Physics 2: HSC Course, 2

nd
edition (Andriessen et al, 2003), Chapter 11
1
MODULE: FROM IDEAS TO IMPLEMENTATION
Chapter 11: The photoelectric effect and black body radiation
(Questions, pages 205-206)
1.
P = 0.10 mV = 10
-4
W
= 5.0 x 10
-7
m
c = 3 x 10
8
m s
-1
(a) c = f
f =

c
=
7
1 8
10 0 . 5
10 3

x
ms x
f = 6.0 x 10
14
Hz
(b) h = 6.63 x 10
-34
J s
E = hf
= 6.63 x 10
-34
x 6 x 10
14
= 4.0 x 10
-19
J for 1 photon
(c) Number of photons per second = energy per second (power)
energy for 1 photon
=
19
4
10 4
10

x
= 2.5 x 10
14
2.
f = 7 x 10
15
Hz
KE
max
= 9.0 x 10
-19
J
(a) Electric field does work on electrons.
qV = KE
q = 1.6 x 10
-19
C
1.6 x 10
-19
x V = 9.0 x 10
-19
V = 5.6 V
(b) hf = W
f
+ KE
max
6.63 x 10
-34
x 7 x 10
15
= W
f
+ 9.0 x 10
-19
W
f
= 3.7 x 10
-18
J
Physics 2: HSC Course, 2
nd
edition (Andriessen et al, 2003), Chapter 11
2
(c) W
f
= hf
threshold freq
3.7 x 10
-18
= 6.63 x 10
-34
x f
f = 5.6 x 10
15
Hz
6. (a) Positively (and the collector will be negative to repel).
(b)
frequency Hz
x 10
14
Kinetic energy = qV
5.4
6.8
7.3
8.1
9.4
11.9
1.6 x 10
-19
x 0.45 = 0.72 J
1.6 x 10
-19
x 1.00 = 1.6 x 10
-19
J
1.6 x 10
-19
x 1.15 = 1.84 x 10
-19
J
1.6 x 10
-19
x 1.59 = 2.5 x 10
-19
J
1.6 x 10
-19
x 2.15 = 3.4 x 10
-19
J
1.6 x 10
-19
x 2.91 = 4.7 x 10
-19
J
<take in figure 11A graph>
(c) Threshold frequency = 4.4 x 10
14
Hz
(d) gradient =
14
19
10 6 . 5
10 8 . 3
x
x

= 6.8 x 10
-34
J s
therefore Plancks constant h = 6.8 x 10
-34
J s
Explanation:
hf = W
f
+ KE
max
Wf
axis x
f
h
axis y
KE

max
Note: answers will vary slightly as from graph.
(e) W
f
= 3 x 10
-19
J (y-axis intercept)
7. In the photon model, the energy of each packet is dependent on the frequency of the
radiation. An electron can only use one packet of energy and if this is not equal to or
greater than its work function, the electron is not released. Each material needs a
different amount of energy and therefore has its own threshold frequency.
The wave model involves a continuous stream of energy arriving and, when
sufficient energy has arrived, the electron should be released, regardless of frequency.
8. Energy is lost by the photon in the collision and hence its frequency decreases. The
expected wavelength would have increased as c = f.
Physics 2: HSC Course, 2
nd
edition (Andriessen et al, 2003), Chapter 11
3
9.
f = 4.63 x 10
14
Hz
Energy change of electrons = energy of red light photon
= hf
= 6.63 x 10
-34
x 4.63 x 10
14
= 3.1 x 10
-19
J
10.
E = 2.00 x 10
-17
J
= 5.50 x 10
-7
m

c
f =
=
7
8
10 5 . 5
10 0 . 3

x
x
= 5.4 x 10
14
Hz
Energy of 1 photon = hf
= 6.63 x 10
-34
x 5.4 x 10
14
= 36.2 x 10
-20
Number of photons =
20
17
10 2 . 36
10 00 . 2

x
x
= 55.3
= 56
11.
Power = energy per second
Energy of red photons = hf = h

c
=
7
8 34
10 0 . 6
10 3 10 6 . 6
x
x x x

= 3.3 x 10
-33
J
Energy of blue photons =
7
8 34
10 50 . 4
10 3 10 6 . 6

x
x x x
= 4.4 x 10
-33
J
Number of photons per joule =
hf
1
Physics 2: HSC Course, 2
nd
edition (Andriessen et al, 2003), Chapter 11
4
= 2.27 x 10
32
for blue
= 3.03 x 10
32
for red
Therefore rate is 3.03 to 2.27 for red compared to blue or 1.33 to 1.
12.
KE = 4.0 x 10
-19
J
(a) Work done in crossing = qV
= 1.6 x 10
-19
x 0.90 V
i.e. energy loss = 1.44 x 10
-19
J
Hence KE of electron = 4.0 x 10
-19
- 1.44 x 10
-19
J
= 2.56 x 10
-19
J
(b) Minimum retarding voltage given by
KE = qV
4.0 x 10
-19
= 1.6 x 10
-19
x V
V = 2.5 V
(c) If 4.3 V is needed to stop all electrons,
then KE
max
= qV
= 1.6 x 10
-19
x 4.3
= 6.9 x 10
-19
J
(d) The maximum current (electrons crossing) occurs when the retarding voltage is
zero. When the voltage is 4.3 V, no electrons cross and hence photocurrent is zero. If
the intensity is constant, the current is constant until the voltage is close to the
stopping voltage.
<take in figure 11B graph>
13.
Similarities Differences
All are electromagnetic transverse
waves.
All travel at the speed of light, c (3 x
10
8
m s
-1
).
Produced by the oscillation of
charges.
All have wave properties of
reflection, refraction, interference,
diffraction and polarisation.
Differ in frequency and hence
wavelength (as all travel at the same
speed in a vacuum).
Energy per quantum (E = hf).
Effect on cells (potential hazard to
people).
Ability to penetrate materials (e.g.
the atmosphere).
Reflection by materials (radio waves
are reflected by the ionosphere).
Scale of charge oscillation for
production.
Effect on sensors (eyes sensitive to
light).
Physics 2: HSC Course, 2
nd
edition (Andriessen et al, 2003), Chapter 11
5
14.
(a) f = 104.9 MHz = 104.9 x 10
6
Hz
=
f
c
=
6
8
10 9 . 104
10 3
x
x
= 2.86 m
(b) E = hf
= 6.63 x 10
-34
x 104.9 x 10
6
Hz
= 6.95 x 10
-26
J
15. Long-wave radio waves, microwave radio waves, infra-red light, red light, blue
light, X-rays, gamma waves.
16. Hertz demonstrated the speed, reflection, refraction, polarisation and their ability
to pass through walls, and that radio waves were stopped (absorbed) by conductors.
17.
= 2.5 x 10
-11
m
f =

c
E = hf
= 6.63 x 10
-34
x
11
8
10 5 . 2
10 3

x
x
= 7.9 x 10
-15
J
18. At the higher temperature, the maximum intensity radiated by any wavelength
would be greater and would occur for a smaller wavelength. That is, the black body
would radiate greater amounts of electromagnetic radiation of a smaller wavelength
and less of the higher wavelengths, although the total amount radiated would be
increased.