ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

THEORY 1
These lecture slides
have been
compiled by
Mohammed
LECTURE 6
SalahUdDin Ayubi.
Transient Analysis
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 Dynamic Circuit Analysis
Two Approaches to solving circuits with
energy storage elements and time-varying
inputs:
• Transient Analysis (time-domain)
• Phasor Analysis (frequency-domain)

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 Test Circuit

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 Measured in Lab
6.00

5.00

4.00
i(t) (Amps)

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)

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 Outline
• First Order Response
– Theory
• RL Circuits
• RC Circuits
– General Form
– Examples
• Second-Order Response
– Series RLC
– Parallel RLC
– General Form
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 Outline
• First Order Response
– Theory
• RL Circuits
• RC Circuits
– General Form
– Examples
• Second-Order Response
– Series RLC
– Parallel RLC
– General Form
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 First Order Transient Response
• One (equivalent) energy storage element
• Looking for V or I vs. time
• Switch in the circuit creates a transient
event at t=0
• Eventually reaches steady state

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 Outline
• First Order Response
– Theory
• RL Circuits
• RC Circuits
– General Form
– Examples
• Second-Order Response
– Series RLC
– Parallel RLC
– General Form
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 RL Circuits

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 RL Circuits

t=0- (just before) t=0+ (just after) t=∞ (long after)

iL=0 iL=0 iL=Vs/R

Initial
Condition Final
Condition

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 RL Circuits

KVL loop:

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 RL Circuits

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 RL Circuits

What happens at t=0?

At t=∞?

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 Outline
• First Order Response
– Theory
• RL Circuits
• RC Circuits
– General Form
– Examples
• Second-Order Response
– Series RLC
– Parallel RLC
– General Form

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 RC Circuits

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 RC Circuits

t=0- (just before) t=0+ (just after) t=∞ (long after)

VC=0 VC=0 VC=IsR

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 RC Circuits

KCL node:

Solve…

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 Outline
• First Order Response
– Theory
• RL Circuits
• RC Circuits
– General Form
– Examples
• Second-Order Response
– Series RLC
– Parallel RLC
– General Form
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 General Approach
For 0 < t < ∞

Unknown = Final + (Initial – Final)e-t/τ

τ = time constant

Try t=0, t=∞

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 Initial Value
VC or IL at t=0+ is same as value at t=0-

• This is the only value that is guaranteed to remain

constant before and after the switch changes.
• Assume circuit has remained in same state for a
long time leading up to time of switch change.
(Capacitor -> open, Inductor->short). Compute VC
or IL using simplified circuit at t=0-

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 Final Value
• Assume circuit has remained in same state
for a long time after switch change.
(Capacitor -> open, Inductor->short).
Compute VC or IL using simplified circuit at
t=∞

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 Time Constant
∀ τ = RC
∀ τ = L/R

Units are seconds

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 General Approach
For 0 < t < ∞ Steady State Transient

Unknown = Final + (Initial – Final)e-t/τ

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 Outline
• First Order Response
– Theory
• RL Circuits
• RC Circuits
– General Form
– Examples
• Second-Order Response
– Series RLC
– Parallel RLC
– General Form
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 Example 1
• Find i(t) through 2 ohm resistor

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 Example 1: Initial
At t=0-, inductor looks like short, but current
is zero.
i(t= 0-)=0

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 Example 1: Initial
At t=0+, inductor forces current to stay
constant
i(t= 0+)= i(t= 0-)=0
Initial = 0 A

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 Example 1: Final
At t=∞, inductor again looks like short
i(t=∞)=10V / 2Ω = 5A
Final = 5A

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 Example 1: τ
τ =L/R
RTH seen by inductor is 2 Ω
τ = 5H/2 Ω = 2.5 sec

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 Example 1
i(t) = 5 + (0-5)e-t/τ
6.00

5.00

4.00
i(t) (Amps)

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)

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 Time Constant
120.0%
98.2% 99.3% 99.8% 99.9%
100.0% 95.0%
86.5%
80.0%
63.2%
1-e^-t/tau

60.0%

40.0%

20.0%

0.0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Multiple of tau

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 Example 2
Find i(t) in left resistor

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 Example 2: Initial
i(t=0-)=10V/(2Ω || 2Ω ) = 10A
i(t=0+)= i(t=0-)=10A

Note that current through resistor is 5A at t=0-

and 10A at t=0+
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 Example 2: Final
i(t=∞)= 10V / 2Ω = 5A

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 Example 2: Tau
RTH seen by inductor during 0 < t < ∞ is 2 Ω
τ = L/R = 2.5 sec

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 Example 2
i(t) = 5 + (10 – 5)e-t/τ
τ = 2.5 sec 11

9
i(t) (amps)

3
-1 1 3 5 7 9 11
Time (sec)

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 Example 3
• Find current in left resistor

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 Game Plan
• Part A: Solve problem for 0 < t < 10s
– Initial condition?
– Final condition?
• Part B: Solve problem for 10 < t < ∞
– Initial condition?
– Final condition?

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 A: Initial Condition
• Capacitor looks like open before t=0
• VC(0-)=5A ( 2Ω || 2Ω ) = 5V

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 A: Initial Condition
• VC(0+)= VC(0-)=5V
• iR(0+)=5V/2Ω =2.5A

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 A: Final Condition
iR(∞)=5A
VC(∞)=10V

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 A: Tau
RTH seen by capacitor = 2 Ω
τ = RC = (2Ω ) (3F) = 6 sec

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 A: Answer
For 0 < t < 10 sec
iR(t)=5 + (2.5 – 5)e-t/τ
τ = 6 sec

VC(t)=10 + (5-10) e-t/τ

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 B: Initial Condition
• Initial condition found from previous
answer (not steady state)
• VC(10-)=10 + (5-10) e-10/τ =9.06V
• VC(10+)= VC(10-)=9.06V
• iR(10+)=9.1V/2Ω = 4.53V

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 B: Final Condition
iR(∞)=2.5A

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 B: Tau
RTH seen by capacitor = 2Ω || 2Ω = 1Ω
τ = RC = (1Ω ) (3F) = 3 sec

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 B: Answer
for 10 < t < ∞
iR(t)=2.5 + (4.53 – 2.5)e-(t-10)/τ
τ = 3 sec

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 Example 3 Graph
5

4.5

4
i(t)

3.5

2.5

2
-5 0 5 10 15 20
Time (sec)

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 Example 4
• Find the voltage across the capacitor Vc(t)
for a square wave input (magnitude=10V,
period=2ms)

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 Example 4
• The initial capacitor voltage at t=0 is 0V, heading
toward final voltage of 10V (but it will not reach
final value before input waveform switches).
• The capacitor voltage at t=1ms (which will be
between 5 and 10 V) will be the new initial
voltage, heading toward a final voltage of 0V (but
it will not reach final value before input switches
again).

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 Example 4: Tau
τ = RC = (1 KΩ )(1 uF) = 1ms

So voltage will get a little over half way each

time before the square wave input switches.

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 Example 4 Pspice Run

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 Outline
• First Order Response
– Theory
• RL Circuits
• RC Circuits
– General Form
– Examples
• Second-Order Response
– Series RLC
– Parallel RLC
– General Form
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 Second Order (RLC)

Series Parallel

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 Series RLC

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 Parallel RLC

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 General Form
2
d x(t ) dx(t )
a 2
+b + cx(t ) = f (t )
dt dt
Series Parallel
a 1 1
b Rth/L 1/(RthC)
c 1/(LC) 1/(LC)

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 General Form
Steady State Transient

unknown = final value + natural response

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 Final Value
• Steady state response is considered
constant, so use short-cut (capacitor ->
open, inductor -> short) to find final value

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 Natural Response
• Guess that transient response is of the form:
xtrans(t) = Aept
• If constants A and p can be found, then this
is the solution

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 Natural Response
2
d x(t ) dx(t )
a 2
+b + cx(t ) = f (t )
dt dt
ap Ae + bpAe + cAe = 0
2 pt pt pt

( ap 2
)
+ bp + c Ae = 0 pt

ap + bp + c = 0
2

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 Natural Response

− b ± b − 4ac 2
p1 , p2 =
2a
a, b, and c are circuit parameters. Roots p1, p2
are computed from these parameters. Three
possibilities, depending on b2 compared to
4ac

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 Real Distinct Roots
b2 > 4ac
Over Damped
− p1t − p2t
xtrans (t ) = A1e + A2 e
Know p1 and p2, must find A1 and A2 from
specific solution (using forcing function)

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 Real Equal Roots
b2 = 4ac
Critically Damped
− pt − pt
xtrans (t ) = A1e + A2te
Know p= p1=p2, must find A1 and A2 from specific
solution (using forcing function)

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 Complex Roots
b2 < 4ac
Under Damped

p1, 2 = −α ± jβ
−αt
xtrans (t ) = Ce sin( βt + φ )
Know α and β , must find C and φ from specific
solution (using forcing function)

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 Second Order Response
4

3.5

3
Real Distinct
2.5 (Over Damped)
2
Real Equal
1.5 (Critically Damped)

1 Complex
0.5 (Under Damped)

0
0 10 20 30

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 Phasor vs. Transient Analysis
• Phasor Analysis
– source is sine or cosine
– no switches
• Transient Analysis
– switch and source is constant
– square wave can also be treated as a transient

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 Transient Response
• Many other physical systems react with the
same type of response (at least approximately) –
a first order exponential response starting at an
initial condition, moving towards a final
condition, with a time constant τ (e.g.,
temperature probe responding to instantaneous
change in temperature)

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