4ACh03 (More About Polynomials)

Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
3 More about Polynomials

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Activity f (1)  13  2(1) 2  5(1)  6

4. ∵
 1 2  5  6
Activity 3.1 (p. 143) 0
∴ x  1 is a factor of f(x).
3
f (3)  3  2(3) 2
 5(3)  6 ∵
1.  27  18  15  6
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  2( 1) 2  5( 1)  6
0
 1  2  5  6
8
2. (a) Yes. Since f (3)  0 , i.e. when f(x) is divided
by x  3 , the remainder is 0, it means that 0
∴ x  1 is not a factor of f(x).
f(x) is divisible by x  3 , so x  3 is a
factor of x 3  2 x 2  5 x  6 . f ( 2)  2 3  2( 2) 2  5( 2)  6
∵  8  8  10  6
(b)  4
0
f ( 2)  ( 2)3  2( 2) 2  5( 2)  6 ∴ x  2 is not a factor of f(x).
 8  8  10  6 ∵
0
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  2( 2) 2  5( 2)  6
f ( 2)  ( 1)3  2( 1) 2  5( 1)  6
 8  8  10  6
 1  2  5  6
0
8
∴ x  2 is a factor of f(x).
0
f ( 2)  0 , therefore x  2 is a factor of f (3)  33  2(3) 2  5(3)  6
∵
 27  18  15  6
x 3  2 x 2  5 x  6 ; f ( 1)  8 ,
0
therefore x  1 is not a factor of
x3  2 x 2  5 x  6 . ∵
f (3)  (3)3  2( 3) 2  5( 3)  6

Activity 3.2 (p. 149)
 27  18  15  6
f ( x)  ( x  a )( x 2  bx  c )  24
1.
 x 2  ax 2  bx 2  abx  cx  ac 0
 x 3  ( a  b) x 2  ( ab  c) x  ac
f (6)  6 3  2(6) 2  5(6)  6
By comparing the coefficients, ∵  216  72  30  6
ac  6  120
∴ The product of a and c is 6.
0
2. The possible values of a are 1, 2, 3, 6. a is a ∴ x  6 is not a factor of f(x).
factor of the constant term of f(x). ∵
3. f ( 6)  ( 6)3  2( 6) 2  5(6)  6

 x 1  x 1  216  72  30  6
 x2  x2  252
 x3  x3 0
x4 x4
∴ One of the factors of f(x) is x  3 , x  1 or
x5 x5 x2 .
 x6  x6
5. ∵ The factor of f(x) are x  3 , x  1 and
59
x2.
∴ f ( x )  ( x  3)( x  1)( x  2)
60
Follow-up Exercise ( 4 x  x 2 )  x ( x  1)( x  1)  ( x 3  2)

 ( 4 x  x 2 )  [ x( x)  x (1)]( x  1)  ( x 3  2)
p.130  ( 4 x  x 2 )  ( x 2  x )( x  1)  ( x 3  2)
 ( 4 x  x 2 )  ( x 2  x )( x )  ( x 2  x )( 1)  ( x 3  2)
(5  x  4 x 2 )  (7 x 3  x  1)
 ( 4 x  x 2 )  x 3  x 2  x 2  x  ( x 3  2)
1.  5  x  4 x 2  7 x3  x  1
 4 x  x 2  x3  x  x3  2
 7 x3  4 x 2  x  x  5  1
 x3  x 3  x 2  4 x  x  2
 7 x3  4 x 2  2 x  6
  x 2  3x  2
Alternative Solution p. 132
 4 x2  x  5
) 7 x 3  0 x 2  x  1 (5 x 3  4 x )  x
7 x3  4 x 2  2 x  6 5 x3  4 x

1. (a) x
(3 x 3  7 x 2  2 x  1)  ( x 3  2 x  5) 5 x3 4x
 
2.  3x3  7 x 2  2 x  1  x3  2 x  5 x x
 3x3  x3  7 x 2  2 x  2 x  1  5  5x  4
2
 2 x3  7 x 2  6
(8 x 3  4 x 2  4 x )  2 x
Alternative Solution
3x 3  7 x 2  2 x  1
8 x3  4 x 2  4 x

(b) 2x
) x3  0 x 2  2 x  5
8 x3 4x2 4x
2 x3  7 x 2  0 x  6   
2x 2x 2x
∴ The answer is 2x3 + 7x2 + 6.
 4x2  2x  2
3.
2. (a)
( 2 x 3  4 x  1)(2  3 x ) 3 x  2
 ( 2 x 3  4 x  1)(3 x  2)
2
x 3 x  2 x
3 x
 2 x
 ( 2 x 3  4 x  1)(3 x )  ( 2 x 2  4 x  1)(2)  2 x
 6 x 4  12 x 2  3 x  4 x 3  8 x  2 (b)
 6 x 4  4 x 3  12 x 2  3 x  8 x  2 2 x
3
6
x
x
2
3


4 3 2
3
6 x
  6x  4x  12 x  11 x  2
Alternative Solution
2x3  0x2  4x 1
p.135
)  3x  2 1.
4 3 2
 6x  0x  12 x  3x x  1
x  1 x 2
 2 x
3 2
) 4x  0x  8x  2 
2
x x
 x
 x
 6 x 4  4 x 3  12 x 2  11x  2
∴ The quotient is x  1 and the remainder is 2.
4. 2.
3 x  2
2
2 x  1 6 x 
2
6 x 
∴ The quotient is 3 x  2 and the remainder is

-7.
3.
61
x 2
 7 x 
x  3 x
1 3
 4 x 2
 f 
x 3
 3 x 2
 3
 7 x 2
 7 x 2

3 2
1 1 1
∴ The quotient is x 2  7 x  23 and the  27   18   3   5
3
  3
  3
remainder is 68.
 1 2 1 5
4.  5
2 x  5
2 x 2
 x  1 4 x 3
 8 x 2
 0
(d) Let f ( x)  x  x  3 .
4 2 
3 2
4 x 2 x 2
 10 x 2

 10 x 2
 5
 1
3
∴ The quotient is 2 x  5 and the remainder is  f  

3 x  12 .  2
4 2
 1  1
       3
p.141 Remainder  2   2
1 1
  3
1. (a) Remainder  f (1) 16 4
53
(b) Remainder  f (2)

16
1
(c) Remainder  f   3. Let f ( x )  3 x 3  4 x 2  ax  b .
5
When f(x) is divided by x  1 ,
f ( 1)  4
 3
(d) Remainder  f    3( 1)  4(1)  a ( 1)  b  4
3 2
 2 …… (1)
ab  3
(e) Remainder  f (0)
When f(x) is divided by ,
(f) Remainder  f ( 2) x2
f ( 2)  28
2. (a) Let f ( x)  x 3  4 .
3( 2)  4(2)  a ( 2)  b  28
3 2
 f (1) …… (2)
Remainder  13  4
2a  b  12
(2)  (1), 3a  15
 3 a  5
(b) Let f ( x )  2 x 3  3 x 2  x  1 . By substituting a  5 into (1), we have

Remainder ( 5)  b  3
.
b  2
 f ( 2)
 2( 2)3  3( 2) 2  ( 2)  1
 16  12  2  1 p.146
  29
1. Let f ( x )  x 3  4 x 2  7 x  10 .
f (1)  13  4(1) 2  7(1)  10
(a)
 1  4  7  10
0
∴ x  1 is a factor of
(c) Let f ( x )  27 x 3  18 x 2  3 x  5 . x 3  4 x 2  7 x  10 .
Remainder
f ( 2)  2 3  4( 2) 2  7( 2)  10
(b)  8  16  14  10
 12
0
62
∴ x  2 is not a factor of 1 1

3
1 1
2
x 3  4 x 2  7 x  10 . f    2   5      1
2 2 2 2
(c) 1 5 1
(d)    1
4 4 2
f (1)  (1)3  4( 1) 2  7( 1)  10 1
 1  4  7  10 
2
 12 0
0 ∴ 2 x  1 is a factor of
∴ x  1 is not a factor of 2 x3  5 x 2  x  1 .
x  4 x  7 x  10 .
3 2
3. Let f ( x)  4 x 3  kx 2  9 x  2 .
(d)
∵ 4 x 3  kx 2  9 x  2 is divisible by
f ( 2)  ( 2)3  4(2) 2  7( 2)  104 x  1 .
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
 8  16  14  10
1
0 f 0
∴ x  2 is a factor of 2
3 2
x 3  4 x 2  7 x  10 . 1 1 1
4   k    9   2  0
4
  4
  4
2. Let f ( x)  2 x 3  5 x 2  x  1 . 1 k 9 .
  20
f (3)  2(3) 3  5(3) 2  3  1 16 16 4
(a)  54  45  3  1 k 5

7 16 16
0 k 5
∴ x  3 is not a factor of
f (3)  33  5(3) 2  8(3)  6
2 x  5x  x  1 .
3 2 4. (a) ∵
 27  45  24  6
(b) 0
f ( 4)  2( 4)3  5( 4) 2  (4)  1
(b) By long division,
 128  80  4  1
 203 
2
x
x  3 x 3

x 3

0 

∴ x  4 is not a factor of
2 x3  5 x 2  x  1 . Hence, f ( x )  ( x  3)( x 2  2 x  2)
(c)
p.152
3 2
 1  1  1  1
f     2    5        1 1. Let f ( x )  x 3  2 x 2  x  2 .
 2  2  2  2
1 5 1 ∵ f (1)  13  2(1) 2  1  2  0
    1 ∴ x  1 is a factor of f(x).
4 4 2
0 By long division,
∴ 2 x  1 is a factor of x 2

x  1 x 3

2 x  5x  x  1 .
3 2 x 3

∴
x 3  2 x 2  x  2  ( x  1)( x 2  3 x  2)
 ( x  1)( x  1)( x  2)
2. Let f ( x )  x 3  2 x 2  15 x  36 .
63
∵
f (1)  13  12  8(1)  12  18  0
f (1)  13  2(1) 2  15(1)  36  48  0 f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  ( 1) 2  8( 1)  12  4  0
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  2( 1) 2  15( 1)  36  20  0 f ( 2)  2 3  2 2  8( 2)  12  16  0
f ( 2)  2 3  2( 2) 2  15( 2)  36  50  0 f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  ( 2) 2  8( 2)  12  0
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  2( 2) 2  15( 2)  36  6  0 ∴ x  2 is a factor of f(x).
f (3)  33  2(3) 2  15(3)  36  36  0 By long division,

f ( 3)  ( 3) 3  2( 3) 2  15( 3)  36  0 x 3  x 2  8 x  12  ( x  2)( x 2  x  6)
∴ x  3 is a factor of f(x). ∴ x 3  x 2  8 x  12  ( x  3)( x  2) 2
∴
By long division, 2 x3  2 x 2  16 x x
 24  2( 
x  3)( x 1
2) 2
x 2
 2
x  3 x 3
 2 x 2
 15
x 3
 3 x 2
 x 2
 1
 
Let f ( x )  2 x 3  7 x 2  44 x  35 .
2
x
6. 

∴ f (1)  2(1) 3  7(1) 2  441  35  0

∴
x 3  2 x 2  15 x  36  ( x  3)( x 2  x  12)
 ( x  4)( x  3) 2 By long division,
2 x 3  7 x 2  44 x  35  ( x  1)(2 x 2  9 x  35)
∴
 ( x  1)(2 x  5)( x  7)
x 3  2 x 2  15 x  36  ( x  3)( x 2  x  12)
 ( x  4)( x  3) 2
3. Let f ( x )  x 3  7 x  6 .
Exercise
∵ f (1)  13  7(1)  6  0
Exercise 3A (p.130)
Level 1
By long division, 2
x  x  6
( x 3  5 x  4)  ( x 3  2 x 2  5)
x  1 x 3
 0 x 2
 7 x
x 3
 x 2
x 2
 7 x
 x3  5 x  4  x3  2 x 2  5 
2
x x
1. 

6
6
x
x
 x3  x3  2 x 2  5 x  4  5
∴ x 3  7 x 2  6  ( x  1)( x 2  x  6)  2 x3  2 x 2  5 x  1
 ( x  2)( x  1)( x  3)
(6 x 3  3 x  2)  (2 x 3  4 x 2  2 x  1)
4. Let f ( x )  x  3 x  x  3 .
3 2
 6 x3  3 x  2  2 x3  4 x 2  2 x  1
2.
3 2
∵ f (1)  1  3(1)  1  3  0  6 x3  2 x3  4 x 2  3x  2 x  2  1
∴ x  1 is a factor of f(x).  4 x3  4 x 2  x  1
By long division,
( 2 x  3 x 2  1)  (3 x 2  4 x  1)
2
x  4 x  3
3 2
x  1 x  3 x 
3 2
x  x
3.  2 x  3x 2  1  3x 2  4 x  1
4
4
x
x
2
2

 4
 3 x 2  3 x 2  2 x  4 x  1  1
3
3
∴   6x 2  6x
x 3  3 x 2  x  3  ( x  1)( x 2  4 x  3)
(3 x 2  2 x 3  7 x  4)  ( 4 x 2  6 x  5)
 ( x  1)( x  1)( x  3)
4.  3x 2  2 x 3  7 x  4  4 x 2  6 x  5
5.  2 x 3  3 x 2  4 x 2  7 x  6 x  4  5
2 x 3  2 x 2  16 x  24  2( x 3  x 2  8 x  12)   2x3  x 2  x  1
Let f ( x )  x 3  x 2  8 x  12 .
∵
64
( 4 x 2  3 x  1)( x  1) ( 2 x 2  3 x  5)( x 2  2)
 ( 4 x 2  3 x  1)( x)  ( 4 x 2  3 x  1)(1)  ( 2 x 2  3 x  5)( x 2 )  ( 2 x 2  3 x  5)(2)
5.  4 x 3  3 x 2  x  4 x 2  3x  1  2 x 4  3 x 3  5 x 2  4 x 2  6 x  10
 4 x 3  3 x 2  4 x 2  x  3x  1  2 x 4  3 x 3  9 x 2  6 x  10
 4 x3  7 x 2  4 x  1
12.
( x  3)( x 2  2 x ) ( x 2  2 x  1)(3 x 2  5 x  2)
 ( x  3)( x )  ( x  3)( 2 x)
2
6.  ( x 2  2 x  1)(3 x 2 )  ( x 2  2 x  1)( 5 x) 
 x3  3x 2  2 x 2  6 x
( x 2  2 x  1)(2)
 x3  x 2  6 x
 3x 4  6 x 3  3 x 2  5 x 3  10 x 2  5 x  2 x 2  4 x  2
 3x 4  6 x 3  5 x 3  3x 2  10 x 2  2 x 2  5 x  4 x  2
7.
 3x 4  x 3  15 x 2  x  2
(3 x  2)( 2 x  4 x  1)
2
 (3 x  2)( 2 x 2 )  (3 x  2)( 4 x )  (3 x  2)(13.

1)
 6 x 3  4 x 2  12 x 2  8 x  3 x  2 5 P  ( x  1)Q
 6 x 3  16 x 2  5 x  2  5( x 2  3 x  5)  ( x  1)(3 x 2  5)
 5 x 2  15 x  25  ( x  1)(3 x 2 )  ( x  1)(5)
8.
 5 x 2  15 x  25  3 x 3  3 x 2  5 x  5
2 2
( 2 x  1)( x  x  1)  ( 2 x  1)  3 x 3  5 x 2  3 x 2  15 x  5 x  25  5
 ( 2 x  1)( x 2 )  ( 2 x  1)( x )  ( 2 x  1)(1)    3 x 3  8 x 2  10 x  30
( 4 x 2  4 x  1)
 2 x3  x 2  2 x 2  x  2 x  1  4 x 2  4 x  1 (3  x)(Q  P )
 2x  x  2x  4x  x  2x  4x  1  1
3 2 2 2
 (3  x )[(3 x 2  5)  ( x 2  3 x  5)]
 2 x 3  3x 2  5 x  2  (  x  3)(3 x 2  5  x 2  3 x  5)
 (  x  3)(3 x 2  x 2  3 x  5  5)
14.
Level 2  (  x  3)(2 x 2  3 x)
 (  x  3)(2 x 2 )  (  x  3)(3 x)
9.
 2 x 3  6 x 2  3 x 2  9 x
( 4 x 3  3 x  7)  ( 2 x 3  4 x 2  7 x )  (6 x 2  5 x  5)  2 x 3  3 x 2  9 x
 4 x 3  3 x  7  2 x 3  4 x 2  7 x  6 x 2  5 x 15.
5
 4 x3  2 x3  4 x 2  6 x 2  3x  7 x  5 x  7  5
Q 2  PQ
 2 x3  2 x 2  9 x  2
 (3 x 2  5) 2  ( x 2  3 x  5)(3 x 2  5)
10.  9 x 4  30 x 2  25  ( x 2  3 x  5)(3 x 2 ) 
( x 2  3 x  5)(5)
(5 x 3  6 x 2  x  3)  (7 x 3  5 x 2  x  3) 
 9 x 4  30 x 2  25  3 x 4  9 x 3  15 x 2  5 x 2 
( x 3  2 x 2  2 x  5)
15 x  25
 5 x3  6 x 2  x  3  7 x3  5 x 2  x  3 
 9 x 4  3 x 4  9 x 3  30 x 2  15 x 2  5 x 2  15 x 
x3  2 x 2  2 x  5
25  25
 5 x3  7 x3  x3  6 x 2  5 x 2  2 x 2  x  x 
 6 x 4  9 x 3  10 x 2  15 x
2x  3  3  5
 11 x 3  9 x 2  4 x  11
Exercise 3B (p.136)
11.
Level 1
1.
65
x  3 3 x  8
2 2 x  3 6 x 2

7 x 7 x  21x
2
6 x 2

7 x
1
21x 1
21x
∴ The quotient is x  3 and the remainder is 0. ∴ The quotient is 3 x  8 and the remainder is 26.
2. 10.
2 4a 
5x  3 x
3 4a
2  1 1 6a 2

3 x 15 x  9 x
1 6a 2

3
15 x 
2 
 9 x
2
 9 x
∴ The quotient is 5 x 2  3 x and the remainder is ∴ The quotient is 4a  1 and the remainder is
0. 3.
3. 11.
2
s
a  3
s  2 s 3
a a 2
 3a  2 3
2
s
a
3a
3a
2
∴ The quotient is a  3 and the remainder is 2.

∴ The quotient is s 2  4 s  11 and the
4. remainder is 20.

12.
x 2
2 x 2 x 2
 4 x  3
2
2 x
 4 x
 4 x 2 h
h 33 2 h
2 h
∴ The quotient is x  2 and the remainder is 3.
5.
∴ The quotient is 2h 2  3h  10 and the
p  2
p  1 p
p
2
2


3
p
remainder is 25.
p  5
2 p  5
2 p  2
13. 3
∴ The quotient is p  2 and the remainder is 3.

2
2 x  1 4
4
6.
z  8
z  3 z 2
 5 z  6

∴ The quotient is 2 x 2  4 x  2 and the
2
z 3 z
 8 z  6
 8 z  24
remainder is 9. 30
∴ The quotient is z  8 and the remainder is 30. 14.
7. 3
3m  2 9
9
2r
r  2 2r 2
 4r  1
2r 2
 4r
1
∴ The quotient is 3m 2  2m  1 and the

∴ The quotient is 2r and the remainder is 1. remainder is 7.
8. 15.
2d  1
3w
2d  1 4d 2
 4d  1
4 w  3 12
4d 2
 2d 12
 2d  1
 2d  1
∴ The quotient is 2d  1 and the remainder is 0.

∴ The quotient is 3w2  2 w  1 and the
9. remainder is 0.
66
Level 2 23.
16. 2 x 2
 x 
x  6
x 2
 x  2 x 3
 5 x 2
 2 x 
3 2
x  x  2 x
6 x 2
 4 x 
6 x 2
 6 x  1
2 x 
∴ The quotient is 2 x 2  2 x  1 and the

∴ The quotient is x  6 and the remainder is
remainder is x  1 .
2x  9 .
24.
17.
2
x 4 w
 2
2
 w  2 8
2 3 2 8
x  x  3 x  x  3 x  3
x 3
 x 2
 3 x
2
 2 x  0 x 
 2 x 2
 2 x 
2 x  3
∴ The quotient is 2 w  3 and the remainder is

∴ The quotient is x  2 and the remainder is
2 w  5 .
2x  3 . 25.
18. 3e 
5
2
2e 2
 1 6e 3 
p 6e 3

2
p  2 p  1 p3  2 p 2
 5 p  1

p3  2 p 2
 p
 4 p  1
∴ The quotient is p and the remainder is 5

4 p  1 . ∴ The quotient is 3e  and the remainder is
2
7
19. 4e  .
2 z
2
 3
z 2
 3 z  2 2 z 3
 3 z 2
 z
3 2
2 z  6 z  4 z
26. 3 z
3 z
2
2


3 z
9 z
12 z
x 
x 2
 3 x  2 x 3
∴ The quotient is 2 z  3 and the remainder is

3
x
12 z  10 .
20.  The quotient is x  3 and the remainder is

2d
13 x  1 .  5
2 3 2
d  3d  4 2d  d  2
2d 3
 6d 2
 8
27. 5d
5d
2
2


16
15

x  1
x 2
 x  1 x 3

∴ The quotient is 2d  5 and the remainder is

x 3

d  2 .
21. ∴ The quotient is x  1 and the remainder is 2.
2q 2
 5q  2
28. 3q
6q

3

4
7 q 2
 2
6q 3
 15q 2

 8q 2
 17
 8q  20 2
x 2
 3 x  3
∴ The quotient is 3q  4 and the remainder is

3q  6 .
∴ The quotient is x 2  5 x  20 and the
22.
remainder is 68 x  15 .
3s  5
3s 2
 2 s  1 9 s 3
 9 s 2
 1
3 2
9 s  6 s 
29. 15 s
15 s
2
2


1
1
 3
∴ The quotient is 3s  5 and the remainder is

3s  1 .
67
[(3 x 3  2 x  3)  ( x 3  4 x 2  4)]  ( x 2  3 x  5)  f ( 2)
3 2
 (3 x  2 x  3  x  4 x  4)  ( x  3 x  5)
3 3 2 2
Remainder  2  7( 2)  5( 2)  1
 8  28  10  1
 (3 x 3  x 3  4 x 2  2 x  3  4)  ( x 2  3 x  5)
 27
 ( 2 x 3  4 x 2  2 x  7)  ( x 2  3 x  5)
By long division, 5. Let f ( x)  2 x 3  3 x 2  4 x  5 .

Remainder
 f ( 3)
2 x  10
x 2
 3 x  5 2 x 3
 4 x 2

2 x 3
 6 x 2
 1
 2( 3)  3( 3)  4( 3)  5

3 2 10 x 2

10 x 2
 3
2
 54  27  12  5
∴ The quotient is 2 x  10 and the remainder is   64
22 x  57 .
30.
6. Let f ( x )  x 3  4 x 2  x  3 .
 f (5)
[( 2t  1)(t 2  1)]  (t 2  2t  1)
3 2
 [( 2t  1)(t 2 )  ( 2t  1)(1)]  (t 2  2t  1) Remainder  5  4(5)  5  3
 125  100  5  3
 ( 2t 3  t 2  2t  1)  (t 2  2t  1)
 217
By long division,
7. Let f ( x )  27 x 3  6 x  2 .
2t  5
 1
t 2
 2t  1 2t 2
3


 f   t 2
2


2t  1
 3
2t 4t 2t
 5t 2
 0t 
 5t 2
 1 0t 

3 1 0t
Remainder  1  1
 27     6    2
∴ The quotient is 2t  5 and the remainder is  3  3
10t  4 .  1  2  2
3
Exercise 3C (p.142)
8. Let f ( x )  4 x 3  x 2  8 x  11 .
Level 1
1
 f 
1. Let f ( x )  x 3  8 x  7 . 4
 f (3) 3 2
1 1 1
3 Remainder  4      8   11
Remainder  3  8(3)  7 4 4 4
 27  24  7 1 1
 4    2  11
16 16
 9
2. Let f ( x)  x 3  x 2  2 x  1 .
 f (1) 9. Let f ( x )  8 x 3  2 x  1 .
3 2
Remainder  1  1  2(1)  1 1
 11 2 1  f 
2
5 3
Remainder  8  1   2 1   1
2 2
3. Let f ( x )  2 x 3  x 2  7 x  1 .
 1 1  1
 f ( 1)
1
Remainder  2( 1)  ( 1)  7( 1)  1
3 2
 2  1  7  1
10. Let f ( x )  2 x 3  2 x 2  4 x  7 .
 9
4. Let f ( x)  x 3  7 x 2  5 x  1 .
68
3 1
 f  f    6
2  2
3 2 3 2
3 3 3 1 1 1
 2    2   4    7 2   5   4k    7  6
Remainder 2 2 2  2 2 2
27 9 1 5
  67   2k  7  6
4 2 4 4
49 2k  2

4 k 1
11. Let f ( x )  3 x 3  7 x 2  kx  5 . 16. Let f ( x )  x1997  1 .

By the remainder theorem, we have  f ( 1)
f ( 3)  4
Remainder  ( 1) 1
1997
3( 3)  7( 3)  k ( 3)  5

3 2
 4  1  1
 81  63  3k  5  4  2
3k  27
k  9 17. Let f ( x )  x100  1 .
 f (1)
100
12. Let f ( x )  2 x 3  kx 2  5 x  4 . Remainder  1 1
 1 1
By the remainder theorem, we have
f (2)  6 0
2(2) 3  k ( 2) 2  5( 2)  4  6
16  4k  10  4  6
18. Let f ( x )  x 3  2ax  b .
4k  24
∵When f(x) is divided by x  3 , the remainder
k  6 is 1.
∴ When f(x)  1 is divided by x  3 , the
13. Let f ( x)  x 2  kx  2 . remainder is 0.
By the remainder theorem, we have ∴ When f(x)  1  b is divided by x  3 , the
f (k )  k remainder is b, and when f(x)1 + b+ x2 9 is
divided by x the remainder is also b (since x2
k 2  k (k )  2  k
9 = 0 when x = 3).
k2 k2  2  k ∴ The required polynomial is x 3  2ax  1 or
k  2
x 3  x 2  2ax  10 . (or any other
reasonable answers)
14. Let f ( x )  kx 4  30 x 3  18 x  20 .
By the remainder theorem, we have 19. By the remainder theorem, we have
f (1)  3
 1
f     13 (1)  2( 1)  k (1)  c  3
3 2
 3
4 3 1 2  k  c  3
 1  1  1
4    30    18    20  13 k  c2
 3  3  3
k 10 ∴
  6  20  13 k  1, c  3 or k  1, c  1 or k  3, c  1
81 9
(or any other reasonable answers)
k 1

81 9
k 9 Level 2
20. Let f ( x )  x 2  2 x  3 .
15. Let f ( x )  2 x 3  5 x 2  4kx  7 .
69
k f ( 2)  31

f    11
2 2( 2)  ( 2)  p ( 2)  q  31
3 2
2  2 p  q  11
k k
   2    3  11
2
  2 ……(2)
k2 (1) – (2), 3 p  9
 k  3  11 p3
4
k 2  4k  32  0 By substituting p  3 into (1), we have
3  q  2
( k  8)(k  4)  0
q  5
k 8  0 or k 4  0
k  8 or k  4
25. When f(x) is divided by x  2 ,
f (2)  5
21. Let f ( x )  x 3  ( k  4) x 2  2 x  1 .
By the remainder theorem, we have 2 3  p (2) 2  2( 2)  q  5
……(1)
f (k )  k 2  4 p  q  17
(  k ) 3  ( k  4)(  k ) 2  2(  k )  1  k 2
When f(x) is divided by x  3 ,
 k 3  k 3  4k 2  2 k  1  k 2 f (3)  4
3k 2  2k  1  0 33  p (3) 2  2(3)  q  4
( k  1) 3k  1  0  9 p  q  37
……(2)
k 1  0 or 3k  1  0
(1) – (2), 5 p  20
1 p  4
k  1 or k
3 By substituting p  4 into (1), we have
4( 4)  q  17
22. Let f ( x )  x 2  4 x  3 . q  1
f (  k )  6
26. Let f ( x )  x 2  mx  3 and g ( x )  2m  x .
(  k )  4(  k )  3  6
2
When f(x) is divided by x  n ,
k 2  4k  3  0 f ( n)  11
( k  3)(k  1)  0 n 2  mn  3  11
k 3  0 or k 1  0 ……(1)
n 2  mn  8  0
k  3 or k  1
23. Let f ( x )  4 x 2  2 x  1 .
When g(x) is divided by xn ,
g ( n)  0
 k
f     3k 2m  n  0
 2 ……(2)
2 n  2m
 k  k
4    2    1  3k
 2   2
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
k 2  k  1  3k
( 2m) 2  m( 2m)  8  0
k 2  2k  1  0
2m 2  8  0
(k  1) 2  0
m  2
k 1
When m  2, n  4
When m  2, n  4
24. When f(x) is divided by x  1 , ∴ The values of m and n are
f (1)  1 m  2
 or 
m  2
.
 n  4  n  4
3 2
2(1)  1  p (1)  q  1
……(1)
p  q  2
27. (a) ∵The degree of ( x  1)( x  2) is 2,
∴ The highest possible degree of the
When f(x) is divided by x  2 , remainder when P(x) is divided by
70
( x  1)( x  2) is 1. f (1)  13  12  3(1)  3

1. (a)
 1 1  3  3
(b) Let Q(x) and ax  b be the quotient and the
remainder respectively when P(x) is divided by
0
( x  1)( x  2) .
∴ f (1)  (1)3  ( 1) 2  3( 1)  3
P ( x)  ( x  1)( x  2)Q( x)  ax  b (b)  1  1  3  3
By the remainder theorem, we have  4
P (1)  4  0
(1  1)(1  2)Q(1)  a (1)  b  4 ∴ x + 1 is not a factor of f(x).
a  b  4
f ( 2)  2 3  2( 2) 2  5( 2)  6
2. (a)
……(1)  8  8  10  6
0
P ( 2)  28 ∴ x - 2 is a factor of f(x).
( 2  1)( 2  2)Q ( 2)  a ( 2)  b  28 f (3)  33  2(3) 2  5(3)  6

 2a  b  28 (b)  27  18  15  6
……  24
0
(2) ∴ x - 3 is not a factor of f(x).
3a  24
(1) – (2), 3. (a)
a8
By substituting a  8 into (1), we have
f ( 4)  ( 4)3  5( 4) 2  3( 4)  15
8  b  4
 64  80  12  15
b  12
∴ The remainder when P(x) is divided by  19
( x  1)( x  2) is 8 x  12 . 0
∴ x + 4 is not a factor of f(x).
28. (a) By the remainder theorem, we have
f ( 1)  1 (b)
( 1)99  k  1
f (5)  ( 5) 3  5( 5) 2  3(5)  15
1 k  1
 125  125  15  15
k 2
0
∴ x + 5 is a factor of f(x).
(b) Let Q(x) be the quotient when f(x) is divided by
x 1 . 4. Let f ( x )  2 x 3  9 x 2  5 x  4 .
f ( x)  ( x  1)Q ( x )  1
f ( 4)  2(4)3  9( 4) 2  5(4)  4
∴
x 99
 2  ( x  1)Q ( x )  1 ∵
 128  144  20  4
x 99  ( x  1)Q ( x )  1 …… 0
∴ x - 4 is a factor of 2 x 3  9 x 2  5 x  4 .
(1)
5. Let f ( x )  x 3  a 3 .
By substituting x  9 into (1), we have
∵ f ( a )  a  a
3 3
99
9  (9  1)Q (9)  1 0
 10Q(9)  1 ∴ x3 – a3 is divisible by x – a.
 10[Q (9)  1]  9
6. Let f ( x)  2 x 3  kx 2  x  6 .
∴ The remainder when 999 is divided by 10 is
9. ∵ 2 x 3  kx 2  x  6 is divisible by x + 2.
Exercise 3D (p. 147)

Level 1
71
f ( 2)  0 f ( 2)  0
2(2)  k (2)  (2)  6  0
3 2
( 2)  a ( 2)  ( 2)  b  0
3 2
 16  4k  2  6  0  8  4a  2  b  0
4k  20 b  4a  6
k 5 ∴ a = –3, b = –18 or a = –1, b = –10 or a =1, b = –2
(or any other reasonable answers)
7. Let f ( x )  x 3  2ax  15 .
∵x + 5 is a factor of x3 – 2ax + 15.
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem, Level 2
f (5)  0
12. Let f(x) = 2x3 – x2 – 7x + 6.
(5) 3  2a ( 5)  15  0 3 2
 125  10a  15  0 3 3 3 3
f    2      7   6
10a  110 2 2 2 2
∵
a  11 27 9 21
   6
4 4 2
8. Let f ( x )  2 x 3  x 2  mx  12 . 0
∵x + 3 is a factor of 2x3 + x2 – mx + 12. ∴ 2x – 3 is a factor of 2x3 – x2 – 7x + 6.
13. Let f(x) = 8x3 – 14x2 + 7x – 1.
f (3)  0 3 2
1 1 1 1
2(3) 3  3 2  m(3)  12  0 f    8   14   7   1
54  9  3m  12  0 4 4 4 4
∵
3m  75 1 7 7
   1
m  25 8 8 4
0
9. Let P(x) be the polynomial of degree 3 with 2x + 3 as ∴ 8x3 – 14x2 + 7x –1 is divisible by 4x – 1.
one of its factors.
∵P(x) = (ax2 + bx + c)(2x + 3) where a, b and c are 14. (a) ∵
integers.
By substituting a = 1, b = 0 and c = -1 into P(x), we g ( 5)  (5)3  12( 5) 2  41(5)  30
have
 125  300  205  30
P ( x)  ( x 2  1)(2 x  3)
0
 2 x3  3x 2  2 x  3 ∴ x + 5 is a factor of g(x).
or by substituting a = 1, b = 1 and c = 2 into P(x), we
have (b) By long division,
2
P( x)  ( x  x  2)(2 x  3) x 2

x  5 x 3
3 2 2
 2 x  3x  2 x  3 x  4 x  6
3
x
 2 x3  5x 2  x  6
∴ The required polynomial is 2x3 + 3x2 – 2x – 3 or
2x3 + 5x2 – x – 6. (or any other reasonable Hence, g(x) = (x + 5)(x2 + 7x + 6)
answers) By the cross method,
x2 + 7x + 6 = (x + 1)(x + 6)
10. ∵x3 + mx2 + nx + 5 is divisible by x – 1. ∴ g ( x )  ( x  5)( x  1)( x  6)
f (1)  0 15. (a) ∵
3 2
1  m(1)  n(1)  5  0
3 2
1 m  n  5  0  3  3  3  3
f     4    8    15    9
n  6  m  2  2  2  2
∴ m = –3, n = –3 or m = –1, n = –5 or m = 2, n = –8. 27 45
(or any other reasonable answers)   18  9
2 2
0
∴ 2x + 3 is a factor of f(x).
11. Let f(x) = x3 + ax2 – x – b.
∵x + 2 is a factor of x3 + ax2 – x – b.
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem, (b) By long division,
72
2
2 x  7 x
2 x  3 4 x 3
1 8
4 x 3
f 0
 6
4
 14
 14
3 2
1 1 1
8   m   25   6  0
Hence, f(x) = (2x + 3)(2x2 – 7x + 3) 4
  4
  4
By the cross method,
2x2 – 7x + 3 = (2x – 1)(x – 3) 1 m 25
  60
∴ f ( x )  ( 2 x  3)( 2 x  1)( x  3) 8 16 4
m 1
16. (a) ∵ 
16 8
3 2
m2
 4  4  4  4
h    3    4    75    100
 3  3  3  3 (b) By long division,
64 64
   100  100 
2 x
9 9
4 x 1 8 x
8 x
0
∴ 3x + 4 is a factor of h(x).
(b) By long division, Hence, f(x) = (4x – 1)(2x2 + x – 6)

x 2 2x2 + x – 6 = (2x – 3)(x + 2)  25
3x  4 3x 3
∴
 4 x 2
 75 x
8 x
3
 2x2  25 x  6  ( 4 x  1)(2 x  3)( x  2)
3 2
3x 4 x
 75 x 
 75 x 
2
Hence, h( x )  (3 x  4)( x  25) 19. Let f(x) = x3 + px2 + qx + 2 and g(x) = x3 + qx2 + px –
 (3 x  4)( x  5)( x  5) 6.
∵x – 2 is a common factor of x3 + px2 + qx + 2
and
17. (a) Let f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + kx + 6. x3 + qx2 + px – 6.
∵x3 – 4x2 + kx + 6 is divisible by x – 3. f ( 2)  0
∴ 3 2
f (3)  0 2  p ( 2)  q( 2)  2  0
33  4(3) 2  k (3)  6  0 2 p  q  5  (1)
27  36  3k  6  0 g ( 2)  0
3k  3 23  q( 2) 2  p(2)  6  0
k 1 p  2q  1  (2)
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
(b) By long division, 2( 2q  1)  q  5
x 2

3q  3 x  2
q 1
x  3 x 3
 4 x 2

x 3
 3 x 2
 x 2

By substituting q = 1 into (2), we have

 x 2


3
p  2(1)  1 
Hence, f(x) = (x – 3)(x2 – x – 2)  3

x2 – x – 2 = (x – 2)(x + 1) 20. (a) ∵When f(x) is divided by x + 1, the remainder is
∴ 10.
x 3  4 x 2  x  6  ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1) ∴ By the remainder theorem, we have
f ( 1)  10
18. (a) Let f(x) = 8x3 + mx2 – 25x + 6. 2( 1)  ( 1)  a ( 1)  b  10
3 2
∵8x3 + mx2 – 25x + 6 is divisible by 4x – 1.
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,  2  1  a  b  10
a  b  13
 (1)
∵x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
f (1)  0
3 2
2(1)  1  a (1)  b  0
 (2)
a  b  1
73
(1) + (2), 2 a  14

a  7 Level 1
1. Let f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 6x + 8.

By substituting a = –7 into (2), we have ∵f(1) = 13 – 3(1)2 – 6(1) + 8 = 0
7  b  1 ∴ x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
b6 By long division,
x3 – 3x2 – 6x + 8 = (x – 1)(x2 – 2x – 8)
∴
(b) By long division,
x 3  3 x 2  6 x  8  ( x  4)( x  1)( x  2)
2 x 2
 x 
x  1 2 x 3
 x 2

2
2. Let f(x) = x3 – 7x – 6.
x 3
 2
x
x 2
2

f (1)  13  7(1)  6  12

x 2


∵ 
3
f ( 1)  ( 1)  7( 1)  6  0
Hence, f(x) = (x – 1)(2x2 + x – 6) ∴ x + 1 is a factor of f(x).
By the cross method, By long division,
2x2 + x – 6 = (2x – 3)(x + 2) x3 – 7x – 6 = (x + 1)(x2 – x – 6)
∴ f ( x)  ( x  1)(2 x  3)( x  2) ∴ x 3  7 x  6  ( x  3)( x  1)( x  2)
21. (a) ∵When g(x) is divided by x + 1, the
3. Let f(x) = x3 + x2 – 10x + 8.
remainder
∵f(1) = 13 + 12 – 10(1) + 8 = 0
is 8.
∴ x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
∴ By the remainder theorem, we have
By long division,
g ( 1)  8 x3 + x2 – 10x + 8 = (x – 1)(x2 + 2x – 8)
s ( 1)  9( 1)  t ( 1)  5  8
3 2 ∴
x 3  x 2  10 x  8  ( x  2)( x  1)( x  4)
t s4
4. Let f(x) = x3 + 8x2 + 21x + 18.
 (1) ∵
∵x + 5 is a factor of g(x). 
f (1)  13  8(1) 2  21(1)  18  48
g ( 5)  0
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  8( 1) 2  21( 1)  18  4
s ( 5) 3  9( 5) 2  t ( 5)  5  0
f ( 2)  2 3  8( 2) 2  21( 2)  18  100
 25s  t  44
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  8( 2) 2  21( 2)  18  0
 (2) ∴ x + 2 is a factor of f(x).
By substituting (1) into (2), we have By long division,
25s  s  4  44 x3 + 8x2 + 21x + 18 = (x + 2)(x2 + 6x + 9)
24 s  48 ∴ x 3  8 x 2  21x  18  ( x  2)( x  3) 2
s2
By substituting s = 2 into (1), we have
t  24
6
5. Let f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 4x – 12.
∵
f (1)  13  3(1) 2  4(1)  12  12

f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  3( 1) 2  4( 1)  12  6
f ( 2)  2 3  3( 2) 2  4( 2)  12  0
(b) By long division, ∴ x – 2 is a factor of f(x).
2 x 2
 x
x  5 2
2
By long division,
x
x
3
3

 10
9 x
x
x3 + 3x2 – 4x – 12 = (x – 2)(x2 + 5x + 6)  x
 x
∴
3 2
x  3x  4 x  12  ( x  2)( x  2)( x  3)
Hence, g(x) = (x + 5)(2x2 – x – 1)
By the cross method, 6. Let f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + 5x – 2.
2x2 – x – 1 = (2x + 1)(x – 1) ∵f(1) = 13 – 4(1)2 + 5(1) – 2 = 0
∴ g ( x)   x  1 ( x  5)(2 x  1) ∴ x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
By long division,
x3 – 4x2 + 5x – 2 = (x –1)(x2 – 3x + 2)
∴ x  4 x  5 x  2   x  2  ( x  1)
3 3 2
Exercise 3E (p. 152)
74
∴
7. Let f(x) = x3 + x2 – 8x – 12. 5 x 3  20 x 2  5 x  30  5( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
∵
12. 5x3 – 65x – 60 = 5(x3 – 13x – 12)
f (1)  13  12  8(1)  12  18 Let f(x) = x3 – 13x – 12.
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  ( 1) 2  8( 1)  12  4 ∵ f (1)  13  13(1)  12  24
f ( 2)  2 3  2 2  8( 2)  12  16 f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  13( 1)  12  0
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  ( 2) 2  8( 2)  12  0 ∴ x + 1 is a factor of f(x).
By long division,
∴ x + 2 is a factor of f(x). x3 – 13x – 12 = (x + 1)(x2 – x – 12)
By long division, ∴ x3 – 13x – 12 = (x + 1)(x – 4)(x + 3)
x3 + x2 – 8x – 12 = (x + 2)(x2 – x – 6) ∴
∴ x 3  x 2  8 x  12   x  3 ( x  2) 2 5 x 3  65 x  60  5( x  4)( x  1)( x  3)
8. Let f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 25x – 75.

∵ Level 2
3 2
f (1)  1  3(1)  25(1)  75  96 13. Let f(x) = x3 – 8x2 + 4x + 48.
3 2 ∵
f ( 1)  ( 1)  3( 1)  25( 1)  75  48
3 2
f (3)  3  3(3)  25(3)  75  96 f (1)  13  8(1) 2  4(1)  48  45
f (3)  ( 3) 3  3( 3) 2  25( 3)  75  0 f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  8( 1) 2  4( 1)  48  35
∴ x + 3 is a factor of f(x). f ( 2)  2 3  8(2) 2  4( 2)  48  32
By long division,
x3 + 3x2 – 25x – 75 = (x + 3)(x2 – 25) f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  8( 2) 2  4( 2)  48  0
∴ ∴ x + 2 is a factor of f(x).
x 3  3 x 2  25 x  75  ( x  5)( x  3)( x  5) By long division,
x3 – 8x2 + 4x + 48 = (x + 2)(x2 – 10x + 24)
9. Let f(x) = x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30. ∴
∵ x 3  8 x 2  4 x  48  ( x  6)( x  4) x  2 

f (1)  13  4(1) 2  11(1)  30  36 14. Let f(x) = x3 + 10x2 + 33x + 36.
∵
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  4( 1) 2  11(1)  30  16 
f ( 2)  2 3  4( 2) 2  11( 2)  30  28 f (1)  13  10(1) 2  33(1)  36  80
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  4( 2) 2  11( 2)  30  0 f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  10( 1) 2  33( 1)  36  12
∴ x + 2 is a factor of f(x). f ( 2)  2 3  10( 2) 2  33( 2)  36  150
By long division,
x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30 = (x + 2)(x2 + 2x – 15) f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  10( 2) 2  33( 2)  36  2
∴
f (3)  33  10(3) 2  33(3)  36  252
x 3  4 x 2  11 x  30  ( x  3)( x  2)( x  5)
f ( 3)  ( 3) 3  10( 3) 2  33( 3)  36  0
3 2 3 2
10. 3x – 6x – 12x + 24 = 3(x – 2x – 4x + 8) ∴ x + 3 is a factor of f(x).
Let f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 4x + 8. By long division,
x3 + 10x2 + 33x + 36 = (x + 3)(x2 + 7x + 12)
∵ f (1)  13  2(1) 2  4(1)  8  3
∴ x 3  10 x 2  33x  36  ( x  3) 2 ( x  4)
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  2( 1) 2  4( 1)  8  9
f ( 2)  2 3  2( 2) 2  4( 2)  8  0
By long division,
x3 – 2x2 – 4x + 8 = (x – 2)(x2 – 4)
∴ x3 – 2x2 – 4x + 8 = (x – 2)2(x + 2)
∴
15. Let f(x) = x3 – 12x2 + 47x – 60.
3 x 3  6 x 2  12 x  24  3( x  2) 2 ( x  2)
∵

11. 5x3 + 20x2 + 5x – 30 = 5(x3 + 4x2 + x – 6)
Let f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + x – 6.
∵f(1) = 13 + 4(1)2 + (1) – 6 = 0
By long division,
x3 + 4x2 + x – 6 = (x – 1)(x2 + 5x + 6)
∴ x3 + 4x2 + x – 6 = (x – 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)
75
f (1)  13  12(1) 2  47(1)  60  24 x 3  11 x 2  4 x  60  ( x  2)( x  3)( x  10)
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  12(1) 2  47( 1)  60  120

f (2)  2 3  12( 2) 2  47( 2)  60  6
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  12( 2) 2  47( 2)  60  210
f (3)  33  12(3) 2  47(3)  60  0 20. Let f(x) = x3 – 27x – 54.
∵
∴ x – 3 is a factor of f(x). 
By long division,
x3 – 12x2 + 47x – 60 = (x – 3)(x2 – 9x + 20) f (1)  13  27(1)  54  80
∴
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  27( 1)  54  28
x 3  12 x 2  47 x  60  ( x  5)( x  4)( x  3)
f ( 2)  2 3  27( 2)  54  100
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  27( 2)  54  8
3 2
16. Let f(x) = x + 16x + 52x + 48.
∵
f (3)  33  27(3)  54  108
3 2
f (1)  1  16(1)  52(1)  48  117 f ( 3)  ( 3) 3  27(3)  54  0
3 2
f ( 1)  ( 1)  16( 1)  52( 1)  48  11 ∴ x + 3 is a factor of f(x).
By long division,
f ( 2)  23  16(2) 2  52( 2)  48  224 x3 – 27x – 54 = (x + 3)(x2 – 3x – 18)
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  16( 2) 2  52( 2)  48  0 ∴ x 3  27 x  54   x  6  ( x  3) 2
By long division, 21. Let f(x) = x3 – 15x2 + 72x – 108.
3 2 2
x + 16x + 52x + 48 = (x + 2)(x + 14x + 24) ∵
∴ x 3
 16 x 2
 52 x  48  ( x  2 ) 2
( x  12 )
f (1)  13  15(1) 2  72(1)  108  50
17. Let f(x) = x3 + x2 – 24x + 36. f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  15( 1) 2  72( 1)  108  196
∵
f ( 2)  2 3  15( 2) 2  72( 2)  108  16
f (1)  13  12  24(1)  36  14 f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  15( 2) 2  72( 2)  108  320
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  ( 1) 2  24( 1)  36  60 f (3)  33  15(3) 2  72(3)  108  0
f ( 2)  23  2 2  24( 2)  36  0 ∴ x – 3 is a factor of f(x).
∴ x – 2 is a factor of f(x). By long division,
By long division, x3 – 15x2 + 72x – 108 = (x – 3)(x2 – 12x + 36)
x3 + x2 – 24x + 36 = (x – 2)(x2 + 3x – 18) ∴ x 3  15 x 2  72 x  108  ( x  6) 2  x  3
∴
x 3  x 2  24 x  36  ( x  3)( x  2)( x  6) 22. Let f(x) = 2x3 – 25x2 + 67x + 40.
∵
18. Let f(x) = x3 – 4x2 – 20x + 48.
∵ 3 2
 1  1  1  1
f     2    25    67    40
f (1)  13  4(1) 2  20(1)  48  25  2  2  2  2
1 25 67
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  4( 1) 2  20( 1)  48  63     40
4 4 2
f ( 2)  2 3  4( 2) 2  20( 2)  48  0 0
∴ x – 2 is a factor of f(x). ∴ 2x + 1 is a factor of f(x).
By long division, By long division,
x3 – 4x2 – 20x + 48 = (x – 2)(x2 – 2x – 24) 2x3 – 25x2 + 67x + 40 = (2x + 1)(x2 – 13x + 40)
∴ ∴
x 3  4 x 2  20 x  48  ( x  6)( x  2)( x  4) 2 x 3  25 x 2  67 x  40  ( x  8)( x  5) 2 x  1
19. Let f(x) = x3 + 11x2 + 4x – 60. 23. Let f(x) = 3x3 + 8x2 – 68x – 48.
∵ ∵
f (1)  13  11(1) 2  4(1)  60  44 3 2

 2  2  2  2
3
f ( 1)  (1)  11( 1) 2
 4( 1)  60  54
f     3    8    68    48
 3   3   3   3
3 2
f ( 2)  2  11(2)  4(2)  60  0 8 32 136
∴ x – 2 is a factor of f(x).     48
9 9 3
By long division,
x3 + 11x2 +4x – 60 = (x – 2)(x2 + 13x + 30) 0
∴ ∴ 3x + 2 is a factor of f(x).
76
By long division, x (3  2 x )(4  3 x)  (5  2 x 2  4 x 3 )  (8  5 x  3 x 2 )

3x3 + 8x2 – 68x – 48 = (3x +2)(x2 + 2x – 24)
∴  x ( 2 x  3)( 3 x  4)  ( 4 x 3  2 x 2  5) 
3x 3
 8x 2
 68 x  48  ( x  4)( x  6) 3 x  2 
(3 x 2  5 x  8)
24. Let f(x) = 5x3 – 6x2 – 29x + 6.  ( 2 x 2  3 x)(3 x  4)  ( 4 x 3  2 x 2  5) 
1 1 1

3
1
2 (3 x 2  5 x  8)
f    5   6   29   6
5 5 5 5  6 x 3  17 x 2  12 x  4 x 3  2 x 2  5  3 x 2  5 x  8
∵
1 6 29  10 x 3  22 x 2  17 x  3
   6
25 25 5
0 6.
∴ 5x – 1 is a factor of f(x). 3 y
2 3 2
4 y 12 y  0 y 
By long division,
3
12 y
5x3 – 6x2 – 29x + 6 = (5x – 1)(x2 – x – 6)

∴
∴ The quotient is 3y and the remainder is 8y.
5 x 3  6 x 2  29 x  6  (5 x  1)( x  3)( x  2)
7.
2
z
Revision Exercise 3 (p. 154) z  2 z

z
3
Level 1
1. ∴ The quotient z2 – 2z + 6 and the remainder is –15.
( x 2  x 4  2 x 3  4 x  5)  ( 4 x 3  x  2 x 2  3 x 48. 8)
 x 2  x 4  2 x 3  4 x  5  4 x 3  x  2 x 2  3x 4  8 p 3

p  2 p 4
 3
  x  3x  2 x  4 x  x  2 x  4 x  x  5  8
4 4 3 3 2 2 
4
p 2


 2 x 4  2 x 3  3x 2  3 x  3
2. ∴ The quotient is p3 – p2 and the remainder is –3.
9.
(3 x  5 x 2  8  4 x 3 )  (3 x 2  2 x  2 x 3  2)
 3x  5 x 2  8  4 x 3  3x 2  2 x  2 x 3  2
2
2 r  1 4
4
 4 x 3  2 x 3  5 x 2  3 x 2  3 x  2 x  8  2
  6 x 3  2 x 2  5x  6
∴ The quotient 2r2 + 2r – 2 and the remainder is 3.
( 2 x  x  2)( x  3)
2
10. Let f(x) = 4x3 – 4x2 + x – 1.

3.  ( 2 x 2  x  2)( x)  ( 2 x 2  x  2)(3)
 f (1)
 2 x 3  x 2  2 x  6 x 2  3x  6 Remainder  4(1) 3  4(1) 2  1  1
 2 x 3  5x 2  x  6
0
4.
11. Let f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + 7x + 1.
( x 3  3 x 2  2 x  1)( 2 x  1)  f ( 1)
 2 x  1)(1)Remainder  ( 1)  2( 1)  7( 1)  1
3 2 3 2 3 2
 ( x  3x  2 x  1)(2 x )  ( x  3 x
 2 x 4  6 x 3  4 x 2  2 x  x 3  3x 2  2 x  1  1  2  7  1
 9
 2 x 4  5x3  7 x 2  4 x  1
12. Let f(x) = 16x3 – 2x + 1.

5.
77
 1 f ( 3)  3
 f  
 2 k ( 3)  3( 3)  8k ( 3)  9  3
3 2
 1
3
 1  27 k  27  24k  9  3
Remainder
 16    2    1 3k  21
 2  2
 2  1  1 k  7
0
18. Let f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 7x – 4.
∵
13. Let f(x) = (x – 699)699 – (x – 701)701. f (1)  13  2(1) 2  7(1)  4  12

Remainder
f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  2(1) 2  7( 1)  4  0
 1400  ∴ x + 1 is a factor of f(x).
 f  By long division,
 2  x3 – 2x2 – 7x – 4 = (x + 1)(x2 – 3x – 4)
 f (700) ∴ x 3  2 x 2  7 x  4   x  4  ( x  1) 2
 (700  699) 699  (700  701) 701
19. 2x3 + 14x2 + 32x + 24 = 2(x3 + 7x2 + 16x + 12)
 1699  ( 1) 701 Let f(x) = x3 + 7x2 + 16x + 12.
 11 ∵
2 f (1)  13  7(1) 2  16(1)  12  36

f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  7( 1) 2  16( 1)  12  2
f (1)  14  29(1)  6
f ( 2)  2 3  7( 2) 2  16( 2)  12  80
14. (a)  1  29  6
 36 f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  7( 2) 2  16( 2)  12  0
0 By long division,
∴ x – 1 is not a factor of f(x). x3 + 7x2 + 16x + 12 = (x + 2)(x2 + 5x + 6)
∴ x3 + 7x2 + 16x + 12 = (x + 2)2(x + 3)
f ( 3)  ( 3) 4  29( 3)  6 ∴
(b) 2 x 3  14 x 2  32 x  24  2( x  2) 2 ( x  3)
 81  87  6
0
20. Let f(x) = x3 – kx2 + x + c.
∵ x + k is factor of x3 – kx2 + x + c.
∵ By the converse of the factor theorem,
15. (a)
f ( k )  0
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  11( 2) 2  32( 2)  28 ( k )  k ( k )  (k )  c  0
3 2
 8  44  64  28 c  2k 3  k
 144
0 ∴ k = 2, c = 18 or k = 1, c = 3 or k = 1, c = 3. (or
∴ x + 2 is not a factor of f(x). any other reasonable answers)
21. (5x3 + ax + 1) + (bx2 + 7x + 3)

f ( 2)  2 3  11( 2) 2  32( 2)  28  5 x 3  ax  1  bx 2  7 x  3
(b)
 8  44  64  28
 5 x 3  bx 2  ( a  7) x  4
0 ∵ The coefficient of x3 is 5.
∴ x – 2 is a factor of f(x). ∴ His answer is unreasonable.
16. Let f(x) = x3 + kx2 – 5x + 6.
∵ x3 + kx2 – 5x + 6 is divisible by x – 2.
∴ By the converse of the factor theorem. Level 2
f ( 2)  0
22.
2 3  k ( 2) 2  5( 2)  6  0 x
8  4k  10  6  0
2
x  2 x  1 x
x
k  1
17. Let f(x) = kx3 – 3x2 – 8kx + 9. ∴ The quotient is x – 4 and the remainder –4x – 8.
23.
78
2
2 x  x 
2 4 3
x  2 2 x  x
3 2
29. Let f(x) = x + 5x – 2x – 24.
2 x 4
 x 3
∵  x 3
f (1)  13  5(1) 2  2(1)  24  20

∴ The quotient is 2x2 – x + 4 and the remainder is
–x + 4. f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  5( 1) 2  2( 1)  24  18
24. f ( 2)  2 3  5( 2) 2  2( 2)  24  0
 x 2
 4 x 
5

3 x
3 x
3


12
0 x
By long division, 3 x 3
 12 x
 12 x
x3 + 5x2 – 2x – 24 = (x – 2)(x2 + 7x + 12)  12 x
∴
∴ The quotient is –3x + 12 and the remainder is x 3  5 x 2  2 x  24  ( x  2)( x  3)( x  4)
48x – 52.
30. Let f(x) = x3 – 7x2 – 6x + 72.
25. ∵
2 x  4
2 x 2
 x  1
f (1)  13  7(1) 2  6(1)  72  60
4
4
x
x
3
3


6
2
x
x
2
2


2
 8 x 
3 2
f ( 1)  ( 1)  7( 1)  6( 1)  72  70
8 x 2

∴ The quotient is 2x – 4 and the remainder is f ( 2)  2 3  7( 2) 2  6( 2)  72  40

8x – 9. f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  7( 2) 2  6( 2)  72  48
26. Let f(x) = 3x3 + 16x2 + x + c. f (3)  3 3  7(3) 2  6(3)  72  18
f ( 3)  ( 3) 3  7( 3) 2  6( 3)  72  0
 1
f     5 ∴ x + 3 is a factor of f(x).
 3 By long division,
3 2 x3 – 7x2 – 6x + 72 = (x + 3)(x2 – 10x + 24)
 1  1  1 ∴
3    16        c  5
 3  3  3 x 3  7 x 2  6 x  72  ( x  6)( x  4) x  3
1 16 1 31. Let f(x) = 8x2 + 2x – 1.

    c  5 ∵ 8x2 + 2x – 1 is divisible by 2x – k.
9 9 3 ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
19 k
c f 0
3 2
2
27. By the remainder theorem, we have k k
8   2   1  0
f (1)  g (1) 2 2
13  2(1) 2  p (1)  4  3(1) 3  12  1  1 2k 2  k  1  0
1  2  p  4  3 1  1  1 ( k  1)(2k  1)  0
p9 k+1=0 or 2k – 1 = 0
1
k  1 or k
28. (a) Let f(x) = x(x – 1)(x – 2) – (x – 3)(x + 20). 2
∵
f ( 4)  4( 4  1)( 4  2)  ( 4  3)(4  20) 32. Let f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + ax + b

When f(x) is divided by x + 1,
 4(3)( 2)  1( 24) f (1)  8
0 ( 1)  2( 1)  a ( 1)  b  8
3 2
∴ x – 4 is a factor of x(x – 1)(x – 2)  (1)
– (x – 3)(x + 20). a b  5
When f(x) is divided by x – 2,
(b) x(x –1)(x – 2) – (x – 3)(x + 20) f ( 2)  4
 ( x 2  x )( x  2)  ( x 2  17 x  60) 3 2
2  2( 2)  a (2)  b  4
 x 3  3 x 2  2 x  x 2  17 x  60 …… (2)
2a  b  4
 x 3  4 x 2  15 x  60 (1) + (2), 3a  9
By long division, a3
x3 – 4x2 – 15x + 60 = (x – 4)(x2 – 15) By substituting a = 3 into (1), we have
x ( x  1)( x  2)  ( x  3)( x  20) 3b  5
∴
 ( x  4)( x 2  15) b  2
79
∴ 5x – 2 is a factor of h(x).
33. (a) Let f(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + px – 6. By long division,
∵ 2x – 3 is factor of 2x3 – 9x2 + px – 6. 5 x 3  13 x 2  96 x  36
 (5 x  2)( x 2  3 x  18)
3
f 0 ∴
2
f ( x )  g ( x )   x  3 (5 x  2)( x  6)
3 2
3 3 3
2   9   p   6  0
2
  2
  2
27 81 3 p
  6 0 36. (a) f ( x  1)  ( x  1) 3  k
4 4 2
3 p 39  ( x  1)( x  1) 2  k
 ∴ When f(x + 1) is divided by x + 1, the
2 2 remainder is k.
p  13 ∴ k 1
(b) By long division, f (2 x)  (2 x) 3  1

2x3 – 9x2 + 13x – 6 = (2x – 3)(x2 – 3x + 2) (b)
∴  8x3  1
2 x 3  9 x 2  13 x  6  ( x  2)( x  1) 2 x  3 Let g(x) = 8x3 + 1.
By the remainder theorem,
34. Let f(x) = 2x3 – x2 – ax + b and  g ( 2)
g(x) = bx3 – 2x2 – x + a. remainder  8( 2) 3  1
∵ x – 1 is a common factor of 2x3 – x2 – ax + b and
bx3 – 2x2 – x + a.  65
f (1)  0 f ( x  1)  ( x  1) 2  a ( x  1)  b
2(1) 3  12  a (1)  b  0 37. (a)
 x 2  2 x  1  ax  a  b
 (1)
a b 1  x 2  (a  2) x  1  a  b
g (1)  0 Let g(x) = x2 + (a – 2)x + 1 – a + b.
3 2
b(1)  2(1)  1  a  0 By the remainder theorem, we have
 (2) g ( 2)  4
ab 3
2 2  ( a  2)(2)  1  a  b  4
(1) + (2), 2a  4
a2 1 a  b  4
 (1)
By substituting a = 2 into (1), we have b  3 a
2 b 1
b 1 f ( x  1)  ( x  1) 2  a ( x  1)  b
(b)
 x 2  2 x  1  ax  a  b
35. (a) By the remainder theorem, we have
 x 2  ( a  2) x  1  a  b
f (3)  g (3) Let h(x) = x2 + (a + 2)x + 1 + a + b.
4(3)  3(3)  5k (3)  15  (3)  k (3)
3 2 3 2 ∵ x2 + (a + 2)x + 1 + a + b is divisible by x + 2.
 46(3)  21 h( 2)  0
15k  150  9k  90 ( 2) 2  ( a  2)(2)  1  a  b  0
6k  60 1 a  b  0 
k   10
b  a 1
(b) (2)
f ( x)  g ( x)  4 x 3  3x 2  5( 10) x  15  (c) (1) + (2),

2b  2
(  x  10 x  46 x  21)
3 2 b 1
 5 x 3  13 x 2  96 x  36 By substituting b = 1 into (1), we have

Let h(x) = 5x3 + 13x2 – 96x + 36. 1 3 a
∵
3 2 a2
2 2 2 2
h   5   13   96   36  0
5 5 5 5 38. Let f(x) = x99 + 1.
80
(a) By the remainder theorem, is 3x + 3.

 f ( 1)
40. (a) Let f(x) = 2x2 + px + q and g(x) = 2x2 + qx + p.
remainder  ( 1)  1
99
∵ x – r is a common factor of f(x) and g(x).
 1  1 ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
0
f (r )  g (r )
(b) Let Q(x) be the quotient when f(x) is divided by 2r  pr  q  2r 2  qr  p
2
x + 1. ( p  q)r  p  q
f ( x)  ( x  1)Q( x ) (By (a))
r  1 ( p and p are distinct real
x  1  ( x  1)Q( x )
99
numbers)
x 99  ( x  1)Q( x )  1  (1)
By substituting x = 6 into (1), we have (b) By (a), put p = 3, q = –5 and r = 1.
99 The required polynomial is 2x2 – 5x + 3 or
6  (6  1)Q (6)  1 (x – 1)(x + 5), i.e. x2 + 4x – 5. (or any other
 7Q ( 6)  1 reasonable answers)
∴ If today is Monday, the day after 699 days is
Sunday.
39. (a) By the remainder theorem, Multiple Choice Questions (p. 156)
remainder
1. Answer: A
 f (1) Let f(x) = x3 – x2 + 2x + 1.
 ( 1) n  2( 1)  3 By the remainder theorem,
 f ( 2)
 1  2  3  n is a positive odd integer 
3 2
0 remainder  2  2  2( 2)  1
 8  4  4 1
9
(b) By the remainder theorem, when f(x) is divided
by x – 1, 2. Answer: C
 f (1) ∵ f(x) is divisible by x + 1.
remainder ∴ By the converse of the factor theorem,
 1n  2(1)  3
f ( 1)  0
6
( 1) 2005  ( 1)  k  0
Let Q(x) and ax + b the quotient and the 11  k  0
remainder respectively when f(x) is divided by x2 k 0
– 1.
f ( x )  ( x 2  1)Q( x)  (ax  b)
 ( x  1)( x  1)Q( x )  (ax  b) … 3. Answer: D
∵ f ( 1)  0
(1)
By substituting x = 1 into (1), we have 3(1) 2  p ( 1)  1  0
∴
3  p 1  0
f (1)  (1  1)(1  1)Q (1)  [ a (1)  b] p  4
6  ab f ( x)  3x  4 x  1
2
…… (2) ∴ f (1)  3(1) 2  4(1)  1

By substituting x = –1 into (1), we have  3  4 1
f ( 1)  ( 1  1)(1  1)Q ( 1)   a ( 1)  b 

8
0  a  b 4. Answer: A
……(3)  4
∵ f(1) = 0 and f   0
(2) + (3), 2b = 6  3
b=3 ∴ By the factor theorem, x – 1 and 3x + 4 are factors
By substituting b = 3 into (3), we have of f(x).
(x – 1)(3x + 4) = 3x2 + x – 4
0  a  3
By long division,
a3
∴ The remainder when f(x) is divided by x2 – 1
81
3 x 3  7 x 2  2 x  8  (3 x 2  x  4)( x  2)
10. Answer: D
 (3 x  4)( x  1)( x  2) ∵ f(x) is divisible by x + 2 and 2x – 1.
∴ f ( x )  ( x  1)( x  2)(3 x  4)
f ( 2)  0
5. Answer: C 2( 2)  a ( 2)  b( 2)  4  0
3 2
f (k )  k 2a  b  6
(  k  2)( k  3)  2  k
 (1)
k2  k 6 2  k 1
f 0
k 2  4 or –2 (rejected) 2
k 2 3 2
1 1 1
2   a   b   4  0  (2)
6. Answer: A 2 2 2
Let Q(x) be the quotient when P(x) is divided by a  2b  17
4x – 1. By substituting (2) into (1), we have
∴ P ( x )  ( 4 x  1)Q ( x )  R 2(2b  17)  b  6
 (1  4 x )[Q ( x )]  R 5b  40
∴ When P(x) is divided by 1 – 4x, the remainder is b  8
R.
7. Answer: B By substituting b = –8 into (1), we have
∵ Q(x) is divisible by x + 1. 2a  ( 8)  6
∴ Q(x – 1) is divisible by (x – 1) + 1 = x. a  1
8. Answer: A
Let f(x) = 2x3 – ax2 + bx + 3.
∵ x + 3 is factor of 2x3 – ax2 + bx + 3.
f ( 3)  0
2( 3) 3  a ( 3) 2  b( 3)  3  0 HKMO (p. 157)
 54  9a  3b  3  0
 3a  b  17 Let f(x) = x3 + kx2 + 3.
9. Answer: B f ( 3)  f ( 1)  2
Let Q(x) and ax + b be the quotient and the remainder ( 3) 3  k ( 3) 2  3  ( 1) 3  k ( 1) 2  3  2
respectively when P(x) is divided by x2 – 1.
9k  24  k
∴ P ( x )  ( x  1)Q( x )  ( ax  b)
2
8k  24
 ( x  1)( x  1)Q( x )  (ax  b)  k 3
(1)
By substituting x = 1 into (1), we have
P (1)  (1  1)(1  1)Q (1)  [ a (1)  b]

1 ab
 (2)
By substituting x = –1 into (1), we have
P ( 1)  ( 1  1)(1  1)Q ( 1)  [ a ( 1)  b]

3  a  b
(3)
(2) + (3), 4  2b
b2
By substituting b = 2 into (2), we have

1 a 2
a  1
∴ The remainder when P(x) is divided by x2 – 1 is
–x + 2.
82
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4ACh03 (More About Polynomials)

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Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

3 More about Polynomials

Activity f (1)  13  2(1) 2  5(1)  6

f (3)  (3)3  2( 3) 2  5( 3)  6

3. f ( 6)  ( 6)3  2( 6) 2  5(6)  6

Follow-up Exercise ( 4 x  x 2 )  x ( x  1)( x  1)  ( x 3  2)

∴ The quotient is 3 x  2 and the remainder is

∴ The quotient is 2 x  5 and the remainder is  f  

(b) Let f ( x )  2 x 3  3 x 2  x  1 . By substituting a  5 into (1), we have

∴ x  2 is not a factor of 1 1

f (3)  33  2(3) 2  15(3)  36  36  0 By long division,

∴ f (1)  2(1) 3  7(1) 2  441  35  0

 (3 x  2)( 2 x 2 )  (3 x  2)( 4 x )  (3 x  2)(13.

∴ The quotient is a  3 and the remainder is 2.

∴ The quotient is x  2 and the remainder is 3.

∴ The quotient is p  2 and the remainder is 3.

∴ The quotient is z  8 and the remainder is 30. 14.

∴ The quotient is 3m 2  2m  1 and the

∴ The quotient is 2d  1 and the remainder is 0.

∴ The quotient is 2 x 2  2 x  1 and the

∴ The quotient is 2 w  3 and the remainder is

∴ The quotient is p and the remainder is 5

∴ The quotient is 2 z  3 and the remainder is

20.  The quotient is x  3 and the remainder is

∴ The quotient is 2d  5 and the remainder is

21. ∴ The quotient is x  1 and the remainder is 2.

∴ The quotient is 3q  4 and the remainder is

∴ The quotient is 3s  5 and the remainder is

By long division, 5. Let f ( x)  2 x 3  3 x 2  4 x  5 .

 2( 3)  3( 3)  4( 3)  5

11. Let f ( x )  3 x 3  7 x 2  kx  5 . 16. Let f ( x )  x1997  1 .

3( 3)  7( 3)  k ( 3)  5

k f ( 2)  31

( x  1)( x  2) is 1. f (1)  13  12  3(1)  3

( 2  1)( 2  2)Q ( 2)  a ( 2)  b  28 f (3)  33  2(3) 2  5(3)  6

Exercise 3D (p. 147)

(b) By long division, Hence, f(x) = (4x – 1)(2x2 + x – 6)

By substituting q = 1 into (2), we have

Hence, f(x) = (x – 3)(x2 – x – 2)  3

(1) + (2), 2 a  14

1. Let f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 6x + 8.

f (1)  13  7(1)  6  12

f (1)  13  3(1) 2  4(1)  12  12

8. Let f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 25x – 75.

f (1)  13  12(1) 2  47(1)  60  24 x 3  11 x 2  4 x  60  ( x  2)( x  3)( x  10)

f ( 1)  ( 1) 3  12(1) 2  47( 1)  60  120

f (1)  13  11(1) 2  4(1)  60  44 3 2

By long division, x (3  2 x )(4  3 x)  (5  2 x 2  4 x 3 )  (8  5 x  3 x 2 )

24. Let f(x) = 5x3 – 6x2 – 29x + 6.  ( 2 x 2  3 x)(3 x  4)  ( 4 x 3  2 x 2  5) 

1 1 1

5x3 – 6x2 – 29x + 6 = (5x – 1)(x2 – x – 6)

Revision Exercise 3 (p. 154) z  2 z

1. ∴ The quotient z2 – 2z + 6 and the remainder is –15.

2. ∴ The quotient is p3 – p2 and the remainder is –3.

10. Let f(x) = 4x3 – 4x2 + x – 1.

12. Let f(x) = 16x3 – 2x + 1.

13. Let f(x) = (x – 699)699 – (x – 701)701. f (1)  13  2(1) 2  7(1)  4  12