p. II.

3/1
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Chapter II.3 Flow Phenomena Flow with negligible energy dissipation
"or a #i$ num#er of flo% &ro#lems the ener$y dissi&ation is ne$li$i#le as
com&ared to the mechanical ener$y chan$in$ from one form into an other'
In those cases the (ernoulli e)uations has the follo%in$ sim&le form*
II'+ * "lo% %ith ne$li$i#le ener$y dissi&ation
,he first, second and third e-&ression on the left hand side are usually
called* &ressure head, static head and velocity head'
2
2
p v
h
g g r
+ + = constant along a streamline
manometer tu#e for
&ressure measurement
Pitot tu#e for velocity
measurement
p. II.3/2
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Chapter II.3 Flow Phenomena Flow with negligible energy dissipation
II'+'a * "lo% of a li)uid throu$h an orifice
,he #asis of the calculations are the mass #alance and the (ernoulli e)uation
%ith a cross section of the vessel #ein$ much lar$er than the area of the
orifice' ,hus the velocity in the vessel is ne$li$i#ly small' ,hus one has*
.o%ever, in &ractice it is more convenient to use the actual area of the orifice
and to introduce a correction factor for #oth the coefficient of area contraction
and the friction' i'e'*
1 1 1 0
2
' ' (
V exit
A v A p p f
r
= = -
%ith A

/ #ein$ the smallest diameter of the 0et stream as $iven in the ne-t fi$ure
for a fe% e-am&les'
p. II.3/3
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Chapter II.3 Flow Phenomena Flow with negligible energy dissipation
"or shar& ed$ed orifices 1e-am&le 1a2 in the &revious
fi$ure2 on has C
f
3 and A

/4A

3 0'52 for sufficiently
hi$h velocities, leadin$ to C 3 0'52 '
"or rounded orifices 1e-am&le 1#2 in the &revious
fi$ure2 one has C
f
3 0'67-0'66 and A

/4A

3 , leadin$
to C 3 0'67-0'66 '
If a diffusor is attached to the orifice %ith an o&enin$
an$le smaller than 89 in order to avoid eddyin$, one
$ets A

/4A

: and C
f
3 0'67-0'66'
1
1 1 0
1
' 2
(
V f
A
CA p p C C
A
f
r
= - = with
,he flow coefficient C is $iven in the ri$ht
ta#le for a fe% im&ortant $eometries of
orifices*
p. II.3/!
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Chapter II.3 Flow Phenomena Flow with negligible energy dissipation
II'+'# * "lo% over %eirs
In this case flo% over %eirs as function of the hei$ht of the li)uid a#ove the
u&&er ed$e of the %eir is considered*
;n the u&stream side of the %eir at hei$ht h, the static &ressure is 0 0
( p g h h r + -
%ith ne$li$i#ly small velocity v' ,he &ressure in the overflo%in$ &art is
every%here p
0
' "or the velocity v
h
of the streamline comin$ from hei$ht h one
has due to (ernoulli*
2
0 0 0 0
1
( 2 (
2
h h
p g h h p v v g h h r r + - = + = - and thus
"or the volumetric flo% rate one has
0 0 0
3
0 0
0 0 0
2
( ( 2 2
3
h h h
V V h
d h v h W dh W g h h dh W gh f f = = = - =

In reality this result must #e multi&lied #y a friction factor C 3 0'52 ' If the %idth
< is much lar$er than h
0
, one $ets the follo%in$ &ractical formula*
3
0
0."#
V
W gh f =
p. II.3/"
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Chapter II.3 Flow Phenomena Flow with negligible energy dissipation
A fe% other cases of
interest are*
p. II.3/$
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Chapter II.3 Flow Phenomena Flow with negligible energy dissipation
II'+'c * "lo% meters
"lo% meters measure the flo% rate of a fluid in a stream' ;ne distin$uishes
#et%een*
A' =is&lacement meters, %hich divide the stream into >no%n volume units
(' "lo% meters, %hich measure the mean velocity either dynamic 1#ased on
flo% la%s ? e-am&les* orifice &late, @enturi tu#e, rotameter, Pitot tu#e, '''2,
kinematic 1mechanical system ? e-am&le* #lade %heel, %ater meter2, or
thermic 1via tem&erature due to friction2'
1 1 2 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1
2 2
m
v A v A
p v p v
f r r
r r
= =
+ = +
A. Venturi tube*
,he sha&e is chosen to avoid
eddy formation' ,he mass
#alance and (ernoulli e)uation
$ive*
1
2
2
2
2 1 2
1
1 2 (
m w
A
A p p
A
f m r
-


= - -






,hus one o#tains*
%here additionally a &arameter
%
has #een introduced to include sli$ht ener$y
dissi&ation' ,he term in s)uare #rac>ets is called flo% coefficient of @enturi tu#e'
p. II.3/%
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Chapter II.3 Flow Phenomena Flow with negligible energy dissipation
B. Orifice plate*
sim&le construction
chea&er than @enturi tu#e
In contrast to @enturi tu#e one
has considera#le ener$y
dissi&ation due to eddy currents
%here the &arameter
%
has a$ain #een introduced to include sli$ht ener$y
dissi&ation' ,he term in s)uare #rac>ets is called flo% coefficient of the orifice
&late'
2 0
A A m =
1
2
2
0
0 1 2
1
1 2 (
m w
A
A p p
A
m
f m m r
-


= - -






<ith
one has*
p. II.3/&
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Chapter II.3 Flow Phenomena Flow with negligible energy dissipation
C. Rotameter*
.ere a force #alance is used*
$ravitational forces 3 &ressure forces
1 2
( (
float float liquid float
V g p p A r r - = -
2 (
( (
liquid float liquid float
m b float
float
gV
A h A
A
r r r
f a
-
= -
;ne has*
is constant for sufficient hi$h Ae de&endent on the sha&e of the float'
(et%een 20B and 80B of the full scale one has a linear relationshi&
(
b float
A h A h -
since 1r'''radius of the float, '''1small2 o&enin$ an$le of the rotameter2 *
2 2
( ( 2 2
b float
A h A r r r r r r h p p p p d - = + D - @ D =
usin$ the a&&ro-imation
tan(
r
h
d d
D
@ =