited
placeORbya
band
Twocircumstancesmustconcur:
uninhabitedplaceandbyaband
301 Definition Inhabited

Sunkenship
Evenifoccupantisabsent
Dependencies
Required:
1. Contiguoustothebuilding
2. Haveinteriorentranceconnected
3. Forpartofthewhole
302 Robberyinan
uninhabitedplaceor
privatebuilding
1. Enteredanuninhabitedplaceorbuilding
whichwasnotadwellinghouse,nota
publicbuildingornotanedifice
2. Anyofthefollowingwaspresent:
(a) Entrancewaseffectedthroughan
openingnotintendedforentrance
(b) Wall,roof,floororoutsidedooror
windowwasbroken
(c) Useoffalsekeys,picklocks,etc.
(d) Door,wardrobe,chestoranysealed
orclosedfurnitureorreceptacle
wasbroken
(e) Closedorsealedreceptaclewas
removedevenifbrokenelsewhere
Receptaclemustbeclosedorsealed
Motorvehicles,coconuts,fruitsnot
included
Robberyinstore:
A. 299 A. 302
Usedasdwelling Notoccupiedor
usedasdwelling
Storeisonthe
groundfloor,have
interiorentrance
dependency
303 Robberyofcereals,fruitsorfirewoodinanuninhabitedplaceor
privatebuilding
Cerealsseedlings
Camille Umali

304 Possessionof
picklocksorsimilar
tools
1. Offenderhasinpossessionpicklocks,etc.
2. Sucharespeciallyadoptedtothecommissionofrobbery
Offenderdoesnothavelawfulcauseforsuchpossession
Locksmith:higherpenalty
Notlocksmith:sameaspossessor
305 Falsekeys 1. Toolsmentionedinprecedingarticle
2. Genuinekeysstolenfromowner
3. Anyothernotintendedbyownerforuse
inthelockforciblyopened

Chapter2:Brigandage
306 Brigandage 1. Atleast4armedmen
2. Formedbandofrobbers
3. Purpose:
(a) Commitrobberyinthehighway
(b) Kidnappersonsforthepurposeof
extortionortoobtainransom
(c) Attainbymeansofforceand
violenceanyotherpurpose
Presumption:allarepresumedhighway
robbersorbrigandsifanyofthemcarry
unlicensedfirearm
Armsanydeadlyweapon
Objectoflawpreventformationof
bandofrobbers
Thingstoprove:
(a) Organizationof>3armedmen
formingbandofrobbers
(b) Purposeisanyofthoseenumerated
(c) Wentonhighwayorroamedupon
thecountry
(d) Accusedismemberofsuchband
Highway
Includescitystreets
Brigandage Robberyinband
Bandofrobbers Bandofrobbers
Purposeisanyof
thoseenumerated
Purposeisonlyto
commitrobberynot
necessarilyon
highways
Agreementisonlyto
commitparticular
robbery
Needtoproveonly
theformationofthe
band
Needtoprovethat
bandactually
committedrobbery
307 Aidingandabettinga
bandofbrigands
1. Thereisabandofbrigands
2. Knowsthebandtobeofbrigands
3. Doesanyofthefollowing:
(a) Inanymanneraids,abetsor
protectssuchband
(b) Givesinformationofthemovement
ofpoliceorotherpeaceofficers
(c) Acquiresorreceivestheproperty
takenbysuchbrigand
Presumption:ifperformsanyoftheact,
knowledgeispresumed

Chapter3:Theft
308 Theft Elements
1. Takingofpersonalproperty
2. Suchbelongstoanother
3. Donewithintenttogain
4. Donewithoutconsentoftheowner
5. AccomplishedwithoutuseofV/Iorforce
uponthings
Distinguishingfactor(v.
robbery)
Hunting/fishing/gathering
Whoareliable:
1. Thosewho:
(a) Withintenttogain
(b) WithoutV/Inorforceuponthings
(c) Take
(d) Personalproperty
(e) Ofanother
(f) Withoutthelattersconsent
2. Thosewho:
(a) Foundlostproperty
(b) Failtodelivertolocalauthorities
3. Thosewho:
Actualorrealgainisnotnecessary
Robbery Theft
WithV/Iorforce
uponthings
None
Againstthewill Consentislacking
Forceuponthingsto
enterthebuilding
Intentionofmakinghimselftheowner
Takingeveniffromtheoffended
Intenttogainispresumed
Camille Umali

1. Enclosedestateorfieldwhere
trespassisforbiddenorwhich
belongstoanother
2. Entersthesame
3. Hunts/fish/gather
4. Withoutconsent
PD534
(a) Afterhavingmaliciouslydamagedthe
propertyofanother
(b) Removeormakeuseofthefruitsofthe
damagecausedbythem
4. Thosewho:
(a) Enteraninclosedestateorafield
(b) Trespassisforbiddenorbelongsto
anotherwithoutconsentofowner
(c) Hunt/fishorgatherfruitsorother
products
Founderoflostproperty:howtoprove:
1. Timeofseizure
2. Lostpropertybelongingtoanother
3. Hadopportunitytoreturnordeliver
thelostpropertytoitsownerorto
localauthorities
Notlimitedtoactualfinder
309 Penalties Basis:

1. Valueofthingstolen
2. Value/nature
3. Circumstancesorcauses

310 Qualifiedtheft 1. Committedbydomesticservant
2. Withgraveabuseofdiscretion
3. Stole
(a) Motorvehicle
(b) Mailmatter
(c) Largecattle
4. Coconutstakenfromplantation
5. Fishtakenfromfishpondorfishery
6. Takenonoccasionoffire,earthquake,
typhoon,volcaniceruption,anyother
calamity,vehicularaccident,orcivil
disturbance
MotorvehicleRA6539
LargecattlePD533
AntifencinglawPD1612

311 Theftofthepropertyofthenationallibraryandnationalmuseum
Chapter4:Usurpation
312 Occupationofreal
propertyor
usurpationofreal
rights
1. Offendertakespossessionofanyreal
propertyorusurpsrealrights
2. Suchbelongstoanother
3. V/Iisusedbyoffender
4. Intenttogain
A. 312 Robbery/Theft
Occupation/usurpation Taking
Realproperty personal
NoV/Ionlycivilliability
313 Alteringboundaries
orlandmarks
1. Boundarymarksormonumentsof
towns,provincesorestatesoranyother
landmarksintendedtodesignatethe
boundariesofthesame
2. Alterssaidboundarymarks
Altergeneralandindefinitemeaning
Camille Umali

Chapter5:CulpableInsolvency
314 Fraudulent
insolvency
1. Adebtor,obligationisdueandpayable
2. Abscondswithhisproperty
3. Prejudicetocreditors
Actualprejudicenotintentionaloneis
required
Realpropertymaybeinvolved
Personprejudicedmustbethecreditor
Beingamerchantisnotanelement
InsolvencyLaw
Criminalactshouldhavebeen
committedafterinstitutionof
insolvency
(notrequiredinthisarticle)
(noinconsistency)
Chapter6:Swindlingandotherdeceits
315 Swindling(estafa) InGeneral
1. Accuseddefraudedanother
(a) Abuseofconfidence
(b) Bymeansofdeceit
Withunfaithfulness/abuseof
confidence
Bymeansoffalsepretensesor
fraudulentacts
Throughfraudulentmeans
2. Damageorprejudicecapableof
pecuniaryestimationiscausedtothe
offendedparty
Basisofpenalty
Elementsofdamage
1. Offendedpartybeingdeprivedof
hismoneyorpropertyasresultof
defraudation
2. Disturbanceinpropertyrights
3. Temporaryprejudice
Notobliteratedbyacceptanceof
promissorynote
Estafa Malversation
Entrustedwiththefunds
Continuingoffense
Privatefunds Publicfunds
M/C/D
Appropriating,
taking,
misappropriating,
consenting,
Permittingother
persontotake
Par1(a)WithUnfaithfulness
1. Offenderhasonerousobligationto
deliversomethingofvalue
2. Altersthesubstance,quantityorquality
3. Damageorprejudiceiscausedtoanother
Existingobligationtodeliversomething
Alteringofsubstance=PureFoodLaw
Eventhoughsuchobligationbebased
onimmoralorillegalconsideration
Noagreementastothequantity
PD115
CC1477
CC1482
Par.1(b)WithabuseofConfidence
1. Money,goods,orotherpersonal
propertyisreceivedbytheoffenderin
trustoroncommissionorfor
administrationorunderanyother
obligationinvolvingthedutytomake
deliveryofortoreturn
2. Thereisamisappropriationor
conversionofsuchbyoffenderordenial
ofthereceipt
3. SuchM/C/Distotheprejudiceof
another
4. Thereisdemandmadebytheoffended
partytotheoffender
Checkisincluded
Mustbereceivedbytheoffender
Juridicalpossessionpossession
whichgivesthetransfereearightover
thethingwhichthetransfereemayset
upevenagainsttheowner
Obligationtoreceive/deliverthething
mustbecontractual
Sellingthethingoncredit
Conversionthinghasbeendevotedto
apurposeorusedifferentfromthat
agreedupon
Refusaltoreturnadvancepayment
Nottobeusedforaparticularpurposeor
tobereturned
Prejudiceanothernotnecessarilythe
owneroftheproperty
Partnership:otherpartnersarenotliable
o Liableonlyifaftertermination,
hemisappropriatesthething
Demandisnotrequiredbylawbutitis
necessary
Noestafathroughnegligence
Testv.Theft:intheft,uponthedeliveryof
thethingtotheoffender,ownerexpects
animmediatereturnofthethingtohim

Camille Umali

Par.1(c)takingundueadvantageofsignatureinblank
1. Paperwithsignaturebeinblank
2. Offendedpartyshouldhavedeliveredittotheoffender
3. Abovethesignature,adocumentiswrittenbytheoffenderwithoutauthoritytodoso
4. Thedocumentsowrittencreatesaliabilityoforcausesdamagetotheoffendedpartyor3
rd
person
(Par.2/3)Bymeansofdeceit
1. Falsepretense,fraudulentactormeans
2. Suchmustbemadeorexecutedpriortoorsimultaneouslywiththecommissionoffraud
3. Offendedpartymusthavereliedonthefalseactsin(1);hewasinducedtopartwithhis
moneyorproperty
4. Asaresult,offendedpartysuffereddamage
Complainantwasawareofthefictitious
natureofthepretense
Par.2(a)
Usingfictitiousname
Falselypretendingtopossess
(a) Power
(b) Influence
(c) Qualifications
(d) Property
(e) Credit
(f) Agency
(g) Business/imaginarytransaction
othersimilardeceits
pretensemustbefalse
offendedpartymustbedeprivedofhis
property
AttemptedEstafathroughForgery
Mustbeprovedwithclearandpositive
evidence

Weightsand
measuresact
Par.2(b)
Alteringthequality,finenessorweightofanythingpertainingtohisartorbusiness
Par.2(c)
Pretendingtohavegivenbribes
PD818
BP22
Par.2(d)
Postdatingacheckorissuingacheckin
paymentofanobligation
1. Postdatedacheck,issuedacheckin
paymentofanobligation
2. Suchwasdonewhentheoffenderhadno
fundsinthebankorhisfundsdeposited
werenotsufficienttocovertheamount
ofthecheck
Checkmustbegenuinenotfalsified
Mustbepostdatedorissuedinpayment
ofanobligationcontractedatthetimeof
issuance/deliveryofcheck
Accusedmusthaveobtainedsomething
fromtheoffendedparty
Goodfaithisadefense
Personwhousesthecheck
Issuedbyaguarantor
RA4885:omittedtheoffenderknowing
atthetimehehadnofundsinthebank
Par.3(a)inducinganthertosignadocument
1. Offenderinducedtheoffendedpartytosignadocument
2. Deceitbeemployedtomakehimsignthedocument
3. Offendedpartypersonallysignedthedocument
4. Prejudicebecaused
Camille Umali

Par.3(b)
Fraudulentpracticetoinsuresuccessingambling
Par.3(c)byremoving,concealingor
destroyingdocuments
1. Therebecourtrecord,officefiles,
documentsoranyotherpapers
2. Offenderremoved,concealedor
destroyedanyofthem
3. Hadintenttodefraudanother
A. 315 A.226
infidelityin
custodyofdoc
Samemanner
Privateindividual
Publicofficernot
officiallyentrusted
Publicofficer
officiallyentrusted
withthedocuments
Intenttodefraud Notnecessary
316 Otherforms Par.1C/S/E/Manyrealproperty
1. Thingisimmovable
2. Offenderwhoisnottheownerrepresent
himselfassuch
3. Heexecutedanactofownership
(S/L/E/M)
4. Madetotheprejudiceof3
rd
person
Existingrealproperty
Actualdamageisnecessarybasisof
penalty
Intenttocausedamageisnotsufficient
Par.2Disposingofrealpropertyasfree
from ealthoughsuchbenot encumbranc
recorded
1. Realproperty
2. Knewthatsuchwasencumbered,WONit
isrecorded
3. Expressrepresentationthatthereal
propertyisfreefromencumbrance
4. Actofdisposingoftherealpropertybe
madetothedamageofanother
Encumbranceeveryrightorinterest
inthelandwhichexistsinfavorof3
rd
persons
Theremustbedamagecaused
Shalldisposeofthesameasfreefrom
encumbrance
Thirdelementnotestablishednocrime
Par. propertyfromlawfulpossessor 3wrongfultakingbyownerhispersonal

1. Offenderistheownerofpersonalproperty
2. Saidpropertyisinthelawfulpossessionofanother
3. Wrongfullytakesitfromitslawfulpossessionofanother
4. Prejudiceistherebycausedtothepossessoror3
rd
person
Par. ntracttotheprejudiceofanother 4executinganyfictitiousco
1. Offenderexecutesacontract
2. Itisfictitious
3. Prejudiceiscaused
Par. edorforlabornotperformed 5acceptingcompensationforservicesnotrender

1. Acceptscompensationforservicerorlabor
2. Hedidnotrenderanyservicesorperformanylabor

Camille Umali

Par. lfillmentofhisobligationassurety 6S/M/Erealpropertyorpropertieswithwhichtheoffenderguaranteedthefu
1. Offenderisasuretyinabondgiveninacriminal
2. Heguaranteedthefulfillmentofsuchobligationwithhisrealpropertyorproperties
3. S/M/Esaidrealproperty
4. Suchiswithoutexpressauthorityfromthecourtormadebeforethecancellationofhisbondorbeforebeingrelievedfromtheobligation
contractedbyhim
317 Swindlingaminor 1. Offendertakesadvantageoftheinexperienceoremotionsorfeelingsofaminor

2. Heinducessuchminortoassumeanobligationortogivereleaseortoexecuteatransferofanypropertyright
3. Theconsiderationissomeloanofmoney,creditorotherpersonalproperty
4. Thetransactionistodetrimentofsuchminor
318 Otherdeceits 1. Defraudingordamaginganotherbyanyotherdeceitnotmentionedinthepreceding

articles
2. Interpretingdreams,bymakingforecasts,bytellingfortunesorbytakingadvantageof
thecredulityofthepublicinanyothersimilar,forprofitorgain
Realpropertynotincluded
Chapter7:ChattelMortgage
319 Removal,saleor
pledgeofmortgaged
property
Par.1
1. PersonalpropertyismortgagedundertheChattelmortgagelaw
2. Offenderknowsthatsuchpropertyissomortgaged
3. Offenderremovessuchmortgagedpersonalpropertytoanyprovinceorcityotherthan
theoneinwhichitwaslocatedatthetimeoftheexecutionofthemortgage
4. Removalispermanent
Nowrittenconsentofthemortgageeonhisexecutors,administratorsorassignstosuch
removal
Par.2
1. PersonalpropertyisalreadypledgedunderthetermsoftheChattelMortgageLaw
2. Offender,whoisthemortgagorofsuchproperty,sellsorpledgesthesameoranypart
thereof
3. Noconsentofthemortgageewrittenonthebackofthemortgageandnotedontherecord
thereofintheofficeoftheregisterofdeeds
Damageisnotnecessary
Secondchattelmortgageisincluded
Removalofthemortgagedpersonal
propertymustbecoupledwithintentto
defraud
Chattelmortgagemustbevalidand
subsisting
Chapter8:Arsonandothercrimesinvolvingdestruction
PD1613
A.320326
Chapter9:MaliciousMischief
327 MaliciousMischief 1. Offenderdeliberatelycauseddamageto
thepropertyofanother
2. Suchactdoesnotconstitutearsonor
othercrimesinvolvingdestruction
3. Theactofdamaginganothersproperty
wascommittedmerelyforthesakeof
damagingit
Damagenotonlylossbutalso
diminutionofwhatisamansown
MaliciousMischiefwillfuldamagingof
anotherspropertyforthesakeofcausing
damageduetohate,revengeorotherevil
motive
Nomaliceonlycivilliability
Theftiftheresintenttogain
Camille Umali

328 1. Causingdamagetoobstructtheperformanceofpublicfunction Specialcases
2. Usinganypoisonousorcorrosivesubstance
3. Spreadinganyinfectionorcontagionamongcattle
4. CausingdamagetothepropertyofNationalmuseumorLibraryortoanyarchiveorregistry,waterworks,road,promenade,oranyother
thingusedincommonbythepublic
329 Othermischiefs Mischiefsnotincludedinthe
precedingarticle

330 Damageand
obstructiontomeans
ofcommunication
Damagingrailway,telegraphor
telephonelines

Destroyingordamagingstatutes,publicmonumentsorpaintings 331
Chapter10:ExemptionfromCriminalLiability
332 Personsexemptfrom
criminalliability
Crimesinvolved
1. Theft
2. Swindling(estafa)
3. Maliciousmischief
Personsexempted:
1. Spouses,A/D,relativesbyaffinity
Ifbyfalsification
inthesameline
Doesnotapplytostrangerswho
2. Widowedspousepropertywhich
participatedinthecommissionofthe
belongedtodiseasedspousebefore
crime
itpassedtopossessionofanother
3. B/Sandbrother/sistersinlaw,if
REASON:
livingtogether
Presumedcoownership
Stepfather,adoptedfather,natural
children,concubine,paramour
Commonlawspouses
Camille Umali

TITLE11:CrimesagainstChastity
Chapter1:AdulteryandConcubinage
Art.
No.
333
Adultery 1.Thatthewomanismarried.
2.Thatshehassexualintercoursewithaman
notherhusband
3.Thatasregardsthemanwithwhomshehas
sexual intercourse, he must know her to
bemarried.
The gist of the crime of adultery is the danger

of introducing spurious heirs into the
family, where the rights of the real heirs
may be impaired and a man may be
charged with the maintenance of a family
nothisown.
Essence:violationofmaritalvows
There is adultery, even if the marriage of
the guilty woman with the offended
husbandissubsequentlydeclaredvoid.
Carnal knowledge may be proved by
circumstantialevidence.
Each sexual intercourse constitutes a
crimeofadultery.
Even if the husband should pardon his
adulterous wife, such pardon would not
exempt the wife and her paramour from
criminal liability for adulterous acts
committed after the pardon had been
granted, because the pardon refers to
previous and not to subsequent
adulterousacts
Intercourse subsequent to adulterous
conductisanimpliedpardon
Abandonmentwithoutjustificationis
notexempting,butonlymitigating,
circumstance.bothareentitled
Amarriedmanwhoisnotliablefor
adultery,becausehedidnotknowthat
thewomanwasmarried,maybeheld
liableforconcubinage.
Acquittalofoneofthedefendantsdoes
notoperateasacauseforacquittalofthe
other.
Effectofdeathofparamour
It will not bar prosecution against the
unfaithfulwife,becausetherequirementthat
both offenders should be included in the
complaint is absolute only when the two
offendersarealive.
Effectofdeathofoffendedparty
The proceedings may continue. Art. 353
seekstoprotectthehonorandreputationnot
onlyofthelivingbutofdeadpersonsaswell.
334 Concubinage T c n hreewaysofcommittingcon ubi age:

1. By keeping a mistress in the conjugal
dwelling;or
2. By having sexual intercourse, under
scandalous circumstances, with a woman
whoisnothiswife;or
3.Bycohabitingwithherinanyotherplace.
Elements:
1.Thatthemanmustbemarried
2.Thathecommittedanyofthefollowingacts:
a. keeping a mistress in the conjugal
dwelling;or
b. having sexual intercourse, under
scandalous circumstances, with a
womanwhoisnothiswife;or
c.cohabitingwithherinanyotherplace.
Concubinage is a violation of the marital
vow.
The woman becomes liable only when
she knew him to be married prior to the
commissionofthecrime.
Mistress it isnecessary that the woman is
taken by the accused into the conjugal
dwellingasaconcubine.
Conjugal Dwelling the home of the
husband and wife even if the wife happens
tobetemporarilyabsentonanyaccount.
Cohabit dwell together in the manner of
husbandand
Whenspiesareemployed,thereisno
evidenceofscandalouscircumstances
Adulteryismoreseverelypunishedthat
concubinage.
Reason: Because adultery makes possible
the introduction of another mans blood into
the family so that the offended husband may
have another mans son bearing his
(husbands) name and receiving support
fromhim.
Camille Umali

Chapter2:RapeandAct ess sofLasciviousn
335 Rape RepealedbyRA8353
336 ActsofLasciviousness 1. That the offender commits any act of
lasciviousnessorlewdness.
2. That the act of lasciviousness is committed
againstapersonofeithersex;
3. That it is done under any of the following
circumstances:
a.Byusingforceorintimidation;or
b.Whentheoffendedpartyisdeprived
ofreasonorotherwise
unconscious;
c. By means of fraudulent machination
orgraveabuseofauthority;or
d.Whentheoffendedpartyisunder12
yearsofageordemented.
AoL AbusesofChastity
(245)
Privateindividual Publicofficer
Thereare
necessaryactsthat
shouldhavebeen
executed
Mereimmoralor
indecentproposal
madeearnestlyand
persistentyis
sufficient
Lewd obscene, lustful, indecent,
lecherous; signifies form of immorality
whichhasrelationtomoralimpurityor
thatwhichiscarriedinwantonmanner
Compellingagirltodancenakedbefore
amanisanactoflasciviousness,evenif
thedominantmotiveisrevenge,forher
failuretopayadebt.
Moral compulsion amounting to
intimidationissufficient.
Placing mans private parts over girls
genitalorgan
Desistance in the commission of
attempted rape may constitute acts of
lasciviousness.
AoL GraveCoercion
Compulsionor
forceisincludedin
theconstructive
elementofforcein
thecrime
Suchistheveryact
constitutingthe
offenseofgrave
coercion
Touchingofbreastunjustvexation
only
Motiveisnotessential,theessenceof
lewdnessstheactitself
Thereisnoattemptedorfrustratedacts
oflasciviousness.
AoL AttemptedRape
Manneristhesame
Offendedpartyispersonofeithersex
Lasciviousactsare
themselvesthe
finalobjective
soughtbythe
offender.
Lasciviousactsare
butthepreparatory
actstothe
commissionof
rape;inArt.336,
Thereisintentto
havesexual
intercourse
Chapter3:Seduction,CorruptionofMinors,andWhiteSlaveTrade
337 QualifiedSeduction Twoclassesofqualifiedseduction:
1. Seduction of a virgin over 12 years and
under 18 years of age by certain persons,
such as, a person in authority, priest,
teacher,etc;and
2. Seduction of a sister by her brother, or
descendant by her ascendant, regardless
ofherageorreputation.
Elementsofqualifiedseductionofavirgin:
1. offended party is a virgin, which is
presumedifsheisunmarriedandofgood
reputation.
2.mustbeover12andunder18yearsofage.
3.offenderhassexualintercoursewithher.
4. That there is abuse of authority, confidence
or relationship on the part of the
offender.
Seduction enticing a woman to
unlawful sexual intercourse by promise
of marriage or other means of
persuasionwithoutuseofforce
Offended party must be virgin, over 12
andunder18
Qualified:withsexualintercourse
Offendersinqualifiedseduction:
1.Thosewho : abusedtheirauthority
person in public authority, guardian,
teacher, person who, in any capacity, is
entrusted with the education or custody of
thewomanseduced.
2.Thosewho : abusedconfidence
priest,houseservant,domestic
3.Thosewho ed at onship: abus theirrel i
brother who seduced his sister,
ascendantwhoseducedhisdescendant
Offendedpartyneednotbephysically
virgin
Deceitisnotanelement
Factthatthegirlconsentedisnota
defense
Accusedchargedwithrapecannotbe
convictedofqualifiedseductionunder
thesameinformation
Domesticlivingunderthesameroof,same
house
Camille Umali

338 SimpleSeduction 1. That the offended party is over 12 and
under18yearsofage
2. That she must be of good reputation, single
orwidow.
3. That the offender has sexual intercourse
withher.
4.Thatitiscommittedbymeansofdeceit.
Theremustbesexualintercourse
Deceit:unfulfilledpromiseofmarriage
Virginityofoffendedpartyisnot
required
Promiseofmarriagebymarriedmanis
notdeceit
Notacontinuingoffense
339 ActsofLasciviousness
withconsentofthe
offendedparty
1. That the offender commits acts of
lasciviousnessorlewdness.
2.Thattheactsarecommitteduponawoman
whoisavirginorsingleorwidowofgood
reputation,under18yearsofagebutover
12 years, or a sister or descendant
regardlessofherreputationorage.
3. That the offender accomplishes the acts by
abuse of authority, confidence,
relationship,ordeceit.
In order that the crime under Art. 339
may be committed, it is necessary that it
is committed under circumstances which
would make it qualified or simple
seduction had there been sexual
intercourse, instead of acts of lewdness
only.
Malecannotbetheoffendedpartyinthis
crime.
A.336 A.339
Hadtherebeen
carnalknowledge
=rape
Hadtherebeen
carnalknowledge
=qualified/simple
seduction
340 Corruptionofminors Any person who shall promote or facilitate the prostitution or corruption of persons under age to satisfy the lust of another, shall be
punished by prision mayor and if the culprit is a public officer or employee, including those in governmentowned or controlled
corporations,heshallalsosufferthepenaltyoftemporaryabsolutedisqualification(AsamendedbyBP92).
Habitualityorabuseofauthorityorconfidenceisnotnecessary.
Itisnotnecessarythattheunchasteactsshallhavebeendone.
341 Whiteslavetrade 1.Engaginginbusinessofprostitution
2.Profitingbyprostitution
3. Enlisting the services of women for the
purposeofprostitution
Habitualityisnotanecessaryelementofwhiteslavetrade
Offenderneednotbetheownerofthehouse.
Maintainerormanagerofhouseofillreputeneednotbepresentthereinatthetimeof
raidorarrest.
Chapter4:Abduction
342 ForcibleAbduction 1.That the person abducted is any woman,
regardless of her age, civil status, or
reputation
2.Thattheabductionisagainstherwill
3.Thattheabductioniswithlewddesigns
Abductiontakingawayofawomanfromher
house or the place where she may be for the
purpose of carrying her to another place with
theintenttomarryortocorrupther
Natureofthecrime:Theactoftheoffenderis
violative of the individual liberty of the
abducted, her honor and reputation, and
publicorder
A. 342 GraveCoercion
Thereisviolenceorintimidation
Victimiscompelledtodosomething
Thereslewdness None
Womanabductedmaybemarried
The taking away of the woman may be
accomplished by means of deceit first
and them by means of violence and
intimidation.
Lewd designs may be shown by the
conductoftheaccused.
Several defendants: enough that one of
themhadlewddesigns.
Therecanonlybeonecomplexcrimeof
forcibleabductionwithrape.
Rape may absorb forcible abduction, if
the main objective was to rape the
victim.
Conviction of acts of lasciviousness is
not a bar to conviction of forcible
abduction.
Ifthefemaleabductedisunder12,the
crimeisforcibleabduction,evenifshe
voluntarilygoeswithherabductor
Sexualintercourseisnotnecessary
Husbandisnotliableforabductionofhis
wife,aslewddesigniswanting.
When the victim was abducted by the
accused without lewd designs, but for
the purpose of lending her to illicit
intercourse with others, the crime is not
abductionbutcorruptionofminors.
When there is deprivation of liberty and
no lewd designs, it is kidnapping and
seriousillegaldetention.
Commission of other crimes during
confinement of victim is immaterial to
kidnappingw/illegaldetention
Camille Umali

343 ConsentedAbduction 1.Thattheoffendedpartymustbeavirgin
2.Thatshemustbeover12andunder18.
3. That the taking away of the offended party
must be with her consent, after
solicitationorcajoleryfromtheoffender.
4.Thatthetakingawayoftheoffendedparty
mustbewithlewddesigns.
Takingawaymustbewithlewddesign
PU P R OSE:
Not to punish the wrong done to the
girl because she consents to it, but to
prescribe punishment for the disgrace
to her family and the alarm caused
therein by the disappearance of the
one who is, by her age and sex
susceptibletocajolery
The taking away of the girl need not be
withsomecharacterofpermanence.
Offendedpartyneednotbetakenfromher
house.
Whentherewasnosolicitationorcajolery
and no deceit and the girl voluntarily
went with the man, there is no crime
committed even if they had sexual
intercourse.
344 Prosecutionofthe
crimesofadultery
Whomayfilethecomplaint:
1. Adultery and concubinage must be
prosecuted upon complaint signed by the
offendedspouse.
2. Seduction, abduction, or acts of
lasciviousness must be prosecuted upon
complaintsignedby
a.offendedparty
b.herparents
c.grandparents,or
d. guardians in the order in which they
arenamedabove.
Consent:
Consentmaybeexpressorimplied.
Agreement to live separately may be
evidenceofconsent.
Affidavitshowingconsentmaybeabasisfor
newtrial.
Marriage of the offender with the offended
party in seduction, abduction, acts of
lasciviousness and rape, extinguishes
criminal action or remits the penalty
alreadyimposed.
Condonation or forgiveness of one act of
adultery or concubinage is not a bar to
prosecution of similar acts that may be
committedbytheoffenderinthefuture.
Rapemaybeprosecuteddeoficio
Thecourtmotupropriocandismissthe
caseforfailureoftheaggrievedpartyto
file the proper complaint, though the
accused never raised the question on
appeal, thereby showing the necessity
of strict compliance with the legal
requirement even at the cost of
nullifying all the proceedings already
hadinthelowercourt.
The imputation of a crime of
prostitution against a woman can
prosecuteddeoficio.
Both parties must be included in the
complaint even if one of them is not
guilty.
Prosecution of rape may be made upon
complaintbyanyperson.
Whentheoffendedpartyisaminor,her
parentsmayfilethecomplaint.
Whentheoffendedpartyisofageandis
in complete possession of her mental
andphysicalfaculties,shealonecanfile
thecomplaint.
The term guardian refers to legal
guardian
Incaseofcomplexcrimes,whereoneof
the component offenses is a public
crime, the criminal prosecution may be
institutedbythefiscal.
Crimes against chastity cannot be
prosecuteddeoficio.
In adultery and concubinage, the offended
party cannot institute criminal
prosecution without including both the
guiltyparties,iftheyarebothalive,nor,in
any case, if he shall have consented or
pardonedtheoffenders.
The complaint must be filed in court, not
withthefiscal.
Pardon:
Pardon of the offenders by the offended
partyisabartoprosecutionforadultery
orconcubinage.
Pardon must exist before the institution of
the criminal action and both offenders
mustbepardonedbytheoffendedparty.
The Spanish text speaks of pardon of the
adulterous act itself, which in effect is a
pardonthatextendstobothdefendants.
Delay in the filing of complaint, if
satisfactorily explained, does not
indicatepardon.
Pardon by the offended party who is a
minor must have the concurrence of
parents.
345 CivilLiabilityof
personsguiltyofthe
crimesagainst
chastity
Civil liability of persons guilty of rape,
seduc ionorabduction t :
1.Toindemnifytheoffendedwoman
2. To acknowledge the offspring, unless the
lawshouldpreventhimfromdoingso
3.Ineverycasetosupporttheoffspring.
The adulterer and the concubine can be sentenced only to indemnify for damages caused
totheoffendedspouse.
UndertheRPC,thereisnocivilliabilityforactsoflasciviousness.
Art. 2219 of the CC provides that moral damages may be recovered in seduction,
abduction,rape,orotherlasciviousacts,aswellasinadulteryandconcubinage.
Inmultiplerape,alltheoffendersmustsupporttheoffspring.
Camille Umali

346 Liabilityof
Ascendants,
guardians,teachers,
orotherpersons
entrustedwith
custodyofthe
offended
Personswhocooperateasaccomplicesbutare
punished as principals in rape, seduction,
Crimesembracedinthe2
abduction,etc.
Theyare:
(1) ascendants
(2) guardians
(3) curators
(4) teachers,and
(5) any other person, who cooperate as
accomplice with abuse of authority or
confidentialrelationship
nd
,3
rd
,&4
th
ofthistitle:
(1) rape
(2) actsoflasciviousness
(3) qualifiedseduction
(4) simpleseduction
(5) actsoflasciviousnesswithconsentoftheoffendedparty
(6) corruptionofminors
(7) whiteslavetrade
(8) forcibleabduction
(9) consentedabduction
Camille Umali

TITLE12:Crimesagainstthecivilstatusofpersons
Chapter1:SimulationofBirthsandUsurpationofCivilStatus

Art.No. Title Elements Definitions/Included Notincluded/Othernotes
347 Simulationofbirths,
substitutionofone
childforanother,
andconcealmentor
abandonmentofa
legitimatechild
Actspunished
1. Simulationofbirths;
2. Substitutionofonechildforanother;
3. Concealing or abandoning any legitimate
child with intent to cause such child to lose
itscivilstatus.
Simulationofbirthwhenthewoman
pretendstobepregnantinfactsheis
Factthatchildwillbebenefitedisnota
notandonthedayofsupposed
delivery,takesthechildofanotheras
herown
OBJECTL:thecreationoffalse,or
causingofthelossof,civilstatus
defense
Concealingorabandoninglegitimatechild
1. Mustbelegitimate
2. Concealsorabandonssuchchild
3. Intenttocausechildtolosecivilstatus
A.276:hascustody;A.347:anyperson
348 UsurpationofCivil
Status
C status ivil
includes one's public station, or the rights, duties, capacities and
Usurpationofprofession
incapacities which determine a person to a given class. It seems
Intenttoenjoytherights
thattheterm"civilstatus"includesone'sprofession.
Thiscrimeiscommittedwhenapersonrepresentshimselftobe
anotherandassumesthefiliationortheparentalorconjugal
rightsofsuchanotherperson.
Chapter2:IllegalMarriages
349
Bigamy 1. Offenderhasbeenlegallymarried;
2. The marriage has not been legally
dissolved or, in case his or her spouse is
absent,theabsentspousecouldnotyetbe
presumeddeadaccordingtotheCC
3. contractsasecond/subsequentmarriage;
4. The second or subsequent marriage has
alltheessentialrequisitesforvalidity.
Firstmarriagemustbevalid
VOIDMARRIAGES
Nullityisnotadefense
Liabilityforbigamy
Deathofthefirstspouseduringthe
VOIDABLEMARRIAGES
pendencyofthebigamycasedoesnot
Secondmarriagemusthaveallthe
extinguishthecrime
essentialrequisites
350 Marriagecontracted
againstprovisionsof
law
1.Offendercontractedmarriage;
2.Heknewatthetimethat
Themarriagedoesnotconstitutebigamy.
a. The requirements of the law were not
The marriage is contracted knowing that the requirements of the law have not been
compliedwith;or
compliedwithorindisregardoflegalimpediments.
b.Themarriagewasindisregardofalegal
OnewheretheconsentoftheotherwasobtainedbymeansofV/I/F
impediment.
Ifthe2
nd
marriageisvoidbecausetheaccusedknowinglycontracteditwithoutcomplying
withlegalrequirementsasthemarriagelicense,althoughhewaspreviouslymarried.
Marriage solemnized by a minister or priest who does not have the required authority to
solemnizemarriages.
351 1. Awidow,marriedwithin301daysfromthedateofthedeathofhusband,orbeforehavingdeliveredifpregnantatthetimeofhisdeath; Prematuremarriages
2. Awomanwho,hermarriagehavingbeenannulledordissolved,marriedbeforeherdeliveryorbeforetheexpirationoftheperiodof301
daysafterthedateofthelegalseparation.
352 Priestsorministersofanyreligiousdenominationorsect,orcivilauthoritieswhoshallperformorauthorizeanyillegalmarriage Performanceofillegal
ceremonyshallbepunishedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheMarriageLaw marriageceremony
Camille Umali

TITLE13:Crimesagainsthonor
Chapter1:Libel
Section1:Definition,forms,andpunishmentofthecrime
Art.
No.
353 Definitionof
Libel
1.There must be an imputation of a crime,
orofaviceordefect,realorimaginary,
or any act, omission, condition, status,
orcircumstance;
2.Theimputationmustbemadepublicly;
3.Itmustbemalicious;
4.The imputation must be directed at a
naturalorjuridicalperson,oronewho
isdead;
5.The imputation must tend to cause the
dishonor, discredit or contempt of the
persondefamed.
Defamationincludeslibelandslander
Offenseinjuringapersons
character,fameorreputationthroughfalse
ormaliciousstatements
Libel is a public and malicious imputation of a

crime,orofaviceordefect,realorimaginary,or
any act, omission, condition, status, or
circumstances tending to cause the dishonor,
discredit, or contempt of a natural or juridical
person, or to blacken the memory of one who is
dead.
Publication communication of the defamatory
mattertosomethirdpersonorpersons
Maliceinfactproofofillwill,hatredorpurpose
toinjure
Malice in Law presumed from a defamatory
imputation, proof not required because it is
presumed
Innuendo clause in the indictment or other
pleading containing an averment which is
explanatory of some preceding word or
statement.
Test:
Achargeissufficientifthewordsarecalculatedto
inducethehearerstosupposeandunderstandthat
thepersonagainstwhomtheywereutteredwas
guiltyofcertainoffenses,oraresufficienttoimpeach
hishonesty,virtueorreputation,ortoholdhimupto
publicridicule.
Meaningofthewriterisimmaterial
Nocrimeifnotpublished
Anyimputationissufficientifittendstocause
1. Dishonor
2. Discredit
3. Contempt
4. Blackenmemoryofadeadperson
Dishonordisgrace,shameorignominy
Discreditdisesteem
Contemptstateofbeingdespised
354 Requirement
forpublicity
Even if the defamatory imputation is true,
the presumption of malice still exists, if no
good intention and justifiable motive for
makingitisshown.
THE PRESUMPTION OF MALICE IS
REBUTTED, IF IT IS SHOWN BY THE
ACCUSEDTHAT
1. The defamatory imputation is true, in
casethelawallowsproofofthetruthofthe
imputation;and
2.Itispublishedwithgoodintention;and
3.Thereisjustifiablemotiveformakingit.
Requisitesofdefenseindefamation
1.If it appears that the matter charged as
libelousistrue;
2.Itwaspublishedwithgoodmotives;
3.Itwasforjustifiableends.
MALICEISNOTPRESUMED:
1. A private communication made by any person to another in the performance of any legal, moral or
socialduty;and
2. Afairandtruereport,madeingoodfaith,withoutanycommentsorremarks,ofanyjudicial,legislative
or other official proceedings which are not of confidential nature, or of any statement, report or speech
delivered in said proceedings, or of any other act performed by public officers in the exercise of their
functions.
A any anoth r s Par. privatecommunicationmadeby personto e i aprivileged(A.354 1)
1. That the person who made the communication had a legal, moral or social duty to make the
communication,or,hehadaninteresttobeupheld;
2.Thatthecommunicationisaddressedtoanofficeroraboard,orsuperior,havingsomeinterestorduty
inthematter.
3.Thatthestatementsinthecommunicationaremadeingoodfaithwithoutmalice(fact).
Whenproofoftruthisadmissible
1.When the act or omission imputed constitutes a crime regardless of whether the offended party is a
privateindividualorapublicofficer;
2.When the offended party is a government employee, even if the act or omission imputed does not
constituteacrime,providedifitsrelatedtothedischargedofhisofficialduties.
Camille Umali

355 Libelby
meansof
writingsor
similar
means
Alibelmaybecommittedbymeansof
1.Writing;
2.Printing;
3.Lithography;
4.Engraving;
5.Radio;
6.Photograph;
7.Painting;
8.Theatricalexhibition;
9.Cinematographicexhibition;or
10. Anysimilarmeans.
Madeintelevision ThroughamplifierORAL
356 Threatening
topublish
andofferto
preventsuch
publication
fora
compensatio
n
Actspunished
1.Threatening another to publish a libel
concerninghim,orhisparents,spouse,
child,orothermembersofhisfamily;
2.Offering to prevent the publication of
such libel for compensation or money
consideration.
Blackmailanyunlawfulextortionof
moneybythreatsofaccusationor
exposureHUSHMONEY

357 Prohibited
publicationof
actsreferred
tointhe
courseof
official
proceedings
1.Offenderisareporter,editorormanager
ofanewspaper,dailyormagazine;
2.He publishes facts connected with the
privatelifeofanother;
3. Such facts are offensive to the honor, virtue
andreputationofsaidperson.
GagLawwhileareportofanofficial
proceeding is allowed, it gags those
who would publish therein facts
which this article prohibits, and
punishesanyviolationthereof.
Sorucemaynotberevealed
358 Slander Slanderoraldefamation
Libelcommittedbyoral(spoken)means,insteadofwriting.
Speakingofbaseanddefamatorywordswhichtendtoprejudiceanotherinhis
reputation,office,trade,business,ormeansoflivelihood.
Factors:
1. Expressionused
2. Personalrelationsoftheaccuseandoffended
party
3. Circumstancessurroundingthecase
4. Socialstanding
5. postition
359 Slanderby
deed
1.Offenderperformsanyactnotincludedinanyothercrimeagainsthonor;
2.Suchactisperformedinthepresenceofotherpersonorpersons;
3.Suchactcastsdishonor,discreditorcontemptupontheoffendedparty.
Slanderbydeedcrimeagainsthonorwhichis
committedbyperforminganyactwhichcastsdishonor,
discreditorcontemptuponanotherperson
Slappingthefaceifintentionistocauseshameand
humiliation
Fightingwithintentiontoinsult
Pointingdirtyfinger

Camille Umali

Section2:GeneralProv ions is
360 Persons
Liable
1. The person who publishes exhibits or
causes the publication or exhibition of any
Liabilityofeditor=author
defamationinwritingorsimilarmeans.
Ve : nue
2. Theauthororeditorofabookorpamphlet.
Whethertheoffendedpartyisapublicofficialoraprivateperson,thecriminalactionmaybefiledin
3. The editor o of a daily
the Court of First Instance of the province or city where the libelous article is printed and first
r business manager
newspapermagazineorserialpublication.
published.
4. The owner of the printing plant which
Iftheoffendedpartyisaprivateindividual,thecriminalactionmayalsobefiledintheCourtofFirst
publishesalibelousarticlewithhisconsent
Instanceoftheprovincewhereheactuallyresidedatthetimeofthecommissionoftheoffense.
and all other persons who in any way
IftheoffendedpartyisapublicofficerwhoseofficeisinManilaatthetimeofthecommissionofthe
participate in or have connection with its
offense,theactionmaybefiledintheCourtofFirstInstanceofManila.
publication.
IftheoffendedpartyisapublicofficerholdingofficeoutsideofManila,theactionmaybefiledinthe
CourtofFirstInstanceoftheprovinceorcitywhereheheldofficeatthetimeofthecommissionof
theoffense.
361 Proofoftruth Whenadmissible
1. When the act or omission imputed constitutes a crime regardless of whether the
offendedpartyisaprivateindividualorapublicofficer.
2. When the offended party is a Government employee, even if the imputation does
notconstituteacrime,provideditisrelatedtothedischargeofhisofficialduties
D nseinDefamation efe :
1. Itappearsthatthematterschargedaslibelousistrue;
2. Itwaspublishedwithgoodmotives;
3. ANDforajustifiableend.
362 LibelousremarksorcommentsconnectedwiththematterprivilegedundertheprovisionsofArt.354,ifmadewithmalice,shallnotexemptthe Libelous
remarks authorthereofnortheeditorormanagingeditorofanewspaperfromcriminalliability
Chapter2:Incrim a ns in toryMachinatio
363 Incriminating
innocent
persons
1. Offender performs an
act;
2. By such an act, he
incriminates or
imputes to an
innocent person the
commission of a
crime;
3. Such act does not
constituteperjury.
Plantingevidence
INCRIMINATING
INNOCENT
PERSONS
DEFAMATION
INCRIMINATING PERJURYBY
Offender does not avail
himself of written or
spoken word in
besmirching the victims
reputation
Imputation is public and
malicious calculated to
cause dishonor, discredit,
or contempt upon the
offendedparty.
INNOCENT
PERSONS
MAKINGFALS E
ACCUSATIONS
Limited to the act of
planting evidence and the
Giving of false statement
like in order to
under oath or making a
incriminate an innocent
false affidavit, imputing to
person
the person the commission
ofacrime
364 Intriguing
againsthonor
Thiscrimeiscommittedbyanypersonwhoshallmakeanyintriguewhichhasforits
principalpurposetoblemishthehonororreputationofanotherperson.
Intriguing against honor is referred to as gossiping. The offender, without

ascertaining the truth of a defamatory utterance, repeats the same and pass it on to
another, to the damage of the offended party. Who started the defamatory news is
unknown.
Intriguingagainstho r no Slander
When the source of the
defamatory utterance is
unknown and the offender
simply repeats or passes
the same, the crime is
Made the utterance, the
source is known, and
offender publish it again,
eventhoughherepeatsthe
intriguingagainsthonor.
libelous statement as
coming from another, as

longassourceisidentified
Camille Umali

TITLE14:Quasioffenses
SoleChapter:CriminalNegligence
Art. Title Elements Definitions/Included Notincluded/Othernotes

No.
365 Imprudence
and
Negligence
1. Committing through reckless imprudence any
act which, had it been intentional, would
constitute a grave or less grave felony or
lightfelony;
2.Committing through simple imprudence

or negligence an act which would
otherwise constitute a grave or a less
seriousfelony;
3.Causing damage to the property of
another through reckless imprudence
orsimpleimprudenceornegligence;
4.Causing through simple imprudence or

negligence some wrong which, if done
maliciously, would have constituted a
lightfelony.
It is practically settled that criminal

negligence is only a modality in
incurring criminal liability. This is so
because under Article 3, a felony may
resultfromdoloorculpa.
Crimes thru culpa are punishable
through this article unless they are
specifically penalized under other
provisions of the Code such as
Imprudence Negligence
Deficiencyinaction
Failureinprecaution
malversation thru negligence (Art.
217).
Since this is the mode of incurring
criminal liability, if there is only one
carelessness,evenifthereareseveral
results, the accused may only be
prosecuted under one count for the
criminal negligence. So there would
only be one information to be filed,
even if the negligence may bring
about resulting injuries which are
slight.
QUALIFYING:
Offender fails to render
immediate assistance to the
injuredparty.
Thequalifyingcircumstancemust
be alleged in the information to
betakenintoaccount.
Failureinadvertence
Reckless Simple
Dangerthatmayresultis
perceivable
Hardlyperceivable
If you split the criminal negligence, that is where

doublejeopardywouldarise.
Rulesonpenaltyformitigatingandaggravatingdoes
notapplyhere

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B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

Qua yin lif gcircumstances

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

140 Penalty Pers onsliable

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

If any person present at the meeting

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

The crime alarms and scandal is only one

The essence of the crime is disturbance of

Charivari is a mock serenade wherein the

When a person discharges a firearm in

(2) Illegal discharge of firearm under

(3) Attempted homicide, murder, or

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

In leaving or escaping from jail or

The leaving from the penal establishment

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

2.Usurpation of official functions. (excess of

Material matter is defined as the main

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

2.Monopoly to restrain free competition in

197 Bettinginsportscontents SeePD483

2.His authority to take part in the

(2)Misfeasance when a public officer

(3)Nonfeasance when a public officer

An unjust judgment is one which is

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

This crime can only be committed by a public officer

(1) Maliciouslycausingdamagetohisclientthroughabreachofhisprofessionalduty.Thebreachofprofessionaldutymust bemalicious.Ifitisjust

There exists an agreement between

The crime of bribery has no frustrated stage. If one

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

233 Refusalofassistance 1. Offenderisapublicofficer;

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

JUST FIC I ATION:

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

285 OtherLightthreats Actspunished:

286 Gravecoercion Way : sofcommitting

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

301 Definition Inhabited

309 Penalties Basis:

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

Par. propertyfromlawfulpossessor 3wrongfultakingbyownerhispersonal

Par. edorforlabornotperformed 5acceptingcompensationforservicesnotrender

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

317 Swindlingaminor 1. Offendertakesadvantageoftheinexperienceoremotionsorfeelingsofaminor

318 Otherdeceits 1. Defraudingordamaginganotherbyanyotherdeceitnotmentionedinthepreceding

The gist of the crime of adultery is the danger

334 Concubinage T c n hreewaysofcommittingcon ubi age:

Libel is a public and malicious imputation of a

B2013 Crim2 Reviewer | Provisions

Intriguing against honor is referred to as gossiping. The offender, without

coming from another, as

2.Committing through simple imprudence

4.Causing through simple imprudence or

It is practically settled that criminal