Analog Circuits For Ultra-Broadband Sensing

Analog circuits for ultra-broadband sensing
Soumyajit Mandal
Schlumberger-Doll Research Center
and
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
April 3rd, 2014 / Case Western Reserve University
Mandal (Schlumberger / MIT) Ultra-broadband sensors April 3rd, 2014 1 / 28
Introduction
Outline of my talk
Fast (broadband) and accurate (low-noise and high dynamic range) circuits
are difcult to build (require power, space, and time)
Example: ADC gure of merit (FOM)
Data: B. Murmann, ADC Performance Survey 1997-2014,
http://www.stanford.edu/~murmann/adcsurvey.html
10
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Todays talk:
Fast, ear-inspired RF cochlea frequency analyzer with large bandwidth
(600 MHz - 8 GHz) and high dynamic range for advanced wireless systems
Ultra-broadband nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) RF sensors for chemistry,
oil prospecting, and medical applications
Energy-efcient RF circuits for biomedical applications
Introduction
Outline of my talk
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Todays talk:
Introduction
Outline of my talk
10
0
10
5
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Todays talk:
Introduction
Mammalian cochlea: Performance summary
Dynamic range 120 dB (at input)
Power consumption 14 W
Detection threshold (3kHz) 0.05 (at eardrum)
Power supply voltage 150 mV
Volume 3.5 1 1 cm
3
Broadband frequency 20 Hz - 20 kHz
analysis (1 : 10
3
)
Output taps 35,000
Filter bandwidths 1/3 octave
Phase-locking threshold 5 kHz
Computation rate >1 GFLOPS
RF cochlea
The RF cochlea: Ear-inspired RF spectrum analysis
The ear as a radio
Outer ear: Complex directional antenna
Middle ear: Impedance-matching transformer
Inner ear or cochlea: Distributed traveling-wave spectrum analyzer
RF cochlea
Spectrum analysis algorithms
N
nat
INPUT OUTPUTS
INPUT
INPUT
OUTPUTS 1 2 3 N
N
nat
N
nat
log
2
(N)
OUTPUTS
1 2 3
N
1 2 3 N
INPUT
Swept-sine
FFT
Filter bank
Cochlea: Exponentially-tapered active transmission line
OUTPUTS 1 2 3 N
1 2 3 N
Algorithm Analysis Hardware
time cost
Swept-sine O
_
N
2
_
O(1)
FFT O(N log N) O(N log N)
Filter bank O(N) O
_
N
2
_
Cochlea O(N) O(N)
Co-operative ltering to reduce
hardware requirements
Redundancy and distributed gain
control for robust spectrum analysis
in noise
S. Mandal, S. Zhak and R. Sarpeshkar,
A bio-inspired active radio-frequency silicon cochlea,
IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, June 2009.
RF cochlea
Spectrum analysis algorithms
N
nat
INPUT OUTPUTS
INPUT
INPUT
OUTPUTS 1 2 3 N
N
nat
N
nat
log
2
(N)
OUTPUTS
1 2 3
N
1 2 3 N
INPUT
Swept-sine
FFT
Filter bank
Cochlea: Exponentially-tapered active transmission line
OUTPUTS 1 2 3 N
1 2 3 N
Algorithm Analysis Hardware
time cost
Swept-sine O
_
N
2
_
O(1)
FFT O(N log N) O(N log N)
Filter bank O(N) O
_
N
2
_
Cochlea O(N) O(N)
Co-operative ltering to reduce
hardware requirements
Redundancy and distributed gain
control for robust spectrum analysis
in noise
S. Mandal, S. Zhak and R. Sarpeshkar,
A bio-inspired active radio-frequency silicon cochlea,
IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, June 2009.
RF cochlea
Active cochlear model
Z(j,x)
x
Z(j,x+x)
Y(j,x+x)
U
out
(x)
Y(j,x)
U(x)
P(x)
Basilar
membrane
Fluid
(BM)
Z(j,x)
x
Z(j,x+x)
Y(j,x+x)
U
out
(x)
Y(j,x)
U(x)
P(x)
Basilar
membrane
Fluid
(BM)
Z(j,x)
x
Z(j,x+x)
Y(j,x+x)
U
out
(x)
Y(j,x)
U(x)
P(x)
Basilar
membrane
Fluid
(BM)
P = Fluid pressure
U = uid volume velocity
U
out
= dU/dx = BM velocity
Scale-invariant exponentially-tapered transmission line
c
(x) =
c
(0)e
x/l
s
n
= j /
c
(x)
Z(j , x) = Z
n
(s
n
)
Y(j , x) = Y
n
(s
n
)
Frequency-dependent sharp roll-off location creates spectral
decomposition
RF cochlea
Z(j,x)
x
Z(j,x+x)
Y(j,x+x)
U
out
(x)
Y(j,x)
U(x)
P(x)
Basilar
membrane
Fluid
(BM)
Z(j,x)
x
Z(j,x+x)
Y(j,x+x)
U
out
(x)
Y(j,x)
U(x)
P(x)
Basilar
membrane
Fluid
(BM)
Z(j,x)
x
Z(j,x+x)
Y(j,x+x)
U
out
(x)
Y(j,x)
U(x)
P(x)
Basilar
membrane
Fluid
(BM)
P = Fluid pressure
U
out
c
(x) =
c
(0)e
x/l
s
n
= j /
c
(x)
Z(j , x) = Z
n
(s
n
)
Y(j , x) = Y
n
(s
n
)
decomposition
RF cochlea
Z(j,x)
x
Z(j,x+x)
Y(j,x+x)
U
out
(x)
Y(j,x)
U(x)
P(x)
Basilar
membrane
Fluid
(BM)
Z(j,x)
x
Z(j,x+x)
Y(j,x+x)
U
out
(x)
Y(j,x)
U(x)
P(x)
Basilar
membrane
Fluid
(BM)
Z(j,x)
x
Z(j,x+x)
Y(j,x+x)
U
out
(x)
Y(j,x)
U(x)
P(x)
Basilar
membrane
Fluid
(BM)
P = Fluid pressure
U
out
c
(x) =
c
(0)e
x/l
s
n
= j /
c
(x)
Z(j , x) = Z
n
(s
n
)
Y(j , x) = Y
n
(s
n
)
decomposition
RF cochlea
On-chip implementation
Mechanical-to-electrical mapping
Pressure P Current I
Volume velocity U Voltage V
Shunt admittances Y Series impedances Z
Z(j,x) Z(j,x+x)
+ -
V
out
(x)
Y(j,x)
x
Y(j,x+x)
Approach: Discretize transmission line in space into stages,
remain continuous in time
All component values increase exponentially with position, n-th
stage exp(n/N
nat
), where N
nat
= l /x
RF cochlea
On-chip implementation
Pressure P Current I
Volume velocity U Voltage V
Shunt admittances Y Series impedances Z
Z(j,x) Z(j,x+x)
+ -
V
out
(x)
Y(j,x)
x
Y(j,x+x)
All component values increase exponentially with position, n-th
stage exp(n/N
nat
), where N
nat
= l /x
RF cochlea
Novel rational approximation for cochlear admittance
Single stage characteristics
Y
n
(s
n
) =
s
n
_
s
2
n
+s
n
/Q +
2
_
2
(s
2
n
+ 2ds
n
+ 1)
2
Z
n
(s
n
) = s
n
Q
line
10
0
20
10
0
10
20
30
|
Y
n
|

(
d
B
)
10
0
100
0
100
200
s
n
a
r
g
(
Y
n
)

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
Cochlear gain: sharp cascade roll-off
10
1
10
0
10
1
100
80
60
40
20
0
20
|
T
F
|

(
d
B
)
n

Peak gain
20N
nat
dB/decade
Group delay: pole-zero cancellation
10
1
10
0
10
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
n
G
r
o
u
p

d
e
l
a
y

(
c
y
c
l
e
s
)

Peak delay
RF cochlea
Y
n
(s
n
) =
s
n
_
s
2
n
+s
n
/Q +
2
_
2
(s
2
n
+ 2ds
n
+ 1)
2
Z
n
(s
n
) = s
n
Q
line
10
0
20
10
0
10
20
30
|
Y
n
|

(
d
B
)
10
0
100
0
100
200
s
n
a
r
g
(
Y
n
)

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
10
1
10
0
10
1
100
80
60
40
20
0
20
|
T
F
|

(
d
B
)
n

Peak gain
20N
nat
dB/decade
10
1
10
0
10
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
n
G
r
o
u
p

d
e
l
a
y

(
c
y
c
l
e
s
)

Peak delay
RF cochlea
Y
n
(s
n
) =
s
n
_
s
2
n
+s
n
/Q +
2
_
2
(s
2
n
+ 2ds
n
+ 1)
2
Z
n
(s
n
) = s
n
Q
line
10
0
20
10
0
10
20
30
|
Y
n
|

(
d
B
)
10
0
100
0
100
200
s
n
a
r
g
(
Y
n
)

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
10
1
10
0
10
1
100
80
60
40
20
0
20
|
T
F
|

(
d
B
)
n

Peak gain
20N
nat
dB/decade
10
1
10
0
10
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
n
G
r
o
u
p

d
e
l
a
y

(
c
y
c
l
e
s
)

Peak delay
RF cochlea
Single-stage circuit
Simple, low-noise active circuit for each stage in the cochlear transmission line
Developed novel design ow for network synthesis and physical implementation
R
2
C
2
C
C
L
2
L
1
R
1
C
1
R
LL
C
3
R
2
C
2
C
C
L
2
L
1
R
1
C
1
R
LL
C
3
STAGE (n-1) STAGE n
+ -
V
out
(n)
Synthesized network
Vdd
V
B
V
P
C
C
V
1
V
2
C
1
R
2
C
2
L
2
L
1
Z(j,x)
V
1
V
2
R
LL
Vdd
V
B2
C
B
C
B
R
B
C
3
R
1
Y(j,x)
M
3
M
1
M
2
M
4
Circuit implementation
RF cochlea
Single-stage circuit
Simple, low-noise active circuit for each stage in the cochlear transmission line
Developed novel design ow for network synthesis and physical implementation
R
2
C
2
C
C
L
2
L
1
R
1
C
1
R
LL
C
3
R
2
C
2
C
C
L
2
L
1
R
1
C
1
R
LL
C
3
STAGE (n-1) STAGE n
+ -
V
out
(n)
Synthesized network
Vdd
V
B
V
P
C
C
V
1
V
2
C
1
R
2
C
2
L
2
L
1
Z(j,x)
V
1
V
2
R
LL
Vdd
V
B2
C
B
C
B
R
B
C
3
R
1
Y(j,x)
M
3
M
1
M
2
M
4
RF cochlea
The bio-inspired RF cochlea chip
Die size: 3 mm 1.5 mm
RF cochlea
RF cochlea: Experimental results
Responses are similar to the biological cochlea, except at GHz frequencies
Gains can be tuned using bias voltages
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Stage Number
O
u
t
p
u
t

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
d
B
)
1GHz
8 GHz
Selected spatial responses
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Input power level (dBm)
O
u
t
p
u
t

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
d
B
V
)

f
max
f
max
/1.5
f
max
/2.3
f
max
/3.5
f
max
/5.3
Compression curves
RF cochlea
Performance summary
Frequency to place
transformation
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.8 0.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Frequency (GHz)
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

p
e
a
k

Bidirectional, measured
Bidirectional, fit (N
nat
=24)
Unidirectional, measured
Unidirectional, fit (N
nat
=16)
Parameter Value
Frequency range 600 MHz - 8 GHz
Dynamic range 70 dB
Sensitivity -75 dBm
Output channels 50 (log spaced)
Power consumption <300 mW
Input impedance 50
Process 0.13 m CMOS
Die area 3 mm 1.5 mm
RF cochlea
Performance summary
Frequency to place
transformation
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.8 0.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Frequency (GHz)
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

p
e
a
k

Bidirectional, measured
Bidirectional, fit (N
nat
=24)
Unidirectional, measured
Unidirectional, fit (N
nat
=16)
Parameter Value
Frequency range 600 MHz - 8 GHz
Dynamic range 70 dB
Sensitivity -75 dBm
Output channels 50 (log spaced)
Power consumption <300 mW
Input impedance 50
Process 0.13 m CMOS
Die area 3 mm 1.5 mm
RF cochlea
Applications of bio-inspired spectrum sensing
RF cochlea advantages
Direct digitization of broadband analog signal 100 more power
Simple equivalent analog lter bank 20 more hardware
Utilizing phase information for improving frequency resolution
From the RF cochlea to an RF fovea
Generalize from narrowband (traditional) to broadband (cochlear)
heterodyning
Successive subranging architecture for arbitrarily high frequency resolution
INPUTS
RF
cochlea
RF
fovea
RF COCHLEA
IN
DCO DCO DCO DCO
INTERFERER
CANCELLATION
TUNER
IF
1
COCHLEA
DCO DCO DCO DCO
IF
2
COCHLEA
DECISION
NETWORK
OUTPUTS
S.Mandal, R. Sarpeshkar, A bio-inspired cochlear heterodyning architecture for an RF fovea, IEEE TCAS-I, July 2011.
RF cochlea
heterodyning
INPUTS
RF
cochlea
RF
fovea
RF COCHLEA
IN
DCO DCO DCO DCO
INTERFERER
CANCELLATION
TUNER
IF
1
COCHLEA
DCO DCO DCO DCO
IF
2
COCHLEA
DECISION
NETWORK
OUTPUTS
RF cochlea
heterodyning
INPUTS
RF
cochlea
RF
fovea
RF COCHLEA
IN
DCO DCO DCO DCO
INTERFERER
CANCELLATION
TUNER
IF
1
COCHLEA
DCO DCO DCO DCO
IF
2
COCHLEA
DECISION
NETWORK
OUTPUTS
RF cochlea
heterodyning
INPUTS
RF
cochlea
RF
fovea
RF COCHLEA
IN
DCO DCO DCO DCO
INTERFERER
CANCELLATION
TUNER
IF
1
COCHLEA
DCO DCO DCO DCO
IF
2
COCHLEA
DECISION
NETWORK
OUTPUTS
Broadband MR
Part 2
Ultra-broadband nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensors
Broadband MR
Applications of nuclear magnetic resonance
Spectroscopy Imaging (MRI)
Oil and gas
prospecting
Image source: Wikipedia
Broadband MR
NMR: RF meets quantum mechanics
z
x
y
B
0
0
E = h
0
I = +1/2
I = -1/2
B
0
M
0
x
y
M(t)
z B
0
B
1
Detector
90
o
= 42.57 MHz/T for protons
= 28.02 GHz/T for electrons
0
= B
0
: Larmor precession
: Nutation
1
= B
1
< <
0

Faraday detection using a coil
v dM(t)/dt
t
e
t / T
2 Relaxation
Nuclear spin dynamics is sensitive to local
magnetic eld variations
Atomic: Spectroscopy (chemical Spatial: Imaging (MRI)
ngerprinting)
Temporal: Molecular motion (relaxation and diffusion)
Broadband MR
z
x
y
B
0
0
E = h
0
I = +1/2
I = -1/2
B
0
M
0
x
y
M(t)
z B
0
B
1
Detector
90
o
0
= B
0
: Larmor precession
: Nutation
1
= B
1
< <
0

v dM(t)/dt
t
e
t / T
2 Relaxation
ngerprinting)
Broadband MR
z
x
y
B
0
0
E = h
0
I = +1/2
I = -1/2
B
0
M
0
x
y
M(t)
z B
0
B
1
Detector
90
o
0
= B
0
: Larmor precession
: Nutation
1
= B
1
< <
0

v dM(t)/dt
t
e
t / T
2 Relaxation
ngerprinting)
Broadband MR
NMR for oil and gas prospecting
N
S
N
S
r
B
o
r
e
h
o
l
e
Rock
formation
B
0
B
1
Typical NMR well-logging tool
r
B
0
,
0
rf
1
Active
region
Inside-out measurement geometry
Weak, grossly inhomogeneous magnetic
elds,
0

1
Spectroscopy is very difcult, focus on
relaxation (T
2
) and diffusion
measurements
Broadband MR
NMR hardware
Impedance-matching
network
Duplexer
Transmitter
Receiver
Spectrometer
Sample
coil
B
1
B
0
Z
in
C
2
C
1
L
1
R
1
v
nmr
v
tx
v
rx
R
in
R
out
Tuned and matched system
Z
in
= R
out
near
tx
Z
in
= R
in
near
rx
Q
tx
= Q
rx
Q
coil
/2
S()
I()
H()
rf
tx

rx

2
1
0
/Q
tx
0
/Q
rx
Tuning: Need to align the
transfer functions
Hardware bandwidth: Limits
performance when
1
>
0
/Q
Broadband MR
NMR hardware
Impedance-matching
network
Duplexer
Transmitter
Receiver
Spectrometer
Sample
coil
B
1
B
0
Z
in
C
2
C
1
L
1
R
1
v
nmr
v
tx
v
rx
R
in
R
out
Z
in
= R
out
near
tx
Z
in
= R
in
near
rx
Q
tx
= Q
rx
Q
coil
/2
S()
I()
H()
rf
tx

rx

2
1
0
/Q
tx
0
/Q
rx
transfer functions
performance when
1
>
0
/Q
Broadband MR
NMR hardware
Impedance-matching
network
Duplexer
Transmitter
Receiver
Spectrometer
Sample
coil
B
1
B
0
Z
in
C
2
C
1
L
1
R
1
v
nmr
v
tx
v
rx
R
in
R
out
Z
in
= R
out
near
tx
Z
in
= R
in
near
rx
Q
tx
= Q
rx
Q
coil
/2
S()
I()
H()
rf
tx

rx

2
1
0
/Q
tx
0
/Q
rx
transfer functions
performance when
1
>
0
/Q
Broadband MR
Ultra-broadband non-resonant NMR system
Pulse sequence
generator
ADC
Post-processing
GUI
Computer
(Prospa)
Spectrometer (Kea, Magritek)
Vdd
2
Bridge
driver
S
w
i
t
c
h
d
r
i
v
e
r
J1
Non-resonant transmitter
Non-resonant receiver
Duplexer
Sample
2
Channel 1
Channel 2
1 : n
A
feedback
Buffer
Filter
V
BB
A
D
B
C
Key contribution
Negative
coil
Uses a standard, highly-sensitive solenoid coil as the detector (unlike other
broadband NMR systems)
S.Mandal at al., An ultra-broadband low-frequency magnetic resonance system, Journal of Magnetic Resonance (JMR), May
2014.
Broadband MR
Receiver design
+
i
n
e
n
Z
s
v
in
v
out
A
1 : n
L
R
L
1
R
1
L
2
R
2
T
1
f
c
=
n
2
LC
in
(1+L/L
1
)
1
C
in
v
2
n,tot
= e
2
n
+ i
2
n
|Z
s
|
2
Vdd
J1
Vdd
L
s1
v
out
v
in
C
gs
C
gd
1 : N
J2
L
s2
T
2
L
s1
L
s2
T
3
1 : N
Choice of input device is critical
Need low capacitance and noise
(voltage, current, 1/f )
Active damping using negative feedback
(s)
Y
f
(s)
Y
in
(s)
v
in
v
out
Y
in
(s) = Y
f
(s) (1 (s))
Y
f
(s) = sC
f
, (s) =
A
s
Y
in
(s) = sC
f
+
AC
f
R
damp
=
AC
f
C
eff
R
eff
n
v
v
nmr
A
v v
out
v
out
v
nmr
n
v
A
v
T1
h
L
eff
Undamped
Damped
Broadband MR
Receiver design
+
i
n
e
n
Z
s
v
in
v
out
A
1 : n
L
R
L
1
R
1
L
2
R
2
T
1
f
c
=
n
2
LC
in
(1+L/L
1
)
1
C
in
v
2
n,tot
= e
2
n
+ i
2
n
|Z
s
|
2
Vdd
J1
Vdd
L
s1
v
out
v
in
C
gs
C
gd
1 : N
J2
L
s2
T
2
L
s1
L
s2
T
3
1 : N
(s)
Y
f
(s)
Y
in
(s)
v
in
v
out
Y
in
(s) = Y
f
(s) (1 (s))
Y
f
(s) = sC
f
, (s) =
A
s
Y
in
(s) = sC
f
+
AC
f
R
damp
=
AC
f
C
eff
R
eff
n
v
v
nmr
A
v v
out
v
out
v
nmr
n
v
A
v
T1
h
L
eff
Undamped
Damped
Broadband MR
Receiver design
+
i
n
e
n
Z
s
v
in
v
out
A
1 : n
L
R
L
1
R
1
L
2
R
2
T
1
f
c
=
n
2
LC
in
(1+L/L
1
)
1
C
in
v
2
n,tot
= e
2
n
+ i
2
n
|Z
s
|
2
Vdd
J1
Vdd
L
s1
v
out
v
in
C
gs
C
gd
1 : N
J2
L
s2
T
2
L
s1
L
s2
T
3
1 : N
(s)
Y
f
(s)
Y
in
(s)
v
in
v
out
Y
in
(s) = Y
f
(s) (1 (s))
Y
f
(s) = sC
f
, (s) =
A
s
Y
in
(s) = sC
f
+
AC
f
R
damp
=
AC
f
C
eff
R
eff
n
v
v
nmr
A
v v
out
v
out
v
nmr
n
v
A
v
T1
h
L
eff
Undamped
Damped
Broadband MR
Measured receiver performance
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
20
0
20
40
60
80
Frequency (Hz)
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)

Measured
Simulated
Measured small-signal gain with the
sample coil (ID = 5 cm, length =
8.8 cm, L = 15H).
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Frequency (Hz)
I
n
p
u
t

n
o
i
s
e

(
n
V
/
H
z
1
/
2
)

Measured
Simulated
3
2
1
0.5
Measured input-referred noise with the
sample coil.
Ultra-broadband system advantages
Bandwidth of 3 MHz 150 larger than conventional system
Input-referred noise of 0.13 nV/Hz
1/2
similar to conventional system
Broadband MR
Applications: Multi-nuclear NMR
Nucleus Normalized
1
H 1
13
C 0.251
19
F 0.941
23
Na 0.265
31
P 0.405
Narrowband system: only one nucleus at a time
Broadband system: multiple nuclei simultaneously
4 2 0 2 4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Depth (cm)
S
i
g
n
a
l

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
a
.
u
.
)

Proton, N = 4
Sodium, N = 16
Measured
1
H and
23
Na images of a
brine bottle
Chemical information using J-coupling
Coherent coupling between
nuclei through bonding electrons
Measured using simultaneous
two-frequency excitation
0 5 10 15
0.5
0
0.5
1
Jencoding time, N (ms)
E
c
h
o

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
n
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
)

N = 1
N = 2
N = 4
Ideal
Measured C-H J-coupling in methanol
(J 141 Hz)
Broadband MR
Nucleus Normalized
1
H 1
13
C 0.251
19
F 0.941
23
Na 0.265
31
P 0.405
4 2 0 2 4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Depth (cm)
S
i
g
n
a
l

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
a
.
u
.
)

Proton, N = 4
Sodium, N = 16
Measured
1
H and
23
Na images of a
brine bottle
0 5 10 15
0.5
0
0.5
1
E
c
h
o

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
n
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
)

N = 1
N = 2
N = 4
Ideal
(J 141 Hz)
Broadband MR
Nucleus Normalized
1
H 1
13
C 0.251
19
F 0.941
23
Na 0.265
31
P 0.405
4 2 0 2 4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Depth (cm)
S
i
g
n
a
l

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
a
.
u
.
)

Proton, N = 4
Sodium, N = 16
Measured
1
H and
23
Na images of a
brine bottle
0 5 10 15
0.5
0
0.5
1
E
c
h
o

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
n
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
)

N = 1
N = 2
N = 4
Ideal
(J 141 Hz)
Broadband MR
Applications: Pulse optimization
Broadband system enables complex modulation of RF (B
1
) control pulses
Pulse proles optimized using machine learning
Demonstrated major performance improvement (3 SNR at same power level)
Excitation
e
-t/T
2
t
E
t
E
/2
Refocusing
(A
i
,
i
) (A
j
,
j
)
Generalized CPMG pulse sequence
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Echo number, k
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
,

A
k
90
(180
)
k
AMEX
180
(180
)
k
AMEX
124
(124
)
k
AMEX
135
(135
)
k
AMEX
SPA,j
(SPA)
k
Measured frequency- (left) and time-domain (right) responses of optimized sequences
V. D. M. Koroleva, S. Mandal, et al., Broadband CPMG sequence with short composite refocusing pulses, JMR, May 2013.
S.Mandal et al., Axis-matching excitation pulses for CPMG-like sequences in inhomogeneous elds, JMR, December 2013.
Broadband MR
Applications: Pulse optimization
Broadband system enables complex modulation of RF (B
1
) control pulses
Pulse proles optimized using machine learning
Demonstrated major performance improvement (3 SNR at same power level)
Excitation
e
-t/T
2
t
E
t
E
/2
Refocusing
(A
i
,
i
) (A
j
,
j
)
Generalized CPMG pulse sequence
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Echo number, k
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
,

A
k
90
(180
)
k
AMEX
180
(180
)
k
AMEX
124
(124
)
k
AMEX
135
(135
)
k
AMEX
SPA,j
(SPA)
k
Measured frequency- (left) and time-domain (right) responses of optimized sequences
V. D. M. Koroleva, S. Mandal, et al., Broadband CPMG sequence with short composite refocusing pulses, JMR, May 2013.
S.Mandal et al., Axis-matching excitation pulses for CPMG-like sequences in inhomogeneous elds, JMR, December 2013.
Broadband MR
Applications: Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)
Transitions between nuclear energy levels produced by atomic E-eld gradients
Similar to NMR, but without the magnet (B
0
= 0)
Broadband system enables simultaneous NQR measurements of many
nitrogen-containing compounds
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
RDX
HMX
PETN
TNT
ammonium nitrate
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate
tetryl
urea nitrate
glycine
proline
sodium nitrite
NQR frequency (MHz)
AM Shortwave
14
N NQR lines of various explosives and drugs
400 600 800 1000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Input frequency (kHz)
O
u
t
p
u
t

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
a
.
u
.
)
Peak frequencies = 315 kHz, 737 kHz, 1051 kHz

Measured NQR lines of glycine
S.Mandal and Y. Q. Song, Two-dimensional NQR using ultra-broadband electronics, JMR, March 2014.
Broadband MR
Applications: Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)
Transitions between nuclear energy levels produced by atomic E-eld gradients
Similar to NMR, but without the magnet (B
0
= 0)
Broadband system enables simultaneous NQR measurements of many
nitrogen-containing compounds
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
RDX
HMX
PETN
TNT
ammonium nitrate
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate
tetryl
urea nitrate
glycine
proline
sodium nitrite
NQR frequency (MHz)
AM Shortwave
14
N NQR lines of various explosives and drugs
400 600 800 1000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Input frequency (kHz)
O
u
t
p
u
t

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
a
.
u
.
)
Peak frequencies = 315 kHz, 737 kHz, 1051 kHz

Measured NQR lines of glycine
Broadband MR
Miniature MR systems
"Palmtop" NMR sensor
Costs less than $200
Allows high pressure measurements
T
2
[sec]
T
1

[
s
e
c
]
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
Measured T
1
T
2
map of a crude oil
Integrated NMR transceiver array
Multiplexed sample analysis
Spatial selectivity (imaging)
Collaboration with Profs. Donhee Ham (Harvard) and Nan Sun
(UT Austin)
Broadband MR
Miniature MR systems
"Palmtop" NMR sensor
Costs less than $200
Allows high pressure measurements
T
2
[sec]
T
1

[
s
e
c
]
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
Measured T
1
T
2
map of a crude oil
Integrated NMR transceiver array
Multiplexed sample analysis
Spatial selectivity (imaging)
Collaboration with Profs. Donhee Ham (Harvard) and Nan Sun
(UT Austin)
Broadband MR
Energy-efcient RF biomedical electronics
For both implanted and non-invasive biomedical applications
Wireless energy harvesting
Achieved theoretical
efciency bound
6 W power-on threshold for 1 W load
S. Mandal, R. Sarpeshkar,
Low-power CMOS rectiers for RFID
applications, IEEE TCAS-I, 2007.
Low-power wireless
telemetry
Extremely power-efcient
<1 nJ/bit at 25 MHz
Power-Efcient Impedance-Modulation
Wireless Data Links for Biomedical Implants,
IEEE TBCAS, 2008.
Low-cost battery-free tags
for cardiac monitoring
Spatial localization using
multiple sensors
S. Mandal, L. Turicchia, R. Sarpeshkar,
A Low-Power Battery-Free Tag for
Body Sensor Networks, IEEE Pervasive
Computing, 2010.
Broadband MR
efciency bound
Low-power wireless
telemetry
<1 nJ/bit at 25 MHz
IEEE TBCAS, 2008.
multiple sensors
Computing, 2010.
Broadband MR
efciency bound
Low-power wireless
telemetry
<1 nJ/bit at 25 MHz
IEEE TBCAS, 2008.
multiple sensors
Computing, 2010.
Broadband MR
Summary
Analog circuits that enable ultra-broadband low-noise sensing
Ear-inspired RF spectrum analyzer with O(N) hardware and O(N)
analysis time for broadband spectrum sensing (600 MHz - 8 GHz,
70 dB dynamic range)
Non-resonant NMR and NQR front-ends for applications in
chemistry, imaging, and oil prospecting
Low-power wireless energy harvesting
Low-power wireless telemetry
Low-cost battery-free tags for cardiac monitoring
Broadband MR
Summary
Analog circuits that enable ultra-broadband low-noise sensing
Ear-inspired RF spectrum analyzer with O(N) hardware and O(N)
analysis time for broadband spectrum sensing (600 MHz - 8 GHz,
70 dB dynamic range)
Non-resonant NMR and NQR front-ends for applications in
chemistry, imaging, and oil prospecting
Low-power wireless energy harvesting
Low-power wireless telemetry
Low-cost battery-free tags for cardiac monitoring
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
Mentors: Profs. Rahul Sarpeshkar, Dennis Freeman, Bernhard Blmich, and
Christopher Salthouse
Schlumberger colleagues (past and present): Drs. Yi-Qiao Song, Martin
Hrlimann, Timothy Hopper, Shin Utsuzawa, Jeffrey Paulsen, Marcus
Donaldson, and Van Koroleva
Ph.D. thesis committee: Profs. Joel Dawson, Chris Shera, and Bruce Tidor
The Analog Circuits & Biological Systems group at MIT (past and present)
Europractice for chip fabrication
The Poitras fund for nancial support
...and nally, friends and family
Questions index
4
Analog computation
5
Bidirectional RF cochlea
6
Unidirectional RF cochlea
7
Experimental results
8
RF fovea
9
Broadband magnetic resonance
10
Chemical network simulator
11
Genetic network simulator
12
Other research directions
Analog computation
Context
COMPUTATION
ENERGY
MANAGEMENT
ENERGY SOURCES
SENSORS ACTUATORS SIGNALS SIGNALS
COMPUTATION
ENERGY
MANAGEMENT
ENERGY SOURCES
A generic computer
Analog computation
Context
COMPUTATION
ENERGY
MANAGEMENT
ENERGY SOURCES
COMPUTATION
ENERGY
MANAGEMENT
ENERGY SOURCES
A generic computer
Analog computation
Ultra-broadband sensors
The rate at which a sensor generates information is proportional to its
bandwidth
Low-noise ultra-broadband sensor interfaces are power- and
resource-intensive
Power consumption =
Bandwidth f (Precision)
Efciency
Example: ADC gures of merit (FOMs)
P = f
s
2
ENOB
F
A1
P = f
s
2
2ENOB
F
B1
10
0
10
5
10
10
10
2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
6
Sampling rate [Hz]
F
i
g
u
r
e

o
f

m
e
r
i
t

[
f
J

/
b
i
t
]
Analog computation
Ultra-broadband sensors
The rate at which a sensor generates information is proportional to its
bandwidth
Low-noise ultra-broadband sensor interfaces are power- and
resource-intensive
Power consumption =
Bandwidth f (Precision)
Efciency
Example: ADC gures of merit (FOMs)
P = f
s
2
ENOB
F
A1
P = f
s
2
2ENOB
F
B1
10
0
10
5
10
10
10
2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
6
Sampling rate [Hz]
F
i
g
u
r
e

o
f

m
e
r
i
t

[
f
J

/
b
i
t
]
Analog computation
Why biologically-inspired computing?
General-purpose digital computers are hitting physical limits
Transistor scaling
Power consumption
Memory bandwidth
Clock speed
Special-purpose computers can improve efciency
Cell processor
(IBM)
FPGA
(Altera)
Anton molecular
dynamics simulator
(D. E. Shaw)
Analog computation
Why biologically-inspired computing?
General-purpose digital computers are hitting physical limits
Transistor scaling
Power consumption
Memory bandwidth
Clock speed
Special-purpose computers can improve efciency
Cell processor
(IBM)
FPGA
(Altera)
Anton molecular
dynamics simulator
(D. E. Shaw)
Analog computation
Collective analog or hybrid computation
Computational efciency =
Speed f (Precision)
Power consumption
Efciency can be increased by better design
Increase speed: Exploit physics of the computational medium
Increase precision: Use feedback, learning, hybrid analog-digital
processing
The most efcient computers are collective (like brains and cells).
Many imprecise analog computational units interact to solve a
problem precisely or quickly.
A A A D
ANALOG
ANALOG
COLLECTIVE DIGITAL
(8 bits/wire)
(4 bits/wire)
(1 bit/wire)
Cost =
_
cS
l
N
+ w
_
_
2N
log
2
(1+S
N
)
_
R. Sarpeshkar, Ultra Low Power Bioelectronics:
Fundamentals, Biomedical Applications, and Bio-Inspired Systems,
Cambridge University Press, February 2010
Analog computation
Collective analog or hybrid computation
Computational efciency =
Speed f (Precision)
Power consumption
Efciency can be increased by better design
Increase speed: Exploit physics of the computational medium
Increase precision: Use feedback, learning, hybrid analog-digital
processing
The most efcient computers are collective (like brains and cells).
Many imprecise analog computational units interact to solve a
problem precisely or quickly.
A A A D
ANALOG
ANALOG
COLLECTIVE DIGITAL
(8 bits/wire)
(4 bits/wire)
(1 bit/wire)
Cost =
_
cS
l
N
+ w
_
_
2N
log
2
(1+S
N
)
_
R. Sarpeshkar, Ultra Low Power Bioelectronics:
Fundamentals, Biomedical Applications, and Bio-Inspired Systems,
Cambridge University Press, February 2010
Analog computation
Computation in biology
Many imprecise analog computational units interact to solve a problem
precisely or quickly, e.g., neurons and gene-protein networks
The optimal precision of an individual analog unit depends on the
importance of communication costs versus computation costs
The interactions can be analog or digital, and digital symbols can be
used to restore analog signals
Biologically-inspired themes
Analog pre-processing to delay digitization
Real-time analog-digital feedback interactions
Analog computation
Analog computation
Analog computation
Analog computation
Mammalian cells: Performance summary
Parameter Value
Power consumption 1pW
Molecular interaction 20,000 nodes
network (genes & proteins)
Biochemical operations 10
7
/sec
Volume 10 10 10m
3
Cell functions
Nanoscale sensing, actuation, pattern recognition
Communication, transport, feedback regulation
Maintenance, growth, reproduction
Detoxication, defense
Analog computation
Analog versus digital computation
Analog Digital
Compute on a continuous set e.g. R [0, 1] Compute on a discrete set e.g. {0, 1}
Primitives of computation arise from the physics Primitives of computation arise from the mathematics
of the computing devices: of Boolean logic:
Physical relations of FETs, capacitors, resistors Logical relations like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, XOR, etc.
oating-gate devices, KVL, KCL, etc.
The amount of computation squeezed out of Transistors are used as switches, and the amount of
a single transistor is high. computation squeezed out of a single transistor is low.
One wire represents many bits of information. One wire represents one bit of information.
Computation is offset-prone since it is sensitive Computation is not offset-prone since it is insensitive
to the parameters of the physical devices. to the parameters of the physical devices.
Noise due to thermal uctuations in physical devices. Noise due to roundoff error and temporal aliasing.
Signal not restored at each stage of the computation. Signal restored at each stage of the computation.
In a cascade of analog stages, noise starts to accumulate. Roundoff-error does not accumulate signicantly
for many computations.
Not easily programmable. Easily programmable.
EFFICIENT ROBUST and FLEXIBLE
Index
Analog computation
Analog versus digital computation
Output SNR (dB)
P
o
w
e
r

(
A
r
b
.

U
n
i
t
s
)
Output SNR (dB)
A
r
e
a

(
A
r
b
.

U
n
i
t
s
)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
6
(a)
POWER COSTS
DIGITAL
ANALOG
Limit set by
1/f noise
for a fixed
area consumption
(b) AREA COSTS
DIGITAL
ANALOG
Limit set by
1/f noise
for a fixed
area consumption
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
6
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100
R. Sarpeshkar,
Analog versus digital: Extrapolating from electronics to neurobiology, Neural
Computation, 1998.
Index
Analog computation
Analog computation: Back to the future?
The Heathkit H1 (1956)
Source: http://www.technikum29.de/
A VLSI analog computer (2006)
Source: Cowan et al., JSSC (2006)
Advantages: speed, power consumption
Disadvantages: abstraction level, programmability, error
correction
Index
Analog computation
The hybrid state machine (HSM)
Spike = Pulse or digital event. Each discrete state in the HSM is like a behavior in which
a rapidly recongurable analog dynamical system changes its parameters or topology.
Useful for pattern recognition, learning, A-to-D conversion, sequence recognition,
inference, self assembly, and hybrid control. There is intimate feedback between the A,
the A/D, and D, resulting in intelligent sequential computation.
Neuronal and gene-protein networks are well represented by HSM-like computations.
R. Sarpeshkar, M. OHalloran, Scalable hybrid computation with spikes, Neural Computation, 2002.
Index
Analog computation
Gene-protein interaction networks as HSMs
Circuit models of gene-protein interaction networks are HSMs
Analog subsystem proteome
Digital subsystem genome
Index
The human auditory periphery
Source: Watts, Ph.D. thesis (1993)
Index
Structure of the cochlea
Unrolled view
Cross section
Source: Watts, Ph.D. thesis (1993)
Traveling wave on spatially-varying basilar membrane (BM)
Model as mechanical transmission line
Index
The cochlea as a mechanical transmission line
Fluid mass Inductance L
Membrane compliance Capacitance C
Basilar membrane impedance Cochlear partition impedance Z
CP
Superheterodyne spectrum analysis
Block diagram
Frequency translation
Index
Cochlear operation
BM resonant frequency
c
(x) e
x/l
Frequency-dependent cutoff position: x
cutoff
= l ln(/
c
(0))
Frequency-to-place transformation generates spectral
decomposition!
Active feedback for enhancing sensitivity
Outputs are action potentials on 30K auditory nerve bers
Stellar performance
Broadband: 20Hz-20kHz
Low power: 14W
High dynamic range: 120dB
Index
Theoretical analysis
Center frequency decreases exponentially with position:
c
(x) =
c
(0)e
x/l
Dene normalized frequency-place variable
s
n
=
j
c
(x)
=
j
c
(0)e
x/l
Usual mechanical-to-electrical mapping
Pressure P Voltage V
Volume velocity U Current I
Solve spatially-varying wave equation by WKB method
d
2
V
ds
2
n
= N
2
nat
_
Z
n
Y
n
s
2
n
_
V, N
nat
=
l
x
Index
Single stage: Zweigs admittance function
Y
n
(s
n
) =
s
n
s
2
n
+s
n
+ 1 + exp(s
n
)
Typical values: = 0.122, = 0.142, = 2 1.74
10
0
20
0
20
40
Frequency
n
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
d
B
)
10
0
300
200
100
0
100
Frequency
n
P
h
a
s
e

(
d
e
g
)
Frequency response
Index
Single stage: Rational approximation
Y
n
(s
n
) =
s
n
_
s
2
n
+s
n
/Q +
2
_
2
_
s
2
n
+ 2ds
n
+ 1
_
2
Typical values: Q = 3.8, = 0.76, d = 0.1
0.2 0.1 0 0.1
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Re(s
n
)
I
m
(
s
n
)
2
2
Pole-zero map
10
0
20
10
0
10
20
30
|
Y
n
|

(
d
B
)
10
0
100
0
100
200
s
n
a
r
g
(
Y
n
)

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
Frequency response of a
single stage
Index
Bidirectional cochlea: Design equations
Denitions
Z
n
=
(x)Z
Z
0
Y
n
= (x)Y Z
0
Q
line
=

c
(0)L
0
Z
0
Z
in
Z
0
_
Q
line
k
n
=
N
nat
Z
n
Y
n
s
n
WKB Solution
V (s
n
)
V(0)
=
N
1/2
nat
Q
1/4
line
_
k
n
(s
n
)
e
s
n
0
k
n
(s
)ds
)
TF (s
n
) =
x
I(0)
dI
dx
=
s
n
_
Q
line
_
k
n
N
nat
_
2
V (s
n
)
V(0)
Index
Transfer functions: Peak gain and quality factor
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
10
0
10
20
n/N
nat
P
e
a
k

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

g
a
i
n

(
d
B
)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
2
4
6
8
10
12
n/N
nat
Q
3
d
B

Q
line
= 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1
Q
line
= 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1
Versus position, xed N
nat
10
1
10
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
/(0)
|
T
F
(
,
n
)
|

(
d
B
)

n = 2N
nat
n = N
nat
N
nat
= 24, 20, 16, 12, 8
Versus N
nat
Index
Low-frequency line loss
Z
in
M
C
c
C
1
L
1
L
2
C
2
R
2
R
1
Synthesized BM admittance
network
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
20
n/N
nat
|
T
F
(
n
)
|

(
d
B
)

Q
z
= 100
Q
z
= 10
Q
z
= 5
Q
z
= 2
Transfer functions
Index
Noise & dynamic range (DR)
R
2
C
2
M
L
2
i
n2
C
c
R
1
C
1
L
1
i
n1
v(n)
v(n-1)
Z
in-
(n-1) Z
in+
(n)
C
3 i
n3
Apex Base
v(m)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
100
200
300
400
500
600
T
o
t
a
l

n
o
i
s
e

(
V
r
m
s
)
n/N
nat
d = 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15
Output noise
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
100
150
200
250
300
n/N
nat
v
m
d
s

(
V
)

d = 0.15, 0.14, 0.13, 0.12, 0.11
Sensitivity
Index
Readout circuits
Z
n
Y
n
+
ANALOG
MUX
SCAN
OUT
SINGLE STAGE
Complete stage
RF+ RF-
C
1
R
1
R
1
C
1
v
OUT
C
L
I
L
Differential rectier
Index
Calibration circuits
+
C
big
V
P
COCHLEAR TRANSMISSION LINE
Z
n-1
Z
n
Y
n
C
t
R
t
TERMINATION
V
REF
V
P
V
P
Line termination circuit
Implementation
UMC 0.13m CMOS process, 8 metal layers
Created automated design ow for integrating transformers
Index
Transformer design ow
Task Description Software Tool
Network synthesis Specify L
1
, L
2
and M Mathematica
Optimize geometry Minimize area subject Mathematica
to Q constraints
Electromagnetic Calculate broadband ASITIC
simulation S-parameter models
Model-order Calculate lumped circuit Cadence
reduction models for transient
simulations
Layout generation Create DRC-compliant MATLAB
layouts
Index
Unidirectional approximation
Ignore reected (backward) waves
Each cochlea stage behaves as a unidirectional lter
Derived rational stage transfer functions H
n
(s
n
)
TF (s
n
) =
n
i =1
H
n
_
s
n
e
i /N
nat
_
Index
Unidirectional approximation
Ignore reected (backward) waves
Each cochlea stage behaves as a unidirectional lter
Derived rational stage transfer functions H
n
(s
n
)
TF (s
n
) =
n
i =1
H
n
_
s
n
e
i /N
nat
_
Index
Single stage schematic
Vdd
IN
OUT
L
2
C
2
R
2
C
1
M
Vdd
IN
OUT
L
2
L
1
R
1
C
2
R
2
C
1
M
V
casc
V
gain-
V
ref
R
3
C
3
C
C
C
C
M
1
M
2
M
3
L
1
R
1
Index
Single stage TF
H
n
(s
n
) =
s
2
n
+ 2ds
n
+ 1
_
1 +
_
Q
line
/
_
s
2
n
+
_
2d +
_
Q
line
_
s
n
+ 1
Typical values: d = 0.1, = 0.3, Q
line
= 0.5
0.2 0.1 0 0.1
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Re(s
n
)
I
m
(
s
n
)
Pole-zero map
10
0
15
10
5
0
5
10
|
H
n
|

(
d
B
)
10
0
100
50
0
s
n
a
r
g
(
H
n
)

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
Frequency response
Index
Unidirectional cochlea design
H
n
(s
n
) =
s
2
n
+ 2ds
n
+ 1
1 +
Q
line
/
s
2
n
+
2d +
Q
line
s
n
+ 1
DC gain = 1, peak gain = G
stage
> 1
Cochlear TF gain
G
stage
N
nat
10
0
15
10
5
0
5
10
|
H
n
|

(
d
B
)
10
0
100
50
0
s
n
a
r
g
(
H
n
)

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
Transfer function of a single stage
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
100
50
0
50
Frequency
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
d
B
)
Stage 1
Stage 11
Stage 21
Stage 31
Stage 41
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
100
50
0
50
Frequency
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
d
B
)
Stage 1
Stage 11
Stage 21
Stage 31
Stage 41
Cochlear transfer functions
Index
Transfer functions: Peak gain and quality factor
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
0
20
40
60
n/N
nat
P
e
a
k

g
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
0
2
4
6
n/N
nat
Q
3
d
B
,

Q
1
0
d
B
Versus position, xed N
nat
5 10 15 20
40
60
80
P
e
a
k

g
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
5 10 15 20
2
4
6
N
nat
Q
3
d
B
,

Q
1
0
d
B
Maximum versus N
nat
Index
Noise & dynamic range (DR)
Z
n
(s)
Vdd
4kTg
m
v
in
(n)
M1
v
out
(n)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
n/N
nat
H
n
o
i
s
e
,
t
o
t

(
d
B
)

N
nat
= 5
N
nat
=10
N
nat
= 15
Output noise
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
n/N
nat
S
N
R
m
a
x
,

D
R

(
d
B
)

N
nat
increases from 5 to 14
SNR and DR
Index
Single stage schematic
Vdd
IN
OUT
L
2
C
2
R
2
C
1
M
Vdd
IN
OUT
L
2
L
1
R
1
C
2
R
2
C
1
M
V
casc
V
gain-
V
ref
R
3
C
3
C
C
C
C
M
1
M
2
M
3
L
1
R
1
Vdd
V
gain+
M
4
Index
Circuits within each stage
Vdd
R
L
L
L
COCHLEA
OUT
Vdd
R
L
PREAMP
OUT
V
bias
C
hp
C
N
STAGE
IN
M
2
M
2
M
1
M
1
C
hp
High-pass preamplier
Vdd
I
rect
I
rect
/2
2R/
Vdd
I
rect
R
C
big
C
rect
C
rect
PREAMP
OUT
+
I
rect
C
lp
BUFFER BUFFER
SCAN
REF OUT
Pseudo-differential rectier
Index
Input low-noise amplier (LNA)
V
bias
Vdd
Vdd
C
big
R
b2
R
b1
C
in
R
L
L
L
Vdd
IN
OUT
ESD
PROTECTION
Broadband common-gate LNA
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Input power level (dBm)
|
S
1
1
|
(
d
B
)

1 GHz
2 GHz
3 GHz
4 GHz
5 GHz
Measured reection coefcient
as a function of input power
level
Index
Peak gain calibration loop
Vdd
(5-bit DAC)
A
A
C
3
R
3
22MHz
OSCILLATOR

+
C
int
V
ref
+
ONE
SHOT
V
max
M
2
R
L
GAIN
GAIN
RECTIFIER
RECTIFIER
R
2
Index
Low-frequency gain calibration loop
Vdd
A
A
C
3
R
3
22MHz
OSCILLATOR
+
C
int
V
gain-
V
ref
R
1
V
dda
RF
STAGE 1
STAGE
2
STAGE
N
C
3
R
3
R
2
Index
Die photographs
Index
Testing
The test board
Configuration
bits
Programming
interface
RF input
Power supplies
Outputs
Test board
Chip programming: NI
DAQpad
RF signal generation: NI card
(PXI chassis)
Data acquisition: Oscilloscope
Control: NI LabView GUI
Later analysis: Matlab
Index
Test setup
Index
0 10 20 30 40
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
Stage number
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

g
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
8 GHz 5.3 GHz
3.5 GHz
2.3 GHz
1.5 GHz
Varying the negative
resistance R
1
S
t
a
g
e

n
u
m
b
e
r
Time

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
dBV
Two-tone response
Index
Bidirectional chip
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
Stage number
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

g
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
5 GHz
2 GHz
Varying the negative
resistance R
LL
Output frequency (GHz)
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e

r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

b
i
a
s

(
V
)

0.3 0 .5 1 2 3 5 8 10
0.68
0.7
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.8
0.82
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
dB
Driving the chip unstable
Index
Unidirectional chip
LabView GUI for setting
chip parameters
0 5 10 15 20
100
150
200
250
300
350
DAC code
D
C

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n

(
m
A
)

Preamplifier bias current
Calibration resistance
Chip power consumption
Index
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
60
40
20
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
60
40
20
O
u
t
p
u
t

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
d
B
V
)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
60
40
20
Stage number
1.2 GHz
2.4 GHz
4.8 GHz
Spatial responses at various
frequencies & power levels
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Stage number
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

g
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
4 GHz
2 GHz
Varying the peak gain
Index
Input impedance matching (50 source)
Unidirectional
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Frequency (GHz)
|
S
1
1
|

(
d
B
)

DAC code = 3
DAC code = 8
DAC code = 13
DAC code = 18
DAC code = 23
DAC code = 28
Reection coefcient, -20dBm
input power
Bidirectional
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Frequency (GHz)
|
S
1
1
|

(
d
B
)

30dBm
20dBm
10dBm
0dBm
8dB
Reection coefcient, various
input power levels
Index
RF cochlea performance summary
Parameter Bidirectional Unidirectional
Technology 0.13m CMOS 0.13m CMOS
Stages per e-fold, N
nat
24 16
Total number of stages, N 50 51
Frequency range, GHz 1.2-8 0.6-6
Maximum output noise, dBV
rms
-70 -55
Peak voltage gain, dB 10 35
Maximum output SNR, dB 60 35
Input dynamic range, dB 70 70
Input impedance, 50 50
Typical power consumption 170mA, 1.8V 220mA, 1.3V
Index
RF fovea
Cochlear frequency estimation
0 1 2 3 4
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
Stage index, n / N
nat
E
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n

u
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
,

%
2 GHz 1 GHz 0.25 GHz
4 GHz
0.5 GHz
Calculated frequency estimation
error of the RF cochlea for
amplitude and phase-based
detectors (dashed and solid lines,
respectively).
STAGE STAGE STAGE
n-1
n n+1
OUT
x(n-1) x(n)
y(n)
STAGE STAGE STAGE
n-1
n n+1
OUT
x(n-1)
x(n+1)
y(n)
(a)
(b)
Lowpass to bandpass
transformations for the RF cochlea:
(a) a linear differencing scheme
and (b) a nonlinear
center-surround scheme.
Index
RF fovea
Cochlear frequency estimation
0 10 20 30 40 50
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Stage number
S
t
a
g
e

o
u
t
p
u
t

(
d
B
)

Stage outputs
Stage difference outputs
Spatial response using a linear
differencing scheme to three input
tones spaced one octave apart.
10
1
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
Normalized frequency
C
o
c
h
l
e
a
r

T
F

(
d
B
)

After sharpening
Original
Simulated cochlear transfer
functions before and after
center-surround coincidence
detection.
Index
RF fovea
Cochlear heterodyning
+
+
-
DAC
V
n
b
n
V
n+1
+
b
n
DCO
n+1
(a)
(b)
REF
2
n
B
2
n
2
n+1
REF
A single successive-subranging
stage for (a) an analog-to-digital
converter and (b) a frequency
estimator.
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Number of cochleas, M
R
M
S

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n

e
r
r
o
r

(
%
)

N
freq
= 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
Frequency estimation error of the
RF fovea to inputs consisting of N
f
tones with random frequencies and
amplitudes as a function of M, the
total number of cochleas.
Index
z
x
y
B
0
0
E = h
0
I = +1/2
I = -1/2
B
0
M
0
x
y
M(t)
z B
0
B
1
Detector
90
o
0
= B
0
: Larmor precession
: Nutation
1
= B
1
< <
0
Precession:
0
= B
0
Nutation:
1
= B
1

0
Superconductors
9 T - 21 T: Spectroscopy
1.5 T - 7 T: Imaging (MRI)
Permanent magnets
0.25 T - 1 T: Process control, uid
transport, molecular dynamics
50 mT - 5 mT: Well-logging, rock core
analysis
Earths magnetic eld
50 T: Groundwater prospecting
z
x
y
B
0
0
E = h
0
I = +1/2
I = -1/2
B
0
M
0
x
y
M(t)
z B
0
B
1
Detector
90
o
0
= B
0
: Larmor precession
: Nutation
1
= B
1
< <
0
Precession:
0
= B
0
Nutation:
1
= B
1

0
Superconductors
9 T - 21 T: Spectroscopy
1.5 T - 7 T: Imaging (MRI)
Permanent magnets
0.25 T - 1 T: Process control, uid
transport, molecular dynamics
50 mT - 5 mT: Well-logging, rock core
analysis
Earths magnetic eld
50 T: Groundwater prospecting
Transmitter design
90
x
180
y
180
y
180
y
e
-t/T
2
t
E
t
E
/2
CPMG pulse sequence
Used to measure T
2
(transverse
relaxation time)
Spin echoes remove dephasing due
to static eld inhomogeneties
RF pulse amplitude B
1
I
1
SNR
B
2
0
(B
1
/I
1
) V
s
4kTRf
DT
DT
2A
0
c
b
T
V
out
I
out
I (
0
) =
(4/)V
BB
sin(D)
0
L
Entire coil current circulates through
the switches
Amplitude modulation possible using
duty cycle D
First-order RL dynamics
controllable for phase modulation
Transmitter design
90
x
180
y
180
y
180
y
e
-t/T
2
t
E
t
E
/2
CPMG pulse sequence
Used to measure T
2
(transverse
relaxation time)
Spin echoes remove dephasing due
to static eld inhomogeneties
RF pulse amplitude B
1
I
1
SNR
B
2
0
(B
1
/I
1
) V
s
4kTRf
DT
DT
2A
0
c
b
T
V
out
I
out
I (
0
) =
(4/)V
BB
sin(D)
0
L
Entire coil current circulates through
the switches
Amplitude modulation possible using
duty cycle D
First-order RL dynamics
controllable for phase modulation
NF 1 +
R
dup
R
. .
Duplexer
+
R
1
R
_
1 +
(1 + L/L
1
)
2
n
_
. .
Transformer
+
R
e
R
_
_
1 + L/L
1
n
_
2
+
_
nL
R
n
_
2
_
. .
Preamplier
.
10
5
10
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Frequency (Hz)
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
d

N
F

(
d
B
)
Measured NF with the sample coil.
R
n
e
2
n
/i
2
n
, R
e
e
2
n
/4kT
Carefully optimized to minimize
recovery time from saturation
Lower cut-off frequency set by
1/f noise or input transformer RL
time constant
Input leakage current I
s
increases with temperature and
eventually limits NF, i
2
n
= 4qI
s
NF 1 +
R
dup
R
. .
Duplexer
+
R
1
R
_
1 +
(1 + L/L
1
)
2
n
_
. .
Transformer
+
R
e
R
_
_
1 + L/L
1
n
_
2
+
_
nL
R
n
_
2
_
. .
Preamplier
.
10
5
10
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Frequency (Hz)
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
d

N
F

(
d
B
)
Measured NF with the sample coil.
R
n
e
2
n
/i
2
n
, R
e
e
2
n
/4kT
Carefully optimized to minimize
recovery time from saturation
Lower cut-off frequency set by
1/f noise or input transformer RL
time constant
Input leakage current I
s
increases with temperature and
eventually limits NF, i
2
n
= 4qI
s
Reverse leakage current
I
s
(T) T
exp
_
E
g
nkT
_
Found in all p-n junctions: JFET
gates, diodes
Strong temperature dependence
Creates shot noise i
2
n
= 4qI
s
Reduce with thermoelectric cooling
60 80 100 120 140 160
10
12
10
11
10
10
10
9
10
8
T
amb
= 150 C
Temperature (C)
L
e
a
k
a
g
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
n
A
)

Cooler off
Fit, = 3, n = 1.25
Coolers on, I = 0.4 A
T
amb
= 45 C
Example: U309 JFET
Lab prototype
0 500 1000 1500
10
1
10
0
10
1
L
e
a
k
a
g
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
n
A
)
Time (s)
T
amb
= 150 C
Cooler on
Transient response
Index
Hardware implementation
Component Manufacturer Part number Notes
H-bridge switch Fairchild FDD6N20TM MOSFET, 200 V, 4 A, R
on
= 0.8
H-bridge driver International Rectier IRS2011 Half-bridge, 200 V, 1 A
Duplexer switch EPC EPC2012 GaNFET, 200 V, 3 A, R
on
= 0.1
Optical isolator Avago ACPL-074L
Input transformer (T
1
) Mini-Circuits T36-1-KK81 n = 6, L
1
= 56 H
Input transistor NXP BF862 JFET, g
m
45 mS at I
D
= 15 mA
Second stage transformer (T
2
) Mini-Circuits T36-1-KK81 N = 6, L
1
= 56 H
Index
Chemical identication using J-editing
Scalar or J-coupling between nuclei is mediated by bonding electrons
Measurements of the coupling constant provide chemical information even when
frequency resolution (B
0
homogeneity) is too low for conventional spectroscopy
Example: J 125 Hz and 160 Hz for C H bonds in alkanes and aromatic
compounds, respectively
90
y
180
x
180
x
180
(
1
H,
19
F)
(
13
C)
J-editing (N cycles)
T
E1
T
E2
CPMG (N
E
cycles)
A
X
A J-editing pulse sequence
Echo amplitude s()
i
cos (2J
i
N)
Pulse optimization procedure
Optimization
algorithm
Transmitter
model
Pulse
parameters
Spin dynamics
calculation
Coil
current
Receiver
model
Asymptotic
magnetization
Cost function
calculation
SNR
Received
signal
Cost
Constraints
Initial pulse
parameters
V. D. M. Koroleva, S. Mandal, et al., Broadband CPMG sequence with short composite refocusing pulses, Journal of Magnetic
Resonance, May 2013.
S.Mandal et al., Axis-matching excitation pulses for CPMG-like sequences in inhomogeneous elds, Journal of Magnetic
Resonance, December 2013.
Index
Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)
Non-spherical nuclear charge distribution creates electrical quadrupole moment
Results in (2I + 1) energy levels in a electric eld gradient
H
Q
=

Q
3
_
3I
2
z
I(I + 1) +

2
_
I
2
+
+ I
2
__
0
m = +1
m = -1
m = 0 m =
m =
0
I = 1 I = 3/2
1
2
3
2
=
3
Q
4
(1 /3)
0
=

Q
2
_
1 +
2
/3
0
=
+
=
Q
/2
Population transfers
1
=
0
and
2
=
+
0
m = +1
m = -1
m = 0
T
180
SLSE
Index
Two-dimensional NQR
Use population transfers between NQR energy levels to identify coupled lines in
a spectrum
Coupled lines must be generated by the same nucleus quantify mixtures,
reject external RF interference
N
E
T
E
RF,2
RF,1
t
p1
(t
p2
)
x
(t
p2
)
y
Basic population transfer pulse sequence
Thresholded difference spectrum
R
F
,
2
/
2

(
k
H
z
)
RF,1
/2 (kHz)

700 800 900 1000 1100
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Measured two-dimensional
14
N NQR
spectrum of glycine
Index
Two-dimensional NQR
Use population transfers between NQR energy levels to identify coupled lines in
a spectrum
Coupled lines must be generated by the same nucleus quantify mixtures,
reject external RF interference
N
E
T
E
RF,2
RF,1
t
p1
(t
p2
)
x
(t
p2
)
y
Basic population transfer pulse sequence
Thresholded difference spectrum
R
F
,
2
/
2

(
k
H
z
)
RF,1
/2 (kHz)

700 800 900 1000 1100
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Measured two-dimensional
14
N NQR
spectrum of glycine
Index
Cytomorphic electronics
F
r
e
e

e
n
e
r
g
y
Reaction variable
Transistor channel
Enzyme
concentration
Gate
voltage
Reactant
Product
Source
Drain
e
A
/kT
e
qV
G
/kT
F
r
e
e

e
n
e
r
g
y
Chemistry Electronics
Free energy Electronic potential (voltage)
Molecular ux Electronic ux (current)
Flux balance Kirchoffs current law (KCL)
Energy conservation Kirchoffs voltage law (KVL)
Molecular shot noise Electronic shot noise
Protein-protein
interaction
networks
Log-domain circuit models of
chemical reactions, ISCAS,
Taiwan, May 2009.
Gene-protein
interaction
networks
Circuit models of stochastic genetic
networks, BIOCAS, Beijing,
November 2009.
Cytomorphic electronics
F
r
e
e

e
n
e
r
g
y
Reaction variable
Transistor channel
Enzyme
concentration
Gate
voltage
Reactant
Product
Source
Drain
e
A
/kT
e
qV
G
/kT
F
r
e
e

e
n
e
r
g
y
Protein-protein
interaction
networks
Log-domain circuit models of
chemical reactions, ISCAS,
Taiwan, May 2009.
Gene-protein
interaction
networks
Circuit models of stochastic genetic
networks, BIOCAS, Beijing,
November 2009.
Detailed similarities between chemistry and
subthreshold electronics
F
r
e
e

e
n
e
r
g
y
Reaction variable
Transistor channel
Enzyme
concentration
Gate
voltage
Reactant
Product
Source
Drain
e
A
/kT
e
qV
G
/kT
F
r
e
e

e
n
e
r
g
y
Index
Detailed similarities between chemistry and
subthreshold electronics
F
r
e
e

e
n
e
r
g
y
Reaction variable
Transistor channel
Enzyme
concentration
Gate
voltage
Reactant
Product
Source
Drain
e
A
/kT
e
qV
G
/kT
F
r
e
e

e
n
e
r
g
y
Index
General reaction network model
Elementary reactions: rst-order (C A + B), second-order
(A + B C)
Mass-action kinetics
dx
dt
= C +Dx +E(x x) +Fu +G(x u)
y = Hx +Ku
Chemistry x = X
0
e
(
0
)/kT
Electronics i = I
0
e
q(vV
0
)/kT
Chemical potential Electronic potential (q)v
Concentration {x, y} Current i
Rate constants k Dimensionless numbers
Index
(A + B C)
dx
dt
y = Hx +Ku
Chemistry x = X
0
e
(
0
)/kT
Electronics i = I
0
e
q(vV
0
)/kT
Index
(A + B C)
dx
dt
y = Hx +Ku
Chemistry x = X
0
e
(
0
)/kT
Electronics i = I
0
e
q(vV
0
)/kT
Index
(A + B C)
dx
dt
y = Hx +Ku
Chemistry x = X
0
e
(
0
)/kT
Electronics i = I
0
e
q(vV
0
)/kT
Index
(A + B C)
dx
dt
y = Hx +Ku
Chemistry x = X
0
e
(
0
)/kT
Electronics i = I
0
e
q(vV
0
)/kT
Index
Equivalent subthreshold circuit of A +B C
C
dv
A
dt
= +
i
A
i
B
i
A
= +i
B
C
dv
B
dt
= +
i
A
i
B
i
B
= +i
A
C
dv
C
dt
=
i
A
i
B
i
C
v
A
v
C Vdd Vdd
v
B
i
A
v
B
i
C
v
A
Vdd
C C C
i
B i
A
i
A

i
B
i
B
i
A
i
B
/i
C
MIRROR MIRROR
TRANSLINEAR LOOP
i
B
Similar noise properties to chemistry (Poisson statistics)
2
I
I
Important because stochastic simulations of chemical networks
are highly computationally intensive and slow
Index
C
dv
A
dt
= +
i
A
i
B
i
A
= +i
B
C
dv
B
dt
= +
i
A
i
B
i
B
= +i
A
C
dv
C
dt
=
i
A
i
B
i
C
v
A
v
C Vdd Vdd
v
B
i
A
v
B
i
C
v
A
Vdd
C C C
i
B i
A
i
A

i
B
i
B
i
A
i
B
/i
C
MIRROR MIRROR
TRANSLINEAR LOOP
i
B
2
I
I
Index
C
dv
A
dt
= +
i
A
i
B
i
A
= +i
B
C
dv
B
dt
= +
i
A
i
B
i
B
= +i
A
C
dv
C
dt
=
i
A
i
B
i
C
v
A
v
C Vdd Vdd
v
B
i
A
v
B
i
C
v
A
Vdd
C C C
i
B i
A
i
A

i
B
i
B
i
A
i
B
/i
C
MIRROR MIRROR
TRANSLINEAR LOOP
i
B
2
I
I
Index
Proof-of-concept protein-protein interaction network
chip
UMC 0.18m CMOS process,
1.5mm 1.5mm
32 state variables, 160
reactions, 8 inputs, 16 outputs
User programmable (MATLAB
driver)
Connectivity (arbitrary)
Rate constants (2
10
: 1)
Initial conditions (2
16
: 1)
Reaction volumes (2
5
: 1)
S. Mandal, R. Sarpeshkar, Log-domain circuit models of chemical reactions, ISCAS, Taiwan, May 2009.
Index
A + A
k
1
B
k
2
C
MATLAB simulation
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Simulation time (seconds)
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

m
o
l
e
c
u
l
e
s

A
B
C
Running time = 3.13ms
Chip measurement
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

m
o
l
e
c
u
l
e
s

A
B
C
Running time = 100s
Currently, 30 speedup (non-fundamental, limited by data acquisition
equipment)
In the future, at least 10
3
speedup, 10
6
should be possible
A simple example: Michaelis-Menten kinetics
E + S
k
f
k
r
ES
k
cat
E + P
Chemistry (mass-action kinetics)
d[ES]
dt
= k
f
[S] ([E
t
] [ES]) (k
r
+ k
cat
) [ES]
Concentration Voltage
Mass Charge
Rate constants Conductances
+
C
k
r
1
k
f
[S]
1
[ES]

[E
t
]

k
cat
1
Electronics (KCL): Cdv/dt =
k
i
k
C
dv
ES
dt
= k
f
v
S
(V
E
t
v
ES
) (k
r
+ k
cat
) v
ES
Index
E + S
k
f
k
r
ES
k
cat
E + P
d[ES]
dt
= k
f
[S] ([E
t
] [ES]) (k
r
+ k
cat
) [ES]
Mass Charge
+
C
k
r
1
k
f
[S]
1
[ES]

[E
t
]

k
cat
1
k
i
k
C
dv
ES
dt
= k
f
v
S
(V
E
t
v
ES
) (k
r
+ k
cat
) v
ES
Index
E + S
k
f
k
r
ES
k
cat
E + P
d[ES]
dt
= k
f
[S] ([E
t
] [ES]) (k
r
+ k
cat
) [ES]
Mass Charge
+
C
k
r
1
k
f
[S]
1
[ES]

[E
t
]

k
cat
1
k
i
k
C
dv
ES
dt
= k
f
v
S
(V
E
t
v
ES
) (k
r
+ k
cat
) v
ES
Index
E + S
k
f
k
r
ES
k
cat
E + P
d[ES]
dt
= k
f
[S] ([E
t
] [ES]) (k
r
+ k
cat
) [ES]
Mass Charge
+
C
k
r
1
k
f
[S]
1
[ES]

[E
t
]

k
cat
1
k
i
k
C
dv
ES
dt
= k
f
v
S
(V
E
t
v
ES
) (k
r
+ k
cat
) v
ES
Index
Mapping chemistry to subthreshold electronics
k
i
k
C
dv
j
dt
=
M
k=1
k
_
i
k1
i
k2
i
j
_
Want dynamical equivalence to chemistry
Amplitude scaling i /I
0
= x/X
0
Rate constant scaling =
0
X
S
0
k
Speedup factor
0
Electronic time constant
S {0, 1, 2} Order of reaction
Index
k
i
k
C
dv
j
dt
=
M
k=1
k
_
i
k1
i
k2
i
j
_
0
= x/X
0
0
X
S
0
k
Speedup factor
0
Index
k
i
k
C
dv
j
dt
=
M
k=1
k
_
i
k1
i
k2
i
j
_
0
= x/X
0
0
X
S
0
k
Speedup factor
0
Index
Setting initial conditions
Vdd
V
SET
I
SET
V
REF
I
0
CONSTANT
g
m
REFERENCE
V
P
V
N
I
0
/2 I
0
/4 I
0
/2
M
V
IC
(1) V
IC
(2)
Current-splitter circuit for
generating V
IC
ANALOG
MUX
ANALOG
MUX
ANALOG
MUX
V
IC
(1:M)
C(1) C(2) C(N)
V
SV
(1) V
SV
(2) V
SV
(N)
BEGIN
Simulation technique
Index
Chemical kinetics: Noise model
A + B
k
1
k
2
C
k
2
s
1
k
1
[B]
[A]
[C]
4k
2
[C]
k
2
1+s/k
1
[B]
1/k
1
[B]
[A]
[C]
4k
2
[C]
k
1
s
1
k
2
[C]
4k
2
[C]
k
1
1+s/k
2
1/k
2
4k
2
[C]
[C]
[A][B]
[A][B]
(a)
(b)
Assume 2 of 3 species are
noisless
3rd species is a Poisson
variable:
2
X
= X
10
9
10
8
10
7
10
6
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
I
C
(A)
S
N
R

(
d
B
)

K
d
= 28nA
K
d
= 96nA
K
d
= 7.5nA
Theoretical, N
eff
= 16
Circuit noise (SPICE simulation)
Electronics is too precise!
Need very small
currents/capacitors to get low
SNR
Index
Chip design
REACTION CIRCUIT DAC
CONNECTION
MATRIX
OUTPUT GENERATOR DAC
DAC
DAC
OUTPUT GENERATOR
OUTPUT GENERATOR
STATE
VARIABLES
CAPACITOR
INPUT CONDITIONER
INPUT CONDITIONER
INPUT CONDITIONER
DAC
CAPACITOR DAC
CAPACITOR DAC
CAPACITOR DAC
CURRENT
REFERENCE VOLTAGE GENERATOR
REFERENCE
CONNECTION
MATRIX
I
N
P
U
T
S
O
U
T
P
U
T
S
SHIFT
REGISTER
P
R
O
G
R
A
M
M
I
N
G
Block diagram
1.5mm 1.5mm
32 state variables, 160
reactions, 8 inputs, 16 outputs
driver)
Connectivity (arbitrary)
Rate constants (2
10
: 1)
Initial conditions (2
16
: 1)
Reaction volumes (2
5
: 1)
Index
A + A
k
1
B
k
2
C
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
0
500
1000
A
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
0
200
400
600
B
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
0
200
400
C
Running time = 600s
Programming k
2
A
k
1
k
2
B
0 50 100 150
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Time (s)
I
A
,

I
B

(
n
A
)
Programming initial conditions
Index
Gene-protein interaction networks
Y
*
DNA
Y Y
*
S
Y
X
*
X X
*
S
X
ENHANCER
PROMOTER GENE
REPRESSOR
INDUCER
RNAp
ACTIVATOR
INDUCER
mRNA
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
P
P
P
PROTEIN
Index
Gene-protein interaction network model
Process Model
Induction S + X X
Activation f
A
(X
), f
R
(X
)
Input function A = g (f
1
, f
2
, ..., f
n
)
Future Work Transcription A
k
r
mRNA

r
Translation mRNA
k
p
P

p
Also need to account for

Transcription and translation delay
Noise in [mRNA] and P
Index
Process Model
Induction S + X X
Activation f
A
(X
), f
R
(X
)
1
, f
2
, ..., f
n
)
k
r
mRNA

r
Translation mRNA
k
p
P

p

Index
Process Model
Induction S + X X
Activation f
A
(X
), f
R
(X
)
1
, f
2
, ..., f
n
)
k
r
mRNA

r
Translation mRNA
k
p
P

p

Index
Process Model
Induction S + X X
Activation f
A
(X
), f
R
(X
)
1
, f
2
, ..., f
n
)
k
r
mRNA

r
Translation mRNA
k
p
P

p

Index
Process Model
Induction S + X X
Activation f
A
(X
), f
R
(X
)
1
, f
2
, ..., f
n
)
k
r
mRNA

r
Translation mRNA
k
p
P

p

Index
Process Model
Induction S + X X
Activation f
A
(X
), f
R
(X
)
1
, f
2
, ..., f
n
)
k
r
mRNA

r
Translation mRNA
k
p
P

p

Index
Circuit for adjusting SNR
Using only intrinsic device noise is unreliable for very low-SNR
simulations
CURRENT
MODE
INTEGRATOR
CCO LFSR
v
mRNA
I
ACTV
exp
2I
A
C
i
mRNA
snr
Poisson Statistics
SNR =
snr
_
2
A
q
osc
_
I
mRNA
A
=
C
T
I
A
Index
Circuit for adjusting SNR
Using only intrinsic device noise is unreliable for very low-SNR
simulations
CURRENT
MODE
INTEGRATOR
CCO LFSR
v
mRNA
I
ACTV
exp
2I
A
C
i
mRNA
snr
Poisson Statistics
SNR =
snr
_
2
A
q
osc
_
I
mRNA
A
=
C
T
I
A
Index
Proof-of-concept gene-protein interaction network chip
1.5mm 1.5mm
6 gene circuits, 16 inputs
driver)
Input function (arbitrary)
Synthesis and degradation
rates (2
5
: 1)
Transcription delay (2
10
: 1)
SNR (2
10
: 1)
Cell volume (2
5
: 1)
S. Mandal, R. Sarpeshkar, Circuit models of stochastic genetic networks, BIOCAS, Beijing, November 2009.
Index
Experimental results: Noise
Probability distribution
(theory versus experiment)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
N
mRNA
/SNR
p
(
N
m
R
N
A
)

SNR = 11.1
SNR = 21.3
SNR = 42.8
SNR programming
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
10
20
30
40
50
snr
S
N
R
m
R
N
A
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
50
100
150
snr
S
N
R
p
r
n
Index
Experimental results: Noise
Probability distribution
(theory versus experiment)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
N
mRNA
/SNR
p
(
N
m
R
N
A
)

SNR = 11.1
SNR = 21.3
SNR = 42.8
SNR programming
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
10
20
30
40
50
snr
S
N
R
m
R
N
A
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
50
100
150
snr
S
N
R
p
r
n
Index
Experimental results: Coherent feed-forward loop
Common motif in intra-cellular transcription networks
Pulse-width-sensitive logic element
Y
Z
X
AND
S
X
S
Y
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (s)
I
n
d
u
c
e
r

S
X

(
n
A
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
50
100
Time (s)
P
r
o
t
e
i
n
s

X
,

Y
,

Z

(
n
A
)

X
Y
Z
Brief input pulse
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (s)
I
n
d
u
c
e
r

S
X

(
n
A
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
50
100
Time (s)
P
r
o
t
e
i
n
s

X
,

Y
,

Z

(
n
A
)

X
Y
Z
Longer input pulse
Index
Y
Z
X
AND
S
X
S
Y
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (s)
I
n
d
u
c
e
r

S
X

(
n
A
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
50
100
Time (s)
P
r
o
t
e
i
n
s

X
,

Y
,

Z

(
n
A
)

X
Y
Z
Brief input pulse
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (s)
I
n
d
u
c
e
r

S
X

(
n
A
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
50
100
Time (s)
P
r
o
t
e
i
n
s

X
,

Y
,

Z

(
n
A
)

X
Y
Z
Longer input pulse
Index
Y
Z
X
AND
S
X
S
Y
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (s)
I
n
d
u
c
e
r

S
X

(
n
A
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
50
100
Time (s)
P
r
o
t
e
i
n
s

X
,

Y
,

Z

(
n
A
)

X
Y
Z
Brief input pulse
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (s)
I
n
d
u
c
e
r

S
X

(
n
A
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
50
100
Time (s)
P
r
o
t
e
i
n
s

X
,

Y
,

Z

(
n
A
)

X
Y
Z
Longer input pulse
Index
The way forward
Ultra-fast simulations of large-scale biochemical networks
GENE CHIP
A
C
T
I
V
A
T
I
O
N
F
U
N
C
T
I
O
N
S
T
R
A
N
S
C
R
I
P
T
I
O
N
T
R
A
N
S
L
A
T
I
O
N
PROTEIN CHIP
INPUTS
I
N
P
U
T
S
MASS
ACTION
DYNAMICS
Creation of circuit-based design, simulation, and analysis tools for
systems and synthetic biology
Study of disease models
Index
The way forward
GENE CHIP
A
C
T
I
V
A
T
I
O
N
F
U
N
C
T
I
O
N
S
T
R
A
N
S
C
R
I
P
T
I
O
N
T
R
A
N
S
L
A
T
I
O
N
PROTEIN CHIP
INPUTS
I
N
P
U
T
S
MASS
ACTION
DYNAMICS
Index
The way forward
GENE CHIP
A
C
T
I
V
A
T
I
O
N
F
U
N
C
T
I
O
N
S
T
R
A
N
S
C
R
I
P
T
I
O
N
T
R
A
N
S
L
A
T
I
O
N
PROTEIN CHIP
INPUTS
I
N
P
U
T
S
MASS
ACTION
DYNAMICS
Index
Model of intrinsic gene noise
B+X
*
B
*
k
a
a
f
A
(X
*
)
k
r
mRNA
r
k
p
prn
p
A
prn
(a)
(b)
r
k
p
p
s
1
s
1
mRNA
(c)
1/
r
1+s/
r
mRNA 1/
p
1+s/
p
prn
k
p
k
r
k
r
A
4k
r
A
4k
p
mRNA
A
Condition
2
mRNA

2
P
p

r
mRNA P (1 + k
p
/
r
)
r

p
mRNA P (1 + k
p
/
p
)
Index
Transcription delay
D
RST
Q
CLK T
D
DELAY
D
V
d
d
ACTV
ACTD
1 2 M
DCO
f
D
T
D
= (M + 1/2) /f
D
SNR = 12(M + 1/2)
2
SNR adjustment
CURRENT
MODE
INTEGRATOR
CCO LFSR
v
mRNA
I
ACTV
exp
2I
A
C
i
mRNA
snr
SNR =
snr
_
2
A
q
osc
_
I
mRNA
A
=
C
T
I
A
Index
Gene regulation model
Process Model Implementation
Induction S + X X
[X
] = [S][X]/K
SX
Activation f
A
(X
), f
R
(X
) f
A
=
max
(X
> K
I
), f
R
= f
A
1
, f
2
, ..., f
n
) A =
i
_
j
{f
A
, f
R
}
_
Transcription A
k
r
mRNA

r
[mRNA] = A
_
k
r
/
r
1+s/
r
_
Translation mRNA
k
p
P

p
[P] = [mRNA]
_
k
p
/
p
1+s/
p
_
Index
Vdd
i
X
i
X
v
X
v
S
V
REF
SX
I
0
V
REF
v
X
*
i
X
*
I
I
0
Vdd
f
R
(X
*
)
f
A
(X
*
)
INDUCTION ACTIVATION
Induction and activation
ACTV
g(f
1
,f
2
, ... ,f
n
)
INPUT FUNCTION
I
ACTV
Vdd
f
1
f
2
f
n
Input function generation
DELAY
TIME
D
ACTV
DYNAMICS
mRNA
I
mRNA
DYNAMICS
PROTEIN
k
r
,
r
,
snr
I
ACTV
k
p
,
p
I
prn
Transcription and translation
Index
Vdd
i
X
i
X
v
X
v
S
V
REF
SX
I
0
V
REF
v
X
*
i
X
*
I
I
0
Vdd
f
R
(X
*
)
f
A
(X
*
)
ACTV
g(f
1
,f
2
, ... ,f
n
)
INPUT FUNCTION
I
ACTV
Vdd
f
1
f
2
f
n
DELAY
TIME
D
ACTV
DYNAMICS
mRNA
I
mRNA
DYNAMICS
PROTEIN
k
r
,
r
,
snr
I
ACTV
k
p
,
p
I
prn
Index
Vdd
i
X
i
X
v
X
v
S
V
REF
SX
I
0
V
REF
v
X
*
i
X
*
I
I
0
Vdd
f
R
(X
*
)
f
A
(X
*
)
ACTV
g(f
1
,f
2
, ... ,f
n
)
INPUT FUNCTION
I
ACTV
Vdd
f
1
f
2
f
n
DELAY
TIME
D
ACTV
DYNAMICS
mRNA
I
mRNA
DYNAMICS
PROTEIN
k
r
,
r
,
snr
I
ACTV
k
p
,
p
I
prn
Index
Chip design
ACTIVATION TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
DACs DACs DACs
DACs DACs DACs
DACs DACs DACs
CONNECTION
MATRIX
INPUT
CONDITIONERS REFERENCE
CURRENT POWER-ON
RESET
SHIFT
REGISTER
INPUTS
P
R
O
G
R
A
M
M
I
N
G
O
U
T
P
U
T
S
Block diagram
1.5mm 1.5mm
6 gene circuits, 16 inputs
driver)
Input function (arbitrary)
Synthesis and degradation
rates (2
5
: 1)
Transcription delay (2
10
: 1)
SNR (2
10
: 1)
Cell volume (2
5
: 1)
Index
Test setup & data acquisition
MATLAB
ANALOG OUT
DIGITAL OUT
NI DAQPad
COMPUTER
USB
SCOPES
PROTEIN
NETWORK
CHIP
GENE
NETWORK
CHIP
GPIB
FUNCTION
GENERATORS
SOURCE
METERS
PROG
TRIG
Index
Experimental results: Activation
S + X X
I
X
= I
S
I
X
/
SX
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Time (s)
I
S

(
n
A
)

Inducer concentration
200
400
600
800
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time (s)
log[I
X
(nA)]
I
m
R
N
A

(
n
A
)
mRNA concentration
Index
Experimental results: SNR adjustment
The number of mRNA molecules should follow a Poisson distribution
N
mRNA
=
snr
_
2
0
q
osc
_
I
mRNA
N
mRNA
= SNR
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
N
mRNA
/SNR
p
(
N
m
R
N
A
)

SNR = 11.1
SNR = 21.3
SNR = 42.8
Theory versus experiment
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
10
20
30
40
50
snr
S
N
R
m
R
N
A
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
50
100
150
snr
S
N
R
p
r
n
SNR programming
Index
Experimental results: Ring oscillator (reprissilator)
First synthesized in E.coli in 2000 (Elowitz & Leibler)
X Y Z
S
I
0 500 1000 1500
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (s)
I
n
h
i
b
i
t
o
r

S
I

(
n
A
)
0 500 1000 1500
0
50
100
Time (s)
P
r
o
t
e
i
n
s

X
,

Y
,

Z

(
n
A
)
Index
Chaotic circuits
Multi-user spread-spectrum communication using chaos
b
T
(a)
SOURCE
OUT
M-DCSK
DELAY
IN
M-DCSK
ACCUMULATOR
CORRELATOR
THRESHOLD
DECODER DATA
OUT
DATA SOURCE
DELAY
CHAOTIC
(b)
c
i
c
T i
c
T i
T
Communication scheme
R
R
S R
1
2
clk
1
V
Q
V
R
Q
LATCH
RS
C
S S
1 2
+
+
clk
v(t)
t
V
V
t = t
V
t
t
V
V
T T
b
R
n2
n+1
R
n
n-1
n1
Chaos generation circuit
S.Mandal and S. Banerjee,
Analysis and CMOS implementation of a chaos-based communication
system, IEEE TCAS-I, September 2004.
Index
Die photograph (0.25 m CMOS)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
20
30
40
50
f (MHz)
P
S
D

(
d
B
)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
20
30
40
50
f (MHz)
P
S
D

(
d
B
)
Experimental and theoretical power spectra
Examples of biology helping electronics
1
An ear-inspired companding algorithm has helped
speech-recognition systems improve performance in noise.
2
An asychronous stochastic sampling algorithm inspired by spiking
neuronal networks has helped encode music and lower
stimulation power.
3
A spike-based neuron-inspired ADC is the rst time-based ADC to
have O(N) versus O
_
2
N
_
scaling and also was state-of-the-art in
energy efciency at time of publication (still within a factor of 2 of
world record with no optimization).
4
A spike-based high-dynamic-range CMOS imager is highly energy
efcient.
5
An audio silicon cochlea has led to a highly-energy-efcient
digitally-programmable bionic ear processor.
Index
Examples of biology helping electronics: References
1
L. Turicchia and R. Sarpeshkar,A Bio-Inspired Companding Strategy for Spectral
Enhancement, IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp.
243-253, March 2005.
2
J. Sit, A. M. Simonson, A. J. Oxenham, M. A. Faltys, and R. Sarpeshkar, A low-power
asynchronous interleaved sampling algorithm for cochlear implants that encodes envelope
and phase information, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 54, pp.
138-149, 2007.
3
H. Yang and R. Sarpeshkar, A Time-Based Energy-Efcient Analog-to-Digital Converter,
IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 40, No. 8, pp. 1590-1601, August 2005.
4
L. Turicchia, M. OHalloran, D. P. Kumar, and R. Sarpeshkar, A Low-Power Imager and
Compression Algorithms for a Brain-Machine Visual Prosthesis for the Blind, Invited
Paper, Proceedings of the SPIE, Vol. 7035, pp. 703510-1:703510-13, San Diego, 10-14
August 2008.
5
R. Sarpeshkar, C. Salthouse, J.J. Sit, M. Baker, S. Zhak, T. Lu, L. Turicchia, and S. Balster,
An Ultra-Low-Power Programmable Analog Bionic Ear Processor, IEEE Transactions on
Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 711-727, April 2005.
Index
Cochlea-inspired companding algorithm
Companding ON Companding OFF
This algorithm helps cochlear implant users hear better in the presence
of noise, improving speech-recognition performance.
The algorithm can be modied to improve detection of RF signals in
noise and perform interferer cancellation. We plan to use such
algorithms to build smart cochlea-based radios.
Index
Example of electronics helping biology
Negative feedback and sufcient gain-bandwidth enable amplication upto 100kHz with
slow outer hair cells (1ms time constant)
Cochlear model
T. K. Lu, S. Zhak, P. Dallos and R. Sarpeshkar,
Fast cochlear amplication with slow outer hair cells, Hearing Research, April 2006.
Index
Implanted biomedical systems
Neural prostheses
Index
Implanted biomedical systems
Retinal implants
Index
Current research
Scientic instrumentation
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensors
Frequency control for all-dielectric electron accelerators
High-temperature electronics
Schlumberger-Doll Research (SDR),
Cambridge MA
0 50 100 150 200
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Time (ms)
O
u
t
p
u
t

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

Data
Fit, T
2
= 95ms
Measured CPMG spin echo train in a
fringe-eld system
Index
Any questions?
Contact information
Email: soumya@mit.edu, SMandal@slb.com
Webpage: https://sites.google.com/site/soumyajitmandal1979/
https://xkcd.com/184/

Analog Circuits For Ultra-Broadband Sensing

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