MALARIA

DESCRIPTION
Malaria is caused by a
parasite called
Plasmodium, which is
transmitted ia the bites
o! in!ected mos"uitoes#
In the human body, the
parasites multiply in the
lier, and then in!ect red
blood cells#
SI$NS % S&MPTOMS
Recurrent chills
'eer
Pro!use sweatin(
)nemia
Malaise
*epatome(aly
Spleenome(aly
12 days for P.
Falciparum
14 days for P.
vivax and ovale
30 days for P. malariae
Risk factor
The ariety that
causes the most
lethal complications is
most commonly !ound
in+
)!rican countries
south o! the Sahara
desert
The Indian
subcontinent
Solomon islands,
Papua New $uinea
and *aiti
Risk factor
Risks of more
severe disease
People at increased
ris, o! serious disease
include+
&oun( children and
in!ants
Traellers comin(
!rom areas with no
malaria
Pre(nant women and
their unborn children
Infectious agent
Malaria is produced
by intraethrocytic
parasites o! (enus
plasmodium#
There are !our
parasite species
that cause malaria
in humans+
Plasmodium
falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium
malariae
Plasmodium ovale.
Transmission
Malaria is transmitted
e-clusiely throu(h
the bites
o! Anopheles mos"uit
oes# The intensity o!
transmission depends
on !actors related to
the parasite, the
ector, the human
host, and the
enironment#
Other modes of
transmission
.ecause the parasites
that cause malaria
a/ect red blood cells,
people can also catch
malaria !rom
e-posures to in!ected
blood, includin(+
'rom mother to
unborn child
Throu(h blood
trans!usions
.y sharin( needles
used to in0ect dru(s
Early diagnosis & prompt
treatment
Early dia(nosis is the
identi1cation o! a
patient w2 malaria as
soon as he2she is
seen, throu(h clinical
and2or microscopic
method#
Clinical method
Chemoprophylaxis
Only chloro"uine
dru(s should be
(ien# It must be
ta,en at wee,ly
interals, startin(
!rom 345 wee,s
be!ore enterin( the
endemic area# In
pre(nant women, it is
(ien throu(hout the
duration o!
pre(nancy#
ustainable
pre!enti!e & !ector
control measures
Ob0ectie + To reduce
the source o! in!ection
in the human
population6 man 7
ector contact, and
the density o! the
mos"uito ector
population#
Insecticide 7 t- o!
Mos"uito Net
*ouse Sprayin(
On stream Seedin(
On Stream Cleanin(
Recommended
anti"malarial drugs
blood schi8onticides 7
dru(s actin( on
se-ual blood sta(es o!
the parasites w2c are
responsible !or clinical
mani!estations#
Chloro"uine
phosphate 59:
m( ;39:m( base2
tablet
Sul!ado-ine ;or
sul!alene< 9:m(4
pyrimethamine
59m(2tab
=uinine sul!ate
>::m( tab
=uinine hydrochloride
>::m(2ml, 5ml
ampule
Tetracycline
hydrochloride
59:m(2capsule
=uinidine sul!ate
5::m(2durules
=uinidine (lucolate
?:m( ;9:m( base<
ml, 3ml ial
#ther pre!enti!e
measures
@earin( o! clothin(
that coers arms %
le(s in the eenin(#
)oidin( outdoor
ni(ht actiities,
particularly durin( the
ectorAs pea, bitin(
hours !rom BPM4 >)M#
Csin( mos"uito
repellents such as
mos"uito coils, soap
lotion or other
personal protection
measures adocated
by the DO*2MCS4
Malarial Control
Serice#
Plantin( o! neem tree
or other herbal plants
w2c are ;potential<
mos"uito repellents
as adocated by the
DO*2MCS
Dooprophyla-is4 the
typin( o! domestic
animals li,e carabao,
cow etc#, near human
dwellin(s to deiate
mos"uito bites !rom
man to these animals#
Complications
In most cases,
malaria deaths are
related to one or
more o! these serious
complications+
ECerebral malaria#
I! parasite41lled blood
cells bloc, small
blood essels to your
brain ;cerebral
malaria<, swellin( o!
your brain or brain
dama(e may occur#
EBreathing
problems#
)ccumulated Fuid in
your lun(s
;pulmonary edema<
can ma,e it diGcult to
breathe#
Organ failure. Malaria can
cause your kidneys or liver to
fail, or your spleen to rupture.
Any of these conditions can be
life-threatening.
Severe anemia. Malaria
damages red blood cells, which
can result in severe anemia.
Low blood sugar. Severe
forms of malaria itself can cause
low blood sugar, as can quinine
one of the most common
medications used to combat
malaria. !ery low blood sugar
can result in coma or death.
Nursing Diagnosis
and Nursing
Interventions for
Malaria
Chan(es in nutrition less
than
body re"uirements related
to inade"uate !ood inta,e,
anore-ia, nausea 2 omitin(
Nursin( Interention +
$ie e-tra !ood to eat
little and small#
Rational+ (astric dilatation
may occur when !eedin(
too !ast a!ter a period o!
anore-ia#
Maintain a schedule o!
re(ular body wei(ht#
Rational+ Monitors the
e/ectieness o! wei(ht
loss or nutrition
interention#
5# *i(h ris, o! in!ection
related to a decrease in body
systems ;main de!ence is
inade"uate<, inasie
procedures#
Nursin( Interention+
Monitor body temperature
increases#
Rational+ 'eer caused by
the e/ects o! endoto-in
on the hypothalamus and
hypothermia are
important si(ns that
reFect the deelopment
status o! shoc, 2 decrease
in tissue per!usion#
Obsere the chills and
diaphoresis#
Rational+ Shierin( o!ten
precedes the hei(ht o! the
temperature on a
common in!ection#
># *yperthermia is related
to increased metabolism o!
circulatin( (erm dehydration
direct e/ect on the
hypothalamus#
Nursin( Interention+
Monitor patientHs
temperature ;de(ree and
pattern<, note the chills#
Rational+ *ipertermi
showed an
acute in!ectious
disease process# The
pattern o! !eer indicates
a dia(nosis#
Monitor the temperature
o! the enironment#
Rational+ The
temperature o! the
room 2 the number o!
sheets should be
chan(ed to maintain the
temperature close to
normal#
1. The patient must be
closely monitored.
A. Intake and output
should be closely
monitored to prevent
pulmonary edema.
B. Daily monitoring of
patients serum
bilirubin, B!
creatinine,
and parasitic count
". If the patient e#hibits
respiratory and renal
symptoms, determine the
arterial blood gas and
plasma electrolyte
$. During the febrile stage,
tepid sponges, alcohol rubs,
and ice cap on the head %ill
help bring the temperature
do%n.
&. Application of e#ternal
heat and offering hot drinks
during chilling stage is
helpful.
'. (rovide comfort and
psychological support.
Malarial smear In this
procedure, a 1lm o!
blood is placed on a
slide, stained, and
e-amined
microscopically#
Rapid diagnostic test
(RD! 7 This is a blood
test !or malaria that can
be conducted outside
the laboratory and in the
1eld# It (ies a result
within 3: to 39
minutes# This is done to
detect malarial parasite
anti(en in the blood#