TERM PAPER

OF
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS


Course Code : CAP 801


TOPIC :

Home entertainment : I ts like taking religion to masses.
I T technologies those made changes in Movies, Photography,
Music,TV Show and Broad cast technology.








Submitted To : Submitted By :
Mr. Akash Bhardwaj Sudhanshu Sharma
Regd. No. : 11112071
Section : OE129
Roll No. : A-5
B.Tech (ECE)



Date of allotment : 4
th
Sept.,2013 Date of submission : 8
th
Nov.,2013

Acknowledgement

As usual large number of people deserves my thanks for the help they provided me
for the preparation for this term paper.
First of all I would like to thank my subject teacher Mr. Akash Bhardwaj for his
support during the preparation of this term paper. I am very thankful for his
guidance. I am also grateful to The Almighty God for establishing me to complete
this term paper. Last but not least, I would also like to thank my parents and friends
for the encouragement and information about the topic they provided to me during
my effort to prepare this term paper.







Sudhanshu Sharma
Regd No. : 11112071
Roll No. :A-5
Content of Term Paper


1. Introduction
2. Movies and TV Shows
Computer Generated Imagery
3. Photography
Development of Photography Technology
Digital Cameras
RAW File Format
CCD and CMOS Technology
Adobe Photoshop
4. Music
MIDI
Digital Audio Workstations
Logic Pro
5. References




I ntroduction


Computer based system (IT technology) has made a great change in every aspect of
our life and industry as well. It has played a vital role in movies, photography,
music, TV shows and broadcast technologies. IT technologies those made changes
in Movies, Photography, Music, TV Show and Broadcast technology. Its really like,
taking religion to masses.

Some of the major changes due to IT technology are as:

Gramophone record to CD and MP3.
VHS tape to Video CD , DVD and Blu - ray.
Analog broadcasting to digital broadcasting.
Payphone and landline phone to cell phone.
LCD and LED TVs, IPTV.
Typewriter to printer .
Analog photography (film photography) to digital photography.
Mail to email.

Digital Revolution , also sometimes called the third industrial revolution with new
IT technologies changed the world of cinema and photographic techniques. Movies
and TV shows were changed a lot using Computer Generated Imagery and broadcast
syndication. While photography took a new sudden turn with raw file format ,digital
cameras ,CCD and CMOS technologies. MIDI and digital audio workstations played
a prominent role in changing music through IT technologies.

Movies and TV Shows

We have moved from the world of black and white TV world to colored screens. TV
shows now reach many houses via IPTV (IP Television) system based on IP
technology instead of cable or radio transmission.
Two important techniques for making movies and shows are:
Original Run or First Run : A producer creates a program of one or
multiple episodes and shows it on a station or network which has either
paid for the production itself or to which a license has been granted by the
television producers to do the same.
Broadcast syndication : This is the terminology is broadly used to describe
secondary programming usages (beyond original run). In many cases, other
companies, TV stations or individuals are engaged to do the syndication
work. In other words, to sell the product into the markets they are allowed
to sell into by contract from the copyright holders, in most cases, the
producers.
In the 1990s an d 2000s, the development of DVD players, home theater
amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or
plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly
improved audio and visual reproduction .
The cinema now faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new high
definition (HD) format , Blu-ray , which can provide full HD 1080p video play
back at near cinema quality .Video formats are gradually catching up with the
resolutions and quality that film
offers 1080p in Blu - ray offers a pixel resolution of 19201080, a leap from the
DVD
offering of 720480 and the 330480 offered by the first home video standard,
VHS.
Ultra HD, a future digital video format , will offer a resolution of 76804320.
However, the Nature and structure of film prevents an apples- to- apples
comparison with the resolution .

Movies have been an important part of popular culture for about 100 years. Though
essentially a photographic medium, movies have historically relied heavily on
electrical, electronics and computer technologies.
In the era of silent films, cameras and projectors used electric motors to achieve
constant film speed. In addition, electric lights were important in both filming and
projecting. In the early years in the studios, arc flood lights and Cooper-Hewitt
mercury-vapor tubes were most important. From the mid 1920s on, incandescent
tungsten bulbs became common, both because brighter incandescent lights were
newly available and because they did not produce the noticeable humming that arc
lights did. The humming had not been a problem with silent films. After about 1940,
tungsten floodlights with reflecting surfaces on the inside of the bulb behind the
filament became common.
A transformation occurred in the movie world in the late 1920s. In collaboration
with Warner Brothers and Vitaphone, Western Electric and Bell Labs produced Don
Juan, a sound movie featuring John Barrymore. The movie premiered on 6 August
1926. Although there was no talking, the music and some saber clashes were
synchronized to the action. A year later, The Jazz Singer, starring Al Jolson, did
have spoken lines, and its success caused movie producers to rush to make sound
movies.
Suddenly, electronics was vital to movie making. Microphones converted sound to
an electrical signal, which might be amplified or otherwise processed electronically.
A photocell allowed the photographic soundtrack to be converted back to an
electrical signal. And together with loudspeakers, amplifying tubes recreated the
sound for the audience. Indeed, sound movies brought about the mass production of
photocells, since they created the first large market for such tubes.
Electric lighting-- including neon and other colored lighting-- as well as projection
systems and sound systems were vital to the success of the movie palaces of the late
1920s and the 1930s. Among the most famous were the Roxy Theater-- the
Cathedral of the Movie-- at Seventh Avenue and 50th Street in New York City,
and Sid Graumans Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.
The 1924 introduction of an editing machine called the Moviola facilitated movie
production . This machine, which used a variable-speed electric motor and pedal
control, was an innovation that made it much easier to splice footage together. As a
result, movies became faster-paced, with a shorter average shot-length.
Multi-track sound was introduced in some cinemas for the first run of "Fantasia" in
1940, but thereafter was used little until stereophonic sound came in with
CinemaScope and other widescreen formats in the 1950s. At about the same time,
use of magnetic recording began. In addition to having higher fidelity than optical
recording, it had the significant advantage of instant playback on the set. In the
1970s, Dolby noise reduction techniques came into use, both in movie-making and
cinema presentation.
One of the most striking changes in movie-making in the past decade or two has
come with using computer-generated imagery, beginning with Tron in 1982. Tron
is the story of a video arcade owner and former programmer who becomes
transported into the virtual world of the Master Control Program, the computer
security system of a software company. The release of Toy Story in 1995, the first
all-computer-generated feature movie, was another milestone.
A revolutionary change is currently underway, as digital electronics take over from
photography as the underlying movie medium. An important early trial of digital
film using a large-screen electronic projector, was Star Wars: The Phantom Menace
in four Los Angeles cinemas.
Digital movies are attractive for several reasons: the movie can be stored and
reproduced perfectly (no wear or degradation as with film stock); it can be
distributed easily and inexpensively; and production costs for digital are lower than
for celluloid techniques. However, the high cost of digital systems-- some digital
projectors costs $150,000, for example-- still limits their use.
3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that use a
three-dimensional representation of geometric data (often Cartesian) that is stored in
the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images.
Such images may be stored for viewing later or displayed in real-time.
3D computer graphics rely on many of the same algorithms as 2D computer vector
graphics in the wire-frame model and 2D computerraster graphics in the final
rendered display. In computer graphics software, the distinction between 2D and 3D
is occasionally blurred; 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects
such as lighting, and 3D may use 2D rendering techniques.
3D computer graphics are often referred to as 3D models. Apart from the rendered
graphic, the model is contained within the graphical data file. However, there are
differences. A 3D model is the mathematical representation of any three-
dimensional object. A model is not technically a graphic until it is displayed. Due
to 3D printing, 3D models are not confined to virtual space. A model can be
displayed visually as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D
rendering, or used in non-graphical computer simulations and calculations.

Computer Generated Imagery

Computer animation or CGI animation is the process used for generating animated
images by using computer graphics. The more general term computer-generated
imagery encompasses both static scenes and dynamic images, while computer
animation only refers to moving images.
Modern computer animation usually uses 3D computer graphics,
although 2D computer graphics are still used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster
real-time renderings. Sometimes the target of the animation is the computer itself,
but sometimes the target is another medium, such as film.
Computer animation is essentially a digital successor to the stop motion techniques
used in traditional animation with 3D models and frame-by-frame animation of 2D
illustrations. Computer generated animations are more controllable than other more
physically based processes, such as constructing miniatures for effects shots or
hiring extras for crowd scenes, and because it allows the creation of images that
would not be feasible using any other technology. It can also allow a single graphic
artist to produce such content without the use of actors, expensive set pieces,
or props.
To create the illusion of movement, an image is displayed on the computer
monitor and repeatedly replaced by a new image that is similar to it, but advanced
slightly in time (usually at a rate of 24 or 30 frames/second). This technique is
identical to how the illusion of movement is achieved with television and motion
pictures.
For 3D animations, objects (models) are built on the computer monitor (modeled)
and 3D figures are rigged with a virtual skeleton. For 2D figure animations, separate
objects (illustrations) and separate transparent layers are used, with or without
a virtual skeleton. Then the limbs, eyes, mouth, clothes, etc. of the figure are moved
by the animator on key frames. The differences in appearance between key frames
are automatically calculated by the computer in a process known
as tweening or morphing. Finally, the animation isrendered.
For 3D animations, all frames must be rendered after modeling is complete. For 2D
vector animations, the rendering process is the key frame illustration process, while
tweened frames are rendered as needed. For pre-recorded presentations, the rendered
frames are transferred to a different format or medium such as film or digital video.
The frames may also be rendered in real time as they are presented to the end-user
audience. Low bandwidth animations transmitted via the internet
(e.g. 2D Flash, X3D) often use software on the end-users computer to render in real
time as an alternative to streaming or pre-loaded high bandwidth animations.
Computer-generated imagery (CGI) ( /sii/
[1]
) is the application of computer
graphics to create or contribute to images in art, printed media, video
games, films, television programs, commercials, and simulators. The visual scenes
may be dynamic or static, and may be two-dimensional (2D), though the term "CGI"
is most commonly used to refer to 3D computer graphics used for creating scenes
or special effects in films and television. They can also be used by a home user and
edited together on programs such as Windows Movie Maker or iMovie. The
term computer animation refers to dynamic CGI rendered as a movie. The
term virtual world refers to agent-based, interactive environments.
Computer graphics software is used to make computer-generated imagery for films,
etc. Availability of CGI software and increased computer speeds have allowed
individual artists and small companies to produce professional-grade films, games,
and fine art from their home computers. This has brought about
an Internet subculture with its own set of global celebrities, clichs, and technical
vocabulary. The evolution of CGI led to the emergence of virtual cinematography in
early 2000s where runs of the simulated camera are not constricted by the laws
of physics.


Photography
In addition to talent and professionalism a photographer also needs a consolidated
knowledge about the technology he is using in order to be successful. This includes
devices and methods which are used to make and process a photograph.

Without this needed knowledge, one may be lucky to succeed in getting a couple of
good snapshots. Permanent achievement of high quality photographs however does
need more. These required basics include knowledge about technical and physical
foundations, which will allow the correct use of photographic devices and materials.
In order to judge whether a photograph is felicitous one needs photographic
knowledge. Intentional and professional use of camera technology and processing of
photographic material needs expertise in exposure and laboratory techniques.
(Renate Tietze)
What prefabricated parts does a camera have and how do they work? How is work in
a photo laboratory and what processes take place? What does depth of focus, shutter
speed or the focal distance got to do with photography? Photography technology
answers all these and a lot more questions about subjects regarding cameras,
insolation and films.

Digital photography has changed the world of photography. It is only due to
advancements in IT that we can create a 3-D image. Some advancements are :

Digital Cameras
Creation of RAW file in digital camera.
Use of CCD and CMOS technology.
The Pixel Technology.
Use of Graphic Editing Softwares like Adobe Photoshop

Development of Photography technology

In recent years photography technology went through a major change with the
introduction of digital photography. By the means of this change some processes lost
importance while others gained significance. In digital photography for example, the
processing of a picture is narrowed down to the transfer of image data to the
computer. Furthermore the editing of an image by the use of a computer has been
greatly extended. Editing of a taken picture can be expanded using techniques of
digital imaging, which refer to methods of processing, alteration, achieving or
presentation of photography using a computer. Altogether photography technology
is a field which is subjected to a constant change and adaptation. Research is often
confronted with different challenges and permanently develops new technologies
and applications of photography.
Many photographic study courses offer photography technology as a subsidiary
subject. In media engineering it may however play a larger role. Photography
technology is usually divided into subjects such as digital and analogue systems,
colour management, image processing and digital reproduction. Studying
photography technology or media engineering allows one to work in laboratories or
web and multimedia companies.

Digital Cameras

A digital camera is a camera that encodes digital images and videos digitally and
stores them for later reproduction. Most cameras sold today are digital, and digital
cameras are incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile
phones to vehicles.
Digital and film cameras share an optical system, typically using a lens with a
variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image pickup device. The diaphragm and
shutter admit the correct amount of light to the imager, just as with film but the
image pickup device is electronic rather than chemical. However, unlike film
cameras, digital cameras can display images on a screen immediately after being
recorded, and store and delete images from memory. Many digital cameras can also
record moving video with sound. Some digital cameras can crop and stitch, pictures
and perform other elementary image editing.

RAW File Format

The RAW file format is digital photography's equivalent of a negative in film
photography: it contains untouched, "raw" pixel information straight from the digital
camera's sensor. The RAW file format has yet to undergo demosaicing, and so it
contains just one red, green, or blue value at each pixel location. Digital cameras
normally "develop" this RAW file by converting it into a full color JPEG or TIFF
image file, and then store the converted file in your memory card. Digital cameras
have to make several interpretive decisions when they develop a RAW file, and so
the RAW file format offers you more control over how the final JPEG or TIFF
image is generated. This section aims to illustrate the technical advantages of RAW
files, and makes suggestions about when to use the RAW file format.




CCD and CMOS Technology
Both CCD (charge-coupled device) and CMOS (complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor) image sensors start at the same point -- they have to convert light
into electrons.
One simplified way to think about the sensor used in a digital camera (or camcorder)
is to think of it as having a 2-D array of thousands or millions of tiny solar cells,
each of which transforms the light from one small portion of the image into
electrons. Both CCD and CMOS devices perform this task using a variety of
technologies.
The next step is to read the value (accumulated charge) of each cell in the image. In
a CCD device, the charge is actually transported across the chip and read at one
corner of the array. An analog-to-digital converter turns each pixel's value into a
digital value. In most CMOS devices, there are several transistorsat each pixel that
amplify and move the charge using more traditional wires. The CMOS approach is
more flexible because each pixel can be read individually.
CCDs use a special manufacturing process to create the ability to transport charge
across the chip without distortion. This process leads to very high-quality sensors in
terms of fidelity and light sensitivity. CMOS chips, on the other hand, use traditional
manufacturing processes to create the chip -- the same processes used to make
most microprocessors. Because of the manufacturing differences, there have been
some noticeable differences between CCD and CMOS sensors.

Adobe Photoshop

Adobe Photoshop is a graphics editing program developed and published by Adobe
Systems.
Adobe's 2003 "Creative Suite" rebranding led to Adobe Photoshop 8's renaming to
Adobe Photoshop CS. Thus, Adobe Photoshop CS6 is the 13th major release of
Adobe Photoshop. The CS rebranding also resulted in Adobe offering numerous
software packages containing multiple Adobe programs for a reduced price. Adobe
Photoshop is released in two editions:Adobe Photoshop, and Adobe Photoshop
Extended, with the Extended having extra 3D image creation, motion graphics
editing, and advanced image analysis features.
[7]
Adobe Photoshop Extended is
included in all of Adobe's Creative Suite offerings except Design Standard, which
includes the Adobe Photoshop edition.
Alongside Photoshop and Photoshop Extended, Adobe also publishes Photoshop
Elements and Photoshop Lightroom, collectively called "The Adobe Photoshop
Family". In 2008, Adobe released Adobe Photoshop Express, a free web-basedimage
editing tool to edit photos directly on blogs and social networking sites. In 2011, a
version was released for the Androidoperating system and the iOS operating system,
followed by a release of a version for Windows 8 in 2013.
Adobe distributes Photoshop in Windows and Macintosh versions.
Music

Music technology is any IT technology, such as a computer, an effects unit or a
piece of software, that is used by a musician to help make music, especially the use
of electronic devices and computer software to facilitate playback, recording,
composition, storage, mixing, analysis, editing, and performance.
Contemporary classical music sometimes uses computer-generated sounds, either
pre-recorded or generated/manipulated live, in conjunction with classical acoustic
instruments like the cello or violin.
Music sequencer software, such as Pro Tools, Logic Audio and many others, are
perhaps the most widely used form of contemporary music technology. Such
programs allow the user to record acoustic sounds or MIDI musical sequences,
which may then be organized along a time line. Musical segments can be copied and
duplicated ad infinitum, as well as edited and processed using a multitude of audio
effects.
Thus, IT technologies have changed the meaning of cinema and music to the people.
Now-a-days broadcast technology is based on IT.

MIDI
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a technical standard that describes
a protocol, digital interface andconnectors and allows a wide variety of electronic
musical instruments, computers and other related devices to connect and
communicate with one another. A single MIDI link can carry up to sixteen channels
of information, each of which can be routed to a separate device.
MIDI carries event messages that specify notation, pitch and velocity, control
signals for parameters such as volume, vibrato, audio panning, cues, and clock
signals that set and synchronize tempo between multiple devices. These messages
are sent to other devices where they control sound generation and other features.
This data can also be recorded into a hardware or software device called asequencer,
which can be used to edit the data and to play it back at a later time.
MIDI technology was standardized in 1983 by a panel of music industry
representatives, and is maintained by the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA).
All official MIDI standards are jointly developed and published by the MMA in Los
Angeles, California, USA, and for Japan, the MIDI Committee of the Association of
Musical Electronics Industry (AMEI) in Tokyo.




Digital Audio Workstations
A digital audio workstation (DAW) is an electronic system designed solely or
primarily for recording, editing and playing back digital audio. DAWs were
originally tape-less, microprocessor-based systems such as the Synclavier. Modern
DAWs are software running on computers with audio interface hardware
A computer-based DAW has four basic components: a computer, a sound card (also
called a sound converter or audio interface), a digital audio editor software, and at
least one input device for adding or modifying musical note data. This could be as
simple as a mouse, and as sophisticated as a MIDI controller keyboard, or an
automated fader board for mixing track volumes. The computer acts as a host for the
sound card and software and provides processing power for audio editing. The sound
card (if used) or external audio interface typically converts analog audio signals into
digital form, and for playback converting digital to analog audio; it may also assist
in further processing the audio. The software controls all related hardware
components and provides a user interface to allow for recording, editing, and
playback. Most computer-based DAWs have extensive MIDI recording, editing, and
playback capabilities, and some even have minor video-related features.

DAW Example: Logic Pro
Logic Pro is a digital audio workstation and MIDI sequencer software application
for the Mac OS X platform. Originally created by German software developer C-
Lab, later Emagic, Logic Pro became an Apple product when Apple bought Emagic
in 2002.
A consumer-level version based on the same interface and audio engine but with
reduced features, called Logic Express, was also available at a reduced cost.
Apple's GarageBand, another application using Logics audio engine, is bundled
in iLife, a suite of software which comes included on any new Macintosh computer.
On December 8, 2011, the boxed version of Logic Pro was discontinued, along with
Logic Express, and Logic Pro is now only available through the Apple App Store at
the price of $199, which used to be the price of Logic Express.


References

http://www.photo-studies.eu/road-to-studies/photography-technology.html
http://www.luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/understanding-series/u-raw-
files.shtml
http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-sensors.htm
http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov09/articles/logicworkshop_1109.htm
Swift, Andrew. (May-Jun 1997.), "A brief Introduction to
MIDI", SURPRISE (Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine),
retrieved 22 August 2012