The JSS English Allophones

Posted by Prof. Johnny Sanchez Sanchez on May 4, 2011 at 8:18 AM

/p/ Voiceless Bilabial Stop
[ p ] Aspirated Voiceless Bilabial Stop, as in pen, repeat, wasp.
[ p ] Unaspirated Voiceless Bilabial Stop, as in spend, happen.
[ p ] Unreleased Voiceless Bilabial Stop, as in top, hope.

/b/ Voiced Bilabial Stop
[ b ] Full-voiced Bilabial Stop, as in cabbage, about.
[ ] Weak-voiced Bilabial Stop, as in bell, globe.

/t/ Voiceless Alveolar Stop
[ t ] Aspirated Voiceless Alveolar Stop, as in ten, retain, best.
[ t ] Unaspirated Voiceless Alveolar Stop, as in stay, utter.
[ t ] Unreleased Voiceless Alveolar Stop, as in hit, got.
[ ] Voiceless Glottal Stop, as in button, cutton.
[ ] Voiced Alveolar Flap, as in butter, writer.
[ ] Voiceless Dentalized Stop, as in hit the ball.

/d/ Voiced Alveolar Stop
[ d ] Full-voiced Alveolar Stop, as in addition, ending.
[ ] Weak-voiced Alveolar Stop, as in do, blade.
[ ] Voiced Glottal Stop, as in sudden, Eden.
[ ] Voiced Alveolar Flap, as in rider, added.
[ ] Voiced Dentalizaed Stop, as in I need that.

/k/ Voiceless Velar Stop
[ k ] Aspirated Voiceless Velar Stop, as in keep, accord, risk.
[ k ] Unaspirated Voiceless Velar Stop, as in skill, income.
[ k ] Unreleased Voiceless Velar Stop, as in look, ache.

/g/ Voiced Velar Stop
[ g ] Full-voiced Velar Stop, as in ago, digging.
[ ] Weak-voiced Velar Stop, as in go, egg.

/f/ Voiceless Labiodental Fricative
There are no important allophonic variants of this phoneme.

/v/ Voiced Labiodental Fricative
[ v ] Non-retracted Voiced Labiodental Fricative, as in visit, live.
[ ] Retracted Voiced Labiodental Fricative, as in vote, voiced.

// Voiceless Dental Fricative
There are no important allophonic variants of this phoneme.
// Voiced Dental Fricatve
There are no important allophonic variants of this phoneme.
/s/ Voiceless Alveolar Fricative
There are no important allophonic variants of this phoneme.
/z/ Voiced Alveolar Fricative
There are no important allophonic variants of this phoneme.
// Voiceless Alveopalatal Fricative
There are no important allophonic variants of this phoneme.
// Voiced Alveopalatal Fricative
There are no important allophonic variants of this phoneme.
/h/ Voiceless Glottal Fricative
There are no important allophonic variants of this phoneme.
// Voiceless Alveopalatal Affricate
There are no important allophonic variants of this phoneme.
// Voiced Alveopalatal Affricate
There are no important allophonic variants of this phoneme.

/m/ Voiced Bilabial Nasal
[ m ] Voiced Bilabial Nasal, as in make, name.
[ ] Voiced Labiodentalized Nasal, as in nymph, comfort.

/n/ Voiced Alveolar Nasal
[ m ] Voiced Bilabial Nasal, as in ten people, ten men.
[ ] Voiced Labiodentalized Nasal, as in infant, in vain.
[ ] Voiced Dentalized Nasal, as in tenth, month.
[ n ] Voiced Alveolar Nasal, as in nice, tennis.
[ ] Voiced Post-alveolarized Nasal, as in Henry, Monroe.
[ ] Voiced Velar Nasal, as in ten cups, ten girls.

// Voiced Velar Nasal
There are no important allophonic variants of this phoneme.

// Voiced Alveolar Lateral
[ ] Clear Voiced Alveolar Lateral, as in light, million.
[ ] Dark Voiced Alveolar Lateral, as in well, alp, loop.
[ ] Dark Voiced Dentalized Lateral, as in health, will they.
[ ] Voiceless Alveolar Lateral, as in play, class.

/r/ Voiced Post-alveolar Retroflex Approximant
[ r ] Voiced Post-alveolar Retroflex Approximant, as in red, war.
[ ] Devoiced Post-alveolar Retroflex Approximant, as in prune, trial, crown.

/j/ Voiced Palatal Glide Approximant
There are no important allophonic variants of this phoneme.

/w/ Voiced Labiovelar Glide Approximant
[ w ] Voiced Labiovelar Glide Approximant, as in will, one.
[ hw ] Glottalized Voiced Labiovelar Glide Approximant, as in when, why.











The JSS English Phonetic Alphabet
Posted by Prof. Johnny Sanchez Sanchez on April 13, 2011 at 11:16 PM

CONSONANTS SOUNDS
[p] pie, hope, happy [] shoe, ship, action
[b] bell, globe, cabbage [] usual, garage, pleasure
[t] ten, date, better, Thomas, kissed, debt [h] he, hat, who
[d] do, blade, sudden, opened [] change, watch, church
[k] keep, lake, can, accord, conquer, stomach, ache [] June, edge, George
[g] go, get, egg [m] man, must, dime
[f] fine, office, off [n] no, down, ton
[v] vest, have, of [] sing, ringing, think
[] thin, three, path [r] red, rich, write
[] they, then, other [] let, little, lay
[s] see, sat, city [j] you, yes, million
[z] zoo, does, is [w] water, we, one
VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS
[i] me, see, people [] all, caught, long
[] it, did, build [o] old, coal, phone
[e] say, they, mail [] book, full, wood
[] end, let, any [u] too, move, fruit
[] cat, bat, laugh [a] dry, eye, buy
[a] father, hot, army [] toy, boy, soil
[] soda, infant, ago [a] cow, our, house
[] up, cup, above [j] cure, curious, pure
[] mother, writer, persist [ju] you, fuel, Tuesday
[] work, first, her









Classification of English Vowels
English vowels can be classified on the basis of four criteria: Tongue
height, tongue body, tenseness, and lip shape.
According to tongue height, the vowels of the English language can
be classified as: high, mid, or low.
The high vowels are: /i/, as in heat; /I/, as in hit; /u/,
as in blue; //, as inbook.
The mid vowels are: /e/, as in face; //, as in bed; //,
as in ago; //, as in cut; /o/, as in go.
The low vowels are: //, as in cat; /a/, as in God; and //, as
in thought.
According to tongue body, English vowels can be classified
as: front,central, or back.
The front vowels are: /i/, as in heat; /I/, as in hit; /e/, as in face; //, as
in bed; //, as in cat.
The central vowels are: //, as in ago; //, as in cut; /a/, as in God.
The back vowels are: /u/, as in blue; //, as in book; /o/, as in go; //,
as inthought.
According to tenseness, English vowels can be classified
as: tense or lax.
The tense vowels are: /i/, as in heat; /e/, as in face; //, as
in cat; //, as in ago; /a/, as in God; /u/, as in blue; /o/,
as in go; and //, as in thought.
The lax vowels are: /I/, as in hit; //, as inbed; //, as
in cut; //, as in book.
According to lip shape, English vowels can be classified
as: rounded orunrounded.
The rounded vowels are: /u/, as in blue; //, as in book;
/o/, as in go; //, as in thought.
The unrounded vowels are: /i/, as in heat; /I/, as in hit; /e/, as in face;
//, as inbed; //, as in cat; //, as in ago; //, as in cut; /a/, as
in God.



















Classification of English Consonants
English consonants can be classified on the basis of three
criteria: voicing,place of articulation, and manner of articulation.
According to voicing, English consonants can be classified
as voiced orvoiceless.
The voiced consonants are:[b], as in bell; [d], as in do; [g], as in go; [v], as
invine; [], as in they; [z], as in zoo; [], as in usual; [], as in June; [m], as
in man; [n], as in no;[], as in sing; [ r ], as in red; [ ], as in let; [ j ], as in you; [w], as
in water.
The voiceless consonants are: [p], as is pie; [ t ], as in ten; [k], as in keep; [
f ], as in fine; [], as in thin; [s]; as in see; [ ], as in shoe; [h], as in he; [], as
in change.
According to the point (place) of aticulation, English
consonants can be classified
as bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, post-
alveolar,alveopalatal, palatal, labiovelar, velar, or glottal.
The bilabials are: [p], as is pie; [b], as in bell; [m], as in man.
The labiodentals are: [ f ], as in fine; [v], as in vine.
The dentals are: [], as in thin; [], as in they.
The alveolars are: [ t ], as in ten; [d], as in do; [s]; as in see; [z], as
in zoo; [n], as in no; [], as in let.
The post-alveolar is: [r], as in red.
The alveopalatals are: [ ], as in shoe; [], as in usual; [], as
in change; [], as in June.
The palatal is: [ j ], as in you.
The labiovelar is: [w], as in water.
The velars are: [k], as in keep; [g], as in go; [], as in sing.
The glottal is: [h], as in he.
According to the manner of aticulation, English
consonants can be classified
as stops, fricatives, affricates,
nasals, liquids, lateral, retroflex, glides,
or approximants.
The stops are: [p], as is pie; [b], as in bell; [ t ], as in ten; [d], as in do; [k],
as in keep; [g], as in go.
The fricatives are: [ f ], as in fine; [v], as in vine; [], as in thin; [], as
in they; [s]; as in see; [z], as in zoo; [ ], as in shoe; [], as in usual; [h], as
in he.
The affricates are: [], as in change; [], as in June.
The nasals are: [m], as in man; [n], as in no; [], as in sing.
The liquids are: [], as in let; [r], as in red.
The lateral is: [], as in let.
The retroflex is: [r], as in red.
The glides are: [ j ], as in you; [w], as in water.
The approximants are: [r], as in red; [ j ], as in you; [w], as
in water.