AP Calculus

(8.2) Integration by Parts:

Find an antiderivative using integration by parts.
Use a tabular method to perform integration by parts.

Integration by Parts is the antiderivative of the Product Rule.
To develop it, solve the differential equation of the product rule.

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So,
[]
[]
[]

Now, we can write one integral in terms of the other integral.

This method is particularly useful for integrands involving products.
Depending on the choice of u and dv, it may be easier to evaluate the second integral than the original one. Because the choice
of u and dv are critical in the integration by parts process the acronym, I LATE, may help. Each letter stands for a type of
function. The acronym should be written vertically:

Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Algebraic Functions
Trigonometric Functions
Exponential Functions


The closer a function is to the top, the more likely that it should be used as u. The closer a function is to the bottom, the more
likely that it should be used as dv.

Inverse trig functions and logarithmic functions are usually placed in the u because we do not learn basic integration formulas
for them.

Algebraic functions can be placed in either u or dv because we can integrate them or differentiate them. Of course, it is usually
preferable to use them in the u since they become simpler when differentiated.

Trigonometric functions like sine and cosine are often placed in dv because they do not get more complicated when integrated.
The same is true of the exponential function, e
x
.

Students should be cautioned that the guidelines listed above are just that -- guidelines. There are exceptions to these rules.

Examples 1: An integrand with Product.
Find the integral. Check answer by taking derivative (using product rule).
(a)

(b)










Examples 2: An integrand with a single term. Let and use integration by parts.
Find the integral.
(a) (b)











Examples 3: Repeated use of Integration by Parts. (Sometimes we must apply Integration by Parts twice.)
Find the integral.
(a)

(b)

Tabular Method for Integrating by parts Known as Escalantes Method.
If the differential of one of the functions eventually equals zero, construct three columns
One for the function you will
differentiate (u)
One for the function you will
integrate (dv)
One for alternating signs + and -

Down the column, differentiate (u) until you reach a zero derivative, and integrate (dv) as many times as you differentiated.
Your answer is found by summing the products of three quantities in each diagonal (from top left to bottom right).

Example 3 (b): by using the Tabular Method,
Differentiate:
(u)
Integrate:
(dv)
Signs:
x
2
cosx +
2x sinx -
2 -cosx +
0 -sinx -
Take the signs one row further +
Answer: x
2
sinx + 2x cosx 2sinx
Example 4: Use the Tabular Method to find

.









Answers:
Example 1:
(a)

(b)

Example 2:
(a)
(b)

Example 3:
(a)

(b) x
2
sinx + 2x cosx 2sinx
Example 4: