1

Electrical Engineering &

Telecommunications
Lecturer:
Ted Spooner
Steady State
SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE
Elec1111 Elec1111
Rm124A EE email: e.spooner@unsw.edu.au
Sinusoidal signals are important..
Voltages generated by rotating electrical machinery can easily
have sinusoidal waveforms.
Are easily increased or decreased in amplitude, using
transformers, for the distribution of electric power.
Sinusoidal voltage applied to an inductor, capacitor, or resistor
causes a sinusoidal current, of the same frequency, to flow
Any periodic waveform, e.g.. a square wave, maybe
represented by a series of sinusoids Fourier analysis.
Periodic Waveforms
Superposition of Sine waves
Superposition of voltages
z
A
3
cos(3
o
t +
3
)
A
n
cos(n
o
t +
n
)
A
2
cos(2
o
t +
2
)
A
1
cos(
o
t +
1
)
A
0
2
Sinusoidal Forcing Functions
If a Sinusoid repeats every T secs
Frequency
T
f
1
=
) cos( ) ( t V t v
m s
=
T

2
=
Sinusoidal Source:
Where
) cos( ) ( t I t i
m s
=
OR
Sinusoidal Sources applied to
Resistor
0 of phase and
R
of magnitude ) (
) cos( ) (
) cos( ) (
V
t i
t
R
V
t i
t V t v
R
R
R

=
=
Sinusoidal Sources
Resistor
Resistive load
-1
0
1
0 90 180 270 360
wt
Voltage
Current
Sinusoidal Sources
Inductor
2
- of phase and of magnitude ) (
)
2
cos(
1
) (
) sin(
1
) (
) cos(
1
) (
) cos( ) (

L
V
t i
t V
L
t i
t V
L
t i
dt t V
L
t i
t V t v
L
L
L
L
L
=
=
=
=

Current lags the voltage by /2

3
Sinusoidal Sources
Inductor
Current lags the voltage by /2
Inductor Load
-1
0
1
0 90 180 270 360
wt
Voltage
Current
Sinusoidal Sources
Capacitor
2
of phase and . of magnitude ) (
)
2
cos( . ) (
) sin( . ) (
) sin( . ) (
)) cos( (
) (
) cos( ) (

V C t i
t V C t i
t V C t i
t V C t i
dt
t V d
C t i
t V t v
C
C
C
C
C
C
+ =
=
=
=
=
Current leads the voltage by /2
Sinusoidal Sources
Capacitor
Current leads the voltage by /2
Capacitor Load
-1
0
1
0 90 180 270 360
wt
Voltage
Current
Exponentials and sinusoids
easy to work with!
Differential and Integral of exponential is still
an exponential.
)
2
. sin( . . cos .
) . (sin

+ = = t t
dt
t d
t a
t a
e a
dt
e d
.
.
.
) (
=
Differential and Integral of sine is still sine in
form.although phase shifted.
4
Impedance conceptgeneral
exponentials
functions l exponentia are i and v re Whe
component he through t
component across
Impedance
or Law s Ohm'
i
v
Z
Current
Voltage
I
V
R R.I V
=
=
= =
Resistor
R
Ie
RIe
i
v
Z
t a
t a
R
= = =
.
.
i = I e
at
v = i * R
FORCINGFUNCTION
Inductor
dt
di
L v =
v voltage
i current
L Inductance in henrys
v
i
Inductor
L a
Ie
Ie La
Ie
dt
Ie d
L
i
v
Z
at
at
at
at
L
.
.
) (
= = = =
i = I e
at
dt
di
L v =
FORCINGFUNCTION
5
Capacitor

=
= =
=
idt
C
V
dt
dv
C
dt
dq
i
Cv q
1
v
i
v voltage
i current
C Capacitance in farads
Capacitor
C a Ie
Ie
Ca
Ie
Ie
C
i
v
Z
at
at
at
at
C
.
1
1 1
= = = =


= idt
C
V
1
i = I e
at
FORCINGFUNCTION
Impedance to exponential
forcing function - e
at
R Z
R
=
L a Z
L
. =
C a
Z
C
.
1
=
Eulers Equation
) sin( ) cos( t j t e
t j

+ =
Relates exponentials and sine & cosine
6
We have used e
at
for our source or forcing
function.
What if we use cos(t) for the source.
Ae
jt
=A(cos(t) +j sin(t))
Ae
-jt
=A(cos(t) -j sin(t))
Acos(t) =A( e
jt
+e
-jt
)/2
So we can use superposition of two
exponential functions e
jt
and e
-jt
to give a
cosine function.
The same impedances apply for cos(t) as for
e
jt
Superposition of two voltages
Ae
jt
/2
Ae
-jt
/2
Acos(t)
z z
Impedance to sinusoids same as
for exponentials where:
R Z
R
=
L j Z
L
. =
C j
Z
C
.
1

=
j a =
j a
e e
Projection of rotating
vector on the real axis is
cos(t)
0
90
180
270
360
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
cos(wt)
j
real

One revolution of the vector is the period of

the cosine =1/T

. 2 1
T = =
f
Period
General form a(t) =Acos(t+)
a(t) is the instantaneous value.
A is the amplitude
is angular frequency (radians/sec)
is the phase angle
f . 2 =
7
Phasor representation of
sinusoidal quantities
Imaginary
j
Real

A
peak
is constant for
sinusoidal excitation.
Only need Amplitude A
and Phase
to describe the function
A
peak
cos(t +)
Voltage on Inductor
and Current through it.
j
real

Voltage v(t) =V
p
.cos(t)
Current i(t) =I
p
.cos(t-/2)
Two vectors rotating at the same
speed.
is angular frequency (radians/sec)
is the phase angle
Peak and rms
Previously we have always worked in peak
voltages and peak currents.
In energy systems and any system where
we are wanting later to easily calculate
powers in a resistor we need to define Vrms
which for a pure sine wave
2
peak
rms
V
V =
We will use rmsvalues for amplitude of voltage and
current from now on in this course.
Three methods of representing
Sinusoidal Quantities
Imaginary
j
Real

V
2
) cos( ) (
~
p
p
V
V V
t V t v
= =
+ =
i r
jV V V + =
~
= = V V V
~ ~
-1
0
1
0 90 180 270 360
wt
8
Review of complex numbers
Three ways of representing a sine wave

~
~
.) . cos( 2 . ) (
jb a V
A V
t A t v
+ =
=
+ =

A
b
a
j
component imaginary b
component real a
wave sine of peak 2 A
rms in amplitude
~
=
=
=
= = A V
Conversion from polar to
cartesian and back again.
.) sin( and .) cos( where
~
to
~

A b A a
jb a V
A V
= =
+ =
=

A
b
a
j
Polar to Cartesian
Conversion from polar to
cartesian and back again.

A
b
a
j

=
+ =
=
+ =

a
b
b A
A V
jb a V
1
2 2
tan
a where
~
to
~

Cartesian to Polar
Operations - complex numbers

~
~
~
~
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
jb a V
A V
and
jb a V
A V
+ =
=
+ =
=

) ( ) (
) (
~ ~
) ( ) (
) (
~ ~
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1 2 1
b b j a a
jb a jb a V V
b b j a a
jb a jb a V V
+ =
+ + =
+ + + =
+ + + = +
Addi t i on - Subt r ac t i on
) (
~
~
) (
~ ~
2 1
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1 2 1


=
+ =
A
A
V
V
xA A V x V
Mul t i pl i c at i on - Di vi si on
9
Example circuit calculations
Find the current flowing in the circuit and
draw the phasor diagram of V and I.
240Vrms
50hz
100
250mH
240Vrms
50hz
100
250mH
240Vrms
50hz
100
250mH
Example calculations of circuits
Find I
R
, I
C
and I
T
10
Impedance to sinusoids
R Z
R
=
L j Z
L
. =
C j
Z
C
.
1

=
f 2 =
j =imaginary operator
11
Three methods of representing
Sinusoidal Quantities
Imaginary
j
Real

A
) cos( ) ( + = t V t v
i r
jV V V + =
~
= = V V V
~ ~
-1
0
1
0 90 180 270 360
wt