BY

SUNIL HAVALDAR GUPTA

JASON CYPRIAN RODRIGUES

SUBMITTED TO
CMS COMPUTER INSTITUTE
ANDHERI CENTRE (E)
 STUDENT DECLARATION FORMAT

We hereby declare the project entitled

“MOTHERBOARD”

Submitted to CMS COMPUTER INSTITUTE,

ANDHERI
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Is our original work and not submitted for the award of

Any other diploma or similar title or prizes.

SUNIL HAVALDAR JASON CYPRIAN

GUPTA RODRIGUES

STUDENT CODE:

DATE:
 CMS COMPUTER INSTITUTE

SEEPZ, GATE NO. – 1,

ANDHERI (EAST), MUMBAI-400093.

TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN

This
Is to certify that the following students, Sunil and
Jason have completed the project on

“MOTHERBOARD”

With a special reference to our organization in partial

fulfillment
Of
(CMS

We wish them all the best in their future academic

endeavors

FOR CMS COMPUTER INSTITUTE

CENTRE HEAD
 PROJECT ON

MOTHERBOARD
Is approved and accepted in quality & form

Project guide

NAME : Mrs. KARUNA

SIGNATURE :

EXAM MODERATOR, CENTRAL OFFICE

NAME :

SIGNATURE :
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express sincere thanks to our project guide

Mrs.Karuna inspiring us to take this project

&also rendering her precious help &guidance.

Without her co-operation and direction,

It would have been difficult for us to complete this project.

We are also thankful to our key faculty Mr.Nilesh &

Other members of the staff for their guidance.

We express our thanks to our centre head

Mr. Vivek for providing excellent

Faculties to work on this project.

 You’ve probably heard the term motherboard a thousand times, but do you
know what it really means and how it relates to the rest of your computer?

A motherboard is the central or primary circuit board making up a complex

electronic system, such as a modern computer. It is also known as a main board,
baseboard, system board, or, on Apple computers, a logic board, and is sometimes
abbreviated as mobo.

The basic purpose of the motherboard, like a backplane, is to provide the electrical and
logical connections by which the other components of the system communicate.

The form factor of a motherboard determines the specifications for its general
shape and size. It also specifies what type of case and power supply will be
supported, the placement of mounting holes, and the physical layout and
organization of the board. Form factor is especially important if you build your
own computer systems and need to ensure that you purchase the correct case
and components.

The motherboard contains the connectors for attaching additional boards. Typically,
the motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, memory, mass storage interfaces, serial and
parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers required to control standard
peripheral devices, such as the display screen, keyboard, and disk drive. Collectively,
all these chips that reside on the motherboard are known as the motherboard's chipset.

Motherboard is sometimes abbreviated as mobo.

On most PCs, it is possible to add memory chips directly to the motherboard. You may
also be able to upgrade to a faster PC by replacing the CPU chip. To add additional
core features, you may need to replace the motherboard entirely.

The Succession of Motherboard Form Factors

AT & Baby AT
Prior to 1997, IBM computers used large motherboards. After that, however,
the size of the motherboard was reduced and boards using the AT (Advanced
Technology) form factor was released. The AT form factor is found in older
computers (386 class or earlier). Some of the problems with this form factor
mainly arose from the physical size of the board, which is 12" wide, often
causing the board to overlap with space required for the drive bays.
Following the AT form factor, the Baby AT form factor was introduced. With the
Baby AT form factor the width of the motherboard was decreased from 12" to
8.5", limiting problems associated with overlapping on the drive bays' turf.
Baby AT became popular and was designed for peripheral devices — such as
the keyboard, mouse, and video — to be contained on circuit boards that were
connected by way of expansion slots on the motherboard.

Baby AT was not without problems however. Computer memory itself

advanced, and the Baby AT form factor had memory sockets at the front of the
motherboard. As processors became larger, the Baby AT form factor did not
allow for space to use a combination of processor, heat sink, and fan. The ATX
form factor was then designed to overcome these issues.

Most after-market motherboards produced today are designed for so-called IBM-
compatible computers, which hold over 96% of the personal computer market today.
Motherboards for IBM-compatible computers are specifically covered in the PC
motherboard article.

A typical desktop computer is built with the microprocessor, main memory, and other
essential components on the motherboard. Other components such as external storage,
controllers for video display and sound, and peripheral devices are typically attached to
the motherboard via edge connectors and cables, although in modern computers it is
increasingly common to integrate these "peripherals" into the motherboard.
 Components and functions

The 2004 K7VT4A Promotherboard by AS Rock. The chipset on this board consists of
north bridge and south bridge chips.

The motherboard of a typical desktop consists of a large PCB. It holds electronic

components and interconnects, as well as physical connectors (sockets, slots, and
headers) into which other computer components may be inserted or attached.

Most motherboards include, at a minimum:

 sockets in which one or more microprocessors (CPUs) are installed

 slots into which the system's main memory is installed (typically in the form of
DIMM modules containing DRAM chips)
 a chipset which forms an interface between the CPU's front-side bus, main
memory, and peripheral buses
 non-volatile memory chips (usually Flash ROM in modern motherboards)
containing the system's firmware or BIOS
  a clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronize the
various components
 slots for expansion cards (these interface to the system via the buses supported
by the chipset)
 Power connectors and circuits, which receive electrical power from the computer
power supply and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion
cards.

The Octek Jaguar V motherboard from 1993. This board has 6 ISA slots but few
onboard peripherals, as evidenced by the lack of external connectors.

Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support

commonly-used input devices, such as PS/2 connectors for a mouse and keyboard.
Early personal computers such as the Apple II or IBM PC included only this minimal
peripheral support on the motherboard. Additional peripherals such as disk controllers
and serial ports were provided as expansion cards.

Given the high thermal design power of high-speed computer CPUs and components,
modern motherboards nearly always include heatsinks and mounting points for fans to
dissipate excess heat.
 Integrated peripherals

Diagram of a modern motherboard, which supports many on-board peripheral

functions as well as several expansion slots.

With the steadily declining costs and size of integrated circuits, it is now possible to
include support for many peripherals on the motherboard. By combining many
functions on one PCB, the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced;
highly-integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in small form factor and
budget computers.

For example, the ECS RS485M-M, a typical modern budget motherboard for
computers based on AMD processors, has on-board support for a very large range of
peripherals:

 disk controllers for a floppy disk drive, up to 2 PATA drives, and up to 4 SATA drives
(including RAID 0/1 support)
 integrated ATI Radeon graphics controller supporting 2D and 3D graphics, with VGA
and TV output

 integrated sound card supporting 6-channel audio and S/PDIF output

 fast Ethernet network controller for 10/100 Mbit networking
 USB 2.0 controller supporting up to 8 USB ports
 IrDA controller for infrared data communication (e.g. with an IrDA enabled
Cellular Phone or Printer)
 temperature, voltage, and fan-speed sensors that allow software to monitor the
health of computer components

Expansion cards to support all of these functions would have cost hundreds of dollars
even a decade ago; however as of April 2007 such highly-integrated motherboards are
available for as little as $30 in the USA.

History

Prior to the advent of the Apple II in 1977, a computer was usually built in a case or
mainframe with components connected by a backplane consisting of a set of slots
themselves connected with wires. The CPU, memory and I/O peripherals were housed
on individual PCBs or cards which plugged into the backplane.
A modern motherboard by Universal Abit (IN9 32X SLI). Note the heatsinks for
cooling of motherboard components, and the large number of peripheral connectors
and components.

With the arrival of the microprocessor, it became more cost-effective to place the
backplane connectors, processor and glue logic onto a single "mother" board, with
video, memory and I/O functions on "child" cards — hence the terms "motherboard"
and daughterboard. The Apple II computer featured a motherboard with 8 expansion
slots.

During the late 1980s and 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number
of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. In the late 1980s, motherboards began to
include single ICs (called Super I/O chips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed
peripherals: keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive, serial ports, and parallel ports. As of
the early 2000s, many motherboards support a full range of audio, video, storage, and
networking functions without the need for any expansion cards at all; higher-end
systems for 3D gaming and computer graphics typically retain only the graphics card
as a separate component.

The early pioneers of motherboard manufacturing were Micronics, Mylex, AMI, DTK,
Hauppauge, Orchid Technology, Elite group, DFI, and a number of Taiwan-based
manufacturers.

It can be argued that the motherboard industry was born by IBM in 1981 with the
release their entry level 5150 Personal Computer (IBM PC) which was based on a
motherboard. The motherboard provided an Intel 4.77MHz 8088 with 16K bytes of on-
board memory, expandable to 640K through the use of plug-in memory boards, eight
8-bit ISA expansion connectors, cassette tape port and keyboard port. All other I/O
such as the interface for 160K 5-1/4" floppy drives, serial and parallel ports were
provided by plug-in boards. IBM approached Digital Research about using DR/DOS as
an operating system but was rebuffed. IBM approached Microsoft and licensed PC-
DOS. Microsoft released PC-DOS 1.1 in 1982 by retaining rights to the operating
system allowing them to sell it to other manufacturers.
 IBM published the schematics and I/O map allowing the birth of the clone
motherboard industry.

Form factors
Main article: PC motherboard
Motherboards are produced in a variety of form factors, some of which are specific to
individual computer manufacturers. However, the motherboards used in IBM-
compatible commodity computers have been standardized to fit various case sizes. As
of 2007, most desktop computer motherboards use one of these standard form factors
—even those found in Macintosh and Sun computers which have not traditionally been
built from commodity components.

These are some of the more popular motherboard form factors:

 PC/XT - created by IBM for the IBM PC, its first home computer. As the
specifications were open, many clone motherboards were produced and it became a
de facto standard AT (Advanced Technology) - created by IBM for its PC/XT
successor, the AT. Also known as Full AT, it was popular during the era of the Intel
80386 microprocessor. Superseded by ATX.

 Baby AT - IBM's 1985 successor to the AT motherboard. Functionally

equivalent to the AT, it became popular due to its significantly smaller size.
 ATX - created by Intel in 1995. As of 2007, it is the most popular form factor
for commodity motherboards. Typical size is 9.6x12" although some companies
extend that to 10x12".
 EATX - Refers to Extended ATX with a size of 13x12". Typically used for Server
Class type motherboards with dual processors and too much circuitry for a standard
ATX motherboard. The mounting hole pattern for the upper portion of the board
matches ATX.
 ETX - used in embedded systems and single board computers.
 MicroATX - a smaller variant of the ATX form factor (about 25% shorter). It is
compatible with most ATX cases, but supports fewer expansion slots due to its
smaller size. Very popular for desktop and small form factor computers as of
2007.
  FlexATX - a subset of microATX developed by Intel in 1999. Allows more
flexible motherboard design, component positioning and shape.
 LPX - based on a design by Western Digital, it allowed smaller cases than the
AT standard, by putting the expansion card slots on a riser (image). LPX was
never standardized and generally only used by large OEMs.
 NLX - a low-profile design released in 1997. It also incorporated a riser for expansion
cards, and never became popular.
 BTX (Balanced Technology Extended) - a standard proposed by Intel as a
successor to ATX in the early 2000s.
 Mini-ITX - a small, highly-integrated form factor created by VIA in 2001. Mini-
ITX was designed for small devices such as thin clients and set-top boxes.
 WTX - created by Intel in 1998. A large design for servers and high-end
workstations featuring multiple CPUs and hard drives.

Laptop computers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized, and customized

motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade
and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the
replacement of the entire motherboard, which is usually more expensive than a desktop
motherboard due to the large number of integrated components.

CONCLUSION:
Motherboard houses the most important parts in the
computer.It is therefore known as the motherboard
which is a mother to all the parts of the computer.