lIROllAN lOllCl SCllNCl lIROllAN lOllCl SCllNCl lIROllAN lOllCl SCllNCl

AND RlSlARCH BIlllTlN AND RlSlARCH BIlllTlN AND RlSlARCH BIlllTlN

Cohliibulihg lo luiopeah lolice Coopeialioh lhiough leaihihg
ISSUE 3
SUMMER 2010
2
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010

ISSN18311857
EuropeanPoliceCollege(CEPOL),2010
Reproductionisauthorised,providedthesourceisacknowledged
PublishedOnline:www.cepol.europa.eu

AneditorialteamrotatesamongthemembersoftheCEPOLResearchandScienceWorking
Group:
BulletinIssue3EditorialTeam:LesleyDuff,JurijFerme,HansGerdJaschke,RenatoRaggi

Editorialteamsupport:Dr.DetlefNogala,
ResearchandKnowledgeManagementOfficer,CEPOLSectretariat
ProofingandLayout:CEPOLSecretariat

Pleasesendcommentsandcontributionsto:
research.bulletin@cepol.europa.eu

3
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
Table of Contents

RESEARCHMETHODOLOGYAPPLIEDTO
TEACHINGINTHESPANISHGUARDIACIVIL
4

LASSO:LINKAGEANALYSISOFSERIOUS
SEXUALOFFENCES
8

ABRAVEPOLICEFORCEDESERVES
COURAGEOUSSCIENTISTS
12
REPORTONTHE2009CEPOL
RESEARCHANDSCIENCECONFERENCE
15
THECAMPBELLCOLLABORATION
ANDEVIDENCEBASEDPOLICING
18

THESCOTTISHINSTITUTEFORPOLICING
RESEARCH(SIPR)
20
CENTREDERECHERCHEDELA
GENDARMERIENATIONALE(CRGN)
22

OBITUARYJEANPAULBRODEUR
24

Announcements 25
4
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
RESEARCHMETHODOLOGYAPPLIEDTOTEACHINGIN
THESPANISHGUARDIACIVIL

By
IGNACIOGARCAPALOMERO,PROF.PH.D.MET.RESEARCH,SPANISHMINISTRY
OF
DEFENSE
1

FERNANDOMOURECOLN,LIEUTENANTCOLONELGUARDIACIVIL
ARACELIDONADOVARA,PROF.PH.D.CIVILLAW,THENATIONALDISTANCE
LEARNINGUNIVERSITYOFSPAIN(UNED)

TheaimofthisdocumentistopresentinaninternationalcontexttheresearchactivitiesthattheGuardia
Civilisdevelopingintheeducationalrealm.
InthecurrentacademicprogrammeforhigherlevelstudentsintheGuardiaCivil(OrdenMinisterialDe
creedated15February1996),astudentmustobtain10credits(100academichours)fortheirresearchpro
ject,duringthefourthandfifthyearenablingthemtopassthefiveyearcurriculum.Theresearchproject,
alsoknownastheAcademicDirectedPaper(TrabajoAcadmicoDirigidoorTAD,inSpanish)followsa
scientificmethodologythathasbeenmodifiedovertheyearsinordertoconformtothecurrentrequire
mentsofanyandallSpanishuniversitiesatwhichthiskindofinvestigationisperformed.

TheOfficersAcademyoftheGuardiaCivil(AOGCforitsabbreviationinSpanish),wheretheupperlevel
studiestakeplace,hashistoricallywanteditsstudentstoaccomplishaninvestigativepaperofthistype
beforetheylefttheAcademywiththerankoflieutenantintheGuardiaCivil.Since1982allsuchfinalpro
jectshavebeenarchivedandarenowavailablethroughadatabase.

TheGuardiaCivil
2
hasdemonstratedthatithasaspecialinterestinpromotingprogrammesofinvestiga
tionwithinteachingandresearchcentres.Inordertodeveloptheseinvestigationprogrammes,theSpanish
MinistryoftheInteriorhassoughttoformpartnershipsandalliancesamongstdifferenteducationaland
researchinstitutions,bothcivilandmilitary,withinSpainandabroad.Asaresultoftheseefforts,anagree
mentwassignedonOctober17,2002,betweentheMinistryoftheInterior(intheareaoftheGuardiaCivil)
andtheNationalUniversityofDistanceEducation(UniversidadNacionaldeEducacinaDistancia
Abstract
ThemainobjectiveofthisdocumentistoexplainwhattheSpanishGuardiaCivilisdoinginthe
fieldofresearchwithinaneducationalcontext.AtpresenttheSpanishGuardiaCivilisdeveloping
researchprogramsthroughtheSPANISHNATIONALSECURITYRESEARCHANDINVES
TIGATIONUNIVERSITYINSTITUTE(IUISI).Inthispaper,thescientificapproachtoresearch
intheacademiccontextisoutlined.Ananalysisofthethematicareasstudiedandarchivedsince
1982isexplainedandtheareasofinteresttotheGuardiaCivilforfutureresearchareindicated.
ThereaderwilllearnthephasesnecessaryforframingaresearchprojectwithintheGuardia
CivilslinesofinvestigationandforsuccessfullycompletingandsubmittingaDirectedAcademic
Paper.

KeyWords:GuardiaCivil,IUISISpanishNationalSecurityResearchandInvestigation
UniversityInstitute,ResearchMethodology.
5
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
UNED)inordertocreatetheIUISI(InstitutoUniversitariodeInvestigacinsobreSeguridadInterioror
UniversityResearchInstituteforInternalSecurity).
3

In2008theIUISIpublishedabookentitledResearchMethodologyAppliedtoTeaching
andDecisionMakingintheGuardiaCivil.
4
Onepartofthebookisdedicatedtoanalyzing
thebasesofinvestigationinanInternalSecuritycontext;andtheotherpartservesasastep
bystepguidetoconductingtheresearchprojectsinaccordancewithalltheteachingregu
lationsintheGuardiaCivil,whichincludethecriteriaestablishedintheEuropeanSpaceof
SuperiorEducationandtheBolognaaccords.

Proposedbelowaresomeofthedrivingnotionsineducationresearchgenerally,presented
hereasexamplesandasphilosophicprinciples.Thosewillillustratethemannerinwhichto
conductresearchintheeducationalfieldoftheGuardiaCivil:

FromanempiricalandanalyticapproachorperspectiveEstablishingcauseandeffectrela
tionshipswiththeobjectiveofexplaining,predicting,andmanagingthephenomenathatoccuras
partoftheformativecurriculumintheGuardiaCivil,bearinginmindthelinesofinvestigationpro
posedbytheAOGC.
FromaninterpretativeandsystemicapproachorperspectiveComprehendingmeanings,spe
cificallyofthephenomenathattakeplaceintheinterventionbetweeneducationalandoperativecon
texts,withtheobjectivebeingtodiscoverhowitisthatpeopleperceive,process,attribute,interact,
andmodifytheproceedingsinwhichtheyareinvolved.
FromaninvestigationactionapproachorperspectiveEvaluatingtheimplementationofbest
practicesandsearchingforsolutions,withthegoalofresolvingproblemswhileavoidingovergener
alization,andimprovingtheimplementationineverycontextandsituation.

Investigationinthefieldofinternalsecurityismultimethodologicalinitsapproach.Studiesofthistype
arenecessarilycomplexbecauseoftheirmultidisciplinenature;theyareparticularlysointhisfielddueto
thepeculiarrelationshipbetweentheresearcherandtheobjectsorproceduresunderinvestigation.
Wearriveattheanalysisofcomplexprocesseswhenweconsidertheconceptofpublicsafetyinbothinter
nalandexternalcontexts.Thereiscitizensafetytoconsider,tobesure.However,thepersonnelelement
itselfmovestotheforefrontastheGuardiaCivilbecomesafundamentalprotagonistintheconstructionof
itsownsecurity.
ThisconceptofinternalsecurityentailsaprofoundtransformationoftheGuardiaCivilbythecorpsofpo
liceresponsibleforthechange.Thetransformationisreflectedintheirobjectives,structures,waysofinter
vention,professionalcredentialsoftheirpersonneland,specifically,inthemanagementoftheserviceor
ganizations,intermsofqualityandefficiency.
Withanyofthethreeapproaches,informationgatheringisvital.Consultingsourcesisbasicandnon
negotiableinstartinganytypeofinvestigation.
Theconsultationandreviewofpreviouspapersingeneralandtheuseofpreviousworksandstudiesis
vitaltofocustheproblemthestudentisgoingtostudy.Inordertobeginanddelimitateourwork,andto
preventthedisseminationofpreviouslyacquiredknowledge,aconsultationofpreviousbibliographiesis
recommended.Ourgoalistoestablishsynergiesand,aboveall,topresentnewideasattheendofthe
work.
Towardsthisgoal,itshouldbeknownthatfrom1982to2009therehavebeen1258finishedinvestigation
worksintheAOGC.Theseworkshavebeengroupedandclassifiedinto28differentsubjectareastomake
themmostaccessiblefromthedatabaseoftheCEPOLelibrary(theformereDocinCEPOL).Fromasim
pleanalysiswecanobservethefollowinginformation:
1
GuardiaCivilcollaboratorinthefieldsofresearchandinvestigation.SpanishNationalSecurityResearchand
InvestigationUniversityInstitute(IUISI).Thiseducationalbranchbelongstothenationaldistancelearninguni
versityofSpain(UNED).
2
www.guardiacivil.org.
6
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
ANALYSISOFTHEDATA

Aswecanobserve,inthetimeperiodbetween1982
and2009themoststudiedareawasTerrorismand
Subversion,whereastheleasttreatedareawas
Recruitment.Thirtyeightpercentoftheresearch
projectspresentedwereinthetopthreeareasof
TerrorismandSubversion,Management/
Organisation,andInvestigationMethods,whereas
thecategoriesofCorruption,Victimisationand
Recruitmentcombinedrepresentonly0.64%ofthe
total.

Itisofinteresttoremarkthat,forexample,thearea
concerningIllegalImmigrationandBorderControl
hasonlyevokedaninterestof2.2%intheresearches,
notwithstandingthefactthatthistopichasacquired
significantinterestinrecentyears.Similardiscrepan
ciesbetweencurrentinterestandthelevelofactual
researchbeingconductedisseenaswellwiththear
easofCommunityPolicing,Forensics/Evidence,
OrganizedCrimeandJuvenileCrime.

Atthetimeofthiswritingtheinvestigationteamis
studyingtherelationshipsthatexistbetweenthein
creasinginterestofcertainthematicareaswiththe
eventsoccurringinreallifeinternallyorexter
nallyattheGuardiaCivil.Thestudiesthatarebe
ingdevelopedwithinthecontextofCEPOLinthe
fieldofmethodologyandteachingwillnodoubt
soonbereflectedintheresearchactivityattheAOGC
aswell.

Hereafterwepresentthephasesoftheelaborationof
theinvestigationalworksandthelinesofinvestiga
tionestablishedbytheDirectionoftheAOGCand
theIUISI.

Phasesoftheelaborationoftheinvestigativework
Thestudentmustpassthroughcertainphasesinthe
elaborationoftheresearchproject,alsoknownatthe
formativelevelastheAcademicDirectedWork
(TrabajoAcadmicoDirigidoorTAD,inSpanish).
Thesephasesshouldbeunderstoodindetail,asa
timesequenceisimpliedandconcretetasksmustbe
executed.Duringthetwolastyearsofthetraining
thefollowingphasesarerealized:

CEPOLthematicarea
Num
berof
Investi
gative
Works
atthe
AOGC
%
Terrorism,Subversion 194
15.42%
Management/Organization 147
11.69%
InvestigationMethods/Ac
tuation
142
11.29%
Research 106
8.43%
Judicial/PenalMatters 105
8.35%
PoliceCooperation 82
6.52%
StrategiesofPolicing 53
4.21%
PoliceEthics,RightsandDu
ties
47
3.74%
CrimePrevention 46
3.66%
DrugIssues,Smuggling 45
3.58%
Forensics/Evidence 45
3.58%
Education/Training 35
2.78%
OrganizedCrime 34
2.70%
PoliceScience 30
2.38%
IllegalImmigration,Border
Contol
28
2.23%
CommunityPolicing 23
1.83%
AbuseofChildrenand
Women
18
1.43%
PublicOrder 18
1.43%
JuvenileCrime 12
0.95%
PoliceLeadership 11
0.87%
CriminalJusticeCooperation 9
0.72%
PolicePublicrelations 7
0.56%
HumanTrafficking 5
0.40%
PoliceCorruption 4
0.32%
PoliceMinoritiesRelations 4
0.32%
Corruption 3
0.24%
Victimisation 3
0.24%
Recruitment 2
0.16%
Total
1258
100.00
%
7
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
PHASE1:Knowledgeisgainedin:(1)researchmethodology;(2)oralexpressiontechniques;and(3)
thepreparation,realizationanddeliveryoftheresearchproject.
PHASE2:Proposalforresearchproject(TAD)ispresented;partialgradeforthecourse.
PHASE3:Revisionstotheproposalaremadeandauthorizationfortheprojectisobtained;selection
ofaDirectorfortheTAD.
PHASE4:ElaborationoftheTAD(theresearchandwritingthereof);followupwiththeDirector;
control,orientationandevaluation.
PHASE5:Submissionof;(1)theTAD,(2)indexcards,(3)authorizationand(4)listofproposedex
pertsforthecommittee.
PHASE6:Multimediapresentation;evaluationoftheTADandofthecourse.

AREASOFINVESTIGATIONFORTHERESEARCHPROJECTS

TheproposalsoftheTADs(projectsofinvestigation)shouldbeofinteresttotheGuardiaCivil,andthey
shouldfitwithinoneofthefollowingareasasproposedbytheAOGC:

Society,theGuardiaCivil,thePoliceCorpsinthepresentday:analysisofthesocialphenomena
inwhichtheGuardiaCivilhasbeenaffected;publicimageofthepolicecorps,communication,etc.
OrganizationoftheGuardiaCivil:internalproblems;deployment;personnel;disciplinaryregula
tion;training,etc.
MissionsoftheGuardiaCivil:assessmentofcitizensecurity;applicationofnewtechnologies;cur
rentproblems;thefuture;judicialpolice;financialissues;borders,etc.

Additionally,theIUISI,followingthesuggestionsoftheGeneralDirectionoftheGuardiaCivil,proposes
somemorelinesofinvestigationatamoregenerallevel:

Applicationofinnovativetechnologiesinthedifferentfieldsofthecommunitypolicing.
QualitymanagementintheGuardiaCivil.
Preventionoflabourrisks.
ThephenomenonofimmigrationinSpain.
Otherfields/areasinpublicsecurity.

Forfurtherinformation,pleasecontact,Lt.ColoneloftheGuardiaCivil,FernandoMOURE:
fmoure@guardiacivil.es

3
www.iusi.es.
4
Garca Palomero, I., y Moure Coln, F., (2008): Metodologa de la investigacin aplicada a la ense-
anza y la toma de decisiones en la Guardia Civil, las Fuerzas Armadas y otras Fuerzas de Seguridad del
Estado. Madrid: IUISI.
8
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010

LASSO:LINKAGEANALYSISOFSERIOUSSEXUAL
OFFENCES
ADECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMFORCRIMEANALYSTSAND
INVESTIGATORS

By
DONCASEY,SGT.METROPOLITANPOLICESERVICE,LONDON
&LONDONSOUTHBANKUNIVERSITY

PHILLIPBURRELL,PROFESSOROFINTELLIGENTDECISIONSYSTEMS,
LONDONSOUTHBANKUNIVERSITY

Abstract
Oneofthefirstandmostimportantconsiderationswheninvestigatingaserioussexualoffenceistoseeif
theoffencecanbelinkedtoothers.Ifalinkcanbeestablishedthenthereisaveryconsiderabledividendin
termsofnewevidenceandlinesofenquirytobefollowed.Italsoraiseswhatisalreadyaseriousincident
toahigherlevelofsignificancewithacorrespondingincreaseintheresourcesallottedtoinvestigationof
theseriesofcrimes.ComputeriseddecisionsupportsystemswhichemploytechniquesfromArtificialIntel
ligencearewidelyusedinbusinessandfinancetoassistpractitionersinarrivingatjustifiableconclusions.
Inprinciplethisisnodifferentfromtheactivitiesofacrimeanalystorinvestigatorinfindinglikely
matchesforacurrentcrimeintheoverallsetofcrimes.

AimsoftheStudy
Theaimofthestudyistodevelopacomputeriseddecisionsupportsystemthatcanbeusedbycrimeana
lystsandinvestigatorstosuggestlinksbetweenstrangerrapes.Itisintendedthatthecharacteristicsofthe
crimeunderinvestigationcanbeenteredintoaneasytousecomputerinterfaceandthatthesystemwill
thenbeabletosearchitsdatabaseofexistingcrimesanddisplayanumberofoffencesthathavestrong
similarities.
Thedesirabilityofdevelopingcomputerbasedtoolsforlinkageanalysishasbeenrecognisedbythelead
ingresearcherintolinkingserioussexualoffences:

The ultimategoal is to create a computerbased screening systemthatwill allow routine and systematic com
parisonofseriousoffencesonanationalbasis,selectingcasesonthebasisoftheirbehaviouralsimilaritythatareap
propriateformoredetailedattentionbydetectivesorcrimeanalyst
Grubin(2000)

Thisviewpointisacknowledgedthroughouttheliteratureanditisrecognisedthattheconstructionofa
linkagetoolisthenecessaryconditiontoprogressthisundertaking.

Thedevelopmentandtestoftheoriesandimplementationoffindingsintocomputerbased,
decisionsupportsystemshastobetheproperbasisforanyprofessionalderivationofinferences
aboutoffenders.
Canter(2000)
ItisinterestingthathereCanterwidensthescopeofcomputerisedsystemstoincludethepossibilityof
inferringoffendercharacteristics,theprocessknownmorewidelyasoffenderprofilingandthesubjectof
agreatdealofcrimeliteratureandHollywoodoutput.
9
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
Currently there are two computer systems that
dominate the area of crime linkage: ViCAP the
ViolentCrimeApprehensionProgramandViCLAS,
Violent Crime Linkage System. ViCAP is the crea
tionoftheFBIatQuanticoandhasbeeninexistence
in differing forms since 1985. ViCLAS was devel
opedbytheRoyalCanadianMountedPoliceinthe
early 1990s as an extension to the earlier system;
The RCMP license ViCLAS, for a fee, and maintain
controloverit;itisusedinmanyEUjurisdictions:
Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ire
land,NetherlandandtheUnitedKingdom.ViCLAS
isalsousedinAustralia,NewZealand,Switzerland
andsomestatesintheUS.
Boththesesystemsweredevelopedprimarilyby
practitioners, psychologists and criminologists and
are essentially repositories of data which depend
very much on the skill, training and experience of
the user. The influence of Computer Scientists has
been slight and there has been no involvement by
researchers in A.I or Decision Support. As a result
none of the advances that have been made in these
areas are incorporated in either system and they
remain essentially unchanged in the last 20 25
years.
Thereisanotabledisparitybetweentheamount
ofeffortthatpoliceagenciesinvestingatheringand
recording information that relates to these serious
offencesandthe amountwhich has been expended
on developing the computer systems onto which it
is entered. ViCAP and ViCLAS are passive; the
work spent in filling the database is not recipro
catedbyanycorrespondingfunctionalityinthesys
tem. An effective crime linkage decision support
systemshouldandcanassisttheuserininvestigat
ing the crime by using effective computer science
technology to recommend answers to the ques
tions : Which crimes are similar to this? , How
strong is the similarity? and What are the factors
that are most similar and most dissimilar between
thissetofcrimes.

Methodology
Fuzzysettheory(Zadeh1965)isawellestablished
approachinthefieldofArtificialIntelligencethat
candealwithimpreciseorvagueconceptssuchas
young,old,tall,shortetc.Thesedescriptions
aredefinedasfuzzysets,i.e.theyarenotspecifica
tionswhichhaveayesornoanswer.Soasuspect
describedas1.80minheightdoesnothavetobe
eithertallorshortbutcanbeaccordedadegree
ofbothqualities;inthiscasehecouldbe0.9talland
0.1short.Oraperson35yearsoldcouldbe0.3
young,0.6middleagedand0.1old.Thistype
ofcharacterisationsitswellwithourownpercep
tionsofwhatareknownaslinguisticvariablesin
fuzzysettheoryandgivearicherpictureofwhat
weseektodescribe.Mostofalltheyallotmeaning
fulnumberstothetypesofdescriptionswhichwe
dealwithindefiningcrimes.
Theresultisthatacommondescriptionofacrime
suchas:Averyviolentattackonamiddleagedwoman
byayoungmancanberepresentedbyanumberof
coordinatessothatthedegreeofviolence,middle
ageandyouthcanbecomparedwithothercrimes.
Consequentlycrimesandcriminalscanbede
scribedinhighlydescriptivetermsandprocedures
todiscoverwhatthemostsignificantdifferentiating
featuresare,usingmathematicallyandlogically
soundmethods,canbeundertaken.Wehavebeen
fortunateinbeingsuccessfulinobtainingdataon
545serioussexualoffencesfromtheSeriousCrimes
AnalysisSectionoftheU.KNationalPoliceIm
provementAgency.Wehaveexcludedthoseof
fencesthatdonotrelatetoserialrapes,bywhichwe
meanasetofrapescommittedbyasingleindivid
ual,resultinginamuchnarrowerdataset(n=110,
developmentsetn=83,test=27).
Asastartingpointwehaveadoptedthedimensions
identifiedassignificantintheresearchundertaken
byGrubinetal(2000)inlinkingserioussexualof
fencesthroughbehaviour:Sex,ControlandEscape.
Sexcomprises13variablesrelatingtothesexual
assault;Controlhas20variablesthatdefinethecon
trollingactionsthattheoffenderusestosubduethe
victimandEscape(11variables)includesthose
actionsthattheattackeradoptstoensurethathe
leavesaminimumofevidenceatthescene,e.g.
bindingandblindfolding.

Results
Theconsequencesofassigningasinglesetofnum
berstoacrimearefarreaching.Agreatnumberof
techniquescanbeemployedtorepresentsimilarity
betweencrimesandalsotolookforclustersof
crimes.Thefuzzycmeansalgorithm(Bezdek
1981)looksforclustersindataandallowstheuser
tospecifythenumberofinputdimensionsandout
put.Table1showstheresultswherethethreeinput
dimensionsofSex,ControlandEscapehavebeen
inputandthreeclustersspecified.Thedoublelines
indicateseriesboundaries,i.e.crimescommittedby
10
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
thesameoffender,soitcanbeseenthatthreeofthe
fourcrimesinthefirstseriesbelongentirelyinclus
terCwhilebothcrimesinthelastserieshavevery
highmembershipsofclusterB

Overall88%ofcrimeswereassignedtoacluster
with>80%degreeofmembershipand15ofthe28
serieswereassignedtoasingleclusterat80%mem
bershipormore.
Thisdemonstratesafargreaterdegreeofconsistency
withinseriesthantheGrubinstudywhichisthe
onlycomparableresearchinthisarea.

InTable2wevedescribedtheaveragedistancebetweencrimesasthevaluecloseandthenmeasuredthe
degreeofclosenessbetweeneachcrimeinthedataset.Thefirstthreeseriesareshowncomprisingfourteen
crimesoflengthfive,threeandsixoffences;degreesofclosenessgreaterthan0.6areinbold.

Thereisastrongdegreeofcloseness(>0.6)betweenfourcrimesintheseries1to5andallofthecrimesin
thesecondseries,6to8.Theassociationsinthethirdseriesare
lesssuccessful,butusefulassociationsdoexist.Forinstance
crime12onlyhasonlytwostronglinksbuttheyarebothwith
crimeinthesameseries,11and14.Theresultistodevelopa
structuredsearchstrategyforanalystsandinvestigatorsfrom
onecrimetothoseothercrimesthatarelikelybelinkedtoit.

Conclusion
Theneedforacomputeriseddecisionsupportsystemtoassist
inlinkingseriouscrimeshasbeenidentifiedandthecurrent
systemsinuseshowntobeinadequate.Establishedtechniques
fromArtificialIntelligence,inparticularfuzzysettheory,can
beappliedtocrimelinkageandhavebeenshowntoproduce
promisingresults.Thiscouldbefurtherdevelopedtosetthe
areaonasoundtheoreticalbaseandintroducethepossibility
ofprofilingoffendersbydiscoveringsimilaroffendercharac
teristicsinlinkedcrimes.

C 2

C 1

C 3

SEX

CONTROL

ESCAPE

Fig 1. Measuring similarity in 3 dimensions

A B C
c28 0.00 0.00 1.00
c29 0.00 0.00 1.00
c30 0.00 0.00 1.00
c31 0.00 0.39 0.60
c32 0.04 0.01 0.95
c33 0.00
0.00
1.00
c34 0.45 0.01 0.54
c35 0.00 0.00 1.00
c36 0.00 1.00 0.00
c37 0.00 0.99 0.01
c38 0.02 0.98 0.00
c39 0.03 0.97 0.01

table1.crimemembership3clusters
11
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010

References

BezdekJ.C(1981).PatternRecognitionwithFuzzyObjectiveFunctionAlgorithms.NewYork,Plenum.

CanterD(2000).Offenderprofilingandcriminaldifferentiation.LegalandCriminologicalPsychology5:2346.

CanterD.V,BennellC,etal.(2003).DifferentiatingSexOffences.BehaviouralSciencesandLaw21.

Grubin D, Kelly P, et al. (2000). Linking Serious Sexual Assault through Behaviour HomeOfficeResearchStudy215.
London.

ZadehL(1965).FuzzySets.InformationandControl(8):228353.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 1.00 0.87 0.75 0.45 0.80 0.69 0.80 0.60 0.76 0.81 0.13 0.26 0.51 0.47
2 0.87 1.00 0.76 0.35 0.79 0.73 0.86 0.64 0.79 0.78 0.12 0.23 0.48 0.41
3 0.75 0.76 1.00 0.45 0.64 0.58 0.76 0.41 0.97 0.71 0.33 0.44 0.45 0.59
4 0.45 0.35 0.45 1.00 0.32 0.19 0.31 0.08 0.43 0.39 0.21 0.35 0.41 0.60
5 0.80 0.79 0.64 0.32 1.00 0.87 0.85 0.68 0.67 0.89 0.11 0.23 0.32 0.41
6 0.69 0.73 0.58 0.19 0.87 1.00 0.82 0.69 0.61 0.80 0.08 0.19 0.22 0.33
7 0.80 0.86 0.76 0.31 0.85 0.82 1.00 0.61 0.79 0.85 0.19 0.30 0.35 0.45
8 0.60 0.64 0.41 0.08 0.68 0.69 0.61 1.00 0.43 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.10
9 0.76 0.79 0.97 0.43 0.67 0.61 0.79 0.43 1.00 0.74 0.32 0.43 0.44 0.58
10 0.81 0.78 0.71 0.39 0.89 0.80 0.85 0.57 0.74 1.00 0.21 0.34 0.32 0.52
11 0.13 0.12 0.33 0.21 0.11 0.08 0.19 0.00 0.32 0.21 1.00 0.84 0.00 0.58
12 0.26 0.23 0.44 0.35 0.23 0.19 0.30 0.00 0.43 0.34 0.84 1.00 0.00 0.73
13 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.41 0.32 0.22 0.35 0.29 0.44 0.32 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.21
14 0.47 0.41 0.59 0.60 0.41 0.33 0.45 0.10 0.58 0.52 0.58 0.73 0.21 1.00

table2.Degreeofclosenessbetweencrimes
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
Fig 2 Closeness to the index crime
12
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010

ThetitleofthisconferenceisFuturepolicinginEurope:AsharedagendaforresearchandIampleased
thattheorganizersofthisconferencethinkIamabletosaysomethingmeaningfulaboutthissubject.
Whetherornotthiswillbethecaseisofcourseforyoutojudgeaftermyspeech,buttherecanbenodoubt
thatIfindthesubjectofcrucialimportanceforfuturepolicing.

Scienceandpolicinginafastchangingworld
Scienceandpolicingusedtobefarapart.Policingwas(andofcoursetoagreatextendstillis)primarily
aboutcrimefightingandsaferneighbourhoodsandscienceisabouttheoreticallyexplainingthingswedo
notunderstandyet.Policingusedtobeonlymildlyinterestingfromascientistsperspective:thepolicehad
somewelldefinedtasks(primarilyupholdingthelaw)inarelativestableworld.However,technological
ensocietalchangehasacceleratedconsiderablyinthesecondhalveofthetwentiethcenturyanddoesnot
seemtoslowdown;noworintheforeseeablefuture.Ifwecomparetheconcernsandoperationsofpolice
forcestodaywithonlytenyearsago,atotallynewworldofpolicinghasemerged.Theprogrammeofthis
conferenceisagoodindication,withissueslikefundamentalshiftsinthefunctionandorganisationofpo
licing,policingcyberspace,radicalisation,technopolicing,knowledgeledpolicing,privatepolicingand
dealingwithdiversity.

Theseissueshaveincommonthatadequatelydealingwiththempresupposesunderstandingtechnological
ensocietalchange.Atthesametimeapoliceforceisnotresearchinstitutionandthereisanurgentneedto
actinfaceofcurrentsocietalproblems.Thusanintimaterelationwithscienceisnecessaryforproblem
solvinginafastchangingworld.Weneedtobeawareofwhatishappeningaroundusandweneedtobe
innovativewhileatthesametimethepressuretotcomeupwithconcreteresultsisrising.Andperhaps
mostimportantlyweneedtoorganizecriticalreflectiononourideasandoperationstopreventusfrom
takingawrongturnandstickingtoittolong.Inaninformationandnetworksocietyapoliceforcecannot
waitfordirectionsofothersaboutwhattodo,wearesupposedtoknowourselveswhatisneededtoreach
theobjectivesthatareexpectedfromus.

Scienceandpolicing:historyandcurrentstateofaffairs
AsapoliceofficerIfirstlearnedtoappreciatethevalueofscienceasaconsequenceofmyrelationswiththe
TechnicalUniversityinDelft.Thisresultedinhiringaforthepoliceforceatypicalgroupofpeoplewhostill
playanimportantroletodayinourforcewithregardtotechnologicaldevelopmentandintelligenceled
policing.Today,alotofstrangecharactersarecontributingtosecurityintheAmsterdamAmstellandpo
liceforce,and(senior)officersregarditasnecessaryandnormaltoconstantlyeducatethemselvesincon
nectionwithvariousuniversities.Luckily,theloveofthepoliceforsciencewasnotaonewaystreet.Sci
enceandscientistsalsodiscoveredpolicingasasubjectworthwhileofattention.Policesciencehasdevel
opedintoamaturefieldwithagrowingnumberofstudentsandvaluablepublications.AndtheDutchpo
licethecombined25Dutchpoliceforceshastrulybecomeathinkingorganizationwithacommonvi
sion(withthetitleThepoliceinevolution)andasharedstrategyagendacontainingthemainthemesforpo
licingfortheyearstocome.Therelationbetweenscienceandthepoliceisalsoveryvisibleatthelevelof
ABRAVEPOLICEFORCEDESERVES
COURAGEOUSSCIENTISTS
AFTERDINNERADDRESSATCEPOLPOLICERESEARCHAND
SCIENCECONFERENCE2009

BERNARDWELTEN,CHIEFCONSTABLEOFTHE
DUTCHPOLICEFORCEAMSTERDAMAMSTELLAND
13
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
thedifferentpoliceforces.AsanillustrationIwill
explainthewayweorganisedthisintheAmster
damAmstellandpoliceforce.

ScienceintheAmsterdamAmstellandpolice
force
Onastrategiclevelweconstructedathinktank
withdirectfunctionrelationtothetopoftheor
ganisation.WenamedthethinktanktheAgora,
referringtotheplacewhereintheGreekcitystates
mattersofpublicimportancewherediscussed
freelyandcritically.TheAgoraisexplicitlymeant
tobeacriticalforumandissupposedtocontradict
especiallytheChiefCommissionerwhenevernec
essary.Asyouwillunderstand,Iwilldenythat
contradictingmeisevernecessary,butIadvise
everyChiefCommissionertoorganizehisorher
ownindependentcountervailingpower.Atthe
Agoradifferentinsightsandactorscometogether,
startingofcoursewithrelevantresearchoutsideor
withinthepoliceforce.Thethemesofthestrategic
agendaoftheDutchpoliceplayaprominentrole
instructuringandfurtherdevelopingknowledge
attheAgora.Also,thereisanintimaterelation
withtheBureauofManagementInformationand
Researchofourpoliceforce:dataareusedtomake
ourstrategic(andoperational)decisionsinforma
tionbased,researchisdonetoensurethatitisalso
knowledgebased.TheAgoraisalsothelinkingpin
tothescientificcommunityandmorespecificto
ourjointventureswithUniversities.

Threechairsandrelatedresearch
First, we participate in a chair at the University of
Leuven under the title Knowledgediscoveryfromda
tabases AmsterdamAmstelland police force. As the
title suggests, this is about advanced data mining
technology in order to utilise our data more effec
tively. Police forces have in general an enormous
amount of potentially very interesting data which
areonlyusedwhenneededtoconductourprimary
task. However, these data are hardly used to un
derstand the phenomena we are dealing with,
whileasIsaidearlierunderstandingtheworld
and the consequences for police strategy and op
erationsiscrucial.

Second, together with the city of Amsterdam we

participateinachairoftheFreeUniversityofAm
sterdamunderthetitleSecurityandCitizenship.The
fact that we cooperate with the city ofAmsterdam
inthischairisveryimportant.Asyoucanimagine,
both the city and the police force share the ambi
tion of making the city a safer place to live in, but
their organisational logic can be different. Both
partiesagreedthatbyfundingthischairtheywant
to be confronted with insights that might not be
very welcome from an organisation perspective,
butthatdocontributetotheincreaseofsocialsecu
rity.

Exampleofvaluableresearch
To give an example. In coming up with priorities
there is of course close cooperation between the
police force and the administration. Data play in
important role in this, and there is a combined
committeewherethedataareanalysedastofacili
tate the setting of priorities. We had the intuition
thattheanalysisofthedataledtolookingtowards
thefutureintherearmirror:usingdataaboutwhat
has happened to set future priorities. The research
group Security and Citizenship was asked to look
atwhatwasasitwherebehindthedata:which
mechanisms are at work? They came up with the
idea not to analyse crime figures but to research
crime inducing factors. This led to a map of Am
sterdam showing where to expect a future rise of
crime and which factors might be responsible for
thatindifferentareas.Dependingonwhichfactors
where important with regard to which issues and
areas, recommendations for the strategy and op
erations of both the police force and the admini
stration could be made. Because the chair al
thoughfinancedbythecityandthepoliceforceis
independent the results (some of which where not
opportunetoeitherthepoliceorthecity)couldbe
madepublicandgotalotofattentioninthemedia.
This makes it harder to ignore the results, also the
resultsthatmightcontradictcurrentpolicy.Science
can function as a necessary although not always
welcomeimpulseforcriticalreflection.

Third,incollaborationwiththeDutchpoliceacad
emy we are now working on organizing a third
chair with the assignment to determine what the
necessaryandsufficientconditionsareforresearch
to have an impact on day to day policing. We be
lievethisnecessitatesthedevelopmentofaspecific
methodology, a specific way of doing research.
Although we have no doubts about the value of
scientific research a lot of research has no impact
onpolicing,eveninsomecaseswhereitisevident
14
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
thatitshouldhaveconsequencesforouroperations.
The aim of this third chair is to further strengthen
productive relations between science and policing,
especiallywithregardtoconcretepoliceoperations.

Blindspotsandscience:Juxta
Apartfromthesestructuralrelationswithscienceit
is sometimes necessary to come up with derailing
initiatives that make critical reflection unavoidable.
Oneoftheseinitiativeswasmendtostrengthenthe
countervailingpoweroftheaforementionedAgora.
WecalleditJuxtaderivedfromthewordjuxtapo
sition and one of the participants has given a
poster session on this conference today. What we
didisweinvitedtwelveyoungandbrightacadem
icstocomeandworkforusforeighteenmonthsto
show us our blind spots. We selected them out of
approximately three hundred candidates on the
basis of a critical essay on the aforementioned vi
sion document The police in evolution. We selected
peoplewithforthepoliceunusualbackgrounds,so
noonehadstudiedlaw,criminologyoradministra
tive science. Instead they where specialized in an
thropology, media, philosophy, artificial intelli
gence, Arabic language and culture, experimental
psychology,orart.

Theyhadaveryintensiveintroductionprogramme
withinthepoliceforce,theywhereconfrontedwith
allaspectsofourorganisationandwork.They
joinedofficersonthebeat,participatedininvestiga
tions,talkedtoallsectionsoftheorganisationonall
levels.Wegavethemtheexplicitassignmenttocon
tradictandsurpriseus,toshowuswherewewere
wrong,andtoannoyus.And,theyliveduptotheir
promise!ThesessionswiththeJuxtasaswelov
inglycalledthemwherealwaysintenseandIcon
stantlyhadtofighttheurgetodefendmyself.Itled
tonewperspectivesandintheendalsototwelve
thoughtprovokingendproducts.

Theirinfluencewasnotlimitedtothetopoftheor
ganisation.Wemadesurethateverybodyinthe
forceknewwhatJuxtawasabout,andpeopleinthe
forcewereveryinterestedintheconceptandof
courseintheinsightsoftheJuxtas.VariousJuxtas
hadconsiderableinfluenceondiversissuesas
neighbourhoodpolicing,integritypolicyortheuse
ofspecificinformationindealingwithvictims.They
openedupahotlineeveryofficerintheforcecould
phonewhenheorshehadawickedproblem,alot
ofpeoplecalledandwherewithoutexceptionim
pressedbythecontributionoftheJuxtas.Itfurther
strengthenedtheideathatscienceandpolicework
areahappymarriageandthatitpaystoletoutsid
erstakealookinyourorganisation.Butmostim
portantly,toquoteOliverWendellHolmes,a
mind,oncestretchedbyanewidea,neverreturns
toitsoriginaldimensions.Althoughwedidnot
intendtorecruitpeopleformorethantheirproject,
morethanhalveoftheJuxtascurrentlyworkinour
policeforceonregularpositions.

AndalthoughJuxtawasaonetimeproject,the
whatcouldbecalledspiritofJuxtahasnotdisap
peared.Researchandcriticalreflectionhasprolifer
atedintheforce,forexamplewithregardtothe
aforementionedstrategicthemes.Explorationson
thesethemesaredonebyteamsmadeupfromdi
verspeoplewithintheforcewhoseekexplicitinter
actionwithoutsidersfromthescientificcommu
nityorelsewhere.

Whathavewelearned?
WhathavewelearnedfromJuxta?Thatwedohave
blindspots,thatindeeditisimportanttofocuson
futureorientedpolicethemesandthatevenifyou
doso,youstillruntheriskoflaggingbehind.We
alsolearnedhowimportantitistobringinnewand
diverseperspectives,andthatimportantissuesare
mostlycomplexissues,andthatyouneedtocom
bineresearchwithlearningbydoing.Butperhaps
mostimportantly,welearnedhowfruitfulitis
whenpeopledaretospeakup,whentheytellyou
howitisbecausetheyhavethoughtaboutit,read
aboutit,andstudieditintensively.Onsomesensi
tivesubjectstheJuxtasranintoalotofopposition,
buttheystayedloyaltotheirintensiontoshowit
howitisfromtheperspectiveofanoutsiderand
scientist.Sometimesthiscalledforconsiderable
commitmentandcourage,butintheendnoneof
themregrettedtheinvestment.

Anurgentappeal
ThisbringsmeanappealIwouldliketomaketo
policeofficersandscientists.Asshouldbeclear
frommyexpose,scienceisofcrucialimportancefor
currentenfuturepolicingandseniorandchiefpo
liceofficersareadvisedtofacilitatethestrengthen
ingoftherelationwithscienceineverywaythey
can.Bebrave,anddonotworrythetruthwillhurt
you.Fortherelationtobeproductive,however,
scientistshouldalsobewillingtostandforwhat
theybelieve.Inaworldofallimportantimagesand
15
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
fastchanginghypesscientistshouldbewillingtodefendforcefullytheoutcomesoftheirresearch,both
withinthepoliceforcebutalsointhepublicdebate.OfcourseIamawarethatinpostmoderntimesthe
scientifictruthhasbecomeillusive,andthatscientisthavethedispositiontoquestionthevalidityoftheir
ownfindings,thatmostofthetimetheyareveryhesitanttoissuepolicyrecommendations.Theproblemis
however,iftheydonotdoit,whowill?AndIamoftheopinionthat,althoughthescientifictruthhasbe
comeillusive,nonsenseisstillnonsense.Ifyouareinscienceandrunintononsensicalpolicies:pleasetake
astandandspeakup!Abravepolicedeservescourageousscientists.

REPORTONTHE
2009CEPOLRESEARCHANDSCIENCECONFERENCE
BADHOEVEDORP,THENETHERLANDS,1820NOVEMBER2009
By

MONICADENBOER,PROF.DR.,ACADEMICDEAN,POLICE
ACADEMYOFTHENETHERLANDS&VRIJEUNIVERSITEITAMSTER
DAM

TheEuropeanPoliceCollegeorganizeditsseventhannualPoliceResearchandScienceConferenceon1820
November2009inAmsterdam,TheNetherlands.TheconferencewasorganizedbythePoliceAcademyof
TheNetherlandsinclosecooperationwithAustria,GermanyandCEPOLsResearchandScienceWorking
Group.ThetitleoftheconferencewasFuturePolicinginEurope:ASharedAgendaforResearch.Around
75policeresearchers,trainers,practitionersandpolicymakersdiscussedseveraldimensionsconcerning
thechallengesfacedbypoliceforcesacrossEurope.
Thechallengesincludeseveraldimensions.Afirstdimensionconcernsorganizationalissues,such
astechnologicalinnovation,riskmanagement,diversityinandaroundpoliceforces,multidisciplinaryco
operationwithotherpartners,intelligenceledpolicing,andselectionandrecruitment.Anotherimportant
strandconcernsthechallengesincrimeanddisorder,suchascybercrime,radicalization,andexternalse
curitydeficits.Finally,theconferencedealtwiththeEuropeandimensionofpolicing,policetrainingand
policeresearch.

ThetopicFuturePolicinginEuropewasapproachedfromanacademicaswellasapracticalan
gle.Undertheguidanceofseveralmoderators,theconferenceactivityworkedwithseveralmodesofpres
entationandinteraction,includingplenaryspeeches,miniseminars,postersessionsandapaneldiscus
sion.Thismixofconferencemodesaimedatinvolvingallparticipantstoamaximumextentandatalter
natingtheirroleofspeaker,listeneranddebater.Theconferenceorganizersmadeanefforttoinviteabal
ancedrepresentationofmaleandfemalespeakers,matureandpromisingnewresearchers,andattendees
fromseveralEuropeanMemberStates.
Theobjectivesoftheconferenceactivityincluded:1)providingsupporttopolicebyresearch,sci
enceandanacademicapproach;2)exploringexpectationsandpossibilitiesforcomparativeresearchefforts
inaEuropeanperspective;3)strengtheningthenetworkingprocessesbetweenpolicescienceandpolice
practice;4)consolidatingtheintegrationofresearchandpoliceeducation;and5)encouragingtheexchange
ofknowledgebetweenthesecurityfieldandpoliceresearch.Thefinalobjectivewastoreflectontheconse
quencesofinnovationandpolicingreforms.

16
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
18November2009,firstdayoftheconference
TheconferencewasopenedbytheChiefConstableandChairmanoftheExecutiveBoardofthe
PoliceAcademyofTheNetherlands,MrAdvanBaal.Hisopeningspeechwasfollowedbyalectureby
Prof.Dr.PieterTops,MemberoftheExecutiveBoardofthePoliceAcademyofTheNetherlandsandPro
fessorofPublicAdministrationoftheUniversityofTilburg,TheNetherlands,whoprovidedanexpose
abouttheimportanceofinformalandtacitknowledgeforthefurtherdevelopmentofpoliceorganizations,
andtheroleofknowledgeandresearchintheprofessionalizationofpoliceofficers.Thetrainingandre
searchagendamayalsopresentpoliceforcesthroughoutEuropewithstrategicissues,suchastheemer
genceofareflectiveandintelligentworkforce,whichmaypresentnewmanagementchallengesforpoliti
cians.Otherchallengesthatpresentthemselveswhenapoliceforcesbecomesmoreknowledgeable,include
mattersofauthority,flexibilityandimage.
Thesession,whichwaschairedbytheChairmanoftheCEPOLResearchandScienceWorking
Group,DrJanosFehervaryfromtheFederalMinistryoftheInteriorandtheSicherheitsakademieinVienna
(Austria)wasthenproceededbyDrPeterNeyroud,ChiefConstableandChiefExecutiveoftheNational
PolicingImprovementAgencyoftheUnitedKingdom.HepresentedaplenarylectureentitledShiftsin
Policing,PoliceProfessionandPoliceOrganization,inwhichheelaboratedontopicssuchastheeconomic
pressuresonpolicingresultingfrombudgetcutsinpublicexpenditure,therisingcostsanddecliningtax
revenues.Healsopaidattentiontothechangesintheperformancemanagementinpolicingandtheroleof
scienceinpolicing.Furthermore,MrNeyroudanalyzedthecompositionofthepoliceworkforce,therole
ofthedetective,theriseofnationalizationandlocalism,aswellasinternationalization.Allthesetrends
harboursignificantchallengesforpoliceforcesthroughoutEurope.

Afterthegeneraloverture,theconferenceenteredintomoredetail.Severalplenaryspeakerswere
requestedbytheconferenceorganizerstofocusonparticularissues,relatingboththeorganizationalas
wellascontextualaspectsinthedevelopmentofpolicing.First,DrTatianaTropinafromtheCybercrime
ResearchInstituteinCologne(Germany)dealtwithcyberpolicingasacurrentandfuturechallengeforlaw
enforcement.Shementionedseveralthreatswhichemanatefromcybercrime,includingthemigrationof
traditionalcrime(suchaschildpornographyandmoneylaundering)totheInternet.Resultingfromthis
threatisthenecessitytoorganizecrossborderlawenforcementcooperation.Selfevidentasthisco
operationmaybe,however,thereareseveralchallengestocopewith,suchasthedifferentprocedural
rightsforsuspectsandvictims,aswellasthelackofproperfacilitiestotacklecybercrimewithinanumber
oflawenforcementsystems.DrTropinagaveanoverviewofinitiativesinthisfield,suchasCIRCAMPand
thecreationoftheEuropeanCyberCrimePlatformbyEuropol,aswellastrainingprogrammes.
Afterlunch,ProfessorSirpaVirtafromtheUniversityofTampere(Finland)spokeaboutthetheme
PreventingRadicalizationandbroughtaboutseveralavenuesfornewresearchrelevantforpoliceforces
throughoutEurope.SheelaboratedontheEUHomeAffairsandSecurityStrategies,fromwhichnewchal
lengeshaveevolvedinthisparticularfield.Themesshelistedwereradicalizationasaphenomenonand
policetrainingthroughtheEUISECprogramme.ProfessorVirtamaintainedjointmultidisciplinaryre
searchprojectsareneeded,andmoreover,totackleradicalizationproperlyonemayneedtoreachbeyond
conventionalcrimeprevention.Oneofthepressingquestionssheputforwardistheextenttowhichpolice
officersareequippedtorecognizetheearlysignalsofradicalizationandextremism.
ThefinalplenarylectureonthefirstdayoftheconferencewaspresentedbyProf.Dr.Gorazd
Meko,DeanoftheFacultyofCriminalJusticeandSecurityoftheUniversityofMaribor(Slovenia).For
him,theconceptualchallengesthepoliceiscurrentlyconfrontedwithincludetheemergenceofcontempo
rarysocialcontrol,includingthecitizensasapolicingresourceandinstitutionalizedinformalcontrol.Pro
fessorMekospokeatlengthabouttheissuesarisinginthecontextofmultilateralpolicing,whichin
cludescooperationbetweenpublicpoliceofficersandprivatesecurityemployees.Researchissuesevolv
ingconcernforinstancepatternsofconflict,competition,cooperationandpartnership.Thespeakerbe
lievedthechallengesforfurtherresearchlieamongstothersinacomparativestudyinEuropeandthe
publicopinionaboutpluralsecurityproviders.Afterawellspentday,theconferenceparticipantsmetfor
dinnertoconsolidatetheirEuropeannetwork.

17
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
Secondday
Theprogrammeof19November2009pro
videdintwomoreplenarylectures,followedby
simultaneousinteractiveminiseminarsaboutde
velopingtrendsandpostersessionspresentedon
newlyemergingtopics.Inamorningsessionmod
eratedbyProfessorJoachimKerstenfromtheGer
manPoliceUniversityinMnster,Germany,the
firstplenarylecturewaspresentedbyProfessor
TomVanderbekenofGhentUniversity(Belgium),
whospokeabouttheanticipationoffuture(in)
securitiesandtheroleofriskassessment.Anew
challengeforpoliceforcesnowadaysistopolicethe
risksociety,whichisbasedonanincreasedexploi
tationofknowledgeandintelligence.Policeforces
nowadayshavetothinkaheadandhavetorankthe
likelihoodandpotentialseriousnessofriskevents.
ProfessorVanderbekenexplainedindetailthedif
ferencebetweenthreatanalyses,vulnerabilitystud
ies,harmassessmentsandriskanalyses,andcon
cludedthatscenariosstudiescanbeusefultoolsto
assessandanticipatedevelopmentsandtotakea
reflexiveattitudetowardsmultiplefutures.
Afterthecoffeebreak.DrSabineVogtfrom
theGermanFederalCriminalPoliceOffice(BKA)in
Wiesbaden,Germany,offeredtheconferencepar
ticipantsalookintotheinnovatorypowerofEuro
peanpoliceforces.Earlydetectionanddiagnosisof
theshiftsandchallengeslieattheheartofthere
flectivepotentialofpoliceagencies.Geographical
andstrategicearlydetectioncanrevealaconnection
betweendifferentphenomenaandpreparethepo
liceforcetomakestepsintermsofsettingobjec
tives,planningstrategiesandprioritizingpolicies
andinstruments.DrVogtexplainedhowthepieces
ofthepuzzleevolvingfromanenvironmental
analysiscanbeputtogetherinaprocessmodel,
calledSTEP.SheintroducedtheBKAscenariotech
nique,whichisworkedoutintheformofwork
shopsbasedonrealcases,suchasdelinquency
whichisrelatedtothecapitalmarkets.Asimilar
scenariotechniquewasappliedinthecontextofthe
UN/EUpeacekeepingmissions.
Afterthediscussion,theconferencepartici
pantsseparatedingroupsandwenttoanarrayof
fivedifferentinteractiveminiseminarsaboutdevel
opingtrends.Thethemesoftheseminiseminars
weretechnopolicing(byDrRenatoRaggifromthe
CarabinieriOfficersCollegeinVicenza,Italy);
policingdiversity(byProfessorSirpaVirta,Uni
versityofTampere,Finland);knowledgeledpolic
ing(byProfessorJoachimKerstenfromtheGer
manPoliceUniversityinMnster,Germany);
Recruitment,educationandcareersinEuropean
policeforces(byProfessorToreBjrgo,Norwegian
PoliceUniversityCollege,Oslo,Norway);and
privatepolicing(byProfessorRaimundas
Kalesnykas,DeanoftheLawFacultyoftheInterna
tionalSchoolofLawandBusiness,Vilnius,Lithua
nia).Themethodoftheminiseminarsallowedcon
ferenceparticipantstoselecttwothemes,which
meantthatinasmallersetting,theyfeltmoreen
couragedtointerveneandraisequestions.
Afterlunch,avarietyofthemeswaspre
sentedbyjuniorresearcherswhoareinvolvedina
postdoctoralorprofessionalresearchproject.These
postersessionswereperformedbyAnnevanEwijk
oftheUniversitatPompeuFabrainBarcelona,
Spain(diversityinpoliceorganizations);Martijn
SchippersoftheDutchPoliceRegionAmsterdam
Amstelland(intelligenceledpolicing);Maren
ElineKleivenofthePoliceUniversityCollegeOslo,
Norway(policereformmissions);andGregor
WewerofEuropol(governingpolicecooperation
intheEU).Thelattersessionsweremainlymeant
toinitiateandstrengthenparticularthematicre
searchnetworksthroughouttheEuropeanUnion.
Afteralongtrafficjamintotown,thecon
ferenceparticipantsfirstdidabitofChristmas
shoppinginthetowncentre.Thiswassucceededby
averypleasantdinnerinarestaurantinAmster
dam.Atthestartofthedinner,ChiefConstableBer
nardWeltenoftheDutchPoliceForceAmsterdam
Amstellandpresentedanenthusiasticandinspiring
speechaboutthevalueofresearchforthedevelop
mentofpolicingandpoliceorganizations(seethe
previousarticle).

Finalday
Thefinaldayoftheconferencewasmoder
atedbyProfessorMonicadenBoerofthePolice
AcademyofTheNetherlandsandtheVUUniver
sityAmsterdam(theNetherlands),andfocuseden
tirelyontheEUeffortsinthefieldofEuropeanpo
licecooperation,inparticularpolicetrainingand
policeresearch.PoliceCommissionerMichielHol
tackers,ChairoftheAnnualProgrammeCommittee
ofCEPOLandHeadofStaffInternationalRelations
atthePoliceAcademyoftheNetherlands,gavethe
firstlectureabouttheStockholmProgrammeonthe
furtherdevelopmentoftheEUAreaofFreedom,
SecurityandJustice.Heregardedpolicetrainingas
essentialforbuildingthenecessarytrustbetween
lawenforcementforcesthroughoutEurope.Inthis
18
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
regard,aninternationalexchangeprogrammeand
internshipsaredeemedindispensable.Moreover,
specifictrainingchallengeswerementionedbyMr
Holtackers,includingthetrainingwhichistargeted
attheprotectionofvulnerablegroups,suchasvic
timsofcrime;thefocusonseriouscrimewitha
crossborderdimension;trainingaimedatim
provedusageoftheexistinginstrumentsforpolice
cooperation;combinedtrainingeffortswiththird
countries;and(common)trainingmethods.
TheissuesraisedbyMrHoltackersreceived
adeepreflectionfromrelevantpractitionersand
policymakersintheformofapaneldiscussion:Mr
ChristianJechoutchek(AssistantDirectorCorporate
GovernanceofEuropol),ProfessorDr.KlausNeid
hardt(HeadoftheTraining&ResearchCommittee
ofCEPOLandPresidentoftheGermanPoliceUni
versityinMnster)andMs.KristienvanGoey
(DirectorateGeneralEnterpriseandIndustryofthe
EuropeanCommission).Thepaneldiscussion
evokedseveralinterventionsfromtheconference
participants.
TheconferencewasconcludedbyProfessor
DidierBigofromtheInstitutdEtudesPolitiquesin
Paris,France.Hegaveaflashdemonstrationofthe
legalandpoliticaleventsintheareaofEUpoliceco
operationduringthepasttwodecades.Professor
Bigoobservedanumberoftensionsarisingfrom
theStockholmProgramme,suchasbringingtheEU
closertoitscitizensthroughareliableprovisionof
security,andpolicingatadistancewhichisbased
onpatternsofinformationgatheringandsurveil
lance.HeendedbyadvocatingaEuropeanUnionin
whichthereisabalancebetweenfreedomofmove
mentandsecurity.

Theconferenceparticipantsdepartedwith
wellfedstomachs,andbrains.Theorganizing
countriesTheNetherlands,AustriaandGermanyas
wellastheResearchandScienceWorkingGroup,
werepleasedwiththeactiveparticipationofpolice
professionals,policetrainersandpoliceresearchers
fromalloverEurope,turningthiseventintoa
worthwhileannualgatheringfortheexchangeof
knowledgeaboutpolicerelevantmatters.CEPOL
looksforwardtoseeingyouallagainatthe2010
CEPOLResearchandScienceConferenceinOslo!!

THECAMPBELLCOLLABO
RATIONANDEVIDENCE
BASEDPOLICING
REPORTFROMTHENINTH
COLLOQUIUM2009

BY

LEVINWHELLER,SENIORRE
SEARCHOFFICER,NATIONALPOLICING
IMPROVEMENTAGENCY(UK)

Giventhevarietyofavailableresearchevidence
aboutpolicing,itcanoftenbedifficulttomake
judgmentsaboutwhatinterventionsorpoliciesare
mosteffective.Policeforces,governmentdepart
mentsandpublicagenciesneedwaystoidentifythe
bestavailableresearchevidencebeforemakingde
cisionsabouthowtodeployfiniteresources.One
approachtocollatingfindingsfromdisparatere
searchpapersistoundertakesystematicreviewsof
availableresearchevidence.Thepurposeofasys
tematicreviewistosumupthebestavailablere
searchonaspecificresearchorpolicyquestionby
synthesizingtheresultsofrelevantstudiesmeeting
aspecifiedstandard(orlevel)ofdesignandassess
ingtheeffectsofdifferentinterventions.

TheCampbellCollaboration(http://
www.campbellcollaboration.org/)isaninterna
tionalbodythatproducessystematicreviewsonthe
effectsofsocialinterventionsinanumberofdiffer
entareas,includingcrimeandjustice.TheCamp
bellCrimeandJusticeCoordinatingGroup(CJCG)
preparesanddisseminatessystematicreviewson
reducingcrimeanddelinquencyandimprovingthe
qualityofjustice.TheCrimeandJusticeCoordinat
ingGroupiscoordinatedbyCharlotteGillatthe
JerryLeeCenterofCriminologyattheUniversityof
Pennsylvania.
TheInternationalSecretariatoftheCollaborationis
nowlocatedinOsloandishostedbytheNorwe
gianKnowledgeCentrefortheHealthServices.
ThisofficesupportsallaspectsofCampbellswork,
includingtheproductionofsystematicreviews,in
ternalandexternalcommunication,fundraising,
andarrangementsfortheAnnualColloquiumand
19
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
otherevents.Campbellisatrulyinternationalbody,
however,withmembersofitsSteeringGroup
drawnfromanumberofcountries.

TheCollaborationhastodatecompleted22reviews
summarisingthebestresearchevidenceonvarious
crimeandjusticeissuesrangingfromtheeffectsof
specificinterventionssuchasCCTVsurveillance,
streetlightingandneighbourhoodwatchpro
grammesonlevelsofcrime,tostudiesofcounter
terrorismstrategies,theeffectsofsentencingon
reoffending,andtheeffectsofmentoringinterven
tionsonjuveniledelinquency.
Specificpolicingapproacheshavealsobeenas
sessedinstudieslookingattheeffectivenessof
problemorientedpolicing(POP),hotspotspolicing,
andtherelativesuccessofcompetingstrategiesfor
addressingstreetleveldrugmarkets.Manyofthese
fullreviewshavealsobeencondensedintouser
abstracts,whichprovideconcisesummariesofthe
keyfindingsofeachreview.Theseabstractsrepre
sentamoreuserfriendlyversionofthereviews,
whichcanthemselvesberathertechnicalandmeth
odologicalinnature.

Aswellaspublishingreviewsofresearchevidence,
theCampbellCollaborationorganiseseventsacross
theworldtobringtogetheracademics,government
researchersandpractitioners.TheNinthAnnual
CampbellColloquiumwasheldinOslofromthe
18
th
tothe20
th
ofMay2009andwasthemedBetter
EvidenceforaBetterWorld.Anumberofsessions
stressedtheimportanceofevidencebasedinterven
tionsandofproperimpactevaluationsofsocial
programmes.
PlenaryspeakersincludedtheNorwegianMinister
ofForeignAffairs,JonasGahrStre,whotalked
abouttheincreasingimportanceofevaluatinginter
ventionssuchasimmunisationprogrammes.He
arguedthatproofthatinterventionsweresuccessful
helpedbuildacultureofsupportforinterventions.
RichardHorton,EditorinChiefoftheLancetthen
askedwhywedonotalwaysactonevidence,citing
theexampleofclimatechange.Heemphasisedthe
importanceofcommunicationbetweenresearch
andpractitionercommunities,andthechallengeof
successfullyexplainingcomplexissuestothepub
lic.
HansRosling(ProfessorofGlobalHealth,Karolin
skaInstitute(KI),Sweden)deliveredandentertain
ingandrevealingpresentationentitledTowardsan
evidencebasedworldview.ProfessorRoslingil
lustratedtheimportanceofusingevidencetochal
lengepreexistingperceptions,contesting,inpar
ticular,popularassumptionsaboutthedeveloped
anddevelopingworld.TheGapminderFounda
tion(www.gapminder.org)hostsanumberofvideo
presentationswhichchallengereceivedwisdom
abouttheseissues.HowardWhite(ExecutiveDirec
tor,InternationalInitiativeforImpactEvaluation
(3ie),Egypt)alsostressedtheimportanceofchal
lengingtheoreticalassumptionsandcarefullyas
sessingtheimpactofinterventionstoensurere
sourcesarebeingspentwisely.
AhighlightinthefieldofCrimeandJusticewasDr.
JonathanShepherds(DirectoroftheViolenceand
SocietyResearchGroup,SchoolofDentistry,Uni
versityofCardiff,UK)JerryLeeLectureexamining
thecontributionsofpublichealthresearchtovio
lenceprevention.Hispresentationhighlightedthe
findingsofanumberofstudiesundertakeninthe
UK.OneRCTrevealedthebenefitsofusingtough
enedglassestoreduceinjuriesinpubsandbars,
andevidencefromanothermetaanalysisillustrated
theeffectivenessofbriefalcoholmisusemotiva
tionalinterviewsinhelpingmodifyfuturealcohol
consumption.
DrShepardconcludedthat,comparedwithmedical
sciences,appliedcrimescienceisunderdeveloped.
UniversityPoliceSchoolsandOffenderManage
mentSchoolswhichintegrateresearch,trainingand
practice,shouldbeatthefoundationofcriminal
justicesystems.Practitioneracademicsareneeded
incrimeandjustice,asinthefieldofhealth,to
driveevidencebasedpoliciesandinterventions.
Linkstootherpapersfromtheconferenceinthe
areaofCrimeandJusticecanbefoundhere:
www.campbellcollaboration.org/Colloquium/
colloquium_programme/
Crime_and_Justice_Track.php

TheNationalPolicingImprovementAgency(NPIA)
iscurrentlyworkingwiththeCenterforEvidence
BasedCrimePolicy(CEBCP)atGeorgeMasonUni
versitytofundfurtherworkbytheCampbellCol
laboration.Asystematicsearchforevaluativestud
iesofnoncurricularlawenforcementstrategiesto
preventschoolcrimeanddisorder(Policing
schools)hasjustbeencommissioned,alongwith
fivenewsystematicreviewsinthefollowingareas:

20
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
EffectivenessofGISuponcrimereduction
Legitimacyinpolicing
StressManagementTrainingandDevelopmentProgramsforPoliceOfficersandRecruits
Crimedisplacementanddiffusionofcrimepreventionbenefitsresultingfromgeographicallyfocussed
policeinitiatives
Effectofinterviewandinterrogationmethodsoninvestigativeoutcomes

TheNPIAisalsoworkingontranslatingselectedsystematicreviewsintoWhatWorksguidesaimedat
policepractitioners.Thepurposeoftheseguidesistoprovideanonlineresourcethatdistilsthekeyfind
ingsofthereviews,inadditiontootherrobustresearchevidence,intoastyleandformatsuitableforanon
academicaudience.Theaimistomaketheworkoftheresearchandacademiccommunitymoreeasilyac
cessibletopolicepractitionersonadaytodaybasis.

ReviewscurrentlyontheCampbellwebsitemaybeausefulresourceforyourorganisationinaddressing
commonpolicingissuesfacedbyforcesallaroundtheworld.TheCampbellLibrary(http://
www.campbellcollaboration.org/library.php)enablesfreeaccesstoreviewsonanumberofimportantsub
jects.

THESCOTTISHINSTITUTEFORPOLICING
RESEARCH(SIPR)

By

NICKFYFE,PROF.,DIRECTOROFTHESCOTTISHINSTITUTEFORPOLICINGRE
SEARCH,UK

Establishedin2007andsupportedbyinvestmentfromtheAssociationofChiefPoliceOfficersinScotland
andtheScottishFundingCouncil,theScottishInstituteforPolicingResearch(SIPR)isaconsortiumofthir
teenuniversities.Itskeyaimsare:
Toundertakehighquality,independentresearchofrelevancetopolicinginScotland;
Toengageinarangeofknowledgeexchangeactivitiesinordertostrengthentheevidencebaseon
whichpolicingpolicyandpracticearedeveloped;
ToprovideasinglefocusforpolicingresearchinScotlandinordertofosterthedevelopmentofna
tionalandinternationallinkswithotherresearchers,policymakersandpractitioners;
ToenhancepolicingresearchcapacityinScotlandbydevelopingtheresearchinfrastructureanden
hancingresearchskills.
SIPRsactivitiesareorganisedaroundthreeinterdisciplinaryResearchNetworkswhichbringtogether
researchersfromover15differentacademicdisciplines.ThePoliceCommunityRelationsNetworkfocuses
21
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
ontherelationshipsbetweenthepoliceanddiffer
entsocioeconomicandgeographicalcommunities
andbringstogetherresearcherswithbackgrounds
insociology,criminologyandpoliticalscience.The
Evidence&InvestigationNetworkfocusesonthe
roleofthepoliceintherecovery,interpretationand
effectiveuseofintelligenceandevidenceinthein
vestigationofcrimeanddrawsontheexpertiseof
researcherswithbackgroundsinareaslikeforensic
science,computingandpsychology.ThePolice
OrganisationNetworkfocusesonissuesofmanage
ment,structureandleadershipwithinthepolice
andincludesresearcherswithamanagementsci
enceandpublicadministrationbackground.The
activitiesofthethreenetworksarecoordinated
fromanadministrativehubbasedattheUniversity
ofDundee.

Withineachofthesenetworks,SIPRisdirectlysup
portingnewpolicingresearchthroughinvestment
inPhDstudentshipsandpostdoctoralresearchers.
Theseresearchprojects,eachofwhichhasbeende
velopedincollaborationwithpoliceforces,covera
widerangeoftopics.Theseincludeissuesrelating
tocommunitypolicingstrategies,thepolicingof
racialandethnicdiversityandradicalization;ob
tainingbestevidencefromwitnessesandtheuseof
forensicscienceinvolumecrimeinvestigations;
andstudiesofresilienceandwellbeinginScottish
policeforcesandthegovernanceandaccountability
ofpoliceorganisations.SIPRisalsohelpingre
searcherssecureresearchfundingfromexternal
sourcesbyfacilitatingaccesstopolicepersonnel
anddataheldbypoliceorganisations.

Complementinginvestmentinnewresearchisthe
processofmakingsurethatknowledgeisex
changedbetweenresearchers,practitionersandthe
policycommunity.Indeed,forSIPRknowledge
exchangeisoneofthemostimportantrolesitper
forms.Thisispartlyachievedviaitsgovernance
arrangementwhichinvolvechiefpoliceofficersand
senioracademicsmeetingregularlyatitsExecutive
CommitteeandBoardofGovernance.Inaddition,
SIPRsupportsawiderangeofmechanismstofacili
tateprocessesofknowledgeexchange.Thisin
cludesorganisingaregularprogrammeofseminars
andworkshopsattendedbythepoliceandre
searchers,holdinganannualresearchconference
andannuallecture,andmaintainingawebsite
whichcontainspodcastsofconferenceandseminar
events,abriefingpaperseriesforpractitioners,and
otherresearchresources.Inaddition,SIPRworks
closelywiththeScottishPoliceCollegeinthedeliv
eryofaContinuousProfessionalDevelopmentpro
grammeforallmembersofthepoliceservice.

SIPRisalsoworkingtodeveloptheknowledge,
researchandanalyticalskillsofthosewhoworkin
policeorganisationsviathecreationofadistance
learningGraduateProgrammeinPolicing.Begin
ninginAutumn2010,thisprogrammeaimsto
makeasubstantialcontributiontotheprofessional
developmentofpolicinginScotlandwithinitial
modulescoveringtheoriesandconceptsofpolicing,
leadershipinpoliceorganisations,understanding
andcontrollingcrime,andpolicecommunityrela
tions.SIPRalsorunsaPractitionerFellowshippro
grammewhichprovidesopportunitiesforpolice
practitionerstoworkwithacademicresearcherson
thepracticalandpolicyapplicationsofapolicing
topic,withtheacademicprovidingadviceabout
relevantliterature,researchdesignandmethodo
logicalissues.

Ataninternationallevel,SIPRisalsodeveloping
stronglinkswithawidercommunityofpolicere
searchersandpractitioners.Thisisimportantbe
causeinaneraofglobalisationitisimportantfor
Scotlandtobeabletoaccessknowledgeaboutpolic
ingcreatedelsewhereintheworldandtoreapthe
benefitsofcomparativeanalysis.Threeworldclass
policingscholarshavebeenappointedasVisiting
Professorstotheresearchnetworkswiththeaimof
creatingopportunitiesforcollaborativeresearch.In
addition,SIPRsinternationaladvisorycommittee
hasstrongEuropeanrepresentation(fromtheNor
wegianPoliceUniversityCollege,DutchPolice
AcademyandthePoliceScienceprogrammeat
RuhrUniversity,Germany)and,inaninitiativeled
bythePoliceAcademyoftheNetherlands,SIPRisa
foundingmemberoftheTheNorthSeaCollabora
tionfordoingresearchonandwiththepolice.This
bringstogetherpolicingresearchinstitutesfrom
Holland,Norway,Belgium,Sweden,Finland,Eng
land&WalesandScotlandwiththeaimsofcon
ductingcomparativeresearchandcreatingopportu
nitiesfortheexchangeofknowledgeandpeople.
Acoupleofcomparativeprojectshavealready
emergedfromthiscollaboration:oneoncareers
withinpoliceforces(coordinatedbyresearchersat
theNorwegianPoliceUniversityCollege)andan
22
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
otheroncommunityengagementandcommunitypolicing(coordinatedbySIPRandtheUniversityof
Ghent).IndividualmembersofSIPRarealsoplayingimportantroleswithinwidernetworksofresearchers
andpractitionersincludingtheEuropeanAcademyofForensicScience,theEuropeanSocietyWorking
GrouponPolicingandtheEuropeanchapteroftheFBINationalAcademyofAssociates.

InlittleunderthreeyearsSIPRhasestablisheditselfasakeypartoftheresearchandpolicinglandscapein
ScotlandwithstronglinkstootherpartsoftheUK,Europeandbeyond.Furthermore,asamodelofcol
laborationbetweenpolicepractitionersandtheacademicresearchcommunityitnowattractsnationaland
internationalattention.Crucialtoitssuccessisrecognisingthatregularandsustainedcontactsbetween
researchprovidersandresearchusersarevitaldeterminantsofpolicyimpact.Researchersandpracti
tionersmustalsoshareamutualunderstandingoftherelevanceofeachothersinterestsandactivitiesand
haveanunderstandingofthewaysinwhichresearchcanaddvalueandofferinsightstokeyissuesofcon
cernforpolicepractitionersandpolicymakers.AspoliceorganisationsacrossEuropeincreasinglyfacethe
challengeofhavingtodomorewithless,asaresultofgrowingdemandsbutlimitedresources,thepart
nershipbetweenuniversitiesandpoliceforcesembodiedbySIPRprovidesahighlyeffectivewayofmeet
ingtheneedforrelevantresearchandfordevelopingtheskillsofthosewhoworkinpoliceorganisations.

Furtherinformation

FurtherinformationaboutSIPRisavailablefromitswebsite(www.sipr.ac.uk)andweverymuchwelcome
inquiriesfromresearchersandpractitioners.TheseshouldbesenttoitsDirector,ProfessorNickFyfe
(n.r.fyfe@dundee.ac.uk).

CENTRE DE RECHERCHE DE LA GENDARMERIE

NATIONALE(CRGN)

By

Philippe SCRIBE, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL, HEAD OF RESEARCH
DEPARTMENT, CRGN, FRANCE

LocatedinMelun,50kmSouthEastofParis,theResearchCenteroftheGendarmerieNationale(CRGN)is
connectedwiththeGendarmerieNationaleOfficersCollegeandheadedbyadirector,whoisasenioruni
versityprofessor.
Thecenterwassetupasapoliticalinitiativetoprovidemajoreducationalestablishments,dedicatedtothe
trainingofhighmilitaryandcivilianservants,includingthefundingofresearchfacilities.
Benefitingfromthesethinktankpotentials,theGendarmerieNationaleOfficersCollegedealswithissues
linkedtohomelandsecurityandespeciallyregardingthecareerofGendarmes.Theworkundertakenatthe
centeraimsatincludingthecadetsineachandeverypartoftheiracademicstudies.
TheformerdocumentationcenteroftheAcademyhasbeenthetouchstoneoftheResearchcenterofthe
GendarmerieNationale(CRGN),henceattheoriginofitscreationinSeptember2008.Itisnowsupervised
bybothmilitaryandcivilianstaff.

23
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
Organizationofthecenter
Ithasapermanentteamcomposedofasenioruniversityprofessorwhoisinchargeofthegeneralpolicyof
thecenterandanetworkofseveralresearchers.Heisassistedbyanadministratorsecondincommand
whoonthecontraryhasamilitarybackgroundandwhoisthedirectlinkwiththeinstitution.Asenioroffi
cerisheadingtheResearchDepartment,whereastheResourceDepartmentisheadedbyacivilian.
Inadditiontothepermanentstaff,thereareafewresearcherswhoworkparttime.Theyareusuallypeople
witheitheranacademicbackgroundorhighqualifications,whoareinchargeofsupplyingforareserveof
researchers,comingfromuniversitiesaswellastheGendarmerie.ThroughtheirMastersthesisthecadets
areincloserelationwiththecenter.

Asfarastheresearchfieldisconcerned,therearesixmaintopics:

1. securityandterritories
2. securityandenvironment
3. securityandsciences
4. securityandethicalcode
5. securityandlaw
6. securityandhistory

Alltheresearchersarelistedinadatabasethatismanagedbythecenter,whothenmakesaninventoryof
theMastersthesisdealingwithsecuritythathadbeenwrittenbyGendarmesondutyorinretirement.

Assignments
Basedonresourcesthatareinconstantevolution,theCRGNaimsatleadingandcoordinatingresearchin
termsofsecurity.
ThroughthedifferentcontributionsprovidedbytheCRGN,thecadetsaregivenguidancefortheirthesis
oninternalsecurityandcanbesupportedbyotherGendarmeswhoareeitherwritingathesisoraPh.D.
ThecenteralsoworksintightrelationswiththeGendarmerieheadquarters.Theworkundertakenbythe
cadetswillserveasathinktanktothehighcommandandthetopicsmusthavebeenrequestedbythecen
traladministration.Ontheotherhand,theResearchCentercanmakesuggestionsinthismatter.

TheCRGNsmissionisalsotowatchandpickupupdatedinformationdealingwithsecurityfromtheinter
net.
Overall,justlikeanyotherresearchcenter,theCRGNorganizesseminarsandsymposiumsandpartici
patesinseveralscientificactivitiesinFranceorabroadtofacilitateageneralsynergywithothercentersand
institutions.
AnoverviewoftheCRGNsactivitiesisavailableviaitswebsite:
http://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/crgn

Outlook
ThiscenterisstillindevelopmentandhasonlybeensetupforresearchactivitiessinceSeptember2009.Itis
alreadyworkingjointlywiththeEuropeanPoliceCollegeCEPOLandwithotherdifferentEuropeanpart
nersintermsofinternalsecuritymattersandsuppliesforitsowndatabaseaswell.Bytheendof2010the
bestthesiswrittenbythecadetsduringtheirscholarshipwillprobablyhavebeuploadedintoCEPOLe
Library.

24
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010

OBITUARYINMEMORIAM
PROF.JEANPAULBRODEUR
(19442010)
Itwaswithgreatsadnessthatwelearntthatthewell
knownscholarofpolicing,ourcolleagueandfriend,
JeanPaulBrodeur,professorattheUniversityof
Montreal,DirectoroftheInternationalCentrefor
ComparativeCriminology(CICC),diedonMonday
26April2010.
ProfessorBrodeurpublishednumerousbooksand
articlesonpolicing,sentencingandpoliticallymoti
vateddevianceinFrenchandEnglish.Hewasalso
researchdirectorforseveralCanadiancommissionsof
inquiry(federalandQubecprovincial)andadistin
guishedscholarandteacher.
OfCanadiancitizenship,JeanPaulBrodeurhad
stronglinkswithEurope,inparticularwithFrancefor
alongtime.Nanterrewastheplacewherehepre
sentedhisphilosophyoflogicthesisonSpinoza.His
thesiscoordinator,PaulRicoeur,wasatthattimea
philosopherinvitedeveryquartertouniversitieson
allcontinentsoftheworldandJeanPaulsmanu
script,oncefinished,travelledaroundtheglobefor
oneyearinsearchofthecoordinator,beforefinding
himonthesolidgroundofNanterre.Thisjourney
foretoldwhatwastobeJeanPaulsintellectualcontri
butiontothesocialsciences:brillancewithoutterrito
rial,disciplinaryorintellectualboundaries.
Soonaftercompletinghisthesis,JeanPaulentereda
courseincriminologyattheUniversityofMontreals
SchoolofCriminology.Hisworkwouldmadehim
focusoncommissionsdenqute,investigatorybodies
thatareinchargeofbringinglightontodevianciesor
faultsofpublicinstitutionsinNorthAmerica,often
aboutmattersofcriminaljusticeorthepolice.He
wrotehisfirstbookbasedontheseelements,Ladlin
quancedelordre.Hewastheninvitedtoconductre
searchbythemostfamouscommissioninthehistory
ofCanada,theKeableCommission,ontheinfiltration
oftheRoyalGendarmerieofCanadaby
sovereignistegroups.Recently,hecamebacktothis
experience,atthecrossroadsbetweenpoliticsand
research,andthisleftamarkonhisfutureresearch.
JeanPaulBrodeurindeeddedicatedthemajorityof
hisworkstopolicing,moreexactlythefragmentation
ofpoliceactivities,separatedbetweenhighpolicing
andlowpolicing,or:betweenpoliticalpolicingand
everydaypolicing.Thearticlethathepublishesin
1983intheSocialProblemsJournal,HighPolicing
andLowPolicing,noticeablymarkedhisentryinto
theinternationalfield.Fromthere,hewouldnotcease
toworkonthiscentralissue:dothepolice,itsactivity
empiricallyseparated,requireaunifiedtheory?This
projecthasremainedhis,tireless,fromthecollection
ofarticlespublishedin2003byPressesdelUniversit
deMontral,onVisagesdelapolice(itsmulti
facetedappearanceforasinglereality),the2005issue
ofthejournalCriminologie,dedicatedtothepolice
indetachedpieces,orhisworkthatwillbepublished
inAugust2010byOxfordUniversityPress:ThePolicing
Web,forwhichhehadjustreturnedthecorrected
drafts.However,heevenlyneverlostsightofthe
practicalchallengesofpolicereformandimprove
mentadimensionofhisworkwhichispossiblybest
documentedinbecomingtheeditorofHowtoRec
ognizeGoodPolicingin1998,avolumethatbrought
togetherresearchfindingswithpracticalexperience
inacomprehensivemanner.
JeanPaulBrodeurwillthushavebeenallthewaya
philosopherofcategoriesofthoughtandknowledge
whowill,certainly,haveresolutelymovedawayfrom
academicphilosophyinordertoobservetheconcrete
existenceofpolice,theStateanditslegalsystem,but
whowillincessantlyinterrogatehiscriminological
objectswiththatkindofintelligenceusedincritical
epistemology.Alltheforceofthecriminologyhe
practicedcamefromthematichybridisationandthe
concerntoconfronthisknowledgewiththereallifeof
institutions;byeitherparticipatinginselectedcom
mittees(CanadianCommissionontheestablishment
ofsentences,thentheSelectedCommissionontrans
gressionsoftheCanadianArmyinSomalia),orem
piricalinvestigations,focusingonjudicialinvestiga
tions,thathehadpresentedinaCESDIPseminar,in
2002.
Strongworkingrelationshipevolvedovertheyears
withtheGroupeEuropendeRecherchesurlesNor
mativits(GERN)andtheCentredeRecherchesSoci
ologiquessurleDroitetlesInstitutionsPnales
(CESPDIP),wherehecooperatedandbecamefriends
withwellknownfrancophonecriminologistslike
25
CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3Summer2010
ReneZauberman,RenLvy,andPhilippeRobert,
whotaughtattheUniversitdeMontralonaregular
basis.JeanPaulBrodeursoeuvrehadalsoamajor
impactonayoungergenerationofFrenchspeaking
policescholarslikeBenotDupont,FabienJobardor
ChristianMouhanna.Aparticularlyclosecooperation
developedwithDominiqueMonjardet,initiallyan
industrialsociologistsofprofession.Theassociation
ofthetworesearchersprovedtobecrucialwhenit
cametosettinguptheInstitutdeshautestudesdela
scuritintrieure(IHESI)anditsfirstyearsofexis
tencethat,togetherwithJeanMarcErbs,itsfirstdi
rector,hewishedtocontributetobetterintelligence
andreforminpolicing.Latertheycopublishedto
getheraFrenchversionofselectedkeytextsofAnglo
Saxonsociologyonpolicing
Adistinguishedscholarinhisownright,Prof.
Brodeurwasalsoacrucialintermediarybetweenthe
French,EnglishandGermanspeakingcommunities
ofpoliceresearchersandcriminologists,andinthis
regardalsoaintermediarybetweenNorthAmerica
andEuropeanpolicescholarship.In2007hekindly
followedtheinvitationbyCEPOLtoserveasacom
mentatoranddiscussantforthereportoftheProject
GrouponaEuropeanApproachtoPoliceScience
(PGEAPS)thatwaspresentedattheAnnualCEPOL
ResearchandScienceConferenceinMnster,Ger
many.Hisprofessionalobservationsoftheproject,
underpinnedbyhisimpressiveinternationalexperi
enceandunderstandingofEuropeanmatters,were
highlyappreciatedbytheconferenceparticipants.He
alsobroughtahighlyinterestingpapertotheconfer
ence(TrustandExpertiseinPolicing)thatwillbe
publishedintheforthcomingCEPOLConferences
20062009volume.
Friendsandpolicescholarsacrosstheglobewillla
mentthelossofagenerous,intellectuallyinspiring
andhighlypleasantpersonandscholar.Hisworks
andhisownwaysofcrossingintellectualborders
howeverwillcontinuetostimulateindepthreflection
ongoodpolicinginEuropeandelsewhere.

ESRIFFinalReport

FinalReportofEuropeanSe
curityResearchandInnova
tionForum(ESRIF)waspub
lishedinDecember2009.ES
RIFisaEuropeanstrategy
groupinthecivilsecurityre
searchdomainestablishedby
ajointinitiativeofEuropean
Commissionand27EUMem
berStates.ItsmaintaskwastodefinetheEuropean
ResearchandInnovationneedsfor2030timehorizon
andtodevelopmidandlongtermstrategyforcivil
securityresearchandinnovationsthroughpublicpri
vatedialogue.
FormoreinformationpleasevisitofficialESRIFs
website:http://www.esrif.eu/

Upcoming Conferences & Meetings

The European Police Science and Research Bulletin will
publizise announcements of events that are relevant for the
development and advance of police research and police
science from a European perspective. Please send all infor-
mation in time to research.bulletin@cepol.europa.eu.

10th Conference of the European Society of Criminol-
ogy
Crime and Criminology:
From individuals to organizations
7-11 September 2010
Liege, Belgium
www.eurocrim2010.com

TheSIPRAnnualConference2010
Policinginanageofausterity
&
TheSPSA/SIPRConference
Newdevelopmentsinforensicscience
14th - 15th September 2010
West Park Conference Centre, Dundee; Scotland, UK
www.sipr.ac.uk/events

25 Years without borders - Prospects for
police cooperation and border control
in the Schengen area today
16 - 17 September 2010, Trier, Germany
www.era.int

2010 CEPOL
Police Research and Science Conference
Practicalresearchandresearchpractice
PoliceScienceintoanewdecade.
Dates: 26-28 October 2010
Place: Oslo, Norway (restricted access)
Web: www.cepol.europa.eu

Thisobituaryhasbeenadoptedwithpermissionfromthe
originalFrenchversion,publishedonthewebsiteofthe
CentredeRecherchesSociologiquessurleDroitetles
InstititutionsPnales(CESDIP)andamendedforthe
purposesoftheBulletin.Theeditorialteamwouldliketo
thankBogdanTeodorescuandCatherineLamothe
(CEPOLSecretariat)fortheirsupportintranslating.

EUROPEANPOLICERESEARCHANDSCIENCEBULLETIN
ISSUE3Summer2010
CllOl - luiopeah lolice College
CllOl House
Biamshill, Hook
Hampshiie
RC?7 0}W
Ihiled lihgdom
www.cepol.euiopa.eu

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ReadersoftheBulletinarekindlyinvitedtomakesubmis
sionsandtoshareoutcomesofrecentresearch,informati
onaboutresearchdepartmentsorcallsforcooperationsin
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Forafulllistofrequiredcontributionsandmoreinforma
tion about the Bulletin please visit our website on:
www.cepol.europa.eu/index.php?id=scienceresearchbulletin

Potential contributors should download the important

Manuscript Submission Guidelines, which should be
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