THE ULTIMATE SOL REVIEW

PACKET
Part I: Major World Religions
Abraham Constantine the Great Hinduism Mecca sacraments
Ali David icons Medina scholasticism
apostles dharma imam monasticism Shia
Babylonian Captivity Eastern Orthodoxy slam Moses shrine
basilica ecclesiastical !erusalem mos"ue Siddartha Gautama
Bible Ei#ht$old %ath !esus o$ &a'areth Muhammad Simon %eter
Buddhism Enli#htenment !e(ish Diaspora nirvana Solomon
caliph ethical monotheism )ihad papacy Sunni
caste Exodus !udaism %aul o$ *arsus syna#o#ue
cathedral +ive %illars o$ slam ,arma prophets *aoism
Christianity +our &oble *ruths -oran reincarnation *en Commandments
Con$ucianism #ospels martyrdom .oman Catholicism *orah

By /011 A2D23 the 4ve (orld reli#ions
had spread to many areas o$ the
Eastern Hemisphere2
5here (ere the 4ve (orld reli#ions
located around /011 A2D26
Location and i!ortance o" #orld religions in
$%&& A'(2
!udaism7Concentrated in Europe and the Middle
East
Christianity7Concentrated in Europe and the
Middle East
slam7%arts o$ Asia3 A$rica3 and southern Europe
Hinduism7ndia and part o$ Southeast Asia

+ive (orld reli#ions have had a
pro$ound impact on culture and
civili'ation2
5hat are some characteristics o$ the
4ve ma)or (orld reli#ions6
)*dais
Monotheism
*en Commandments o$ moral and reli#ious
conduct
*orah75ritten record and belie$s o$ Hebre(s
C+ristianit,
Monotheism
!esus as Son o$ God
8i$e a$ter death
&e( *estament78i$e and teachin#s o$ !esus
Establishment o$ Christian doctrine by early
church councils
Isla
Monotheism
Muhammad the prophet
-oran
+ive %illars o$ slam
Mecca and Medina
-*dd+is
+ounder7Siddhartha Gautama 9Buddha:
+our &oble *ruths
Ei#ht$old %ath to Enli#htenment
Spread o$ Buddhism $rom ndia to China and
other parts o$ Asia3 resultin# $rom Aso,as
missionaries and their (ritin#s
Hind*is
Many $orms o$ one deity
Caste system
.eincarnation
-arma7+uture reincarnation based on present
behavior
+ive (orld reli#ions have had a
pro$ound impact on culture and
civili'ation2 *hese reli#ions are
$ound (orld(ide3 but their $ollo(ers
tend to be concentrated in certain
#eo#raphic areas2
5here are the $ollo(ers o$ the 4ve
(orld reli#ions concentrated6
.eogra!+ical distri/*tion o" #orld0s ajor
religions
!udaism7Concentrated in srael and &orth
America
Christianity 7Concentrated in Europe3 &orth
and South America
slam7Concentrated in the Middle East3 A$rica3
and Asia

Part II: World E!ires and E1!loration
architecture Commercial .evolution +rancis Dra,e maritime ra( materials
astrolabe commodity +rancisco %i''arro mercantilism sel$;su<icient
astronomy compass Hernan Corte' Middle %assa#e sho#un
Atlantic slave trade con"uistador indi#enous Mon#ol Empire Sil, .oad
ban,in# Constantinople=stanbul !ac"ues Cartier Mu#hal Empire smallpox
caravel credit )oint;stoc, company navi#ation *a) Mahal
ceramics cultural di<usion lateen sail Ottoman Empire textiles
Christopher Columbus +erdinand and sabella manu$actured #oods porcelain trian#le trade
Columbian Exchan#e +erdinand Ma#ellan Marco %olo %rince Henry the
&avi#ator
>asco da Gama

By /011 A2D23 ma)or states and
empires had developed in various
re#ions o$ the (orld2
On the (orld political map3 (here (ere
some o$ the ma)or states and empires
located around /011 A2D26
Location o" soe o" t+e ajor states and
e!ires in t+e Eastern Heis!+ere
En#land
+rance
Spain
.ussia
Ottoman Empire
%ersia
China
Mu#hal ndia
Son#hai Empire
Location o" ajor states and e!ires in t+e
Western Heis!+ere
ncan Empire
Mayan Empire
A'tec Empire
By /0113 re#ional trade patterns
had developed that lin,ed A$rica3
the Middle East3 Asia3 and Europe2
5hat (ere the re#ional tradin#
patterns around /011 A2D26
5hy (ere the re#ional tradin# patterns
important6
Traditional trade !atterns lin2ing E*ro!e #it+
Asia and A"rica
Sil, roads across Asia to the Mediterranean
basin
Maritime routes across the ndian Ocean
*rans;Saharan routes across &orth A$rica
&orthern European lin,s (ith the Blac, Sea
5estern European sea and river trade
South China Sea and lands o$ Southeast Asia
I!ortance o" trade !atterns
By /011 A2D23 technolo#ical and
scienti4c advancements had been
exchan#ed amon# cultures o$ the
(orld2
5hat technolo#ical and scienti4c
advancements had been made and
exchan#ed by /011 A2D26
Ad3anceents e1c+anged along trade ro*tes
%aper3 compass3 sil,3 porcelain 9China:
*extiles3 numeral system 9ndia and Middle East:
Scienti4c trans$er7Medicine3 astronomy3
*he expandin# economies o$
European states stimulated
increased trade (ith mar,ets in
Asia2 5ith the loss o$
Constantinople in /?0@3 European
nations $rontin# the Atlantic sou#ht
ne( maritime routes $or trade2
5hy (ere Europeans interested in
discoverin# ne( lands and mar,ets6
5ho (ere some important explorers6
4actors contri/*ting to t+e E*ro!ean disco3er,
o" lands in t+e Western Heis!+ere
Demand $or #old3 spices3 and natural resources
in Europe
Support $or the di<usion o$ Christianity
%olitical and economic competition bet(een
European empires
nnovations in navi#ational arts 9European and
slamic ori#ins:
%ioneerin# role o$ %rince Henry the &avi#ator
Esta/lis+ent o" o3erseas e!ires and
deciation o" indigeno*s !o!*lations
%ortu#al7>asco da Gama
Spain7Christopher Columbus3 Hernando Corte'3
One motive $or exploration (as to
spread the Christian reli#ion2
Ho( did the expansion o$ European
empires into the Americas3 A$rica3 and
Asia a<ect the reli#ion in those areas6
Means o" di5*sion o" C+ristianit,
Mi#ration o$ colonists to ne( lands
nAuence o$ Catholics and %rotestants3 (ho
carried their $aith3 lan#ua#e3 and cultures to
ne( lands
Conversion o$ indi#enous peoples
Europeans mi#rated to ne(
colonies in the Americas3 creatin#
ne( cultural and social patterns2
Europeans established tradin#
posts and colonies in A$rica and
Asia2
5hat (as the e<ect o$ European
mi#ration and settlement on the
Americas3 A$rica3 and Asia6
Aericas
Expansion o$ overseas territorial claims and
European emi#ration to &orth and South
America
Demise o$ A'tec3 Maya3 and nca Empires
8e#acy o$ a ri#id class system and dictatorial
rule in 8atin America
+orced mi#ration o$ some A$ricans into slavery
Colonies imitation o$ the culture and social
patterns o$ their parent country
A"rica
European tradin# posts alon# the coast
*rade in slaves3 #old3 and other products
Asia
Coloni'ation by small #roups o$ merchants
9ndia3 the ndies3 China:
nAuence o$ tradin# companies 9%ortu#uese3
*he discovery o$ the Americas by
Europeans resulted in an exchan#e
o$ products and resources bet(een
the Eastern and 5estern
Hemispheres2
5hat (as the impact o$ the Columbian
Exchan#e bet(een European and
indi#enous cultures6
Col*/ian E1c+ange
5estern Hemisphere a#ricultural products such
as corn3 potatoes3 and tobacco chan#ed
European li$estyles2
European horses and cattle chan#ed the
li$estyles o$ American ndians 9+irst Americans:2
European diseases li,e smallpox ,illed many
American ndians 9+irst Americans:2
I!act o" t+e Col*/ian E1c+ange
Shorta#e o$ labor to #ro( cash crops led to the
use o$ A$rican slaves2
Slavery (as based on race2
European plantation system in the Caribbean and
the Americas destroyed indi#enous economics
and dama#ed the environment2
*he European nations established a
trade pattern ,no(n as the
trian#ular trade and exported
precious metals $rom the Americas2
5hat (as the trian#ular trade6
5hat (as the impact o$ precious metal
exports $rom the Americas6
*he trian#ular trade lin,ed Europe3 A$rica3 and the
Americas2 Slaves3 su#ar3 and rum (ere traded2
E1!ort o" !recio*s etals
Gold and silver 9exported to Europe and Asia:
mpact on indi#enous empires o$ the Americas
mpact on Spain and international trade
*he Ottoman Empire emer#ed as a
political and economic po(er
$ollo(in# the con"uest o$
Constantinople2
*he Ottomans brou#ht much o$
Muslim territory in South(est Asia
and &orth A$rica under their rule2
5here (as the Ottoman Empire
located and ho( did it expand6
Original location o" t+e Ottoan E!ire
Asia Minor
E1!ansion and e1tent o" t+e Ottoan E!ire
South(est Asia
Southeastern Europe3 Bal,an %eninsula
&orth A$rica
(e3elo!ent o" t+e Ottoan E!ire
Capital at Constantinople renamed stanbul
slamic reli#ion as a uni$yin# $orce that accepted
other reli#ions
*rade in co<ee and ceramics
Descendants o$ the Mon#ols3 the
Muslim Mu#hal 9Mo#ul: rulers
established an empire in northern
ndia2
*he Mu#hal Empire traded (ith
European nations2
5hat (ere the contributions o$ the
Mu#hal emperors o$ ndia6
Ho( did the Mu#hal Empire trade (ith
European nations6
Location o" t+e M*g+al E!ire
&orth ndia
Contri/*tions o" M*g+al r*lers
Spread o$ slam into ndia
Art and architecture7*a) Mahal
Arrival o$ European tradin# outposts
nAuence o$ ndian textiles on British textile
industry
Trade #it+ E*ro!ean nations
%ortu#al3 En#land3 and the &etherlands
competed $or the ndian Ocean trade by
China and !apan sou#ht to limit the
inAuence and activities o$ European
merchants2
Ho( did the Chinese and !apanese
attempt to limit the inAuence o$
European merchants6
C+ina
Creation o$ $orei#n enclaves to control trade
mperial policy o$ controllin# $orei#n inAuences
and trade
ncrease in European demand $or Chinese #oods
9tea3 porcelain:
)a!an
Characteri'ed by po(erless emperor ruled by
military leader 9sho#un:
Adopted policy o$ isolation to limit $orei#n
*he exportation o$ slaves and
demand $or imported #oods be#an
to alter traditional economic
patterns in A$rica2
Ho( did A$rica become involved in
$orei#n trade6
A"rican e1!orts
Slaves 9trian#ular trade:
.a( materials
A"rican i!orts
Manu$actured #oods $rom Europe3 Asia3 and the
Americas
&e( $ood products 9corn3 peanuts:
European maritime nations
competed $or overseas mar,ets3
colonies3 and resources3 creatin#
ne( economic practices3 such as
mercantilism3 lin,in# European
nations (ith their colonies2
5hat (ere the roles o$ the Commercial
.evolution and mercantilism in the
#ro(th o$ European nations6
Ters to 2no#
MercantilismB An economic practice adopted by
European colonial po(ers in an e<ort to become
sel$;su<icientC based on the theory that colonies
existed $or the bene4t o$ the mother country
Coercial Re3ol*tion
European maritime nations competed $or
overseas mar,ets3 colonies3 and resources2
A ne( economic system emer#ed2
&e( money and ban,in# systems (ere
created2
Economic practices such as mercantilism
evolved2
Part III: Renaissance6 Re"oration6 and
A/sol*tis
absolute monarchy Genoa Michelan#elo %rotestantism s,illed labor
An#licanism Hamlet Michelan#elos David %uritan sonnets
Calvinism Henry > missionaries .aphael the end )usti4es the
means
Cardinal .ichelieu Hu#uenots Mona 8isa reappropriation *he 8ast Supper
centrali'ation o$ po(er humanism movable type .e$ormation theocracy
corruption humanities nation;state relics theolo#y
Counter .e$ormation indul#ences patron sacraments *hirty Dears 5ar
credit !esuits perspective salvation tithe
cultural exchan#e !ohannes Gutenber# %eter the Great schism tolerance
disseminate !ohn Calvin %etrarch scholarship treatise
divine ri#ht o$ monarchs -in# !ames philosophy School o$ Athens *reaty o$ 5estphalia
divorce 8eonardo Da >inci pope=papacy scienti4c trans$er usury
doctrine 8ouis E> predestination secular >enice
Edict o$ &antes 8utheranism printin# press Sha,espeare >ersailles
Erasmus Machiavelli production Sir *homas More virtues
+lorence Martin 8uther %rotestant F(or, ethicG Sistine Chapel (esterni'ation
&e( intellectual and artistic ideas
that developed durin# the
.enaissance mar,ed the be#innin#
o$ the modern (orld2
5hat (ere the artistic3 literary3 and
intellectual ideas o$ the .enaissance6
Renaissance
F.ebirthG o$ classical ,no(led#e3 FbirthG o$ the
modern (orld
Spread o$ the .enaissance $rom the talian city
states to northern Europe
Contri/*tions o" t+e Renaissance
Accomplishments in the visual arts7
Michelan#elo3 8eonardo da >inci
Accomplishments in literature 9sonnets3 plays3
essays:7Sha,espeare
Accomplishments in intellectual ideas
9humanism:7Erasmus
+or centuries3 the .oman Catholic
Church had little competition in
reli#ious thou#ht and action2 *he
resistance o$ the church to chan#e
led to the %rotestant .e$ormation3
(hich resulted in the birth o$ ne(
political and economic institutions2
5hat (ere the problems and issues
that provo,ed reli#ious re$orms in
5estern Christianity6
5hat (ere the belie$s o$ Martin 8uther3
!ohn Calvin3 and Henry >6
Con7icts t+at c+allenged t+e a*t+orit, o" t+e
C+*rc+ in Roe
Merchant (ealth challen#ed the Churchs vie(
o$ usury2
German and En#lish nobility disli,ed talian
domination o$ the Church2
*he Churchs #reat political po(er and (ealth
caused conAict2
Church corruption and the sale o$ indul#ences
(ere (idespread and caused conAict2
Martin L*t+er 8t+e L*t+eran tradition9
>ie(s7Salvation by $aith alone3 Bible as the
ultimate authority3 all humans e"ual be$ore God
Actions7H0 theses3 birth o$ the %rotestant
Church
)o+n Cal3in 8t+e Cal3inist tradition9
>ie(s7%redestination3 $aith revealed by livin# a
ri#hteous li$e3 (or, ethic
Actions7Expansion o$ the %rotestant Movement
King Henr, VIII 8t+e Anglican tradition9
>ie(s7Dismissed the authority o$ the %ope in
.ome
Actions7DivorcedC bro,e (ith .omeC headed the
national church in En#landC appropriated lands
and (ealth o$ the .oman Catholic Church in
En#land
*he .e$ormation had its roots in
theolo#y3 but it led to important
economic and political chan#es2
.eli#ious di<erences and hatreds
caused (ar and destruction2
5hat (ere the ma)or economic3
political3 and theolo#ical issues
involved in the .e$ormation6
Re"oration in .eran,
%rinces in &orthern Germany converted to
%rotestantism3 endin# authority o$ the %ope in
their states2
*he Hapsbur# $amily and the authority o$ the
Holy .oman Empire continued to support the
.oman Catholic Church2
ConAict bet(een %rotestants and Catholics
resulted in devastatin# (ars 9e2#23 *hirty Dears
5ar:2
Re"oration in England
An#lican Church became a national church
throu#hout the British sles under Eli'abeth 2
*he .e$ormation contributed to the rise o$
capitalism2
Re"oration in 4rance
Catholic monarchy #ranted %rotestant
Hu#uenots $reedom o$ (orship by the Edit o$
&antes 9later revo,ed:2
Cardinal .ichelieu chan#ed the $ocus o$ the
*hirty Dears 5ar $rom a reli#ious to a political
conAict2
Cat+olic Co*nter Re"oration
Catholic Church mounted a series o$ re$orms and
reasserted its authority2
Society o$ !esus 9*he !esuits: (as $ounded to
spread Catholic doctrine around the (orld2
n"uisition (as established to rein$orce Catholic
At 4rst the .e$ormation divided the
countries o$ Europe on reli#ious
principles3 leadin# to reli#ious
intolerance2
%o(er in most European states (as
concentrated in the monarch2
Gradually reli#ious toleration
emer#ed3 alon# (ith democratic
thou#ht2
5hat (ere some o$ the chan#in#
cultural values3 traditions3 and
philosophies durin# the .e$ormation6
5hat (as the role o$ the printin# press
in the spread o$ ne( ideas6
C+anging c*lt*ral 3al*es6 traditions6 and
!+iloso!+ies
Gro(th o$ secularism
Gro(th o$ individualism
Gro(th o$ reli#ious tolerance
Role o" t+e !rinting !ress
Gro(th o$ literacy (as stimulated by the
Gutenber# printin# press2
*he Bible (as printed in En#lish3 +rench3 and
German2
*he A#e o$ Absolutism ta,es its
name $rom a series o$ European
monarchs (ho increased the po(er
o$ their central #overnments2
5ho (ere the absolute monarchs6
5hat e<ect did the absolute monarchs
have on their countries6
C+aracteristics o" a/sol*te onarc+ies
Centrali'ation o$ po(er
Concept o$ rule by divine ri#ht
A/sol*te onarc+s
8ouis E>7+rance3 %alace o$ >ersailles as a
symbol o$ royal po(er
+rederic, the Great7%russia3 emphasis on
military po(er
%eter the Great7.ussia3 (esterni'ation o$ .ussia
Part IV: Enlig+tenent and Re3ol*tion
A#e o$ .eason En#lish Civil 5ar liberalism Oliver Crom(ell *homas Hobbes I
8eviathan
balance o$ po(er Eu#Jne Delacroix Ma#na Carta %rince von Metternich *homas !e<erson
Baron de Montes"uieu Galileo Galilei Maximilien .obespierre rationalism *oussaint 8Ouverture
Bastille Glorious .evolution meritocracy .ei#n o$ *error K2S2 Bill o$ .i#hts
Charles habeas corpus Mi#uel de Cervantes .enL Descartes K2S2 Constitution
Charles saac &e(ton &apoleon republic >oltaire
common(ealth !ean;!ac"ues .ousseau &apoleonic Code scienti4c method 5illiam and Mary
Con#ress o$ >ienna !ohann Sebastian Bach &ational Assembly Simon Bolivar 5illiam Harvey
Declaration o$
ndependence
!ohannes -epler nationalism Sir +rancis Bacon 5ol$#an# Amadeus
Mo'art
democracy !ohn 8oc,e natural ri#hts social contract
En#lish Bill o$ .i#hts
/MNH
le#itimacy &icolaus Copernicus
5ith its emphasis on reasoned
observation and systematic
measurement3 the scienti4c
revolution chan#ed the (ay people
vie(ed the (orld and their place in
it2
5hat (ere some ne( scienti4c
theories and discoveries6
5hat (ere some o$ the e<ects o$ these
ne( theories6
Pioneers o" t+e scienti:c re3ol*tion
&icolaus CopernicusB Developed heliocentric
theory
!ohannes -eplerB Discovered planetary motion
Galileo GalileiB Ksed telescope to support
heliocentric theory
saac &e(tonB Discovered 8a(s o$ Gravity
5illiam HarveyB Discovered circulation o$ the
blood
I!ortance o" t+e scienti:c re3ol*tion
Emphasis on reason and systematic observation
o$ nature
%olitical democracy rests on the
principle that #overnment derives
po(er $rom the consent o$ the
#overned2
*he $oundations o$ En#lish
$reedoms included the )ury trial3 the
Ma#na Carta3 and common la(2 *he
En#lish Civil 5ar and the Glorious
.evolution prompted $urther
Ho( did the En#lish Civil 5ar and the
Glorious .evolution promote the
development o$ the ri#hts o$
En#lishmen6
(e3elo!ent o" t+e rig+ts o" Englis+en
Oliver Crom(ell and the execution o$ Charles
*he restoration o$ Charles
Development o$ political parties=$actions
Glorious .evolution 95illiam and Mary:
ncrease o$ parliamentary po(er over royal
po(er
En#lish Bill o$ .i#hts o$ /MNH
Enli#htenment thin,ers believed
that human pro#ress (as possible
throu#h the application o$ scienti4c
,no(led#e and reason to issues o$
la( and #overnment2
Enli#htenment ideas inAuenced the
leaders o$ the American .evolution
and the (ritin# o$ the Declaration
o$ ndependence2
5ho (ere some Enli#htenment
thin,ers3 and (hat (ere their ideas6
Ho( did philosophers o$ the
Enli#htenment inAuence thin,in# on
political issues6
Ho( did the Enli#htenment promote
revolution in the American colonies6
T+e Enlig+tenent
Applied reason to the human (orld3 not )ust the
natural (orld
Stimulated reli#ious tolerance
+ueled democratic revolutions around the (orld
Enlig+tenent t+in2ers and t+eir ideas
*homas Hobbes Leviathan7*he state must have
central authority to mana#e behavior2
!ohn 8oc,es Two Treatises on Government7
%eople are soverei#nC monarchs are not chosen
by God2
Montes"uieus The Spirit of Laws7*he best $orm
o$ #overnment includes a separation o$ po(ers2
!ean;!ac"ues .ousseaus The Social Contract7
Government is a contract bet(een rulers and
the people2
>oltaire7.eli#ious toleration should triumph
over reli#ious $anaticismC separation o$ church
and state
In7*ence o" t+e Enlig+tenent
%olitical philosophies o$ the Enli#htenment
$ueled revolution in the Americas and +rance2
*homas !e<ersons Declaration o$ ndependence
incorporated Enli#htenment ideas2
*he Constitution o$ the Knited States o$ America
and Bill o$ .i#hts incorporated Enli#htenment
ideas2
*he ideas o$ the Enli#htenment and
+rench participation in the
American .evolution inAuenced the
+rench people to vie( their
#overnment in ne( (ays2 *hey
overthre( the absolute monarchy3
and a ne( #overnment (as
established2
*hese ideas and examples o$ the
American and +rench .evolutions
inAuenced the people o$ 8atin
America to establish independent
nations2
Ho( did the ideas o$ the
Enli#htenment contribute to causin#
the +rench .evolution6
Ho( did the +rench and American
.evolutions inAuence 8atin American
independence movements6
Ca*ses o" t+e 4renc+ Re3ol*tion
nAuence o$ Enli#htenment ideas
nAuence o$ the American .evolution
E3ents o" t+e 4renc+ Re3ol*tion
Stormin# o$ the Bastille
.ei#n o$ *error
O*tcoes o" t+e 4renc+ Re3ol*tion
End o$ the absolute monarchy o$ 8ouis E>
.ise o$ &apoleon
In7*ence o" t+e Aerican and 4renc+
Re3ol*tions on t+e Aericas
ndependence came to +rench3 Spanish3 and
%ortu#uese colonies
*oussaint 8Ouverture7Haiti
Simon Bolivar7South America
*he Enli#htenment brou#ht a ne(
emphasis on order and balance in
the arts as artists borro(ed heavily
$rom classical Greece and .ome3
and ne( $orms o$ literature (ere
established2
*he A#e o$ .eason (itnessed
inventions and innovations in
technolo#y that stimulated trade
and transportation2
5ho (ere some artists3 philosophers3
and (riters o$ the period6
5hat improved technolo#ies and
institutions (ere important to
European economies6
Re!resentati3e artists6 !+iloso!+ers6 and
#riters
!ohann Sebastian Bach7 Composer
5ol$#an# Amadeus Mo'art7 Composer
Eu#Jne Delacroix7%ainter
>oltaire7%hilosopher
Mi#uel de Cervantes7&ovelist
;e# "ors o" art and literat*re
%aintin#s depicted classical sub)ects3 public
events3 natural scenes3 and livin# people
9portraits:2
&e( $orms o$ literature evolved7the novel 9e2#23
Cervantes Don Quixote:2
Tec+nologies
All;(eather roads improved year; round
transport and trade2
&e( desi#ns in $arm tools increased productivity
9a#ricultural revolution:2
*he +rench .evolution le$t a
po(er$ul le#acy $or (orld historyB
secular society3 nationalism3 and
democratic ideas2
&apoleons attempt to uni$y Europe
under +rench domination (as
unsuccess$ul2
*he Con#ress o$ >ienna attempted
to restore Europe as it had been
be$ore the +rench .evolution and
&apoleonic con"uests2
5hat (as the le#acy o$ &apoleon6
5hat (as the si#ni4cance o$ the
Con#ress o$ >ienna6
Legac, o" ;a!oleon
Knsuccess$ul attempt to uni$y Europe under
+rench domination
&apoleonic Code
A(a,ened $eelin#s o$ national pride and #ro(th
o$ nationalism
Legac, o" t+e Congress o" Vienna
FBalance o$ po(erG doctrine
.estoration o$ monarchies
&e( political map o$ Europe
&e( political philosophies 9liberalism3
Part V: ;ationalis6 I!erialis6 and
Ind*striali<ation
abolition cotta#e industry Giuseppe Garibaldi nationalism settlement colonies
Adam Smith Count Cavour Henry Bessemer Opium 5ar social Dar(inism
A#ricultural
.evolution
Das Capital imperialism Otto >on Bismarc, socialism
alliances dependent colonies !ames 5att %apal States spheres o$ inAuence
Berlin Con$erence division o$ labor -arl Marx pro4t standard o$ livin#
blood and iron Ed(ard !enner labor unions proletariat 9(or,in#
class:
Sue' Canal
Boer 5ar Eli 5hitney laisse';$aire protectorates su<ra#e
Boxer .ebellion enclosure movement liberalism ra( materials uni4cation
capitalism entrepreneur lobbyin# .ealpoliti, urbani'ation
child labor $actory system 8ouis %asteur redistribution o$ (ealth utilitarianism
Christian
missionaries
$ree enterprise mar,et competition re$orm 5ealth o$ &ations
communism +riedrich En#els militarism FScramble $or A$ricaG (or,in# conditions
Communist
Mani$esto
*he rise o$ nationalism (as a
po(er$ul $orce behind European
politics durin# the nineteenth
century2
5idespread demands $or political
ri#hts led to revolutions and
le#islative actions in Europe2
Ho( did nationalism and democracy
inAuence national revolutions6
&ational pride3 economic competition3 and
democratic ideals stimulated the #ro(th o$
nationalism2
*he terms o$ the Con#ress o$ >ienna led to
(idespread discontent in Europe2
Knsuccess$ul revolutions o$ /N?N increased
nationalistic tensions2
n contrast to continental Europe3 Great Britain
expanded political ri#hts throu#h le#islative means
and made slavery ille#al in the British Empire2
taly and Germany became nation;
states lon# a$ter the rest o$ Europe2
5hat events led to the uni4cation o$
taly6
5hat role did Otto von Bismarc, play
in the uni4cation o$ Germany6
Uni:cation o" Ital,
Count Cavour uni4ed &orthern taly2
Giuseppe Garibaldi )oined southern taly to
northern taly2
*he %apal States 9includin# .ome: became the
last to )oin taly2
Uni:cation o" .eran,
Otto von Bismarc, led %russia in the uni4cation
o$ Germany throu#h (ar and by appealin# to
nationalist $eelin#s2
Bismarc,s actions (ere seen as an example o$
*he ndustrial .evolution be#an in
En#land3 spreadin# to the rest o$
5estern Europe and the Knited
States2
5ith the ndustrial .evolution3
came an increased demand $or ra(
materials $rom the Americas3 Asia3
and A$rica2
Advancements in technolo#y
produced the ndustrial .evolution3
(hile advancements in science and
medicine altered the lives o$ people
livin# in the ne( industrial cities2
Cultural chan#es soon $ollo(ed2
5hy did the ndustrial .evolution
ori#inate in En#land6
5hy did the spread o$ industrialism to
Europe and the Knited States
accelerate colonialism and
imperialism6
Ho( did the ndustrial .evolution
produce chan#es in culture and
society6
Ind*strial Re3ol*tion
Ori#in in En#land3 because o$ its natural
resources li,e coal3 iron ore3 and the invention
and improvement o$ the steam en#ine
Spread to Europe and the Knited States
.ole o$ cotton textile3 iron3 and steel industries
.elationship to the British Enclosure Movement
.ise o$ the $actory system and demise o$ cotta#e
industries
.isin# economic po(ers that (anted to control
ra( materials and mar,ets throu#hout the (orld
Tec+nological ad3ances t+at !rod*ced t+e
Ind*strial Re3ol*tion
!ames 5att7Steam en#ine
Eli 5hitney7Cotton #in
Ad3anceents in science and edicine
Ed(ard !enner7Developed smallpox vaccination
8ouis %asteur7Discovered bacteria
I!acts o" t+e Ind*strial Re3ol*tion on
ind*striali<ed co*ntries
%opulation increase
ncreased standards o$ livin# $or many3 thou#h
not all
mproved transportation
Krbani'ation
Environmental pollution
ncreased education
Capitalism and mar,et competition
$ueled the ndustrial .evolution2
5ealth increased the standard o$
livin# $or some2
Social dislocations associated (ith
capitalism produced a ran#e o$
economic and political ideas3
includin# socialism and
communism2
5hat (as the role o$ capitalism and
mar,et competition in the ndustrial
.evolution6
5hat (ere some theories opposed to
capitalism6
Ca!italis
Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations
.ole o$ mar,et competition and entrepreneurial
abilities
mpact on standard o$ livin# and the #ro(th o$
the middle class
Dissatis$action (ith poor (or,in# conditions and
the une"ual distribution o$ (ealth in society
Socialis and co*nis
-arl Marxs Communist Manifesto 9(ritten (ith
+riedrich En#els: and Das Capital
.esponse to the in)ustices o$ capitalism
A#ricultural economies (ere based
on the $amily unit2 *he ndustrial
.evolution had a si#ni4cant impact
on the structure and $unction o$ the
$amily2
*he ndustrial .evolution placed
ne( demands on the labor o$ men3
(omen3 and children2 5or,ers
or#ani'ed labor unions to 4#ht $or
improved (or,in# conditions and
(or,ers ri#hts2
Ho( did the ndustrial .evolution
impact the lives o$ (omen3 children3
and the $amily6
Ho( did the ndustrial .evolution
a<ect slavery6
5hy did (or,ers or#ani'e into labor
unions6
T+e nat*re o" #or2 in t+e "actor, s,ste
+amily;based cotta#e industries displaced by the
$actory system
Harsh (or,in# conditions (ith men competin#
(ith (omen and children $or (a#es
Child labor that ,ept costs o$ production lo( and
pro4ts hi#h
O(ners o$ mines and $actories (ho exercised
considerable control over the lives o$ their
laborers
I!act o" t+e Ind*strial Re3ol*tion on sla3er,
*he cotton #in increased demand $or slave labor
on American plantations2
*he Knited States and Britain outla(ed the slave
Social e5ects o" t+e Ind*strial Re3ol*tion
5omen and children enterin# the (or,place as
cheap labor
ntroduction o$ re$orms to end child labor
Expansion o$ education
5omens increased demands $or su<ra#e
T+e rise o" la/or *nions
Encoura#ed (or,er;or#ani'ed stri,es to increase
(a#es and improve (or,in# conditions
8obbied $or la(s to improve the lives o$ (or,ers3
includin# (omen and children
5anted (or,er ri#hts and collective bar#ainin#
ndustrial nations in Europe needed
natural resources and mar,ets to
expand their economies2
*hese nations competed to control
A$rica and Asia to secure their
economic and political success2
mperialism spread economic3
political3 and social philosophies o$
Europe throu#hout the (orld2
.esistance to imperialism too,
many $orms includin# armed
conAict and intellectual movements2
5hy did European countries
participate in imperialism and a race
$or colonies6
5hat (ere some responses o$
coloni'ed peoples to European
imperialism6
&ationalism motivated European nations to compete
$or colonial possessions2 European economic3
military3 and political po(er $orced coloni'ed
countries to trade on European terms2 ndustrially;
produced #oods Aooded colonial mar,ets and
displaced their traditional industries2 Coloni'ed
peoples resisted European domination and
responded in diverse (ays to 5estern inAuences2
4ors o" i!erialis
Colonies
%rotectorates
Spheres o$ inAuence
I!erialis in A"rica and Asia
European domination
European conAicts carried to the colonies
Christian missionary e<orts
Spheres o$ inAuence in China
Sue' Canal
East ndia Companys domination o$ ndian states
American openin# o$ !apan to trade
Res!onses o" coloni<ed !eo!les
Armed conAicts 9Events leadin# to the Boxer
.ebellion in China:
.ise o$ nationalism 94rst ndian nationalist party
Part VI: World War I and World War II
Adol$ Hitler Bolshevi, .evolution Gavrilo %rincip mandate system sel$;determination
alliance system Central %o(ers #enocide Fmaster raceG Stoc, Mar,et Crash
Allied %o(ers collective security German reparations militarism totalitarianism
anti;Semitism collectivi'ation Harry S2 *ruman nationalism *reaty o$ >ersailles
appeasement communism Hide,i *o)o &a'i %arty trench (ar$are
Archdu,e +ran'
+erdinand
C'ar &icholas Hiroshima &eutrality Acts *riple Alliance
atomic bomb D;Day Holocaust &eville Chamberlain *riple Entente
Axis %o(ers disarmament imperialism &e( Economic %olicy unemployment
ban, $ailure Emperor Hirohito isolationism &urember# *rials KSS.
Battle o$ Britain $ascism !oseph Stalin over;extension o$ credit >ladimir 8enin
Battle o$ Stalin#rad F+inal SolutionG -aiser 5ilhelm paci4sm (ar #uilt clause
Battle o$ the Bul#e 4ve year plans ,ami,a'e %earl Harbor 5inston Churchill
Benito Mussolini +ourteen %oints 8ea#ue o$ &ations Fphony (arG 5oodro( 5ilson
blit',rie# +ran,lin D2 .oosevelt 8end;8ease Act poison #as
5orld 5ar 9/H/?;/H/N: (as
caused by competition amon#
industrial nations in Europe and a
$ailure o$ diplomacy2 *he (ar
trans$ormed European and
American li$e3 (rec,ed the
economies o$ Europe3 and planted
the seeds $or a second (orld (ar2
5hat (ere the $actors that produced
5orld 5ar 6
5hat (ere the ma)or events o$ the
(ar6
5ho (ere the ma)or leaders6
5hat (ere the outcomes and #lobal
e<ects o$ 5orld 5ar 6
5hat (ere the terms o$ the *reaty o$
>ersailles6
Ca*ses o" World War I
Alliances that divided Europe into competin#
camps
&ationalistic $eelin#s
Diplomatic $ailures
mperialism
Competition over colonies
Militarism
Major e3ents
Assassination o$ Austrias Archdu,e +erdinand
Knited States enters (ar
.ussia leaves the (ar
Major leaders
5oodro( 5ilson
-aiser 5ilhelm
O*tcoes and glo/al e5ects
Colonies participation in the (ar3 (hich
increased demands $or independence
End o$ the .ussian mperial3 Ottoman3 German3
and Austro;Hun#arian empires
Enormous cost o$ the (ar in lives3 property3 and
social disruption
Treat, o" Versailles
*sarist .ussia entered 5orld 5ar
as an absolute monarchy (ith sharp
class divisions bet(een the nobility
and peasants2 *he #rievances o$
(or,ers and peasants (ere not
resolved by the *sar2 nade"uate
administration in 5orld 5ar led to
revolution and an unsuccess$ul
provisional #overnment2 A second
revolution by the Bolshevi,s
created the communist state that
5hy did .ussia erupt in revolution
(hile 4#htin# in 5orld 5ar 6
Ho( did communism rise in .ussia6
Ca*ses o" $=$> re3ol*tions
De$eat in (ar (ith !apan in /H10
8andless peasantry
ncompetence o$ *sar &icholas
Military de$eats and hi#h casualties in 5orld 5ar

Rise o" co*nis

Bolshevi, .evolution and civil (ar
>ladimir 8enins &e( Economic %olicy
8enins successor7!oseph Stalin
A$ter 5orld 5ar 3 international
or#ani'ations and a#reements (ere
established to avoid $uture
conAicts2
5hat (as the 8ea#ue o$ &ations and
(hy did it $ail6
5hy (as the mandate system created6
Leag*e o" ;ations
nternational cooperative or#ani'ation
Established to prevent $uture (ars
Knited States not a member
+ailure o$ 8ea#ue because it did not have po(er
to en$orce its decisions
T+e andate s,ste
*he system (as created to administer the
colonies o$ de$eated po(ers on a temporary
basis2
+rance and Great Britain became mandatory
A period o$ uneven prosperity in the
decade $ollo(in# 5orld 5ar
9/HO1s: (as $ollo(ed by (orld(ide
depression in the /H@1s2
Depression (ea,ened 5estern
democracies3 ma,in# it di<icult $or
them to challen#e the threat o$
totalitarianism2
5hy did the (orld experience
depression in the /H@1s6
5hat political chan#es resulted $rom
the (orld(ide depression6
Ca*ses o" #orld#ide de!ression
German reparations
Expansion o$ production capacities and
dominance o$ the Knited States in the #lobal
economy
Hi#h protective tari<s
Excessive expansion o$ credit
Stoc, Mar,et Crash 9/HOH:
I!act o" #orld de!ression
Hi#h unemployment in industrial countries
Ban, $ailures and collapse o$ credit
Collapse o$ prices in (orld trade
&a'i %artys #ro(in# importance in GermanyC
Economic dislocations $ollo(in#
5orld 5ar led to unstable political
conditions2 5orld(ide depression in
the /H@1s provided opportunities
$or the rise o$ dictators in the Soviet
Knion3 Germany3 taly3 and !apan2
A communist dictatorship (as
established by >ladimir 8enin and
continued by !oseph Stalin in the
Soviet Knion2
*he *reaty o$ >ersailles (orsened
economic and political conditions in
Europe and led to the rise o$
totalitarian re#imes in taly and
Germany2
!apan emer#ed as a (orld po(er
a$ter 5orld 5ar and conducted
a##ressive imperialistic policies in
Asia2
5hy did dictatorial #overnments
emer#e in Germany3 taly3 !apan3 and
the K2S2S2.2 a$ter 5orld 5ar 6
Ho( did these re#imes a<ect the (orld
$ollo(in# 5orld 5ar 6
U'S'S'R' d*ring t+e Inter#ar Period?)ose!+
Stalin
Entrenchment o$ communism
Stalins policies 94ve;year plans3 collectivi'ation
o$ $arms3 state industriali'ation3 secret police:
Great %ur#e
.eran, d*ring t+e Inter#ar Period?Adol"
Hitler
nAation and depression
Democratic #overnment (ea,ened
Anti;Semitism
Extreme nationalism
&ational Socialism 9&a'ism:
German occupation o$ nearby countries
Ital, d*ring t+e Inter#ar Period?-enito
M*ssolini
.ise o$ $ascism
Ambition to restore the #lory o$ .ome
nvasion o$ Ethiopia
Many economic and political causes
led to(ard 5orld 5ar 2 Ma)or
theaters o$ (ar included A$rica3
Europe3 Asia3 and the %aci4c
slands2 8eadership (as essential to
the Allied victory2
5hat (ere the causes o$ 5orld 5ar 6
5hat (ere the ma)or events o$ 5orld
5ar 6
5ho (ere the ma)or leaders o$ 5orld
5ar 6
Econoic and !olitical ca*ses o" World War II
A##ression by totalitarian po(ers 9Germany3
taly3 !apan:
&ationalism
+ailures o$ the *reaty o$ >ersailles
5ea,ness o$ the 8ea#ue o$ &ations
Appeasement
*endencies to(ards isolationism and paci4sm in
Europe and the Knited States
Major e3ents o" t+e #ar 8$=@=A$=B%9
German invasion o$ %oland
+all o$ +rance
Battle o$ Britain
German invasion o$ the Soviet Knion
!apanese attac, on %earl Harbor
D;Day 9Allied invasion o$ Europe:
Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and
&a#asa,i
Major leaders o" t+e #ar
+ran,lin D2 .oosevelt7K2S2 %resident
Harry *ruman7K2S2 %resident a$ter death o$
%resident .oosevelt
D(i#ht D2 Eisenho(er7K2S2 #eneral
Dou#las MacArthur7K2S2 #eneral
Geor#e Marshall7K2S2 #eneral
5inston Churchill7British prime minister
!oseph Stalin7Soviet dictator
Adol$ Hitler7&a'i dictator o$ Germany
Hide,i *o)o7!apanese #eneral
Hirohito7Emperor o$ !apan
*here had been a climate o$ hatred
a#ainst !e(s in Europe and .ussia
$or centuries2
>arious instances o$ #enocide have
occurred throu#hout the t(entieth
century2
5hy did the Holocaust occur6
5hat are other examples o$ #enocides
in the t(entieth century6
Ters to 2no#
GenocideB *he systematic and purpose$ul
destruction o$ a racial3 political3 reli#ious3 or
cultural #roup
Eleents leading to t+e Holoca*st
*otalitarianism combined (ith nationalism
History o$ anti;Semitism
De$eat in 5orld 5ar and economic depression
blamed on German !e(s
Hitlers belie$ in the master race
+inal solution7Extermination camps3 #as
chambers
E1a!les o" ot+er genocides
Armenians by leaders o$ the Ottoman Empire
%easants3 #overnment and military leaders3 and
members o$ the elite in the Soviet Knion by
!oseph Stalin
*he educated3 artists3 technicians3 $ormer
Part VII: T+e Cold War Era
apartheid containment policy Ho Chi Minh Mohammed Ali !innah sel$;determination
Arab;sraeli conAict Cuban Missile Crisis ron Curtain Mohandas Gandhi Knited &ations
Berlin Airli$t democracy !a(aharlal &ehru &ationalism veto po(ers
Berlin Bloc,ade deterrence theory !omo -enyatta &A*O >ietnam 5ar
Berlin 5all dictatorship !oseph Stalin &elson Mandela 5arsa( %act
Chian# -ai;she, domino theory -orean 5ar nuclear (eapons 5inston Churchill
Chinese Civil 5ar +ran,lin D2 .oosevelt mandate system &urember# *ribunals Dalta Con$erence
civil disobedience $ree enterprise
9capitalism:
Mao *se;tun# %8O
Cold 5ar General Assembly Marshall %lan policy o$ non;ali#nment
communism Harry S2 *ruman Mau Mau Security Council

*he outcomes o$ 5orld 5ar
included the (ar crimes trials3 the
division o$ Europe3 plans to rebuild
Germany and !apan3 and the
establishment o$ international
cooperative or#ani'ations2
5hat (ere the outcomes o$ 5orld 5ar
6
5hat (ere the (ar crimes trials6
Ho( did the Allies promote
reconstruction o$ the de$eated po(ers6
5hat (ere the international
cooperative or#ani'ations created a$ter
5orld 5ar 6
O*tcoes o" World War II
European po(ers loss o$ empires
Establishment o$ t(o ma)or po(ers in the (orldB
*he Knited States and the K2S2S2.2
5ar crimes trials
Division o$ Europe7ron Curtain
Establishment o$ the Knited &ations
Marshall %lan
+ormation o$ &orth Atlantic *reaty Or#ani'ation
9&A*O: and 5arsa( %act
E5orts "or reconstr*ction o" .eran,
Democratic #overnment installed in 5est
Germany and 5est Berlin
Germany and Berlin divided amon# the $our
Allied po(ers
Competition bet(een the Knited
States and the K2S2S2.2 laid the
$oundation $or the Cold 5ar2
*he Cold 5ar inAuenced the
policies o$ the Knited States and
the K2S2S2.2 to(ards other nations
and conAicts around the (orld2
*he presence o$ nuclear (eapons
inAuenced patterns o$ conAict and
cooperation since /H?02
Communism $ailed as an economic
system in the Soviet Knion and
else(here2
5hat events led to the Cold 5ar6
5hat (as the impact o$ nuclear
(eapons6
5hat (ere the causes and
conse"uences o$ the collapse o$ the
Soviet Knion6
Be#innin# o$ the Cold 5ar 9/H?0;/H?N:
*he Dalta Con$erence and the Soviet control o$
Eastern Europe
.ivalry bet(een the Knited States and the
K2S2S2.2
Democracy and the $ree enterprise system v2
dictatorship and communism
%resident *ruman and the %olicy o$ Containment
Eastern Europe7Soviet satellite nationsC the ron
Curtain
Characteristics o$ the Cold 5ar 9/H?N;/HNH:
&orth Atlantic *reaty Or#ani'ation 9&A*O: v2 the
5arsa( %act
-orean ConAict
>ietnam 5ar
!apanese occupation o$ European
colonies in Asia hei#htened
demands $or independence a$ter
5orld 5ar 2
A$ter 5orld 5ar 3 the Knited
States pursued a policy o$
containment a#ainst communism2
*his policy included the
development o$ re#ional alliances
a#ainst Soviet and Chinese
a##ression2 *he Cold 5ar led to
armed conAict in -orea and
>ietnam2
Ho( did the Cold 5ar inAuence
conAicts in Eastern Asia a$ter 5orld
5ar 6
5hat (as the policy o$ containment6
*erms to ,no(
ContainmentB %olicy $or preventin# the expansion
o$ communism
ConAicts and revolutionary movements in China
Division o$ China into t(o nations at the end o$
the Chinese civil (ar
Chian# -ai;she, 9!ian# !ieshi:7&ationalist China
9island o$ *ai(an:
Mao *se;tun# 9Mao Pedon#:7Communist China
9mainland China:
Continuin# conAict bet(een the t(o Chinas
Communist Chinas participation in -orean
ConAict
ConAicts and revolutionary movements in >ietnam
.ole o$ +rench mperialism
8eadership o$ Ho Chi Minh
>ietnam as a divided nation
nAuence o$ policy o$ containment
*he Knited States and the >ietnam 5ar
>ietnam as a reunited communist country today
British policies and the demand $or
sel$;rule led to the rise o$ the ndian
independence movement3 resultin#
in the creation o$ ne( states in the
ndian sub;continent2
5ho (as a leader o$ the ndian
independence movement3 and (hat
tactics did he use6
5hat (ere the outcomes o$ the ndian
independence movement6
.e#ional settin# $or the ndian independence
movement
ndian sub;continent
British ndia
ndia
%a,istan 9$ormer 5est %a,istan:
Ban#ladesh 9$ormer East %a,istan:
Sri 8an,a 9$ormer Ceylon:
Evolution o$ the ndian independence movement
British rule in ndia
8eadership o$ Mohandas Ghandi
.ole o$ civil disobedience and passive resistance
%olitical division alon# Hindu;Muslim lines3
%a,istan=ndia
*he charter o$ the Knited &ations
#uaranteed colonial populations the
ri#ht to sel$;determination2
ndependence movements in A$rica
challen#ed European imperialism2
5hy did independence movements in
A$rica #ain success a$ter 5orld 5ar 6
5hat (as -enyattas leadership role in
-enya6
*he independence movement in A$rica
.i#ht to sel$;determination 9K2&2 charter:
%eace$ul and violent revolutions a$ter 5orld 5ar

%ride in A$rican cultures and herita#e

.esentment to(ard imperial rule and economic
exploitation
8oss o$ colonies by Great Britain3 +rance3
Bel#ium3 and %ortu#al nAuence o$ superpo(er
rivalry durin# the Cold 5ar
Examples o$ independence movements and
subse"uent development e<orts
5est A$rica7%eace$ul transition
Al#eria75ar $or ndependence $rom +rance
-enya 9Britain:7>iolent stru##le under
*he mandate system established
a$ter 5orld 5ar (as phased out
a$ter 5orld 5ar 2 5ith the end o$
the mandates3 ne( states (ere
created in the Middle East2
5hat (ere the results o$ the Knited
&ations decision to end the mandate
system in terms o$ states created
9locations: and their subse"uent
problems6
Mandates in the Middle East
Established by the 8ea#ue o$ &ations
Granted independence a$ter 5orld 5ar
.esulted in Middle East conAicts created by
reli#ious di<erences
+rench Mandates in the Middle East
Syria
8ebanon
British Mandates in the Middle East
!ordan
%alestine 9part became independent as the State
o$ srael:
Part VIII: T+e Conte!orar, World
re$u#ees #uest (or,ers Arab;sraeli conAict Bal,ans conAict n$ormation
.evolution
nternet 5orld 5ide 5eb #enetic en#ineerin# clonin# bioethics
literacy rates health care population control economic
development
international debt
pollution #lobal (armin# de$orestation $amine mi#ration
$ree mar,et
economies
democrati'ation (eapons o$ mass destruction 95MD: proli$eration interdependence
#lobali'ation multinational
corporations 9M&Cs:
non;#overnmental or#ani'ations
9&GOs:
re#ional inte#ration European Knion
&orth American
+ree *rade
A#reement
9&A+*A:
5orld *rade
Or#ani'ation 95*O:
nternational Monetary +und 9M+: 5orld Ban, Knited &ations
international
terrorism
centrali'ation decentrali'ation $ederalism arms control
demo#raphics epidemics ethnic cleansin# population pyramids
Both developed and developin#
nations $ace many challen#es2
*hese include mi#rations3 ethnic
and reli#ious conAict3 and ne(
technolo#ies2
5hat are some challen#es $aced by the
contemporary (orld6
5hat ne( technolo#ies have created
opportunities and challen#es6
Migrations o" re"*gees and ot+ers
.e$u#ees as an issue in international conAicts
Mi#rations o$ F#uest (or,ersG to European cities
Et+nic and religio*s con7icts
Middle East
&orthern reland
Bal,ans
A$rica
Asia
I!act o" ne# tec+nologies
5idespread but une"ual access to computers
and instantaneous communications
Genetic en#ineerin# and bioethics
Developed and developin# nations
are characteri'ed by di<erent levels
o$ economic development3
population characteristics3 and
social conditions2
Economic development and the
rapid #ro(th o$ population are
havin# an impact on the
environment2
Sound economic conditions
contribute to a stable democracy3
and political $reedom helps $oster
economic development2
Ho( does the developin# (orld
compare (ith the developed (orld in
terms o$ economic3 social3 and
population characteristics6
5hat impact are economic
development and rapid population
#ro(th havin# on the environment6
5hat are the lin,s bet(een economic
development and political $reedom6
Contrasts /et#een de3elo!ed and de3elo!ing
nations
Geo#raphic locations o$ ma)or developed and
developin# countries
Economic conditions
Social conditions 9literacy3 access to health care:
%opulation si'e and rate o$ #ro(th
4actors a5ecting en3ironent and societ,
Economic development
.apid population #ro(th
En3ironental c+allenges
%ollution
8oss o$ habitat
O'one depletion
Social c+allenges
%overty
%oor health
lliteracy
+amine
Mi#ration
Relations+i! /et#een econoic and !olitical
"reedo
+ree mar,et economies produce risin# standards
o$ livin# and an expandin# middle class3 (hich
produces #ro(in# demands $or political
$reedoms and individual ri#hts2 .ecent examples
include *ai(an and South -orea2
*he countries o$ the (orld are
increasin#ly dependent on each
other $or ra( materials3 mar,ets3
and 4nancial resources3 althou#h
there is still a di<erence bet(een
the developed and developin#
nations2
Ho( is economic interdependence
chan#in# the (orld6
Econoic interde!endence
.ole o$ rapid transportation3 communication3 and
computer net(or,s
.ise and inAuence o$ multinational corporations
Chan#in# role o$ international boundaries
.e#ional inte#ration 9European Knion:
*rade a#reements7&orth American +ree *rade
A#reement 9&A+*A:3 5orld *rade Or#ani'ation
95*O:
nternational or#ani'ations7 Knited &ations