Chapter 4 – Methods of Analysis of Resistive Circuits

Exercises
Ex 4.3-1

va va − vb
KCL at a: + + 3 = 0 ⇒ 5 v a − 3 v b = −18
3 2

vb − va
KCL at b: − 3 −1 = 0 ⇒ vb − v a = 8
2
Solving these equations gives:

va = 3 V and vb = 11 V

Ex 4.3-2
KCL at a:
va va − vb
+ + 3 = 0 ⇒ 3 v a − 2 v b = −12
4 2
KCL at a:
vb va − vb
− − 4 = 0 ⇒ − 3 v a + 5 v b = 24
3 2
Solving:
va = -4/3 V and vb = 4 V

vb + 10 vb
Ex. 4.4-1 2 + + = 5 ⇒ vb = 30 V and va = 40 V
20 30

Ex. 4.4-2
(vb + 8) − ( −12 ) + vb = 3 ⇒ vb = 8 V and va = 16 V
10 40

Ex 4.5-1 Apply KCL at node a to express ia as a function of the node voltages. Substitute the result into

vb = 4 ia and solve for vb .

 9 + vb 
vb = 4   ⇒ vb = 4.5 V
 12 

43
Ex. 4.5-2 : The controlling voltage of the dependent source is a node voltage so it is already expressed as a

function of the node voltages. Apply KCL ate node a.

va − 6 va − 4 va
+ = 0 ⇒ va = −2 V
20 15

Ex. 4.6-1

Mesh equations:
−12 + 6 i1 + 3 (i1 − i 2 ) − 8 = 0 ⇒ 9 i1 − 3 i 2 = 20

8 − 3 (i1 − i 2 ) + 6 i 2 = 0 ⇒ − 3 i1 + 9 i 2 = −8
Solving these equations gives:
13 1
i1 = A and i 2 = − A
6 6
The voltage measured by the meter is 6 i2 = -1 V.

Ex 4.7-1

 3 −12
Mesh equation: 9 + 3 i + 2 i + 4  i +
=0 ⇒ ( 3 + 2 + 4 ) i = −9 − 3 ⇒ i= A
 4 9
The voltmeter measures 3 i = −4 V

44
Ex 4.7-2

−33 2
Mesh equation: 15 + 3 i + 6 (i + 3) = 0 ⇒ (3 + 6 ) i = −15 − 6 (3) ⇒ i= = −6 A
9 3

Ex 4.7-3

3 3
= i1 − i 2 ⇒ i1 = + i 2 .
Express the current source current in terms of the mesh currents:
4 4
3 
Apply KVL to the supermesh: −9 + 4i1 + 3 i 2 + 2 i 2 = 0 ⇒ 4  + i 2  + 5 i 2 = 9 ⇒ 9 i 2 = 6
4 
2 4
so i 2 = A and the voltmeter reading is 2 i 2 = V
3 3

Ex 4.7-4

Express the current source current in terms of the mesh currents: 3 = i1 − i 2 ⇒ i1 = 3 + i 2 .

Apply KVL to the supermesh: −15 + 6 i1 + 3 i 2 = 0 ⇒ 6 (3 + i 2 ) + 3 i 2 = 15 ⇒ 9 i 2 = −3
1
Finally, i 2 = − A is the current measured by the ammeter.
3

45
Ex. 4.7-5

v ab = 5i + 5i = 10i
1 6
∴ P m otor = v ab i =10i 2 = 150
⇒ i= 15 A

∴ v ab = 11064 159 V
v ab 15
⇒ i2 = = A
100 10
1
v ab − v s 6 31
KCL at a : 5 + i2 + i = 0 ⇒ vs = 15 = 60.03 V
2

Ex. 4.7-6

i1 = 12 A 116
KVL supermesh:
1 6
4i 2 + 8i 3 + 28 i 3 −12 = 0 12 6
also: 2i = i 3 − i 2 136
16 16
Solving 1 → 3 yields i 3 = 9A
∴ i = 12 − 9 = 3 A

Ex. 4.8-1
(a) Nodal analysis since the other node is known (= v s );
thus only need one node equation at a.
(b) Nodal analysis since when the circuit is redrawn
(shown below), only one node equation at v a is required
Mesh analysis would require
4 mesh currents
⇒ 4 unknows.

46
Problems

Section 4-3 Node Voltage Analysis of Circuits with Current Sources

P4.3-1

KCL at node 1:

v1 v1 − v 2 −4 −4 − 2
0= + +i = + + i = −1.5 + i ⇒ i = 1.5 A
8 6 8 6

P 4.3-2
KCL at node 1:
v1 − v 2 v1
+ +1 = 0 ⇒ 5 v1 − v 2 = −20
20 5
KCL at node 2:
v1 − v 2 v2 − v3
+2= ⇒ − v1 + 3 v 2 − 2 v 3 = 40
20 10
KCL at node 3:
v2 − v3 v3
+1 = ⇒ − 3 v 2 + 5 v 3 = 30
10 15
Solving gives v1 = 2 V, v2 = 30 V and v3 = 24 V.

P 4.3-3

KCL at node 1:

v1 − v 2 v1 4 − 15 4
+ = i1 ⇒ i1 = + = −2 A
5 20 5 20
KCL at node 2:

v1 − v 2 v2 − v3  4 − 15  15 − 18
+ i2 = ⇒ i2 = −  + =2A
5 15  5  15

47
P4.3-4
v1 v1 − v 2
−.003 + + =0
R1 500
v1 − v 2 v 2
− + −.005 = 0
500 R2
When
v1 = 1 and v 2 = 2
1 −1 1
−.003+ + = 0⇒ R 1 = = 200Ω
R 1 500 1
.003+
500
−1 2 2
− + −.005 = 0 ⇒ R 2 = = 667Ω
500 R 2 1
.005−
500

P 4.3-5

v1 v − v 2 v1 − v 3
+ 1 + = 0
500 125 250
v − v2 v − v3
− 1 − .001 + 2 =0
125 250
v − v 3 v1 − v 3 v 3
− 2 − + =0
250 250 500
⇒ v1 = 0.261 V
v 2 = 0.337 V
v 3 = 0.239 V

Finally, v = v1 − v 3 = 0.022 V

Section 4-4 Node Voltage Analysis of Circuits with Current and Voltage Sources
P4.4-1
va −10 va va −2
+ + = 0 ⇒ 3va = 12
100 100 100
⇒ va = 4 V

P4.4-2 v a +8 v a
−.003 + + −.005 = 0
500 500
∴ v a =−2 V

P4.4-3
v a −10 v a v a − 8
+ + −.03 = 0
100 100 100
∴ va =7 V

48
P4.4-4

+
1 +
6
v a + 8 v a + 8 −12 v a −12 v a
+ =0
500 125 250 500
∴ va =4 V

P4.4-5
10 − 6 6 6− 4
− + + = 0 ⇒ R 3 = 300 Ω
100 R3 100

P4.4-6

a) need to keep v 2 across R 2 as 4.8 ≤ v 2 ≤ 5.4

I=.3 or .1 A depending on whether activated or not
 
display is not
v 2 −15 v2 active active
KCL at a: + +I =0
R1 R2
⇒ v 2 ' = 4.8v (I ' = .3A) & v 2 '' = 5.4V (I ''=.1A)
assumed that maximum I results in minimum v 2 and Visa-Versa
Now plug in v 2 '& v 2 ' into KCL eqn. to generate 2 eqns and then solve for
R 1 & R 2 ⇒ R 1 = 7.89 Ω, R 2 = 4.83 Ω

15− 4.8
b) IR = = 1292
. A ⇒ PR = (1292
. ) 2 (7.89) = 1317
. W
1max 7.89 1max

IR =
5.4
= 1118
. A ⇒ PR =
15.46 2
= 6.03 W
2max
4.83 2max
4.83
I15v = 1292
. A
max

c) No; if the supply voltage (15V) were to rise or drop, the voltage at
the display would drop below 4.8V or rise above 5.4V.
The power dissipated in the resistors is excessive. Most of the
power from the supply is dissipated in the resistors, not the display.

49
P4.4-7 Label the voltage measured by the meter. Notice that this is a node voltage.

Write a node equation at the node at which the node voltage is measured.

 12 - v m  v m vm - 8
-  + + 2 mA + =0
 6 kΩ  R 3kΩ

That is
 6 kΩ  6 kΩ
 3+  v m = 16 ⇒ R = 16
 R  -3
vm
(a) The voltage measured by the meter will be 4 volts when R = 6 kΩ.
(b) The voltage measured by the meter will be 2 volts when R = 1.2 k Ω.

P4.4-8

v = v1 − v 3
v 2 = 12 V

v1 v1 − v 2
KCL at v 1: + −1 = 0
4 2
v3 v3 − v2
KCL at v 3 : + +1=0
3 2
Solving for v 1 & v 3 : v 1 = 9.33 V
v3 = 6 V
v = 9.33 − 6 = 3.33 V

50
Section 4-5 Node Voltage Analysis with Dependent Sources
P4.5-1
9−vb v
v a = 9 − vb − +(.02)(9 − vb )+ b = 0
100 200
∴ v b = +18 V ; v a = − 9 V

 v 
P4.5-2
va
v a − 4000  10,000 
a

−.002 + + = 0
10,000 6000
va .6v a
−.002 + + = 0 ⇒ v a = 10 V
10,000 6000

P4.5-3 va −6 va va − 4va
+ = 0 ⇒ v a = 12 V
+
1000 2000 3000
v − 4va
ib = a = −12 mA
3000

P4.5-4 2− vb
ia =
4000
2− vb  2− v 
−
4000
+
vb
2000
−5  4000 
b
= 0 ⇒ v b = 15
. V

P 4.5-5

Apply KCL to the supernode of the CCVS to get

12 − 10 14 − 10 1
+ − + i b = 0 ⇒ i b = −2 A
4 2 2
Next
10 − 12 1
ia = =−  −2 V
4 2 ⇒ r = =4
1 A
r i a = 12 − 14  −
2

51
P4.5-6
First, express the controlling current of the CCVS in
v2
terms of the node voltages: i x =
2
Next, express the controlled voltage in terms of the node
voltages:
v2 24
12 − v 2 = 3 i x = 3 ⇒ v2 = V
2 5
so ix = 12/5 A = 2.4 A.

P4.5-7
vb vx
KCL: + + 4=0 (1)
2 10
also v b = v x − 20 (2)
(1) & (2) yields v x =10 V

Section 4-6 Mesh Current Analysis with Independent Voltage Sources

P 4.6-1
2 i1 + 9 (i1 − i 3 ) + 3(i1 − i 2 ) = 0
15 − 3 (i1 − i 2 ) + 6 (i 2 − i 3 ) = 0
−6 (i 2 − i 3 ) − 9 (i1 − i 3 ) − 21 = 0
or
14 i1 − 3 i 2 − 9 i 3 = 0
−3 i1 + 9 i 2 − 6 i 3 = −15
−9 i1 − 6 i 2 + 15 i 3 = 21
so
i1 = 3 A, i2 = 2 A and i3 = 4 A.

P 4.6-2
Top mesh:
4 (2 − 4) + R (2) + 10 (2 − 4) = 0
so R = 12 Ω.

Bottom, left mesh:

8 (4 − 3) + 10 (4 − 2) + v 2 = 0
so v2 = -28 V.

Bottom right mesh

−v1 + 4 (3 − 2) + 8 (3 − 4) = 0
so v1 = -4 V.

52
P4.6-3
loop a 250 i a + 4+100 (i a − i b ) = 0
350 i a −100 i b = − 4

loop b −100(i a − i b ) − 4 +100 i b + 8 = 0

−100 i a + 200 i b = − 4
i a = − 20 mA , i b = − 30 mA

P4.6-4

loop 1 25 i a − 2 + 250 i a + 75 i a + 4 +100 (i a − i b ) = 0

450 i a −100 i b = − 2

loop2 −100(i a − i b ) − 4 + 100 i b + 100 i b + 8 + 200 i b = 0

−100 i a +500 i b = − 4
i a = − 6.5 mA , i b = − 9.3 mA

P4.6-5

KVL1 : 2i1 + 2 (i1 − i 2 ) + 10 = 0

KVL2 : 2(i 2 − i1 ) + 4 (i 2 − i 3 ) = 0
KVL3 : −10 + 4 (i 3 − i 2 ) + 6 i 3 = 0
i = i 2 ⇒ i = − 0.294 A

53
Section 4-7 Mesh Current Analysis with Voltage and Current Sources
(a) Independent Sources
P4.7-1
1
loop 1 i1 = A
2
loop 2 75 i 2 + 10 + 25 i 2 = 0 ⇒ i 2 = − 0.1 A
i b = i1 − i 2 = 0.6 A

P4.7-2
loop a i a = − 0.25 A
loop b i b = − 0.4 A
v c = 100(i a − i b ) = 100(0.15) = 15 V

P4.7-3

loop1 i1 − i 2 = − 0.5 ⇒ i1 = i 2 − 0.5

loop1,2 30 i1 + 20 i 2 +10 = 0
30(i 2 − 0.5) + 20i 2 = −10
50i 2 −15 = −10
5
i2 = = .1 A
50
i1 = −.4 A
v 2 = 20i 2 = 2 V

P4.7-4 i b = i a − 0.02
250 i a +100 (i a − 0.02)+9 = 0
∴i a = −.02 A = − 20 mA
v c = 100(i a − 0.02) = −4 V

54
P4.7-5

KVL mesh i1 : − 6 + 4i1 +(i1 − i 2 ) = 0 ⇒ −6+5i1 −i 2 = 0 (1)

KVL mesh i 2 : (i 2 − i1 ) − 8 + 6i 2 +3(i 2 − 10) = 0 ⇒ −38−i1 +10i 2 = 0 (2)

Solving (1) & (2) simultaneously yields i1 = 2 A and i 2 = 4 A ∴ v1 = 1(i1 −i 2 ) = − 2 V

P4.7-6

Express the current source current in terms of the mesh currents:

i 3 − i1 = 2 ⇒ i1 = i 3 − 2

( )
Supermesh: 6 i1 + 3 i 3 − 5 i 2 − i 3 − 8 = 0 ⇒ 6 i1 − 5 i 2 + 8 i 3 = 8

(
Lower, left mesh: −12 + 8 + 5 i 2 − i 3 = 0) ⇒ 5 i 2 = 4 + 5 i3

Eliminating i1 and i2 from the supermesh equation:

6 (i 3 − 2 ) − ( 4 + 5 i 3 ) + 8 i 3 = 8 ⇒ 9 i 3 = 24

24
The voltage measured by the meter is: 3 i 3 = 3 =8 V
9

55
P4.7-7

Mesh equation for right mesh:

10
4 (i − 2 ) + 2 i + 6 (i + 3) = 0 ⇒ 12 i − 8 + 18 = 0 ⇒ i = A
12

P4.7-8

KVL around mesh i1 & i 3 combined

− 3+ (i1 − i 2 )+ 4 (i 3 − i 2 ) + i 3 = 0
yields 3− i1 + 5i 2 − 5i 3 = 0 (1)
KVL around mesh i 2
i 2 − i1 + 2i 2 + 4 (i 2 − i 3 ) =0
yields i1 − 7i 2 + 4i 3 = 0 (2)
also i1 − i 3 = 2 (3)

Solving (1), (2), & (3) simultaneously yields i1 = 3 mA

Section 4-7 Mesh Current Analysis with Voltage and Current Sources
b) Independent and Dependent Sources
P4.7-9

v 2 = 50i1

−100 (0.04(50i1 ) − i1 ) + 50i1 +10 = 0 ⇒ i1 = 0.2 A

v 2 = 50 i1 = 10 V

1
P4.7-10 i b = 4i b − i a ⇒ i b = ia
3
 1 i  + 200i
−100
3 
a a + 8 = 0 ⇒ i a = − 0.048 A

56
P4.7-11 i b = .06 − i a
−100 (0.06 − i a ) +50 (0.06 − i a )+250 i a = 0
∴ i a = 10 mA
v o = 50i b = 50(.06−.01) = 2.5 V

P4.7-12
v b = 100 (.006 − i a )
−100 (.006 − i a ) +3 100(.006 − i a ) +250i a = 0
∴ i a =−24 mA

P4.7-13

KVLi1: − 3 + 10i1 + 20 i1 − i 2 1 6 = 0 ⇒ 30i − 20i 1 2 =3 116

KVLi 2 : 5i1 +100i 2 + 201i − i 6 = 0⇒ i = 8i
2 1 1 2 1 26
16 1 6
Solving 1 & 2 simultaneously ⇒ i1 =
6
55
mA, i 2 =
3
220
mA

∴ Pdeliv. to 5i and 100kΩ 1 6 1i 6 + 1001i 6

= 5i1 2 2
2

= 54 6 5594 3 2209 +1004 3 2209

2
= 0.026 mA

= 2.6 ×10 −5 W

4
∴ Energy in 24 hr. = Pt = 2.6 ×10 −5 24 hr 3600s hr 91 64 9
= 2.25 J

P4.7-14 (a) R2 vo R LR2

v o = − gR L v and v = vi ⇒ = −g
R1 + R 2 vi R1 + R 2

(b)
So have
vo
= −g
(5×103 )(103 ) = − 170 ⇒ g = 0.0374 S
vi 1.1×103

P4.7-15
d=10
R2
from voltage divider v = v in
R1 + R 2
RL
from voltage divider v o = dv
RL +R3

1 6
= 10 v in
R2
⋅
RL
R1 + R 2 R L + R 3
vo 10R L R 2
∴ =
v in 1R L +R3 61R + R 6
1 2

57
Section 4-8 Node Voltage Method and Mesh Current Method Compared
P4.8.1

a) Mesh Analysis
Combine loop 1, 3, & 4 into supermesh
1 6 1 6
⇒−2 + i1 − i 2 2 + i 3 − i 2 − 3i x + 2i 4 = 0 116
loop i 2 : − 2i1 + 4i 2 − i 3 + 3i x = 0 12 6
also : i1 − i 3 = 9 136
i 4 − i 3 = 2v y 14 6
1 6
2 i1 − i 2 = v y 156
and v c = −2i x − 3i x 616 16 1 6
Solving 1 − 7 simultaneously yields
i 4 = −i x 176 i x = −1 A, v c = 5 V

b) Nodal Analysis
va = 2V

KCL at b: 9+
v b − vc v b −2
1
+
2
= 0⇒ 3v b − 2 v c = −16 116
form super node around nodes c & d,then KCL yields
vd −2 vd v −v
+ − 2v y + c b = 0
1 2 1
with v y = 2 − v b and multiplying above through by 2 yields
2 v b + 2 v c + 3v d = 12 126

also: v d − v c = 3i x = 3 −
vd 
2 ⇒ v c + 2.5v d = 0 136
16 16
Solving 1 − 3 yields
vd
v c = 5 V and v d = 2 v ⇒ i x = − = −1 A
2

58
 PSpice Problems
SP 4-1 Spice deck corresponding to Problem SP 4-1
V1 1 0 dc 6
R2 1 2 3
I3 0 2 dc 1
V4 3 2 dc 3
R5 3 0 6
R6 3 1
.END
NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE
( 1) 6.0000 ( 2) 4.0000
( 3) 7.0000
VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS
NAME CURENT
V1 -1.667E-01
V4 -1.667E+00

SP 4-2 Spice Deck Corresponding to Problem SP 4-2

VI 1 0 dc 40
R2 1 2 220
R3 2 0 150
R4 2 3 330
R5 3 0 75
R6 1 3 100
.END
NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE
( 1) 40.0000 ( 2) 16.3950 ( 3) 17.0570

VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS

NAME CURRENT
V1 -3.367E-01

SP 4-3 Spice Deck corresponding to Problem SP 4-3

V1 1 0 dc 5
R3 2 0 2K
R4 2 3 6K
R5 3 0 3K
.END

V=0.588V

SP 4-4 Spice deck corresponding to Problem SP 4-4

R1 1 0 2
R2 1 2 3
R3 1 5 1
R4 2 0 3
R5 2 3 2
R6 2 5 1
V7 4 3 4
R8 4 0 1
V9 4 6 4
R10 5 6 2
. END

59
 NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLATAGE NODE VOLTAGE
( 1) -1.2332 ( 2) -1.6364 ( 3) -2.8379
( 4) 1.1621 ( 5) -1.7154 ( 6) -2.8379

VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS

NAME CURRENT
V7 -6.008E-O.1
V9 -5.613E-0.1

SP 4-5
Input File:
R1 0 5 6000
R2 1 6 3000
R3 1 2 2000
R4 3 4 2000
R5 4 5 8000
V1 2 3 dc 16
V2 6 4 dc 8
I1 5 4 dc 1m
Vsc1 1 0 0
H1 3 6 Vsc1 4

.dc V1 16 16 1
.print dc I(Vsc1)
.end
Output:
V1 I(Vsc1)
1.600E+1 1.684E-03

SP 4-6
Input File:
R1 0 1 1
R2 3 4 7
R3 4 10 5
R4 10 7 3
R5 6 7 4
R6 10 9 2
R7 7 8 6
V1 9 11 dc 6
V2 2 1 dc 10
Vsc1 2 3 0
Vsc2 11 0 0
Vsc3 5 6 0
H1 1 10 Vsc2 4
F1 8 9 Vsc1 2
E1 4 5 7 8 3
.dc V1 6 6 1
.print dc I Vsc2
.end

60
 Output:

V1 I(Vsc2)
6.000+E00 -6.706E-01

SP 4-7 Spice deck corresponding to Problem SP 4-7

R1 1 0 2
R2 4 2 1
VSC3 1 4 0
F3 2 0 VSC3 4
R4 2 3 2
R5 3 0 2
I6 3 1 DC 3
.END

NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE

( 1) 8.6667 ( 2) 10.0000 ( 3) 2.0000
( 4) 8.6667
VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS
NAME CURRENT
VSC3 -1.333E+00

61
Verification Problems
VP 4-1

Apply KCL at node b

vb − va 1 v −v
− + b c =0
4 2 5
4.8 − 5.2 1 − 4.8 − 3.0
− − + ≠0
4 2 5

The given voltages do not satisfy the KCL equation at node b. They are not correct.

VP 4-2

Apply KCL at node a:

 v  − 2 + v = 0
b + va
−
  2
a
4
 20− 4  − 2 + 4 = − 4
−
 4  2
≠0

The given voltages do not satisfy the KCL equation at node a. They are not correct.

VP 4-3
Writing a node equation:

 12 − 7.5 7.5 7.5− 6

−
 R  1
+
R3
+
R2
=0

so
4.5 7.5 15
.
− + + =0
R1 R 3 R 2

There are only three cases to consider. Suppose R 1 = 5kΩ and R 2 = 10kΩ. Then
4.5 7.5 1.5
− + + = − 0.9 + 0.75 + 0.15 = 0
R1 R 3 R 2
This choice of resistance values corresponds to branch currents that satisfy KCL.
Therefore, it is indeed possible that two of the resistance are 10k: and the other
resistance is 5k:. The 5k: is R .

62
VP 4-4

KCL at node 1:

v1 − v 2 v1 −8 − ( −20 ) −8
0= + +1 = + +1
20 5 20 5
KCL at node 2:

−8 − ( −20 ) −20 − ( −6 ) 12 6
= 2+ ⇒ =
20 10 20 10

−20 − ( −6 ) −6 −4 −6
KCL at node 3: +1 = ⇒ =
10 15 10 15
KCL is satisfied at all of the nodes so the computer analysis is correct.

VP 4-5

Top mesh: 10 (2 − 4) + 12(2) + 4 (2 − 3) = 0

Bottom right mesh 8 (3 − 4) + 4 (3 − 2) + 4 = 0

Bottom, left mesh: 28 + 10 (4 − 2) + 8 (4 − 3) ≠ 0 (Perhaps the polarity of the 28 V source was

entered incorrectly.)

KVL is not satified for the bottom, left mesh so the computer analysis is not correct.

63
Design Problems
DP 4-1

Simplify to

 1 + 1  − 1 v − 2 = 0
KCL at node a : v a
 2 2 2 b (1)

1  1 1
+ + v −i = 0
at node b: −
2
va
 2 4 b s ( 2)

now v ba = 3 = v b − v a ⇒ v b = 3 + v a (3)
Plugging (3) into (1) yields: v a = 7 V & v b =10 V
thus from (2) get: i s = 4 A

DP 4-2

i 3 = i = 3A
1 6
Supermesh: − v s +1 i1 − i 3 + 3(i 2 − i 3 ) + 2i 2 = 0
− v 3 + i1 + 5i 2 =12 (1)
mesh 3:1 (i 3 − i1 ) + 2i 3 + 3(i 3 − i 2 ) = 0
i1 + 3i 2 = 18 ( 2)

also i1 − i 2 = 5 (3)
Combining (2) & (3) yields i 2 = 3.25 A, i1 = 8.25 A
from (1) v s =12.5 V

DP 4-3

G = .5 S
i1 = Gv 1
vc = −v2

Supernode : v a (G + G) + v b (G + G) − Gv c = i1 (1)
also : v b − v a = 8 ( 2)

Combining (1) & (2) yields v a + (8 + v a ) +.5v 2 =.5v1

2v a =.5v1 −.5v 2 − 8
.5v1 − .5v 2 − 8
⇒ va = =0
2
∴ .5v1 −.5v 2 = 8
so let v 2 = 2 V and v1 = 18 V (one solution)

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DP 4-4
a) KVL left mesh : − 5 + 50i + 300 (i − I) = 0 (1)
right mesh : (R+2) I + 300 (I − i) = 0 (2)
150
Solving (1) & (2) for I ⇒ I = (3)
1570 + 35 R

Desire 50mA ≤ I ≤ 75mA

so if R = 100, then I = 29.59 mA À 1amp will not light

b) from (3) note that as R  I, so try R = 50 Ω ⇒ I = 45 mA (won' t light)

try R = 25Ω ⇒ I = 61 mA ⇒ will light
Now check if R ±10% will light and not burn out
()
−10% → 22.5Ω → I = 63.63 mA lamp will
+10% → 27.5Ω → I = 59.23 mA * stay on

DP 4-5

R = R 1 / /R 2 / /(R 3 + R 4 )

R
v1 = 25
10 + R

Using voltage divider

R4 R4 4 1
R1 R 2 R 3 + R 4 69
4 1 69
10 = v1 = 25
R3 +R4 R 3 + R 4 10 + R 1 R 2 R 3 + R 4

one solution: choose R 1 = R 2 = 25Ω → 10 =

R4 2
12.5 20 7
20 10 + 12.5 20 2 7 25 ⇒ R 4 =18.4Ω

. Ω
& R 3 + R 4 = 20 ⇒ R 3 =16

65
DP 4-6

1 6
mesh i1: R 1 + R 3 i1 − R 3i 2 − v1 = 0 (1)
1 6
mesh i 2 : − R 3i1 + R 2 + R 3 i 2 + v 2 = 0 (2)

v − R "# ( R + R ) v1"#
− v 1 R + R 6$
1 3 1 3

=! =!
2 2 3 −R 3 −v $2
from (1) & (2) get : i1 i2
∆ ∆
1
where ∆ = R 1 + R 3 6 1R 2 +R3 6 − R 32
Now if R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = 1K where K represents 1000
then ∆ = 4 −1= 3K 2
2 v1 − v 2 K −2 v 2 +v1 K
so we have i1 = , i2 =
2
3K 3K 2
v1 + v 2 if v1 = v 2 = 1 V ⇒ i = 2 3 mA okay
⇒ i = i1 − i 2 =
3K if v1 = v 2 = 2 V ⇒ i = 4 3 mA okay

DP 4-7

20
va − vc =
3

i x − i1 = 3 v a = − 2i 1
i 2 = gi x v c = 2i 1 − 2i 2

i x + 2i x − 2i 2 + 2i1 − 2i 2 + 2i1 = 0
Substituting solve for g : g=4

66