CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]

Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Contents
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.6
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
1.6.4
1.6.5
1.7
1.7.1
1.
1.!
1.1"
1.11
Wireless L#$%l L##& 'WLL(
A$$ess te$)n#l#*ies
+ist#ri$%l ,%t)
-ene.its #. WLL systems
C/rrent St%t/s #. WLL
WLL &r#&%*%ti#n
F%st .%din*
0ew #1str/$ti#ns
2%in.%ll
+#w d#es WLL w#r34
WLL 5n$#din*
S&ee$) en$#din*
5rr#r6$#rre$ti#n $#din* %nd interle%7in*
Ci&)erin*
M/lti&le A$$ess
D5C8 %s WLL 8e$)n#l#*y
D5C8 S&e$i.i$%ti#ns
C)%n*in* /ser dem%nd
,redi$ti#ns .#r WLL
CDMA t# d#min%te
8)e di..eren$e 1etween WLL %nd $ell/l%r
3
6

1"
12
14
14
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16
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1
1
1!
2"
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26
2
2!
2!
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Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
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CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens

Introduction
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1 Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
3
Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
M#st &e#&le %re .%mili%r wit) $ell/l%r r%di#< m#st re%ders will )%7e /sed % $ell/l%r &)#ne %t
s#me time in t)eir li.e. Wireless l#$%l l##& 'WLL(= w)i$) is t)e /se #. r%di# te$)n#l#*y t#
&r#7ide % tele&)#ne $#nne$ti#n t# t)e )#me= is % less well63n#wn $#n$e&t. WLL systems
)%7e % 7ery simil%r >%r$)ite$t/re? %nd simil%r &r#1lems t# $ell/l%r systems. -e.#re
ex&l%inin* t)e simil%rities 1etween t)e tw# systems= we will &r#7ide s#me 1%$3*r#/nd
in.#rm%ti#n #n WLL systems %nd w)y t)ey %re #. interest.
2e$ent &redi$ti#ns .r#m % n/m1er #. 3ey tele$#mm/ni$%ti#ns %n%lysts )%7e s)#wn t)%t t)e
WLL m%r3et is set .#r dr%m%ti$ *r#wt) in t)e next .ew ye%rs. ,er)%&s m#st st%rtlin* %re t)e
&redi$ti#ns t)%t 1y 2""2 t)e n/m1er #. wireless lines inst%lled w#rldwide will ex$eed t)e
n/m1er #. wired lines. Des&ite t)e dr%m%ti$ &redi$ti#ns #. *r#wt)= WLL rem%ins % little
/nderst##d t#&i$= #.ten $#n./sed wit) $ell/l%r #r $#rdless tele&)#ny.
+ist#ri$%lly= t)e w%y t)%t )#mes were $#nne$ted int# t)e tele&)#ne netw#r3 w%s /sin*
$#&&er $%1le 1/ried in t)e *r#/nd #r $%rried #n #7er)e%d &yl#ns. 8)is $#nne$ti#n is 3n#wn
%s the local loop@l##& 1e$%/se e%$) $#nne$ti#n reA/ires tw# wires t)%t l##3 li3e % l##&
w)en dr%wn #n % di%*r%m %nd l#$%l t# distin*/is) t)e $#nne$ti#ns t# )#mes .r#m
$#nne$ti#ns m%de 1etween di..erent swit$)es. WLL re&l%$es t)e l#$%l l##& se$ti#n wit) %
r%di# &%t) r%t)er t)%n % $#&&er $%1le. Bt is $#n$erned #nly wit) t)e $#nne$ti#n .r#m t)e
distri1/ti#n &#int 'ty&i$%lly % C/n$ti#n 1#x %l#n*side t)e street $#nne$tin* s/1s$ri1ers wit)in
% r%di/s #. 1 3m( t# t)e )#/se< %ll #t)er &%rts #. t)e netw#r3 %re %s .#r % tr%diti#n%l wired
%rr%n*ement.
Bn % WLL system= t)e distri1/ti#n &#int is $#nne$ted t# % r%di# tr%nsmitterDre$ei7er= % r%di#
tr%nsmitterDre$ei7er is m#/nted #n t)e side #. t)e )#/se= %nd % $%1le is r/n d#wn t)e side
#. t)e )#/se t# % s#$3et inside t)e )#/se. 8)is is % s#$3et identi$%l t# t)e #ne int# w)i$)
/sers $/rrently &l/* t)eir )#me tele&)#nes. +en$e= %&%rt .r#m % sm%ll tr%nsmitterD re$ei7er
#n t)e side #. t)eir )#/se= t)e )#me s/1s$ri1er d#es n#t n#ti$e %ny di..eren$e.
9sin* r%di# r%t)er t)%n $#&&er $%1le 1rin*s % n/m1er #. %d7%nt%*es %s will 1e seen l%ter.
An #7er7iew #. % ty&i$%l WLL netw#r3 %r$)ite$t/re is s)#wn in t)e next .i*/re= w)ere its
simil%rity wit) % $ell/l%r netw#r3 is #17i#/s.
-r#%dly= t)e netw#r3 $#nsists #. t)ree 3ey elementsE t)e 1%se st%ti#ns= t)e swit$)= %nd t)e
s/1s$ri1er /nits. 8)ere is %ls# % netw#r3 m%n%*ement system= w)i$) m#nit#rs %ll ./n$ti#ns
#. t)e netw#r3.
WLL systems %re 1ein* de&l#yed in % r%n*e #. di..erent l#$%ti#ns= #.ten $)%r%$teriFed %s
de7el#&in* $#/ntries li3e 5:G,8 %nd s#me A.ri$%n $#/ntries= 5%stern 5/r#&e%n $#/ntries
%nd de7el#&ed $#/ntries.
Bn de7el#&in* $#/ntries t)ere is little tele&)#ne in.r%str/$t/re %nd WLL is seen %s t)e
m#st $#st6e..e$ti7e w%y t# &r#7ide 7#i$e tele&)#ny t# t)#se w)# $/rrently d# n#t
)%7e %$$ess t# t)e ,S80. 8)e m%C#r di..i$/lty is #.ten w)et)er t)e l#$%l &#&/l%ti#n
$%n %..#rd t# &%y .#r tele&)#ny.
Bn 5%stern 5/r#&e%n $#/ntries t)ere is #.ten % l#n* w%itin* list .#r tele&)#ny %nd
WLL is seen %s t)e m#st r%&id w%y t# &r#7ide 1%si$ tele&)#ny= wit) &er)%&s limited
d%t% $%&%1ilities= t# #7er$#me t)e w%itin* list.
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CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
Bn de7el#&ed $#/ntries #&er%t#rs %re %ttem&tin* t# &r#7ide $#m&etiti#n t# t)e
existin* wired #&er%t#r %nd see WLL %s t)e l#west $#st me%ns #. &r#7idin* t)%t
%ltern%ti7e. +ere= l#w $#st $#/&led wit) *##d d%t% $%&%1ilities %re seen %s essenti%l
in #rder t# t%3e m%r3et s)%re .r#m t)e in$/m1ent #&er%t#r.
Fi*.1
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5
Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
1.1 Access technoloies
An %$$ess te$)n#l#*y is % me%ns #. $#nne$tin* % )#me int# t)e ,S80= #r &r#7idin* it wit)
%$$ess t# t)e ,S80. 9ntil re$ently= t)ere w%s #nly #ne %$$ess te$)n#l#*y= n%mely= t)e
$#&&er wirin* t)%t lin3s m#st )#mes in t)e de7el#&ed w#rld int# t)e tele&)#ne netw#r3.
M#re re$ently= #t)er &#tenti%l %$$ess te$)n#l#*ies )%7e 1een de7ised. B. y#/ %re in7#l7ed
in WLL ser7i$es it is im&#rt%nt t# /nderst%nd w)%t %$$ess te$)n#l#*ies %re %7%il%1le sin$e
t)ese will .#rm t)e $#m&etiti#n t# WLL %nd will )%7e % si*ni.i$%nt e..e$t #n t)e &r#.it%1ility #.
t)e netw#r3.
Bt is im&#rt%nt t# di..erenti%te 1etween bearers %nd access te$)n#l#*ies.
8)e $#&&er wire #r r%di# &%t) is % 1%si$ 1e%rer= w)ere%s % &%rti$/l%r $#m&/ter sendin* %
si*n%l #7er t)%t 1e%rer mi*)t .#rm t)e %$$ess te$)n#l#*y. +en$e= t)ere %re ty&i$%lly m#re
%$$ess te$)n#l#*ies t)%n t)ere %re 1e%rers. 8)e 3ey 1e%rers %re t)e $#&&er $%1les
1el#n*in* t# t)e tele&)#ne netw#r3= t)e $%1les 1el#n*in* t# t)e $%1le 8H netw#r3s= m#1ile
netw#r3s= %nd WLL netw#r3s.
Bt is wit) t)e $#&&er $%1les t)%t t)ere is t)e widest r%n*e #. di..erent te$)n#l#*ies %1le t#
/se t)e 1e%rer= .r#m 1%si$ $#nne$ti#ns #7er w)i$) m#dems $%n &r#7ide % m#der%te d%t%
r%te= t)r#/*) s#6$%lled BSD0 lines t)%t &r#7ide % medi/m d%t% r%te %nd will 1e ex&l%ined
l%ter= t# t)e )i*) d%t% r%te te$)n#l#*ies &r#&#sed s/$) %s Asymmetri$ Di*it%l S/1s$ri1er
Lines 'ADSL(. ADSL is % $#m&li$%ted me%ns #. *ettin* m/$) )i*)er d%t% r%tes d#wn
tele&)#ne lines. S/$) % )i*)6s&eed te$)n#l#*y w#/ld %ll#w t)e n%ti#n%l
tele$#mm/ni$%ti#ns $#m&%ny t# deli7er ser7i$es s/$) %s 7ide# #n dem%nd t)r#/*) existin*
$#nne$ti#ns.
C%1le 8H netw#r3s %re 1ein* /&*r%ded t# &r#7ide )i*) 1it r%tes &er s/1s$ri1er %nd .#rm %
3een $#m&etit#r t# #t)er %$$ess netw#r3s. Cell/l%r r%di# is %ls# % $#ntender .#r t)e l#$%l
l##&= %lt)#/*) re$ent initi%ti7es 1y $ell/l%r #&er%t#rs t# en$#/r%*e s/1s$ri1ers t# /se %
m#1ile &)#ne in &l%$e #. t)eir .ixed &)#ne )%7e *ener%lly .%iled d/e t# &##r 7#i$e A/%lity
%nd )i*) $#sts. +#we7er= %s t)e $ell/l%r m%r3et 1e$#mes in$re%sin*ly $#m&etiti7e= m#re
s/$) initi%ti7es mi*)t emer*e.
An#t)er %ltern%ti7e %$$ess te$)n#l#*y= $l#sely %li*ned t# WLL= is t)e 7ide# distri1/ti#n
system t)%t is %7%il%1le in % r%n*e #. 7%ri%nts 3n#wn %s mi$r#w%7e 7ide# distri1/ti#n
system 'MHDS(= mi$r#w%7e m/lti&#int distri1/ti#n system 'MMDS(= %nd l#$%l m/lti&#int
distri1/ti#n system 'LMDS(. 8)ese systems %re widely de&l#yed in t)e 9nited St%tes 1/t
less s# elsew)ere %nd &r#7ide 5" #r s# 8H $)%nnels t# % sm%ll %eri%l m#/nted #n t)e side
#. t)e )#/se@t)ey di..er #nly in t)e .reA/en$y %t w)i$) t)ey #&er%te %nd w)et)er t)ey /se
%n%l#*/e #r di*it%l tr%nsmissi#n. Bt is w#rt) ex&l%inin* )#w t)ese di..er .r#m WLL. At t)e
#7er7iew le7el t)ere is n# di..eren$e< 1#t) /se *r#/nd61%sed r%di# systems t# send si*n%ls
t# re$ei7ers m#/nted #n t)e side #. )#/ses. 8)e di..eren$es lie in t)e ser7i$es e%$) system
is t%il#red t# &r#7ide. -e$%/se WLL systems d# n#t reA/ire t)e wide 1%ndwidt)s needed .#r
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CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
7ide# distri1/ti#n= t)ey $%n 1e %$$#mm#d%ted %t l#wer r%di# .reA/en$ies wit) res/ltin*
*re%ter r%n*e= less6ex&ensi7e s/1s$ri1er eA/i&ment= %nd )en$e l#wer $#st. B. 7ide#
distri1/ti#n is n#t reA/ired= WLL $/rrently &r#7ides % less6ex&ensi7e %nd 1etter A/%lity
tele&)#ne ser7i$e t)%n 7ide# distri1/ti#n systems.
8%1le 1
Bt is $le%rly %&&%rent .r#m t)e t%1le t)%t WLL is n#t $#m&etiti7e in terms #. &r#7idin* )i*) 1it
r%tes t# s/1s$ri1ers. 8)e 3ey r#le ./l.illed 1y WLL is w)ere t)ere is % limited reA/irement .#r
)i*) d%t% r%tes #r= m#re &re$isely= w)ere m#st /sers %re n#t &re&%red t# &%y m#re .#r
)i*)er d%t% r%tes t)%n t)ey %re $/rrently /sin*. Bt is %s % rel%ti7ely l#w d%t% r%te 1e%rer t)%t
WLL systems %re 1ein* de&l#yed %r#/nd t)e w#rld= wit) s/1s$ri1ers 1ein* #..ered l#wer
t%ri..s t)%n t)#se #. t)e existin* .ixed line #&er%t#r.
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7
Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
1.! "istorical #ath
A 1rie. l##3 %t t)e )ist#ri$%l &%t) )%s 1een s/mm%riFed .r#m 1el#w E6

Early 1950s. Sin*le6$)%nnel H+F s/1s$ri1er eA/i&ment w%s &/r$)%sed .r#m M#t#r#l%= 1/t
t)e m%inten%n$e $#sts were t## )i*) %s % res/lt #. t)e 7%l7e te$)n#l#*y /sed %nd t)e
&#wer $#ns/m&ti#n t## )i*). 8)e tri%l w%s dis$#ntin/ed %nd t)e s/1s$ri1ers were
$#nne$ted 1y wire
Mid-1950s. 2%yt)e#n w%s *i7en seed ./nds t# de7el#& 6 :+F 1%nd eA/i&ment= w)i$)
w#/ld )%7e % 1etter reli%1ility %nd % l#wer &#wer $#ns/m&ti#n. 8)e desi*ners .%iled t#
%$)ie7e t)#se *#%ls %nd t)e system still &r#7ed t## ex&ensi7e
ate 1950s. S#me eA/i&ment $%&%1le #. &r#7idin* m#1ile ser7i$e t# r/r%l $#mm/nities w%s
&/t #n tri%l. 9sers were &re&%red t# &%y % &remi/m .#r m#1ile /se= 1/t t)e system still
&r#7ed t# 1e t## ex&ensi7e in % .ixed %&&li$%ti#n .#r w)i$) /sers were n#t &re&%red t# &%y
% &remi/m.
Early 1960s. Systems %1le t# #&er%te #n % n/m1er #. r%di# $)%nnels were de7el#&ed=
elimin%tin* t)e need .#r e%$) /ser t# s)%re % s&e$i.i$ $)%nnel %nd t)/s in$re%se $%&%$ity.
8)e *ener%l l%$3 #. $)%nnels %nd )i*) $#st= )#we7er= m%de t)ese systems /n%ttr%$ti7e.
Early 1970s. A C%n%di%n m%n/.%$t/rer de7el#&ed eA/i&ment #&er%tin* %t 15" M+F t)%t
&r#7ed s/$$ess./l in ser7in* .ixed s/1s$ri1ers #n t)e isl%nd #. L%3e S/&eri#r. 8)e l%$3 #.
.reA/en$ies in t)e 1%nd= )#we7er= &re$l/ded its wides&re%d /se.
ate 1970s. 8)e r%di# eA/i&ment .r#m se7er%l 9S m%n/.%$t/rers w%s lin3ed t# &r#7ide
ser7i$e t# is#l%ted ,/ert# 2i$%n 7ill%*es. 8)e ser7i$e w%s &#ssi1le #nly 1e$%/se t)e
*e#*r%&)i$%l l#$%ti#n %ll#wed t)e /se #. %dditi#n%l $)%nnels= &r#7idin* *re%ter $%&%$ity
t)%n w#/ld )%7e 1een &#ssi1le elsew)ere.
Early 19!0s. C#mm/ni$%ti#n s%tellites were ex%mined .#r r/r%l %&&li$%ti#ns 1/t were
reCe$ted %s 1ein* t## ex&ensi7e.
19!5" 8ri%ls #. % &#int6t#6m/lti&#int r%di# system /sin* di*it%l m#d/l%ti#n &r#mised
s/..i$ient $%&%$ity %nd reli%1ility t# m%3e WLL l##3 &r#misin*.
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!
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
Fi*.2
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9
Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
1.$ %ene&its o& WLL systems
8)e 3ey %ttr%$ti#n #. WLL is sim&le@it $%n &r#7ide %n eA/i7%lent l#$%l l##& $#nne$ti#n t#
$#&&er $%1le %t % l#wer $#st. Bt d#es n#t ne$ess%rily &r#7ide % 1etter #r di..erent ser7i$e=
sim&ly #ne t)%t is less ex&ensi7e= %ll#win* t)e new #&er%t#r /sin* WLL t# $#m&ete #n &ri$e
%*%inst t)e in$/m1ent. 8)e e$#n#mi$s #. .ixed 7ers/s wireless %re rel%ti7ely sim&le t#
/nderst%nd. 8)e 3ey &#ints t# n#te %re t)%tE
8)e $#st #. inst%llin* wired systems is 1r#%dly de&endent #n t)e $#st #. l%1#r 't# di*
/& t)e r#%ds(= w)i$) tends t# rise %t % r%te *re%ter t)%n in.l%ti#n. 8)e $#st #. wireless
de&ends 1r#%dly #n t)e $#st #. t)e s/1s$ri1er /nits= w)i$) tends t# .%ll #7er time
wit) in$re%sin* e$#n#mies #. s$%le.
8)e $#st #. wired systems is $riti$%lly de&endent #n t)e dist%n$e 1etween )#/ses
%nd t)e &enetr%ti#n le7els %$)ie7ed= w)ere%s t)e $#st #. wireless is 1r#%dly
inde&endent #. t)ese .%$t#rs.
B. % s/1s$ri1er m#7es t# % di..erent #&er%t#r= in t)e $%se #. wired %$$ess t)e
in7estment is l#st w)ere%s in t)e $%se #. wireless t)e s/1s$ri1er /nit is ty&i$%lly
rem#7ed %nd inst%lled elsew)ere.
8)e $#st #. wired systems is in$/rred &ri#r t# m%r3etin* t# t)e /sers= w)ere%s m/$)
#. t)e $#st #. wireless is n#t in$/rred /ntil t)e /sers s/1s$ri1e t# t)e netw#r3.
Bn t)e &%st= t)e $#st #. t)e ele$tr#ni$s reA/ired .#r WLL )%s 1een *re%ter t)%n t)e $#st #.
l%yin* $%1les= )en$e t)e re%s#n w)y m#st tele&)#ne lines %re wired r%t)er t)%n wireless.
Inly in t)e l%st .ew ye%rs= wit) t)e e$#n#mies #. s$%le *ener%ted 1y $ell/l%r= )%7e &ri$es
.%llen t# le7els w)ere WLL )%s 1e$#me e$#n#mi$= wit) ./rt)er .%lls li3ely in $#min* ye%rs.
8)is will res/lt in %n in$re%sin* trend t#w%rd WLL %s t)e &red#min%nt me%ns #. &r#7idin*
s/1s$ri1er $#nne$ti#n int# t)e ,S80.
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CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
8)e .#ll#win* .i*/re s)#ws t)e rel%ti7e $#sts #. $%1le %$$ess %nd wireless %$$ess .#r %
medi/m density en7ir#nment. 8)e %d7%nt%*es #. WLLw)ere &enetr%ti#n is l#w %re $le%rly
#17i#/s. Sim&ly= t)is s)#ws t)e 3ey r#les #. WLL.
8)e .i*/re s)#ws WLL &r#7idin* % less6ex&ensi7e %$$ess te$)n#l#*y t)%n $%1le .#r l#w
&enetr%ti#n le7els. As wireless system $#sts .%ll in $#min* ye%rs= %ny di..eren$e is li3ely t#
in$re%se. In$e t)e rel%ti7e m%inten%n$e $#sts %re in$l/ded= t)ese di..eren$es 1e$#me
e7en *re%ter. Bn m#st $%ses #&er%t#rs will 1e w#r3in* %t l#w &enetr%ti#n le7els %s t)ey
$#m&ete wit) t)e existin* tele&)#ne &r#7iders.
Bt $%n 1e seen t)%t t)e ex&ense #. &r#7isi#nin* ser7i$e 7i% WLL is n#t %..e$ted 1y t)e
dist%n$e 1etween t)e s/1s$ri1er %nd t)e $entr%l #..i$e '/& t# % &#int(= WLL is m#re $#st6
e..e$ti7e t)%n wireline #&er%t#r ser7i$e &r#7ider .#r %t le%st 2" &er$ent #. t)e ser7i$e lines
de&l#yed in % netw#r3 'see Fi*/re 4(.
WLL )%s % m/$) l#wer in$rement%l in7estment $#st t)%n $#&&er= %nd it is m/$) $)e%&er t#
de&l#y %t l#wer s/1s$ri1er densities. As s)#wn in Fi*/re 5= t)e $#st #. de&l#yin* t)e l%st
mile #. $#nne$ti7ity will $#ntin/e t# .%ll .#r wireless w)ile rem%inin* $#nst%nt .#r $#&&er6wire
netw#r3s.
Fi*.3
Fi*.4
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11
Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Fi*.5
1.' C(rrent )tat(s o& WLL
8)r#/*)#/t t)e w#rld #. tele$#mm/ni$%ti#ns &r#.essi#n%ls t)ere )%s 1een % dr%m%ti$ rise
in interest in t)e WLL te$)n#l#*y. Bn t)e l%te 2"
t)
$ent/ry= ind/stry %n%lysts &redi$ted t)%t
t)e *l#1%l WLL m%r3et w#/ld re%$) milli#ns #. s/1s$ri1ers 1y t)e ye%r 2""". 8)e WLL
m%r3et is ex&e$ted t# *r#w .r#m J563 milli#n in 1!!6 t# %t le%st J6.3 1illi#n in 2""2.
M/$) #. t)is *r#wt) is #$$/rrin* in emer*in* e$#n#mies w)ere )%l. t)e w#rldKs &#&/l%ti#n
l%$3s &l%in #ld tele&)#ne ser7i$e ',I8S(. De7el#&in* n%ti#ns li3e C)in%= Bndi%= -r%Fil=
2/ssi%= %nd Bnd#nesi% %re l##3in* t# WLL te$)n#l#*y %s %n e..i$ient w%y t# de&l#y ,I8S
.#r milli#ns #. s/1s$ri1ers wit)#/t t)e ex&ense #. 1/ryin* t#ns #. $#&&er wire.
Bn de7el#&ed e$#n#mies= WLL will )el& /nl#$3 $#m&etiti#n in t)e l#$%l l##&= en%1lin* new
#&er%t#rs t# 1y&%ss existin* wireline netw#r3s t# deli7er ,I8S %nd d%t% %$$ess.
Sin$e t)e %d7ent #. t)e tele&)#ne system= $#&&er wire )%s tr%diti#n%lly &r#7ided t)e lin3 in
t)e l#$%l l##& 1etween t)e tele&)#ne s/1s$ri1er %nd t)e l#$%l ex$)%n*e. -/t $#&&erKs
)eyd%y in t)e l#$%l l##& is $#min* t# %n end. 5$#n#mi$
WLL ser7i$e .#r 172 milli#n t# 3"7 milli#n s/1s$ri1ers 1/t t)%t %$t/%l ser7i$e will 1e
&r#7ided .#r 5" milli#n t# 6" milli#n s/1s$ri1ers 1y t)e ye%r 2"""
Bn de7el#&ed e$#n#mies= wireless te$)n#l#*yKs rel%ti7ely l#w de&l#yment %nd m%inten%n$e
$#sts %nd le%rnin*6$/r7e %d7%nt%*es m%3e WLL % $#m&etiti7e 1y&%ss s#l/ti#n %nd % 7i%1le
8M21"659"15:;"""1
12
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
%ltern%ti7e t# wireline netw#r3s .#r ,I8S %nd d%t% %$$ess. 8w# iss/es will determine )#w
A/i$3ly WLL will 1e de&l#yed in de7el#&ed m%r3etsE $#st %nd 1%ndwidt).
8)e &redi$ti#ns 7%ry dr%m%ti$%lly= s)#win* t)e $/rrent l%$3 #. ex&erien$e wit) WLL= 1/t %n
%7er%*e #. t)e ind/stry .#re$%sts m%de in 1!!7 s/**ests t)%t t)e m%r3et will 1e %r#/nd 1""
milli#n )#mes $#nne$ted= #r >lines? 1y t)e ye%r 2"""= re&resentin* % m%r3et #. J1"" 1illi#n
#7er t)e t)ree ye%r &eri#d. -ey#nd 2"""= e7en )i*)er *r#wt) is ex&e$ted.
8M21"659"15:;"""1
13
Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Fi*.6
8M21"659"15:;"""1
14
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
1.* WLL propaation
WLL &r#&%*%ti#n is m#stly t)e s%me %s m#1ile r%di# &r#&%*%ti#n. 8)e di..eren$es *ener%lly
res/lt in t)e &r#&%*%ti#n 1ein* sim&ler %nd less &r#1lem%ti$ t)%n .#r m#1ile r%di#. WLL
systems %re *ener%lly desi*ned t# )%7e % LIS &%t)= w)i$) is liter%lly C/st w)%t it s%ys< it
me%ns t)%t i. y#/ &/t y#/r )e%d w)ere t)e tr%nsmittin* %ntenn% is= t)en y#/ $%n see t)e
re$ei7er. Bn m#1ile r%di#= % LIS 1etween t)e m#1ile %nd t)e 1%se st%ti#n is % r%re
#$$/rren$e. +#we7er= WLL systems ty&i$%lly need t# 1e desi*ned s/$) t)%t % LIS is m#re
.reA/ently %$)ie7ed 1e$%/se= %t t)e .reA/en$ies /sed .#r WLL r%di#= w%7es d# n#t 1end
'>di..r%$t?( well %r#/nd #1st%$les. +en$e= %ny #1st%$le tends t# m#re6#r6less 1l#$3 t)e
si*n%l= res/ltin* in in%deA/%te si*n%l stren*t) .#r *##d re$e&ti#n. F/rt)erm#re=WLL
systems need t# &r#7ide % 7#i$e A/%lity $#m&%r%1le wit) .ixed systems= /nli3e $ell/l%r=
w)i$) is %1le t# &r#7ide %n in.eri#r 7#i$e A/%lity. Bn #rder t# #1t%in % )i*) A/%lity= % str#n*
si*n%l is reA/ired t)%t is ty&i$%lly #nly %$)ie7ed t)r#/*) % LIS &%t). 8)is is n#t t##
&r#1lem%ti$ .#r WLL 1e$%/se t)e re$ei7er /nits $%n 1e &l%$ed #n r##.s w)ere % LIS is
m/$) m#re li3ely t)%n w#/ld 1e t)e $%se .#r m#1ile r%di#. 5st%1lis)in* w)et)er t)ere is %
LIS $)%nnel is str%i*)t.#rw%rd. Wit) WLL t)ere %re .ewer $)%n*es t# t)e si*n%l sin$e m#st
#. t)e si*n%l $#mes 7i% % LIS &%t) t)%t will n#t 1e 1l#$3ed 1y m#7in* #1st%$les. +#we7er=
t)e si*n%l d#es 7%ry %nd t)ere %re t)ree 3ey re%s#ns w)y t)is #$$/rsE
F%st .%din*.
0ew #1str/$ti#ns.
2%in.%ll.
1.*.1 Fast &adin
-r#%dly= i. t)ere is n#t % LIS &%t)= #r t)ere %re &%rti$/l%rly str#n* re.le$ti#ns= t)en w)en
l%r*e #1Ce$ts m#7e in t)e 7i$inity #. t)e re$ei7er t)e .%din* &%ttern will $)%n*e. Bn t)e w#rst
$%se= t)e si*n%l mi*)t de$%y m#ment%rily t# Fer# d/rin* % .%de 1e.#re 1ein* rest#red t# ./ll
stren*t). 8)ere is little t)%t t)e &l%nnin* en*ineer $%n d# t# #7er$#me t)is &r#1lem.
Bnste%d= t)e r%di# eA/i&ment desi*ner m/st ens/re t)%t t)e eA/i&ment is %1le t# $#rre$t t)e
err#rs #$$/rrin* .r#m t)ese &)en#men%.
1.*.! +ew o,str(ctions
0ew #1str/$ti#ns $%n #$$%si#n%lly %rise. 8)e m#st #17i#/s ex%m&le is t)e $#nstr/$ti#n #. %
new 1/ildin* 1etween t)e tr%nsmitter %nd t)e re$ei7er= 1l#$3in* % &re7i#/s LIS &%t). S/$)
1l#$3in* is #.ten $%t%str#&)i$ in renderin* t)e re$ei7ed si*n%l t## we%3 t# 1e #. /se.
Cle%rly= t)ere is little t)%t t)e r%di# &l%nner #r r%di# desi*n en*ineer is %1le t# d# %1#/t t)is
&r#1lem. 8)e extent #. t)e &r#1lem will 7%ry de&endin* #n t)e r%te #. 1/ild in t)e %re%. 8)e
WLL #&er%t#r s)#/ld 1e %w%re #. new 1/ildin*s /nder $#nstr/$ti#n %nd m#del t)eir e..e$t in
8M21"659"15:;"""1
15
Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
#rder t# l##3 .#r &#ssi1le s#l/ti#ns= s/$) %s /sin* re.le$ti#ns= 1/ildin* %n %dditi#n%l $ell #r
re&e%ter= #r %li*nin* t)e re$ei7er t#w%rd t)e 1%se st%ti#n in %n %dC%$ent $ell.
1.*.$ -ain&all
2%in.%ll $%n 1e % &r#1lem. 2%di# si*n%ls %re %tten/%ted 1y m#ist/re in t)e %tm#s&)ere.
8)e le7el #. %tten/%ti#n 7%ries wit) t)e $%rrier .reA/en$y= t)e A/%ntity #. r%in .%llin*= %nd t)e
dist%n$e #. t)e tr%nsmitter .r#m t)e re$ei7er. 8)e 7%ri%ti#n #. %tten/%ti#n wit) .reA/en$y is
&%rti$/l%rly str#n* %nd in$re%ses 7ery dr%m%ti$%lly %t )i*)er .reA/en$ies. At 3 :+F= t)e
)i*)est %tten/%ti#n is %r#/nd "."6 d-D3m< .#r % ty&i$%l WLL &%t) #. s%y 6 3m= t)e
%tten/%ti#n is #nly ".36 d- '".36 d- is eA/i7%lent t# % l#ss #. #nly L in t)e si*n%l
stren*t)(. +#we7er= %t 1" :+F= t)e %tten/%ti#n $#/ld= in extreme $%ses= 1e %s )i*) %s 5
d-D3m= #r /& t# 3" d- #7er % ty&i$%l lin3. S/$) % l#ss #. si*n%l w#/ld %lm#st $ert%inly m%3e
t)e lin3 /n/s%1le. +en$e= %1#7e %r#/nd 5 :+F= in $#/ntries w)ere )e%7y r%in.%ll $%n 1e
ex&erien$ed= r%in .%din* is % &#tenti%l &r#1lem. -r#%dly= t)e )e%7ier t)e r%in= t)e we%3er
t)e re$ei7ed si*n%l.
2%in .%de res/lts in %n in$re%sed red/$ti#n in si*n%l stren*t) &er meter< )en$e t)e ./rt)er
%w%y t)e re$ei7er= t)e *re%ter t)e &r#1lem. Sim&ly= t)#se re$ei7ers #n t)e ed*e #. $ells will
1e .irst t# s/..er d/rin* )e%7y r%in.
8M21"659"15:;"""1
16
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
1.. "ow does WLL wor/0
Sin$e WLL systems %re .ixed= t)e reA/irement .#r inter#&er%1ility #. % s/1s$ri1er /nit wit)
di..erent 1%se st%ti#ns is less strin*ent t)%n t)%t .#r m#1ile ser7i$es. As % res/lt= t)ere exist
% 7%riety #. st%nd%rds %nd $#mmer$i%l systems. 5%$) st%nd%rd '#r $#mmer$i%l system( )%s
its #wn %ir inter.%$e s&e$i.i$%ti#n= system %r$)ite$t/re= netw#r3 elements= %nd termin#l#*y.
M#re#7er= %lt)#/*) t)e netw#r3 elements in di.erent systems )%7e t)e s%me termin#l#*y=
t)e ./n$ti#ns #. t)e elements m%y di..er %$$#rdin* t# systems. 8)e .ixed s/1s$ri1er /nit
'FS9( is %n inter.%$e 1etween s/1s$ri1erKs wired de7i$es %nd WLL netw#r3. 8)e wired
de7i$es $%n 1e $#m&/ters #r .%$similes %s well %s tele&)#nes. Se7er%l systems /se #t)er
%$r#nyms .#r FS9 s/$) %s t)e wireless %$$ess .ixed /nit 'WAF9(= t)e r%di# s/1s$ri1er /nit
'2S9(= #r t)e .ixed wireless netw#r3 inter.%$e /nit 'FW0B9(. FS9 &er.#rms $)%nnel
$#din*Dde$#din*= m#d/l%ti#nDdem#d/l%ti#n= %nd tr%nsmissi#nDre$e&ti#n #. si*n%l 7i% r%di#=
%$$#rdin* t# t)e %ir inter.%$e s&e$i.i$%ti#n. B. ne$ess%ry= FS9 %ls# &er.#rms t)e s#/r$e
$#din*D de$#din*.
8)ere %re % 7%riety #. FS9 im&lement%ti#ns. Bn s#me ty&es #. $#mmer$i%l &r#d/$ts= %n
FS9 is inte*r%ted wit) )%ndset. 8)e 1%si$ ./n$ti#ns #. t)is inte*r%ted FS9 %re 7ery simil%r
t# t)#se #. t)e )%ndset .#r m#1ile $#mm/ni$%ti#ns= ex$e&t t)%t it d#es n#t )%7e % ri$) set
#. ./n$ti#ns .#r m#1ility m%n%*ement.
FS9 is $#nne$ted wit) t)e 1%se st%ti#n 7i% r%di# 1%nd w)i$) is se7er%l )/ndreds #. M+F #r
%r#/nd 2:+F. Sin$e WLL is % .ixed ser7i$e= )i*)6*%in dire$ti#n%l %ntenn%s $%n 1e /sed
1etween FS9 %nd t)e 1%se st%ti#n= 1ein* %rr%n*ed 1y line6#.6si*)t '%t le%st= ne%rly(.
8)e 1%se st%ti#n is im&lemented /s/%lly 1y tw# &%rts= t)e 1%se st%ti#n tr%ns$ei7er system
'-8S( %nd t)e 1%se st%ti#n $#ntr#ller '-SC(. Bn m%ny systems= -8S &er.#rms $)%nnel
$#din*Dde$#din* %nd m#d/l%ti#nDdem#d/l%ti#n %s well %s tr%nsmissi#nDre$e&ti#n #. si*n%l
7i% r%di#. -8S is %ls# re.erred t# %s t)e r%di# &#rt '2,( #r t)e r%di# tr%ns$ei7er /nit '289(.
A -SC $#ntr#ls #ne #r m#re -8Ss %nd &r#7ides %n inter.%$e t# t)e l#$%l ex$)%n*e 'swit$)(
in t)e $entr%l #..i$e. An im&#rt%nt r#le #. -SC is t# tr%ns$#de 1etween t)e s#/r$e $#des
/sed in wired netw#r3 %nd t)%t %t t)e %ir inter.%$e. Fr#m t)e %1#7e r#les= % -SC is #.ten
$%lled t)e r%di# &#rt $#ntr#l /nit '2,C9( #r t)e tr%ns$#din* %nd netw#r3 inter.%$e /nit
'809(. WLL systems d# n#t need t# #..er m#1ile ser7i$es 1%si$%lly= e7en i. s#me systems
&r#7ide limited m#1ile ser7i$es. 8)/s= .#r ex%m&le= t)ere is n# )#me %nd 7isit#r l#$%ti#n
re*ister '+L2DHL2( in % WLL system %nd its #7er%ll %r$)ite$t/re m%y 1e sim&ler t)%n t)%t #.
t)e m#1ile systems. As seen .r#m Fi*/re= t)e WLL ser7i$es de&end n#t #nly #n t)e
8M21"659"15:;"""1
17
Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
./n$ti#n%lity #. FS9= -8S= -SC= %nd %ir inter.%$e s&e$i.i$%ti#n 1/t %ls# #n t)e ser7i$e
.e%t/res &r#7ided 1y t)e swit$) in t)e $entr%l #..i$e. F#r ex%m&le= w)en WLL is /sed %s %
tele&)#ny system= t)ere %re t)e 1%si$ tele&)#ny ser7i$es 'e.*. $%ll #ri*in%ti#n= $%ll deli7ery=
$%ll $le%rin*= emer*en$y $%ll= et$.( %nd t)e s/&&lement%ry ser7i$es 'e.*. $%ll w%itin*= $%ll
.#rw%rdin*= t)ree6w%y $%llin*= $%llin* n/m1erDn%me deli7ery= et$.(. Bn %dditi#n= %s in t)e
wired systems= t)e .e%t/res s/$) %s $/st#m $%llin* .e%t/res= Centrex .e%t/res= $/st#m l#$%l
%re% si*n%lin* ser7i$es 'CLASS( $%n 1e s/&&#rted 1y t)e swit$) . B. t)e %ir inter.%$e
&r#7ides % tr%ns&%rent $)%nnel t# t)e swit$)= t)ese ser7i$e .e%t/res de&end t#t%lly #n t)e
swit$) ./n$ti#ns.
Fi*.7
8M21"659"15:;"""1
1!
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
1...1 WLL 1ncodin
As WLL is % wireless te$)n#l#*y it is reli%nt /&#n 2F t# &r#&%*%te d%t%. Bn t)is WLL system
we need t# 1e %1le t# *et d%t% '7#i$e( t# t)e ,S80 %nd t)is &r#$ess m/st t%3e int# %$$#/nt
% n/m1er #. .%$t#rsE
S%.ety.
Se$/rity.
Minim/m #. err#rs.
M#st e..i$ient d%t% tr%ns.er.

1...! )peech encodin
Bn di*it%l r%di# systems it is ne$ess%ry t# t/rn 7#i$e si*n%ls= w)i$) %n%l#* int# % di*it%l d%t%
stre%m. S&ee$) en$#din* is % )i*)ly $#m&lex t#&i$ %nd % ./ll tre%tment is well 1ey#nd t)e
1#/nds #. t)is ess%y. 8)e sim&lest s&ee$) en$#ders %re essenti%lly %n%l#*6t#6di*it%l
$#n7erters. 8)e %n%l#* s&ee$) w%7e.#rm is s%m&led &eri#di$%lly= %nd t)e inst%nt%ne#/s
7#lt%*e le7el %ss#$i%ted wit) t)e s&ee$) is $#n7erted int# % di*it%l le7el. 8)e tw# m%in
&%r%meters %reE )#w .reA/ently t)e s&ee$) is s%m&led Ms%m&le r%teM %nd )#w m%ny
di..erent 1its %re /sed t# des$ri1e t)e 7#lt%*e le7el.
1...$ 1rror2correction codin and interlea3in
Bn.#rm%ti#n tr%nsmitted 7i% % r%di# $)%nnel is li%1le t# 1e $#rr/&ted. Bnter.eren$e= .%din*
%nd r%nd#m n#ise $%/se err#rs t# 1e re$ei7ed= t)e le7el #. w)i$) de&ends #n t)e se7erity
#. t)e inter.eren$e. 5rr#r $#rre$ti#n is widely de&l#yed in m#1ile r%di#= w)ere .%st .%din* is
%lm#st /ni7ers%lly &resent. Bt is less $riti$%l in WLL= w)ere t)e LIS &%t) res/lts in less
se7ere &r#1lems. 0e7ert)eless it is still ne$ess%ry= es&e$i%lly .#r $#m&/ter d%t% tr%ns.er.
5rr#r6$#rre$ti#n systems w#r3 1y %ddin* red/nd%n$y t# t)e tr%nsmitted si*n%l. 8)e re$ei7er
$)e$3s t)%t t)e red/nd%nt d%t% is %s ex&e$ted< i. it is n#t= t)e re$ei7er $%n m%3e err#r
$#rre$ti#n de$isi#ns. 5rr#r6$#rre$ti#n met)#d#l#*ies .%ll int# tw# $%te*#ries= 1l#$3 $#din*
8M21"659"15:;"""1
19
Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
#r $#n7#l/ti#n%l $#din*. -#t) %re )i*)ly in7#l7ed %nd m%t)em%ti$%l %nd %re 1ey#nd t)e
s$#&e #. t)is ess%y.
1...' Cipherin
Alm#st %ll m#dern r%di# systems rely #n s#me .#rm #. $i&)erin* t# &r#7ide se$/re
tr%nsmissi#n. 8)e /se #. s/$) se$/rity te$)niA/es 1#t) re%ss/res t)e /ser t)%t t)e
$#n7ers%ti#n $%nn#t 1e #7er)e%rd %nd %ll#ws t)e #&er%t#r t# %/t)enti$%te t)e /ser. M#st
$i&)erin* s$)emes %re rel%ti7ely str%i*)t.#rw%rd. 8)e 1%se st%ti#n %nd t)e s/1s$ri1er /nit
%*ree #n % Mm%s3M #n % $%ll61y6$%ll 1%sis. 8# t)e $#7ert listener= w)# d#es n#t 3n#w t)e
m%s3= t)e d%t% is in$#m&re)ensi1le.
1...* M(ltiple Access
WLL te$)n#l#*ies )%7e di..ered #7er t)e ye%rs in t)e m/lti&le %$$ess te$)n#l#*ies t)%t t)ey
/se. A de$isi#n %1#/t w)i$) te$)n#l#*y t# %d#&t will de&end /&#n t)e %&&li$%ti#n. 5%$)
#&er%t#r )%s % *i7en %m#/nt #. r%di# s&e$tr/m t# di7ide %m#n* its /sers.
8)e m#st widely /sed %$$ess te$)n#l#*y /sed t#d%y .#r WLL is CDMA.
Fi*.
8M21"659"15:;"""1
20
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
1.4 D1C5 as a WLL 5echnoloy
8)e system %r$)ite$t/re #. % D5C8 WLLsystem is s)#wn in Fi*/re 4.
8)e m%in $#m&#nents #. t)e system %re t)e -SCs= t)e -Ss= %nd t)e s/1s$ri1er /nits. 8)e
-SCs %re n#rm%lly in % di..erent l#$%ti#n .r#m t)e 1%se st%ti#ns= %nd )en$e t)ere %re 82Ns
t# $#mm/ni$%te 1etween t)em. 8)ese tr%nsmitters eit)er send t)eir si*n%l d#wn % le%sed
$%1le #r /sin* % mi$r#w%7e r%di# lin3< 1#t) ty&es %re s)#wn #n t)e .i*/re= wit) t)e r%di#
&%t) %t t)e t#&. 8)e -SC is %t t)e )e%rt #. t)e system< it $#ntr#ls $%lls #ri*in%tin* #r
termin%tin* in t)e r%di# netw#r3 %nd &r#7ides $#nne$ti#n t# t)e l#$%l ,S80 ex$)%n*e. Ine
-SC $%n )%ndle 6" sim/lt%ne#/s $%lls %nd /& t# 6"" s/1s$ri1ers.
Bn % ty&i$%l de&l#yment % n/m1er #. -SCs %re reA/ired. 8y&i$%lly= t)ey will 1e l#$%ted %t t)e
l#$%l ex$)%n*e site 1e$%/se t)e lin3 1etween t)e 1%se st%ti#n %nd t)e -SCs sends 7#i$e
/sin* 326O1itsDs $#din*= w)ile t)e lin3 .r#m t)e -SCs int# t)e netw#r3 /ses 646O1itsDs
$#din*. +en$e= t)e tr%nsmissi#n res#/r$es reA/ired %re red/$ed i. t)e 1%se st%ti#ns %re
de&l#yed in t)is .%s)i#n. 8)e 1%se st%ti#n $#nsists #. % sm%ll $%1inet %nd tw# %ntenn%s=
s&%$ed %r#/nd 2m %&%rt t# %$)ie7e s/..i$ient s&%ti%l di7ersity. 8y&i$%lly= #mnidire$ti#n%l
%ntenn%s %re /sed= %lt)#/*) dire$ti#n%l %ntenn%s m%y 1e reA/ired w)ere )i*) r%n*e is
needed. 5%$) $%1inet $#nt%ins six D5C8 tr%ns$ei7ers %nd % $#ntr#l /nit t)%t #7ersees t)e
tr%ns$ei7ers %nd m/lti&lexes t)e $%ll tr%..i$ #n t)e $#nne$ti#n 1%$3 t# t)e 1%se st%ti#n
$#ntr#ller 7i% t)e wire= .i1er= #r mi$r#w%7e r%di# tr%nsmissi#n res#/r$e. 8)e /nit inst%lled %t
t)e s/1s$ri1erPs &remises is $#m&#sed #. %D5C8 tr%ns$ei7er= % line inter.%$e /nit= %n
%ntenn%= % &#wer s/&&ly= %nd % 1%ttery 1%$3/&. 8)e line inter.%$e %ll#ws %n #rdin%ry %n%l#*
tele&)#ne t# 1e $#nne$ted int# t)e /nit. M/lti&le line /nits '/& t# 12( $%n 1e e%sily &r#7ided
1y $#nne$tin* m#re line inter.%$es int# t)e D5C8 tr%ns$ei7er.
D5C8 %ls# )%s t)e &#ssi1ility #. de&l#yin* re&e%ter /nits. 8)ese m%y 1e /se./l i. m#1ility is
needed in % limited %re% s/$) %s %n #..i$e #r s)#&&in* m%ll. 8)e re&e%ter /nit w#r3s 1y
re$ei7in* t)e d%t% in #ne time sl#t d/rin* t)e re$ei7e )%l. #. t)e8DD.r%me %nd
8M21"659"15:;"""1
21
Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
retr%nsmittin* it /sin* % di..erent %ntenn% d/rin* t)e tr%nsmit )%l. #. t)e .r%me. Bt is
essenti%lly % $#m1in%ti#n #. % D5C8 termin%l %nd % D5C8 1%se st%ti#n. 2e&e%ters %re
de&l#yed in tw# w%ysE 6
1. 8)e $#7er%*e en)%n$ement /nit /ses m/lti&le dire$ti#n%l %ntenn%s t# extend t)e r%n*e
#. t)e 1%se st%ti#n= &r#7idin* $#7er%*e in s)%d#wed %re%s %nd $#nne$tin* t# t)e
s/1s$ri1er /nits in t)e n#rm%l m%nner. Bt $%n %ls# 1e /sed t# #7er$#me t)e &r#1lem #. new
1/ildin*s %&&e%rin* %.ter t)e netw#r3 w%s &l%nned.
2. 8)e residenti%l .ixed re&e%ter /nit /ses % dire$ti#n%l %ntenn% t# $#mm/ni$%te wit) t)e
1%se st%ti#n 1/t t)en rer%di%tes 7i% %n #mni6dire$ti#n%l %ntenn% $re%tin* % l#$%l mi$r#$ell.
Alt)#/*) re&e%ters &r#7ide s#me .lexi1ility= t)ey )%7e tw# si*ni.i$%nt .%/lts. 8)e .irst is t)%t
t)ey %dd del%y eA/i7%lent t# t)e time del%y 1etween t)e re$ei7e %nd tr%nsmit &%rts #. t)e
8DD .r%me= s#me 1" ms in t#t%l= w)i$) is sli*)tly dist/r1in* w)en s&e%3in*= es&e$i%lly i.
t)ere is %lre%dy s#me #t)er del%y #n t)e &)#ne line 'e.*.= res/ltin* .r#m % s%tellite lin3
1ein* /sed(. 8)e se$#nd is t)%t t)ey %re ine..i$ient #. res#/r$e= reA/irin* twi$e %s m/$)
s&e$tr/m t# $%rry t)e $%ll %s i. % re&e%ter w%s n#t /sed. 0e7ert)eless= in s#me sit/%ti#ns
t)ey $%n 1e 1ene.i$i%l.
#i$ital Enhanced Cordless%eleco&&unications '#EC%(
Fi*.!
8M21"659"15:;"""1
22
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
F#r % n/m1er #. ye%rs %.ter t)e st%nd%rd w%s intr#d/$ed= D5C8 .%iled t# t%3e #... +#we7er=
in re$ent ye%rs &enetr%ti#n )%s in$re%sed s/1st%nti%lly= &%rti$/l%rly in :erm%ny. Bt m%y 1e
t)%t wit) s/$$ess in t)e WLL m%r3et D5C8 will sell s/1st%nti%lly %r#/nd t)e w#rld.
Bt w%s s)#wn t)%t= BSB $#/ld limit t)e r%n*e #. D5C8 systems t# #nly %r#/nd 3""m.
+#we7er= in t)e $%se #. WLL= w)ere dire$ti#n%l %ntenn%s %re /sed %t t)e s/1s$ri1er
eA/i&ment= t)e r%n*e $%n 1e s/1st%nti%lly extended. Fi*/re s)#ws t)%t= wit) % dire$ti#n%l
%ntenn% wit) %n #7er%ll 1e%mwidt) #. 2" de*rees= t)e s/1s$ri1er /nit $%n 1e &#siti#ned
m/$) ./rt)er .r#m t)e 1%se st%ti#n 1e.#re BSB will 1e$#me &r#1lem%ti$ 'sim&le m%t)em%ti$s
s)#ws t)%t t)e dist%n$e t# t)e s/1s$ri1er /nit $%n 1e in$re%sed t# 23 3m in t)is $%se(.
D5C8 )%s % rel%ti7ely l#w tr%nsmit &#wer= %nd )en$e it is m#re li3ely t)%t t)e r%n*e in %
WLL de&l#yment w#/ld 1e $#nstr%ined 1y in%deA/%te si*n%l stren*t) r%t)er t)%n BSB.
8M21"659"15:;"""1
23
Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
8M21"659"15:;"""1
24
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
8M21"659"15:;"""1
25
Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
1.4.1 D1C5 )peci&ications
D5C8 w%s st%nd%rdiFed wit)in 5/r#&e d/rin* t)e e%rly 1!!"s= initi%lly .#r /se %s % wireless
#..i$e ,A-N. Bt )%s re$ently %ls# 1een s/**ested .#r de&l#yment in WLL netw#r3s %s well
%s $#rdless %&&li$%ti#ns. Bts 3ey stren*t)s %re *##d 7#i$e A/%lity< t)e %1ility t# &r#7ide %
)i*) 1%ndwidt) t# t)e /ser= %ll#win* t)em t# send l%r*e $#m&/ter .iles A/i$3ly< %nd t)e
%7#id%n$e #. .reA/en$y &l%nnin*.
D5C8 )%s %n %d7%nt%*e #7er m%ny #. t)e #t)er $#rdless %nd $ell/l%r te$)n#l#*ies= n%mely=
t)e %7%il%1ility #. /nli$ensed %nd st%nd%rdiFed s&e$tr/m. Bn m#st $#/ntries= es&e$i%lly in
5/r#&e= t)e 1.6 t# 1.!6:+F .reA/en$y 1%nd )%s 1een set %side .#r D5C8. 8)ere.#re=
#&er%t#rs $%n e%sily *%in %$$ess t# s&e$tr/m %nd m%n/.%$t/rers %re %1le t# %$)ie7e *##d
e$#n#mies #. s$%le wit) t)eir eA/i&ment. 9sin* t)e *eneri$ %$$ess &r#t#$#l ':A,(=
$/rrently 1ein* de7el#&ed= s/1s$ri1er eA/i&ment .r#m #ne m%n/.%$t/rer s)#/ld 1e %1le t#
interw#r3 wit) netw#r3 eA/i&ment .r#m % di..erent m%n/.%$t/rer= e%sin* $#n$erns #7er
m/ltis#/r$in*.
D5C8 tr%nsmits /sin* 8DMA in % simil%r m%nner t# :SM. 2%di# $)%nnels %re s&%$ed
2 M+F %&%rt. 5%$) r%di# $)%nnel is di7ided int# 24 timesl#ts. 0#min%lly= 12 %re .#r 1%se
st%ti#n6t#6s/1s$ri1er tr%nsmissi#n 'd#wnlin3( %nd 12 .#r s/1s$ri1er6t#61%se st%ti#n
tr%nsmissi#n '/&lin3(= 1/t t)is $%n 1e 7%ried dyn%mi$%lly i. t)ere is m#re in.#rm%ti#n t# 1e
tr%nsmitted in #ne dire$ti#n t)%n t)e #t)er. -e$%/se it tr%nsmits in 1#t) dire$ti#ns #n t)e
s%me .reA/en$y= D5C8 is s%id t# 1e time di7isi#n d/&lex '8DD(. Liter%lly= t)e time is di7ided
1etween t)e di..erent d/&lex dire$ti#ns. 8DD %ll#ws sim&ler m#1ile desi*n. Bm&#rt%ntly= t)e
.%$t t)%t t)e s%me r%di# $)%nnel is /sed in 1#t) /&lin3 %nd d#wnlin3 dire$ti#ns %ls# %ll#ws
t)e /se #. %ntenn% di7ersity= % te$)niA/e dis$/ssed s/1seA/ently. D5C8 %ls# )%s DCA.
8)is is w)ere t)e 1%se st%ti#n listens t# %ll t)e .reA/en$ies %7%il%1le t# t)e netw#r3 %nd
.inds t)e #ne wit) t)e l#west inter.eren$e .r#m s/rr#/ndin* $ells. Bt %ll#ws D5C8 systems t#
exist wit)#/t t)e need .#r .reA/en$y &l%nnin* %nd t# m%ximiFe t)e system $%&%$ity in $%ses
w)ere t)e inter.eren$e .r#m s/rr#/ndin* $ells is rel%ti7ely l#w.
8)e )i*) d%t% r%te #. D5C8 $%n $%/se s#me &r#1lems wit) BSB. D5C8 d#es n#t )%7e %n
eA/%liFer 1/t tr%nsmits d%t% %t % rel%ti7ely )i*) r%te '%r#/nd 1.1 M1itsDs(. Any re.le$ted
&%t)s wit) %n extr% &%t) len*t) #. 26"m m#re t)%n t)e m%in &%t) $%n $%/se &r#1lem%ti$
BSB. W)en %n #mni6dire$ti#n%l %ntenn% is /sed in %n /r1%n en7ir#nment= t)e BSB &r#1lem
)%s 1een .#/nd in &r%$ti$e t# limit t)e r%n*e #. D5C8 t# .ewer t)%n 3""m re*%rdless #. t)e
&#wer t)%t is tr%nsmitted. Ine 3ey %d7%nt%*e #. D5C8 is t)e sim&li$ity #. t)e system=
res/ltin* in rel%ti7ely inex&ensi7e eA/i&ment $#sts. -e$%/se )i*)ly $#m&lex r%di#
tr%nsmissi#n met)#ds %nd &r#t#$#ls )%7e 1een %7#ided= D5C8 1%se st%ti#ns %re %7%il%1le
%t #nly % .r%$ti#n #. t)e $#st #. $ell/l%r 1%se st%ti#ns.
8M21"659"15:;"""1
26
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
#EC% &ain para&eters)
A$$ess Met)#d 8ime di7isi#n M/lti&le A$$ess '8DMA( Q
FreA/en$y Di7isi#n M/lti&le A$$ess 'FDMA(
C)%nnel S&%$in* 172 O)F
M#d/l%ti#n :%/ssi%n FreA/en$y S)i.t Oeyin* ':FSO(
0ew %dditi#n%l m#d/l%ti#n ty&es Di..erenti%l ,)%se S)i.t Oeyin*E
6D2,SO
6DR,SO
6D,SO
Fr%me ,eri#d 1" ms
D/&lexin* S$)eme 8ime Di7isi#n D/&lex '8DD(
2%di# FreA/en$y -it 2%tes 1.152 M1Ds Q 2.3"4 M1Ds Q 3.456 M1Ds
Di7ersity S&%$e '%ntenn% swit$)in*(
M%xim/m r%n*e 'LIS( 5615 Om
Fi*.1"
*upported *er+ices)
H#i$e 32 1its AD,CM= )i*) A/%lity 'wireline(
l#w 1it r%te $#der #&ti#n%l
An%l#* .%x F%x *r#/& 3
Symmetri$ di*it%l d%t% 9& t# 1.44 M1&sD$%rrier
Asymmetri$ di*it%l d%t% 9& t# 2. M1&sD$%rrie
Bnternet %$$ess ,%$3et #riented tr%nsmissi#n
BSD0 BSD0 1e%rer ser7i$es 'e.*. 2-SD(
BSD0 s/&&lement%ry ser7i$es
Fi*.11
8M21"659"15:;"""1
27
Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
1.6 Chanin (ser demand
Bt is #.ten s%id t)%t t)e w#rld is 1e$#min* %n Bn.#rm%ti#n S#$iety= wit) )/*e %m#/nts #.
in.#rm%ti#n 1ein* m%de %7%il%1le t# indi7id/%ls %nd &%ssed r%&idly %r#/nd t)e w#rld. 8)e
Bnternet is )eld /& %s t)e .irst m%ni.est%ti#n #. s/$) % de7el#&ment. B. tr/e= /sers will
in$re%sin*ly dem%nd 1%ndwidt)s #. me*%1ytes &er se$#nd %s ser7i$es %re &r#7ided t)%t
reA/ire t)em. Cert%inly= t)e Bnternet is in$re%sin*ly reA/irin* )i*)61%ndwidt) %$$ess= %nd %s
.ile siFes %nd )%rd dis3s *et in$re%sin*ly l%r*e= it is /ndeni%1le t)%t /ser dem%nd .#r d%t% is
in$re%sin*. +#we7er= it is e%sy t# *et $%rried %w%y wit) t)is %&&r#%$). M#st &e#&le rely #n
1r#%d$%st entert%inment= w)i$) will in$re%sin*ly &r#7ide m#re n/mer#/s $)%nnels %nd
%$$#m&%nyin* d%t%. 8)is will 1e deli7ered 7i% t)e 1r#%d$%st %nd n#t t)e tele&)#ny
$)%nnels. :ener%lly= t)#se w)# reA/ire l%r*e .iles will #nly reA/ire t)em &eri#di$%lly
'1e$%/se t)ey will need time t# di*est w)%t t)ey )%7e re$ei7ed(. Fin%lly= %nd m#st
im&#rt%ntly= /sers will #nly w%nt s/$) ser7i$es i. t)ey $%n 1e &r#7ided %t % l#w &ri$e< .#r
ex%m&le= m#st Bnternet /sers $#/ld 1ene.it .r#m %n BSD0 $#nne$ti#n 1/t d# n#t $)##se t#
)%7e #ne 1e$%/se t)e %dditi#n%l $#st ex$eeds t)e 7%l/e t)%t %n BSD0 line will %dd .#r t)em.
8)erein lies t)e &r#1lem. 91iA/it#/s &r#7isi#n #. )i*)61%ndwidt) ser7i$es will reA/ire
en#rm#/s /&*r%des t# t)e w#rldPs tele$#mm/ni$%ti#ns netw#r3= &%rti$/l%rly swit$)es %nd
&%$3et ser7ers %nd $ert%in &%rts #. t)e inter$#nne$tin* netw#r3= n#t t# menti#n t)e %$$ess
netw#r3. S/$) /&*r%des $#st m#ney %nd %s yet t)ere %re .ew /sers w)# 7%l/e t)e
Bn.#rm%ti#n S#$iety en#/*) t# &%y t)e %dditi#n%l cost required. Within the next 1" t#
2" ye%rs t)ere m%y 1e m%ny /sers w)# w#/ld li3e % )i*)6s&eed $#nne$ti#n 1/t .ew w)#
%re &re&%red t# &%y .#r it. 8)e /ser dem%nd will 1e .#r in.#rm%ti#n %t % re%s#n%1le $#st t)%t
will en$#/r%*e in.#rm%ti#n &r#7iders t# $#m&ress d%t% %nd t# /se *r%&)i$s m#re s&%rin*ly
t)%n #t)erwise.
Bndeed= &er)%&s 1iF%rrely= %t t)e m#ment t)e /ser is %$t/%lly &re&%red t# &%y less .#r
)i*)er 1%ndwidt) ser7i$es. Fi*/re 12 s)#ws %&&r#xim%te $/rrent le7els &%id &er min/te .#r
% r%n*e #. di..erent ser7i$es 1y t)#se in de7el#&ed $#/ntries.As $%n 1e seen in Fi*/re 12=
t)e )i*)est 7%l/e ser7i$es %re ty&i$%lly %ls# t)#se t)%t $%n 1e %$)ie7ed 1y existin*
n%rr#w1%nd systems. Wit) t)e &resent set #. ser7i$es= /sers %re #nly &%yin* s#met)in* li3e
1D1"""t) #. t)e %m#/nt &er $)%nnel .#r 1r#%d1%nd ser7i$es w)en $#m&%red t# n%rr#w1%nd
ser7i$es. Sin$e t)e $#st #. &r#7isi#n *#es /& in line wit) t)e %m#/nt #. 1%ndwidt) 'sin$e
t)e 1%ndwidt) $#/ld 1e /sed .#r m/lti&le n%rr#w1%nd ser7i$es r%t)er t)%n #ne wide1%nd
ser7i$e(= t)ere is &resently % m%ssi7e */l. 1etween $#st #. &r#7isi#n %nd ex&e$t%ti#n #.
$#st.
8)is will sl#w t)e wides&re%d %d#&ti#n #. 1r#%d1%nd ser7i$es .#r s#me ye%rs t# $#me.
8M21"659"15:;"""1
2!
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
Alt)#/*) t)e dem%nd .#r )i*)61%ndwidt) &r#7isi#n m%y n#t rise dr%m%ti$%lly= t)e /se #. t)e
%$$ess netw#r3 .#r %&&li$%ti#ns #t)er t)%n 7#i$e will $)%n*e si*ni.i$%ntly. Bnternet %$$ess=
in$l/din* %&&li$%ti#ns s/$) %s )#me s)#&&in*= will dr%m%ti$%lly in$re%se t)e tr%..i$
*ener%ted 1y % )#me in t)%t t)e &)#ne line will n#w 1e /sed .#r % m/$) *re%ter &er$ent%*e
#. t)e d%y. M#dems will 1e$#me % st%nd%rd .it wit)in $#m&/ters %nd &r#1%1ly %ls# wit)in
tele7isi#ns. 8)is will ./el t)e dem%nd .#r tw# #r m#re lines &er )#/se %nd will %ls# in$re%se
t)e re7en/e re$ei7ed &er line 1y t)e #&er%t#r.
Ine .in%l %re% w#rt)y #. menti#n is t)e in$re%sed en7ir#nment%l %w%reness t)%t will m%3e
t)e l%yin* #. %dditi#n%l $%1les in$re%sin*ly &r#1lem%ti$.
Alre%dy= $%1le #&er%t#rs %re $riti$iFed .#r d%m%*in* tree r##ts.
Fi*.12
8M21"659"15:;"""1
29
Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
1.7 #redictions &or WLL
At t)e st%rt #. 1!!7= % n/m1er #. %n%lysts s/$) %sI7/m%nd ,A m%de &r#Ce$ti#ns #. t)e
WLL m%r3et&l%$e. 8)ese s/**ested t)%t 1y t)e ye%r 2""" #7er 1"L #. %ll lines 1ein*
inst%lled will 1e wireless= w)ile #t)ers )%7e &redi$ted t)%t t)e n/m1er #. wireless lines
inst%lled &er ye%r $#/ld #7ert%3e wired lines 1e.#re t)e ye%r 2""5.
Findin* t)e re%s#ns .#r s/$) #&timisti$ &redi$ti#ns is n#t di..i$/lt.
8)e 3ey .%$t#rs %reE
8)e $#st &er line .#r WLL is $/rrently l#wer t)%n .#r wired systems %nd will .%ll ./rt)er
wit) e$#n#mies #. s$%le<
8)e dem%nd .#r tele$#mm/ni$%ti#ns %r#/nd t)e w#rld will in$re%se si*ni.i$%ntly in
$#min* ye%rs<
Fr%*ment%ti#n %nd t)e de7el#&ment #. m%r3et ni$)es in t)e tele$#mm/ni$%ti#ns
m%r3et will %ll#w % r%n*e #. di..erent #&er%t#rs t# $#exist.
8)e &redi$ti#ns d# n#t )in*e #n %ny te$)ni$%l #r $#mmer$i%l 1re%3t)r#/*)= %lt)#/*) t)ey
d# reA/ire t)%t #t)er %$$ess te$)n#l#*ies d# n#t de7el#& /nex&e$tedly.
I. $#/rse= t)ere will 1e s#me &r#1lems. S#me #&er%t#rs will .%il in t)e .irst .ew ye%rs
t)r#/*) % mis/nderst%ndin* #. t)e m%r3et #r t)r#/*) t)e de&l#yment #. in%&&r#&ri%te
eA/i&ment. ,r#1lems will s##n emer*e wit) l%$3 #. r%di# s&e$tr/m %nd t)is will= e..e$ti7ely=
in$re%se t)e $#st #. r%di# s&e$tr/m= eit)er dire$tly= t)r#/*) %/$ti#ns= #r indire$tly t)r#/*)
t)e im&#ssi1ility #. #1t%inin* m#re= .#r$in* *re%ter netw#r3 $#sts %s sm%ller $ells %re
de&l#yed. 8)is will 1e &%rti%lly s#l7ed %s )i*)er .reA/en$ies %re /sed< 1/t %s wit) m#1ile
r%di#= s)#rt%*es #. s&e$tr/m will rem%in % &erm%nent &r#1lem= limitin* s/1s$ri1er n/m1ers
%nd t)e d%t% r%tes t)%t $%n 1e #..ered.
0#net)eless= t)e ./t/re #. WLL is $ert%in t# 1e % 1ri*)t #ne.
8M21"659"15:;"""1
30
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
1.18 CDMA to dominate
Bt $%me t# &%ss t)%t in 1!!! WLL seemed t# )%7e .%llen #.. t)e r%d%r .#r s#me 7end#rs. At
t)%t time t)ey de$ided t# t%3e % se$#nd l##3 %t )#w t)ey were s&endin* t)eir 2QD d#ll%rs
%nd %t t)%t time 3: w%s l##3in* m#re %ttr%$ti7e. +#we7er= t)e next &)%se #. WLL is *#in*
1ey#nd t)e &re)ist#ri$ n%rr#w1%nd %nd )%s st%rted #..erin* 1r#%d1%nd ser7i$es w)ere %
WLL #&er%t#r &r#7ided t)e $#m&lete r%n*e #. ser7i$es6n#t C/st 7#i$e.
Bt is 1elie7es t)%t CDMA61%sed WLL s#l/ti#ns $%n= %nd will= $#ntin/e t# &r#7e $#m&etiti7e
MAs t)e $#st #. m#1ile te$)n#l#*y de$re%ses= it is 1e$#min* m#re %nd m#re e$#n#mi$ t#
inst%ll K.ixedK lines /sin* WLL=M. M+#we7er= #ne #. t)e iss/es t)%t needs t# 1e %ddressed is
t)%t t)ere is % l%$3 #. %deA/%te s/&&#rt .#r 1r#%d1%nd ser7i$es #n 1#t) CDMA %nd D5C8.M
t)e 3ey t# ens/rin* t)%t WLL systems $%n $#m&ete %*%inst .ixed wire #..erin*s is t# #..er
eA/%l #r s/&eri#r ser7i$es. F#r ex%m&le= in t#d%yKs 1/siness en7ir#nment t)e need is .#r
)i*)6s&eed 1/t l#w6$#st Bnternet %$$ess. 8)e #/tl##3 is t)%t t)is $%n 1e %$)ie7ed /sin*
&r#&riet%ry CDMA te$)n#l#*y. 8)is te$)n#l#*y &%r%llels t)e .ixed6wire ADSL style
%&&r#%$)= w)ere t)e /ser d#esnKt )%7e t# di%l /& in #rder t# est%1lis) % lin36t)e Bnternet
$#nne$ti#n is %lw%ys t)ere. ADSL still )%s % r#le t# &l%y in t)e 1r#%d1%nd $#mm/ni$%ti#ns
m%r3et 1/t WLL te$)n#l#*ists &#ints #/t t)%t t)ere is % tr%de6#.. 1etween its r%n*e %nd
s/&&lied 1%ndwidt)6t)e ./rt)er %w%y t)e $#ns/mer is .r#m t)e )/1= t)e l#wer t)e
1%ndwidt). -y $#ntr%st t)ere is n# s/$) r%n*e restri$ti#n wit) s#me WLL systems= .#r
ex%m&le % WLL system= w)i$) is %1le t# deli7er 512 31itDs #7er dist%n$es %s *re%t %s 25
3il#metres.
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Siemens
CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
1.115he di&&erences ,etween WLL and cell(lar
,/t sim&ly= WLL netw#r3s %re sim&li.ied $ell/l%r netw#r3s. 8)ey /se t)e s%me 1%si$
%r$)ite$t/re %nd t)e s%me &rin$i&les #. r%di# tr%nsmissi#n.
+#we7er= sin$e t)e s/1s$ri1ers d# n#t m#7e= t)ey d# n#t need l#$%ti#n re*isters= me%ns #.
)%ndin* #7er s/1s$ri1ers t# di..erent $ells= me%ns #. %ll#win* s/1s$ri1ers t# r#%m t#
di..erent netw#r3s= %nd str#n* me%ns .#r $#m1%tin* .r%/d= .#r ex%m&le.
+#we7er= WLL netw#r3s d# )%7e t# &r#7ide % 1etter A/%lity #. 7#i$e t)%n $ell/l%r netw#r3s
sin$e t)ey %re desi*ned t# re&l%$e wired netw#r3s. 8)ey need t# s/&&#rt d%t% tr%nsmissi#n
%t t)e r%tes t)%t $%n 1e %$)ie7ed t)r#/*) wired netw#r3s= t)ey need t# 1e extremely
reli%1le= %nd t)ey need t# #..er $#mm/ni$%ti#ns .#r % l#wer $#st t)%n m#1ile r%di#. 8)ese
reA/irements res/lt in di..erent desi*n de$isi#ns 1etween $ell/l%r %nd WLL in terms #. t)e
w%y t)e r%di# $)%nnels %re di7ided %nd t)e ty&e #. %ntenn%s /sed= .#r ex%m&le.
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CDMA in Fixed wireless systems [WLL]
Siemens
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