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QA20091 Em2 24 - 1
QA20091 Em2 24 - 1
QA2.4A1(i)
Step 1 Given
⌠
x+3
I= dx ;decompose the fraction
( x + 1) ⋅ ( x + 2 ) ;type I
⌡
P1
;
⌠ P2
A B
I= + dx
x+1 x+2
⌡
x+3 A B
= + ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x + 1 ) ⋅ ( x + 2) x+1 x+2
( − 1) + 3 = A⋅ ( − 1 + 2) + B⋅ ( 0 )
the second term on rhs vanishes!
A=2
− 2 + 3 = A⋅ ( 0 ) + B⋅ ( −2 + 1 )
B = −1
Step 3 Conclusion
QA 2.4A1(ii)
Step 1 Given
⌠
A B
I= + dx
x−1 x+3
⌡
8 A B
= + ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x − 1 ) ⋅ ( x + 3) x−1 x+3
8 = A⋅ ( 1 + 3 ) + B⋅ ( 0 )
the second term on rhs vanishes!
A=2
8 = A⋅ ( 0 ) + B⋅ ( − 3 + 1)
B = −2
Step 3 Conclusion
;K = constant
QA 2.4A1(iii)
Step 1 Given
⌠
1
I= dx ;decompose the fraction
2
( x − 1) ⋅ ( x + 3 ) ;type II
⌡ P0
;
P3
⌠
A B C
I= + + dx
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 x + 3
⌡
B
I = A⋅ ln( x − 1 ) − + C⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + K ability of integration has been demonstated
( x − 1)
1 A B C
= + + ;remove the denominator on LHS
2
( x − 1) ⋅ ( x + 3) x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 x + 3
1 = 0 + B⋅ ( 1 + 3 ) + 0
1
B=
4
At pole x = -3 (To find B)
2
1 = 0 + 0 + C( − 3 − 1 )
1
C=
16
1 = − 3⋅ A + 3 ⋅ B + C
−1
A=
16
Step 3 Conclusion
−1 1 1
I= ⋅ ln( x − 1 ) + + ⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + K ;Further simplication is avoided
16 4⋅ ( x − 1) 16
;K = constant
QA 2.4A1(iv)
Step 1 Given
⌠
x
3
I= dx ;decompose the fraction
2
( x − 1) ⋅ ( x + 3 ) ;type II
⌡ P3
; = fractions + P 0
⌠ P3
A B C
I= + + + D dx
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 x + 3
⌡
B
I = A⋅ ln( x − 1 ) − + C⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + D⋅ x + K ability of integration has been demonstated
( x − 1)
3
x A B C
= + + +D ;remove the denominator on LHS
2
( x − 1) ⋅ ( x + 3) x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 x + 3
3 2 2
∆ x = A⋅ ( x − 1 ) ⋅ ( x + 3 ) + B⋅ ( x + 3 ) + C⋅ ( x − 1 ) + D⋅ ( x − 1 ) ⋅ ( x + 3 )
∆1 1 = 0 + B⋅ ( 1 + 3 ) + 0
1 = 4⋅ B
1
B=
4
− 27 = 16⋅ C
− 27
C=
16
Choose x = 0 (To find A)
15
0 = − 3⋅ A − + 3⋅ D ( ∆1)
16
Choose x = 2
7
8 = 5⋅ A − + 5⋅ D ( ∆2)
16
Use solver to solve (∆1) and (∆2)
15
0 = − 3⋅ A − + 3⋅ D
16
7
8 = 5⋅ A − + 5⋅ D
16
11
A= D=1
16
Step 3 Conclusion
B
I = A⋅ ln( x − 1 ) − + C⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + D⋅ x + K ;Further simplication is avoided
( x − 1)
11 1 27
I= ⋅ ln( x − 1 ) − − ln( x + 3 ) + x + K ;K = constant
16 4⋅ ( x − 1) 16
QA 2.4A1(v)
Step 1 Given
⌠
1
I= dx ;decompose the fraction
2
x −9 ;type I
⌡ P0
;
⌠ P2
1
I= dx
( x + 3) ⋅ ( x − 3 )
⌡
⌠
A B
I= + dx
x+3 x−3
⌡
I = A⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + B⋅ ln( x − 3 ) + K
Step 2 To find A and B
1 A B
= + ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x + 3 ) ⋅ ( x − 3) x+3 x−3
∆: 1 = A⋅ ( x − 3 ) + B⋅ ( x + 3 )
1 = − 6⋅ A
−1
A=
6
1 = 6⋅ B
1
B=
6
Step 3 Conclusion
−1 1
I= ⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + ⋅ ln( x − 3 ) + K
6 6
1
I= ⋅ ( ( ln( x − 3 ) − ln( x + 3 ) ) + K
6
⋅ ln
1 x − 3
I= +K ;K = constant
6 x + 3 ;see #33
QA 2.4A1(vi)
Step 1 Given
⌠
2⋅ x − 1
I= dx ;decompose the fraction
2
x −4 ;type I
⌡ P0
;
P2
⌠
2⋅ x − 1
I= dx
( x + 2) ⋅ ( x − 2 )
⌡
⌠
A B
I= + dx
x+2 x−2
⌡
I = A⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + B⋅ ln( x − 2 ) + K
2⋅ x − 1 A B
= + ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x + 2 ) ⋅ ( x − 2) x+2 x−2
∆: 2 ⋅ x − 1 = A⋅ ( x − 2 ) + B⋅ ( x + 2 )
At pole x = -2 (To find A)
− 5 = −4 ⋅ A
5
A=
4
3 = 4⋅ B
3
B=
4
Step 3 Conclusion
5 3
I= ⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + ⋅ ln( x − 2 ) + K ;Further simplication is avoided
4 4 ;K = constant
QA 2.4A1(vii)
Step 1 Given
⌠
2
x
I= dx ;decompose the fraction
2
x −4 ;type I
⌡ P2
; = fraction + P 0
⌠ P2
x
2
I= dx
( x + 2) ⋅ ( x − 2 )
⌡
⌠
A B
I= + + C dx
x+2 x−2
⌡
I = A⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + B⋅ ln( x − 2 ) + C⋅ x + K
2
x A B
= + +C ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x + 2 ) ⋅ ( x − 2) x+2 x−2
2
∆: x = A⋅ ( x − 2 ) + B⋅ ( x + 2 ) + C⋅ ( x + 2 ) ⋅ ( x − 2 )
At pole x = -2 (To find A)
4 = − 4⋅ A
A = −1
At pole x = 2 (To find B)
B = 4⋅ B
B=1
Choose x = 0 to find C:
0 = − 2⋅ A + 2 ⋅ B − 4 ⋅ C
0 = 4 − 4⋅ C
C=1
Step 3 Conclusion
I = ln
x − 2
+x+K
x + 2
;K = constant
QA 2.4A1(vii)
Step 1 Given
⌠
x
2
I= dx ;decompose the fraction
2
x −4 ;type I
⌡ P2
; = fraction + P 0
⌠ P2
x
2
I= dx
( x + 2) ⋅ ( x − 2 )
⌡
⌠
A B
I= + + C dx
x+2 x−2
⌡
I = A⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + B⋅ ln( x − 2 ) + C⋅ x + K
2
x A B
= + +C ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x + 2 ) ⋅ ( x − 2) x+2 x−2
2
∆: x = A⋅ ( x − 2 ) + B⋅ ( x + 2 ) + C⋅ ( x + 2 ) ⋅ ( x − 2 )
At pole x = -2 (To find A)
4 = − 4⋅ A
A = −1
At pole x = 2 (To find B)
B = 4⋅ B
B=1
Choose x = 0 to find C:
0 = − 2⋅ A + 2 ⋅ B − 4 ⋅ C
0 = 4 − 4⋅ C
C=1
Step 3 Conclusion
I = ln
x − 2
+x+K ;K = constant
x + 2
QA 2.4A1(viii)
Step 1 Given
⌠
x
2
I= dx ;simplify
( 2
x⋅ x + 5 ⋅ x + 5 )
⌡
⌠ P1
x
I= dx ;Use partial fraction
( x + 2) ⋅ ( x + 3 ) P2
⌡
⌠
A B
I= + dx
x+2 x+3
⌡
I = A⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + B⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + K
x A B
= + ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x + 2 ) ⋅ ( x + 3) x+2 x+3
∆: x = A⋅ ( x + 3) + B⋅ ( x + 2 )
−2 = A
A = −2
At pole x = 2 (To find B)
− 3 = −B
B=3
Step 3 Conclusion
QA 2.4.B1(i)
Step 1 Given
1
⌠ 1
I= dx ;factor the denominator
x + 3⋅ x + 2
2
⌡
0
1
⌠ 1 P0
I= dx ;Use partial fraction
( x + 1) ⋅ ( x + 2) P2
⌡
0
⌠
A B
F( x) = + dx
x+1 x+2
⌡
F( x) = A⋅ ln( x + 1 ) + B⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + K
1 A B
= + ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x + 1 ) ⋅ ( x + 2) x+1 x+2
∆: 1 = A⋅ ( x + 2 ) + B⋅ ( x + 1 )
At pole x = -1 (To find A)
1=A
At pole x = -2 (To find B)
1 = −B
B = −1
Step 3 Conclusion
F( x) = ln( x + 1) − ln( x + 2) + K
I = F( 1 ) − F( 0) ;K = constant
I = 2 ⋅ ln( 2) − ln( 3 )
I = 0.288
QA 2.4.B1(ii)
Step 1 Given
1
⌠ 1
I= dx ;complete the squares of denominator
x + 2⋅ x + 2
2
⌡
0
1
⌠ 1 P0
I= dx ;Use partial fraction
( x + 1) 2 + 1 P2
⌡
0
Let
p = x+1
dp = dx
⌠
1
F( p ) = dx Formula #16
2
p +1
⌡
F( p ) = atan( p) + K
F( x) = atan( x + 1 ) + K
I = F( 1 ) − F( 0)
I = atan( 1 + 1 ) − atan( 1 )
I = 0.322 ;K is a constant