DTM-UI

2. Terms and Definition

DTM-UI
Welding Terminology & Definitions
What is a Weld?
A localised coalescence of metals or non-metals
produced either by heating the materials to the
welding temperature, with or without the application of
pressure, or by the application of pressure alone
(AWS)
A permanent union between materials caused by heat,
and or pressure (BS499)
An Autogenous weld:
A weld made with out the use of a filler material and
can only be made by TIG or Oxy-Gas Welding
DTM-UI
Welding Terminology & Definitions
What is a Joint?
The junction of members or the edges of members
that are to be joined or have been joined (AWS)
A configuration of members (BS499)
DTM-UI
Joint Terminology
Edge
Open & Closed Corner Lap
Tee Butt
Cruciform
DTM-UI
Weld Terminology
Compound weld
Fillet weld
Butt weld
Edge weld
Spot weld
Plug weld
DTM-UI
Welded Butt Joints
A_________Welded butt joint Butt
A_________Welded butt joint Fillet
A____________Welded butt joint Compound
DTM-UI
Welded Tee Joints
A_________Welded T joint Fillet
A_________Welded T joint Butt
A____________Welded T joint Compound
DTM-UI
Butt Preparations Sizes
Full Penetration Butt Weld
Partial Penetration Butt Weld
Design Throat
Thickness
Design Throat
Thickness
Actual Throat
Thickness
Actual Throat
Thickness
DTM-UI
Weld Zone Terminology
Weld
Boundary
C
A
B
D
Heat
Affected
Zone
Root
Weld
metal
A, B, C & D = Weld Toes
Face
DTM-UI
Weld Zone Terminology
Excess Root
Penetration
Excess
Cap height
or Weld
Reinforcement
Weld cap width
Design
Throat
Thickness
Actual Throat
Thickness
DTM-UI
Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)
tempered zone
grain growth zone
recrystallised zone
partially transformed zone
Maximum
Temperature
solid-liquid Boundary
solid
weld
metal
unaffected base
material
DTM-UI
Joint Preparation Terminology
Included angle
Root Gap
Root Face
Angle of
bevel
Root Face
Root Gap
Included angle
Root
Radius
Single-V Butt Single-U Butt
DTM-UI
Joint Preparation Terminology
Root Gap
Root Face
Root Face
Root Gap
Root
Radius
Single Bevel Butt Single-J Butt
Angle of bevel Angle of bevel
Land
DTM-UI
Single Sided Butt Preparations
Single Bevel
Single Vee
Single-J Single-U
Single sided preparations are normally made on thinner
materials, or when access form both sides is restricted
DTM-UI
Double Sided Butt Preparations
Double sided preparations are normally made on thicker
materials, or when access form both sides is unrestricted
-Vee Double
-Bevel Double
- J Double
- U
Double
DTM-UI
Weld Preparation
Terminology & Typical Dimensions: V-Joints
bevel angle
root face
root gap
included angle
Typical Dimensions
bevel angle 30 to 35
root face ~1.5 to ~2.5mm
root gap ~2 to ~4mm
DTM-UI
Butt Weld - Toe Blend
6 mm
80
Poor Weld Toe Blend Angle
Improved Weld Toe Blend
Angle
20
3 mm
Most codes quote the weld
toes shall blend smoothly
This statement is not
quantitative and therefore
open to individual
interpretation
The higher the toe blend
angle the greater the
amount of stress
concentration
The toe blend angle ideally
should be between 20
o
-30
o
DTM-UI
Fillet Weld Features
Design
Throat
Vertical
Leg
Length
Horizontal leg
Length
Excess
Weld
Metal
DTM-UI
Fillet Weld Throat Thickness
b
a
b = Actual Throat Thickness
a = Design Throat Thickness
DTM-UI
Deep Penetration Fillet Weld Features2.13
b
a
b = Actual Throat Thickness
a = Design Throat Thickness
DTM-UI
Fillet Weld Sizes
Calculating Throat Thickness froma known Leg Length:
Design Throat Thickness = Leg Length x 0.7
Question: The Leg length is 14mm.
What is the Design Throat?
Answer: 14mm x 0.7 = 10mm Throat Thickness
DTM-UI
Fillet Weld Sizes
Calculating Leg Length from a known Design Throat
Thickness:
Leg Length = Design Throat Thickness x 1.4
Question: The Design Throat is 10mm.
What is the Leg length?
Answer: 10mm x 1.4 = 14mm Leg Length
DTM-UI
Features to Consider 2
Importance of Fillet Weld Leg Length Size
Approximately the same weld volume in both Fillet
Welds, but the effective throat thickness has been
altered, reducing considerably the strength of weld B
2mm
(b)
4mm
8mm
(a)
4mm
DTM-UI
Fillet Weld Sizes
Importance of Fillet weld leg length Size
Area = 4 x 4 = 8mm
2
2
Area = 6 x 6 = 18mm
2
2
The c.s.a. of (b) is over double the area of (a) without the
extra excess weld metal being added
4mm 6mm
(a) (b)
4mm 6mm
(a) (b)
Excess
Excess
DTM-UI
Fillet Weld Profiles
Mitre Fillet
Convex Fillet
Concave Fillet
A concave profile
is preferred for
joints subjected to
fatigue loading
Fillet welds - Shape
DTM-UI
EFFECTIVE THROAT THICKNESS
s = Effective throat thickness
s a
a = Nominal throat thickness
Deep penetration fillet welds from high heat
input welding process MAG, FCAW & SAW etc
Fillet Features to Consider
DTM-UI
Welding Positions
PA 1G / 1F Flat / Downhand
PB 2F Horizontal-Vertical
PC 2G Horizontal
PD 4F Horizontal-Vertical (Overhead)
PE 4G Overhead
PF 3G / 5G Vertical-Up
PG 3G / 5G Vertical-Down
H-L045 6G Inclined Pipe (Upwards)
J-L045 6G Inclined Pipe (Downwards)
DTM-UI
Welding Positions
ISO
DTM-UI
Welding position designation
Butt welds in plate (see ISO 6947)
Flat - PA Overhead - PE
Vertical
up - PF
Vertical
down - PG
Horizontal - PC
DTM-UI
Welding position designation
Butt welds in pipe (see ISO 6947)
Flat - PA
axis: horizontal
pipe: rotated
H-L045
axis: inclined at
45pipe: fixed
Horizontal - PC
axis: vertical
pipe: fixed
Vertical up - PF
axis: horizontal
pipe: fixed
Vertical down - PG
axis: horizontal
pipe: fixed
J-L045
axis: inclined at
45pipe: fixed
DTM-UI
Welding position designation
Fillet welds on plate (see ISO 6947)
Flat - PA Overhead - PD
Vertical up - PF Vertical down - PG
Horizontal - PB
DTM-UI
Welding position designation
Fillet welds on pipe (see ISO 6947)
Flat - PA
axis: inclined at
45pipe: rotated
Overhead - PD
axis: vertical
pipe: fixed
Vertical up - PF
axis: horizontal
pipe: fixed
Vertical down - PG
axis: horizontal
pipe: fixed
Horizontal - PB
axis: vertical
pipe: fixed
Horizontal - PB
axis: horizontal
pipe: rotated
DTM-UI
Plate/Fillet Weld Positions
PA / 1G
PA / 1F
PC / 2G
PB / 2F
PD / 4F
PE / 4G PG / 3G
PF / 3G
DTM-UI
Pipe Welding Positions
Weld: Flat
Pipe: rotated
Axis: Horizontal
PA / 1G
Weld: Vertical Downwards
Pipe: Fixed
Axis: Horizontal
PG / 5G
Weld: Vertical upwards
Pipe: Fixed
Axis: Horizontal
PF / 5G
Weld: Upwards
Pipe: Fixed
Axis: Inclined
Weld: Horizontal
Pipe: Fixed
Axis: Vertical
PC / 2G
45
o
Weld: Downwards
Pipe: Fixed
Axis: Inclined
J-LO 45 / 6G
45
o
H-LO 45 / 6G
DTM-UI
Joint Type
DTM-UI
Joint type
DTM-UI
Joint Root
DTM-UI
Groove Face and Root Face
DTM-UI
Single Groove Weld Joints
DTM-UI
Double Groove Weld Joints
DTM-UI
Bevel Angle, Groove Angle, Groove
Radius
DTM-UI
Seam Welds and Spot Welds
DTM-UI
Welding Position and Groove Welds
DTM-UI
Welding Position and Fillet Welds
DTM-UI
Welding Position and Pipe Welding
DTM-UI
Welding Sequence
DTM-UI
Parts of a Weld
DTM-UI
Joint Penetration
DTM-UI
Weld Flaws
DTM-UI
DTM-UI
DTM-UI
DTM-UI
Heat Input
Efficiency
V
I U
Q

1000
60
Where:
Q = heat input (kJ/mm)
U = voltage (V)
I = current (A)
V = welding speed ( mm/min)
Efficiency
MMA = 0.75
MIG/MAG = 0.90
SAW = 0.90
TIG = 0.80
DTM-UI
Distortion
DTM-UI
Welding Penetration