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Construction of Simple Electric
Motor



Electrical Motor
The motor or an electrical motor is a device that has brought about one of the biggest advancements in the fields of
engineering and technology ever since the invention of electricity. A motor is nothing but an
electro-mechanical device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. Its because
of motors, life is what it is today in the 21st century. Without motor we had still been living
in Sir Thomas Edisons Era where the only purpose of electricity would have been to glow
bulbs. There are different types of motor have been developed for different specific
purposes.

In simple words we can say a device that produces rotational force is a motor. The very
basic principal of functioning of an electrical motor lies on the fact that force is experienced
in the direction perpendicular to magnetic field and the current, when field and electric current are made to interact with
each other. Ever since the invention of motors, a lot of advancements has taken place in this field of engineering and it has
become a subject of extreme importance for modern engineers. This particular webpage takes into consideration, the
above mentioned fact and provides a detailed description on all major electrical motors and motoring parts being used in
the present era.

History of Motor
In the year 1821 British scientist Michael Faraday explained the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by
placing a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field which resulted in the rotation of the conductor due to torque
produced by the mutual action of electrical current and field. Based on his principal the most primitive of machines a D.C.
(direct current) machine was designed by another British scientist William Sturgeon in the year 1832. But his model was
overly expensive and wasnt used for any practical purpose. Later in the year 1886 the first electrical motor was invented
by scientist Frank Julian Sprague. That was capable of rotating at a constant speed under a varied range of load, and thus
derived motoring action.

Classification or Types of Motor
The primary classification of motor or types of motor can be tabulated as shown below,


























DC motor
A DC motor relies on the fact that like magnet poles repel and unlike magnetic poles
attract each other. A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an
electromagnetic field aligned with the center of the coil. By switching the current on or
off in a coil its magnetic field can be switched on or off or by switching the direction
of the current in the coil the direction of the generated magnetic field can be switched
180. A simple DC motor typically has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an
armature with a series of two or more windings of wire wrapped in insulated stack
slots around iron pole pieces (called stack teeth) with the ends of the wires terminating
on a commutator.

If external power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator, a dynamo. This
feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid car and electric cars or to
return electricity back to the electric grid used on a street car or electric powered train
line when they slow down. This process is called regenerative braking on hybrid and electric cars. In diesel electric
locomotives they also use their DC motors as generators to slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer
designs are adding large battery packs to recapture some of this energy.
Principle of DC Motor
This DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a
current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a torque and has a tendency to move. This is
known as motoring action. If the direction of electric current in
the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also reverses.
When magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a
mechanical force, and based on that the working principle of dc
motor established. Fleming left hand rule The direction of
rotation of a this motor is given by Flemings left hand rule,
which states that if the index finger, middle finger and thumb of
your left hand are extended mutually perpendicular to each
other and if the index finger represents the direction of
magnetic field, middle finger indicates the direction of electric
current, then the thumb represents the direction in which force
is experienced by the shaft of the dc motor.
Types of DC motors
1. Shunt DC motor: The rotor and stator windings are connected in parallel.
2. Separately Excited motor: The rotor and stator are each connected from a different power supply, this
gives another degree of freedom for controlling the motor over the shunt.
3. Sries motor: the stator and rotor windings are connected in series.Thus the torque is roportional to I2 so it gives the
highest torque per current ratio over all other dc motors. It is therefore used in starter motors of cars and elevator mo
tors (p. 563 Chapman, 4e, 2005 McGrow Hill).
4. Permanent Magnet (PMDC) motors: The stator is a permanent magnet, so the motor is smaller in size.
Disadvantage: only used for low torque applications applications
5. Compound motor: the stator is connected to the rotor through a compound
of shunt and series windings, if the shunt and series windings add up together, the motor is called comulatively
compounded. If they subtract from eachother, then a differentially compounded motor results, which is unsuitable f
or any application.
Disadvantages of DC motors
Brush wear: Since they need brushes to connect the rotor
winding. Brush wear occurs, and it increases dramatically in low
pressure environmet. So they cannot be used in artificial hearts. If used on aircraft, the brushes would need
replacement after one hour of operation.
Sparks from the brushes may cause explosion if the environment contains explosive materials.
RF noise from the brushes may interfere with nearby T.V. sets, or electronic devices, etc

AC motor
AC Motor is a type of electric motor that runs on alternating current.
Alternating current technology was rooted in Michael Faradays and
Joseph Henrys 1830-31discovery that a changing magnetic field can
induce an electric current in a circuit. The AC Motor is used in the
conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical
energy is made from utilizing the force that is exerted by the rotating
magnetic fields produced by the alternating current that flows through its
coils. The AC Motor is made up of two major components: the stationary
stator that is on the outside and has coils supplied with AC current, and the
inside rotor that is attached to the output shaft.AC motors are more
commonly used in industry than DC motors but do not operate well at low
speeds.
How Does an AC Motor Works?
The fundamental operation of an AC Motor relies on the principles of
magnetism. The simple AC Motor contains a coil of wire and two fixed
magnets surrounding a shaft. When an electric (AC) charge is applied to the
coil of wire, it becomes an electromagnet, generating a magnetic field.
Simply described, when the magnets interact, the shaft and the coil of wires
begin to rotate, operating the motor.
Types of AC motors
1. Induction Motor: So called because voltage is induced inthe rotor (thus no need for brushes), but for this to happ
en, the rotor must rotate at a lower speed than the magnetic magnetic field to allow for the existence
of an induced voltage. Therefore a new term is needed to describe the induction motor: the slip.
2. Synchronous Motor: So called because rotor tries to line up with the rotating magnetic field in the stator. It has t
he stator of an induction induction motor, and the rotor of a dc motor.

Other motor
1. Reluctance motor: A synchronousinduction motor. The rotor has salient poles and a cage so that it starts like an
induction motor, and runs like a synchronous motor.
2. Hysteresis motor: hysteresis produces the torque, can be very tiny, used as the driver for electric
clocks(Chapman, p 669)
3. Stepper motor: a special type of synchronous motors, which rotates a number of degrees with each electric pulse.
4. Brushless DC motor: a close cousin of a permanent magnet stepper motor with electronic controllers
5. Universal motor: If a serried dc motor has laminated stator frame, it can run effectively from an ac
supply as well as dc, this is the universal motor.
Uses

Motors have a wide variety of uses and are found in cars, clocks, drills, fans, fridges, hair dryers, toothbrushes, vacuum
cleaners, water pumps (for fish tanks, central heating, fire fighting) washing machines, hard disk drives, DVD players,
electric vehicles and industrial equipment including extruders, fork-lift trucks, lathes, mills, hoists, robots and winches.
Construction of Simple Electric Motor
Materials: Magnets, 1.5v battery cell, safety pins, 1.5m insulated copper wire(25 gauge), scissors, bicycle tube rubber
bands, cutter.
Process:
1. Take 1.5m insulated copper wire and wind it on a battery up to 10-15 times.
2. Remove the coil and fix the ends as shown in the figure.
3. Scrape the insulation completely on one end of the coil.
4. Scrape the insulation on top, left and right of the other end. The bottom should be insulated.
5. Now complete the electric motor as shown.
6. We observe the rotation of coil.




















Conclusion
I will conclude that electric motors are very good and very useful invention, because of motor only vehicles, fans, ACs,
industries, etc are working; the current is generating because of motors. So motor is an excellent invention.
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor
http://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-motor-types-classification-and-history-of-motor/
http://www.ece.uah.edu/courses/material/EE410-Wms2/Electric%20motors.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_motor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_motor
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_13/1.html
http://www.anaheimautomation.com/manuals/forms/ac-motor-guide.php#sthash.d45mABFs.6L7oinYq.dpbs
http://www.toolingu.com/class-460240-ac-motor-applications.html
http://frommelectric.com/portals/0/emails/siemens/quarterlyindustrialnewsletter/ac-motor-basics-level-1.pdf
http://www.pacontrol.com/download/Tutorial-Motor-Basics-Lecture.pdf
http://www.gcsescience.com/pen25-motor-efficiency.htm
http://www.solarbotics.net/starting/200111_dcmotor/200111_dcmotor2.html
http://www.electrical4u.com/dc-motor-or-direct-current-motor/
http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/toys/motor.html