Qualitative Analysis Theory - H

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in"
1
CHEMISTRY
nii-+ fznii
sf4
n iin+ lzn ii n nii + lni i ni + i-i-i +ii-i +i l-ii i +-i =l-nln- t ~+i l-+ ni
+ niin+ lzn ii + ln( l-i- +n n l---lnli- < =l-nln- t
(a) sifi+ st+ii
ii l-+ i-ii ( n n i)
zi+ -n- i-ii
-i+in +li i-ii
-i+in +li -ii +ii- -i: i-ii
ini i-ii
i += n-+i i-ii
-- =-+l+ ~-n i-ii
ilzin n- i-ii
=i-< =-+l+ ~-n i-ii
=-+. +i-+ i + ln( i-ii
(b) ~-ni n n+i + ln( ~i< i-ii
(c) -iii n n+i + ln( ~i< i-ii (=n t lzn ii)
1. fi +i iifa+ st+ii
~ai- lni + ii l-+ i-ii n :-+ n. n i i- +i ~- =l-nln- ti -i t
uiit : 1
fi +i iifa+ st+ii
i fj {k. k i zs{k. k vuqekfur vk; u
uhyk, oauhykgj k
Cu
2+
; k
Ni
2+
gj k Ni
2+
gYdkgj k Fe
2+
xgj kHkwj k Fe
3+
xqykch] cSaxuh Co
2+
gYdkxqykch; kpedhyk; kgYdk
i `Foht Sl kj ax
Mn
2+
l Qsn
Cu
2+
,Ni
2+
,Fe
2+
,Fe
3+
Mn
2+
, Co
2+
dhvuqi fLFkfr n' kkZr kgS
(b)
xa/k
veksfudy xa/k
NH
4
+
fl j dsl eku xa/k
CH
3
COO
l Ms+v.Msl eku xa/k S

2
(i)
Hkkj h
Pb
2+
; k
Ba
2+
dkyo.k
(ii)
gYdki w.kZpw.kZ
CO
3
2
yo.k
(d)
Losnd
yo.kuehvo' kksf"kr dj r kgSr Fkki sLV
l eku gkst kr kgS
(i)
; fn j axhu gSr c
Cu(NO
3
)
2
,
FeCl
3 gksl dr sgSa
(ii)
; fn j axghu gSr c
Zn(NO
3
)
2
,
Zn
2+
, Mg
2+
vkfn dsDyksj kbMgksl dr s
gSA
yo.kdhdqN ek=kkvaxqfy; ksadse/;
ysdj dqN cwn i kuhdsl kFkj xMusi j
(a)
j ax
(.C)
?kuRo
"manishkumarphysics.in"
2
CHEMISTRY
2. zi+ aa st+ii
t i-ii. (+ zi + i-ni n lni +i + z nizii n + nn ++ l+i i-i t =iii-i = t i-ii +-
+z nt- i i-+ii -ii -ii i-- ti- t nn +- +z ni lil- ti i- t -ii n = l-+il=- ti -i t
i ~zi i + n n ~lini-ili+ l- - ti - t t -ii ~- nil-- ~i-i + =ii =iiiz l+ n t
uiit : 2
s+ii aifaa i4a
1. fa+na int nu
(a) nti- -ii niti- n=
CO
2
n= -- + i-i +i <lii + <-i t CO
3
2
(b) + nri + uii nrta nu
(i) H
2
S n = = ~ + =ni- n i n nil- S
2
(=i zi +i +ini +-i t
(ii) SO
2
n = ~lini-ili+ n i. (<nii n i) SO
3
2
~-ni+- ilzin i:+in ln- i +i
ti + <-i t
(iii) HCl n =. -i-i n i. NH
3
+ =ii z - i n Cl
-i-i t AgNO
3
ln- + =ii z - ~-i < -i t
(iv) (=il+ ~-n i ni-ili+ l=+ =ni- n i. CH
3
COO
(v) NH
3
n = ni-ili+ n i. - -n= ln- +i i i NH
4
+
+-i t
(c) nta nu at+i nri
(i) NO
2
n= nin ii n=. + = =-+ NO
2
i NO
3
ln- +i +ini +-i t

(ii) Cl
2
n = ti ini n=. -i- ~iii: Cl
zi +i -ini +-i t
(iii) Br
2
i nin i i n =. -i- zi +i Br
-ini nin +-i t

(iv) I
2
i nti n-i n =. -i- zi +i -ini +-i t I
2. a&sia +i aai
(a) z- -zi- NH
4
+
(b) +ini -zi- ( n-i i + =ii) I
3. nna
nn-i lni -ii iini ~ii l+-ni n +- ni
4. +nai
~li+ < ni- n lni +i +n i-i PO
4
3
, BO
3
3
+i -l-il- <zii-i t
5. sfzia
(i) nn ~-ii n ini -ii a n z - Zn
2+
(ii) nn ~-ii n i i -ii a n ini Pb
2+
(iii) i--l+ ni -ini ti -i t nn +- z - nil- CuSO
4
<zii-i t
ti i-i t
(iv) nini nn +- i i ~ii +ini ti i-i t Co
2+
, Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Cr
3+
, Cu
2+
, Ni
2+
, Mn
2+
<zii- t
3
CHEMISTRY
aia
zi+ i-ii + ln( i - zi+ i -ni -i n n n-i -ilt( zi + +- + z-i- i-ni +i -izi
(--i) ~-ii n (i-ni +i n i -i- +i ~i ) i-i -ilt l== +i :=+ -i a iin ni n
+i < - -ln+i + nn -n n - -ni i( :== i-ni =+-i t
n = + i-ii + ln(. - +- ~li+n + n iin l+- zi +i i-ni + ni + l-+ ni- t i n =
l-ii + ii ~iz+ ~li+n + t -ii :=n = n = vilt- +- t
fi fa+na int nu +i st+ii
i-ni +i - = -i- + ln( i-ni +i n- =n -+ (+ l-< nn -ti +-i -ilt
3.
i+in +fat st+ii
t i-ii := - ~iiil- t l+ iil+ +ii - i +i -i+i n + ll n nn l+i i-i t - t lil- ti +
=-l-i- ~i +=i: -i- t t ~i +=i: + ll n ni- ~lzi i ~zi i + n i i- t + z ll-il-i n
~i+=i:. ~i lzi+ = ~-l- ti + iil+ ~-ii n iil+ n-+ ~ii zi-+ -i- t
a<iri
(a) ZnSO
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
ZnCO
3
+ Na
2
SO
4
ZnCO
3
ZnO
(nn tiini, ai ti- z-)
+ CO
2
|
(b) CuSO
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
CuCO
3
+ Na
2
SO
4
CuCO
3
CuO+ CO
2
|
CuO + C Cu
(nin zi-+)
+ CO |
uiit : 3
v uqekfur v k; u
v of' k"V ; kv o' ks"k /kkfRod eudk
xeZgksusi j i hy k] B. Mk gksusi j l Qsn d qN ugha
Zn
2+
xeZgksusi j Hkwj k] B. Mk gksusi j i hy k
l y sVheud k t ksfd d kxt i j
/kCcscukr hgSa
Pb
2+
d ksbZy k{kf. kd v o' ks"k ugha y ky eud k v Fkok ' kYd
(scales) Cu
2+
l Qsn v o' ks"k t ksfd xeZd j usi j
ped r k gSA
d qN ugha
Ba
2+
,Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
d ky k d qN ugha d qN fuf' pr ughl kekU; r %j axhu y o. k
i zs{k. k
4
CHEMISTRY
4. +iia airaa st+ii
l< -i+i n + li i-ii + z-i- z - ~zi i --i t - -i+i n + li n +i i- -i: +i < lnni <i i-i
t (+ < n lnni+ ++-i +i =ti-i = := ~i+=i+i+ ini n nn l+i i-i t := ai ++ -
1 2 < +ii- -i: ln- +i lnni+ ~i+=i+i+ ini n - nn l+i i-i t lli-- iini =iii
n l< ~-=i lli-- ni- <ni- <- t
ZnSO
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
ZnCO
3
+ Na
2
SO
4
; ZnCO
3
ZnO+ CO
2
2Co (NO
3
)
2
2CoO + 4 NO
2
+ O
2
; ZnO+ CoO ZnO.CoO(i CoZnO
2
)
(ti) (l-n- ni-)
uiit : 4
5. ini st+ii
ii- ~i + +ni i: ~- nii +i - n-i n ~li+ iziin ti - t
iln+i +i ~- =il-< - ti:i +ni l+ ~-n + =ii lnl- + :-+i -ii i-i t
~v<i-- (Non-luminous) -=- ini n nn +- il- ti i- t -ii ini n ~lini-ili+ n <zii - t +i l+
ini = -i +i ~zii li- +- t -ii ~lini-ili+ n v+ +- in =ni- v+izi +i -=- +- t
uiit : 5
ini +i n fa+i {fa)
l+n=- nin nilin
=-ti ini =iln
n-ini:n+ (-ii) ilzin
: -ii nin + l-zin
l+n=- nin -il-zin
= =i tiini ti ln
-in +-< ini titi-ini +i
fi ini st+ii
5
CHEMISTRY
6. urinia+i st+ii :
i+= +i nn +- NaBO
2
-ii B
2
O
3
+i nti- +i- + =ni- n-+i --i t
Na
2
B
4
O
7
.10H
2
O
A
Na
2
B
4
O
7

A
2NaBO
2
+ B
2
O
3
nini + =ii nn +- . +i - +i n-+i ~i+=i+ii ini n ni- n ii -i-i t
-<iti + ln(. ~i+=i+i+ ini n +i ni -ini n-+i < - t
CuSO
4
Cuo + SO
3
; Cuo + B
2
O
3
Cu(BO
2
)
2
(-ini n-+i)
~-i+ ini n li-- ~lil+i~i + +ii n li-- ti -i t
2Cu(BO
2
)
2
+ C 2CuBO
2
+ B
2
O
3
+ CO
2Cu(BO
2
)
2
+ 2C 2Cu (ii nin nin -ii ~i<zii n-+i) + 2B
2
O
3
+ 2CO
uiit : 6
iut+i+ ini n si4+ ini n
riia n riai r ai riai r n riai r ai riai r
+i ti -ini nti- i i nin
~i- i i ini t-+i iniini in niin ni-
+ilnn ini ti ti ti
+ii- -ini -ini -ini -ini
n i-i n-i-inn =i nin-inn =i -n i nti- -n i nti-
l-+n n-i iininii -n i -ni
~<i-- ini ~i+=i+i+ ini +tni-i t
<i-- ini ~-i+ ini +tni-i t

fi urinia+i st+ii
=ii ~-ni n n+ i JEE ia +n n t nti- -ii l-- -+i t ~- nii +i n + n -iii n n+

+ +ii ti -i t
6
CHEMISTRY
uiit : 7
fn4ai uiit
+ u4i wii4a fn4ai/si<
1. CO
3
2
-ii ii- -ii ~ni l-n ~i- + +ii -i + ~l-l+- ~- =ii =ini- +ii -
~ln ziin t
2. SO
3
2
+ n ~ni l-n -ii -ii ii- ~i + =-+i: n n ln ziin ti - t ~- ii- ~i + =-+i:
i -i ~- ln ziin i ~ln ziin ti - t
3. S
2
-ii ii- ~i + ~-ni. =ini- i ln=-+i: n n ln ziin t ~li+i zi ~- ii- ~i +
=ini- =-+i: ~ln ziin t -iii n <i ii- ~i + =-+i: ~- ln ziin t l+-- n
+ =-+ ,ii ii ii lnziin ti: i - =-+i: n ll-- ti i- t
4. NO
2
, NO
3
nnin =ii -i: i: -ii -i: n n ln ziin t AgNO

3
~- ln ziin t n+ i
ll-ni + -i: n + =ii ~lil+i + -iii ni < - t -- -i:l + ~-n n
ln ziin t
5. CH
3
COO
Ag(I) -ii Hg(II) (=i ~- ln ziin ti - t . :-+ ~l-l+- =ii ln ziin ti - t

6. Cl
~li+i zi +ni i: n n ln ziin t PbCl

2
(a n ~- ln ziin n l+- -n- t n
n ziii -i = ln ziin). Hg
2
Cl
2
, AgCl, CuCl, BiOCl, SbOCl Hg
2
OCl
2
n n ~ln ziin
t
7. Br
l=-. n+ i(I) -ii +i (I) + i ni: ~ln ziin t a n n i ni: ~- ln ziin

l+-- -n- t n n ~li+ ln ziin t ~- =ii i ni: n n ln ziin t
8. I
l=-. n+ i(I), n+ i(II), +i (I), n ll-ni(III) + ~ii i: - --n ln ziin ni

t ~- =ii ~ii i: n n ln ziin t
9. SO
4
2
ln. - i l-zin n + =-+ n n ~ln ziin t + l-zin n+ i(II) + =-+
+n ln ziin t n+ i. ll-ni +i lnn + + z -iii =-+ ii ~ln ziin t l+--
t -- ti: i +ni l+ i -i:l + ~-n n i n i- t
10 PO
4
3
lnlin ~nil-n + ~l-l+- -ii ii-~i + +i-+ n n lnziin t -iii
n<i ii-~i + viiln+ +i-+ lnziin t ~- ii-~i + =ii +i-+ -ii -iii
n <i ii- ~i + l,-i+ - -i+ +i-+ ii n n ~- ln ziin i ~ln ziin t
wii4ai +i fznii (nt4 n+) :
+ii-i + lzn ii (~-ni n n+i ) +i <i =n ti n liil- + =+- t
(A) ur 'A' n+ : := =nt n t +i ~i- =l-nln- t i +i HCl/ H
2
SO
4
+ =ii ~li+ - ti+ iziin -i<
,ii t-i- i- t -i- l< ~-=i :-t - <i - =nti n liil- l+i ni t
(a) aa u+4f+ n/ aa ririnif+ n
:= =nt + +ii- -- =-+l+ ~-n -- ti:i+nil+ ~-n + =ii n= i ~-ni i --- +- t
7
CHEMISTRY
uiit : 8
aifaa i4a {fa+i)
s +ii
n u n+
-i <<it + =ii nti- -ii niti- n= l-+n-i t CO
2
CO
3
2
i -- + i-i +i <lii + <-i t
= t( ~ +i ni ini nti- n= l-+n-i t H
2
S S
2
i n(=i = iin l+- zi +i +ini + <-i t
nti- <nii n= (n- t( ni+ + =ni-) l-+n-i t SO
2
SO
3
2
i l+ ~-ni+ - K
2
Cr
2
O
7
= iin l+- zi +i ti + < -i t
ninii -i-i ni ini n= l-+n-i t i l+
(i) FeSO
4
+ ln- +i ii+ini + <-i t NO
2
NO
2
(ii) nini -i- ~ii i: zi +i -ini + <-i t

l=+ +i n i ini nti- n= l-+n-i t HAC(g) CH
3
COO
l< +i: n= -ti l-+n-i t -. -i +- =ii

~-l-i- t
(b) ui-< us4f+ n ur : := =n t + +ii- =i-< H
2
SO
4
+ =ii ~-ni i ~ii n = n +- +- t
uiit : 9
aifaa i4a {fa+i)
v+ii
nu n+
-i-i n i ini n = i NH
4
OHn i : t : HCl Cl
+i - +i z + =ii =i- z - i n < -i t

-i-i ni +- nin i i n=. ai= MnO
2
lnni- nini Br
2
Br
in +i -i-i c i-i t t -i- +i -ininin

+ <-i t
n-i i l-+n-i t i -i- +i -ini + <-i t I
2
I
nin i in +i l-+i=- i +i +i zin- i l+- + + NO

2
NO
3
in- -i ti i- t
I
2
-i- =+n + l-nii + +ii -i- ~iii: -in+in
i - i- t (l-+il=- NO
2
~i+=i+i+ +i -t +i +-i t )
(B) ur 'B' n+ : := =n t + +ii-. =i-< ~ii -- H
2
SO
4
+ =ii +i : ~-n i ~ii n= -ti <- t l+--
ln- n ~-i llzi ~lil+i~i ,ii t-i- i- t t =n t ~lil+i~i + +i + ~iii - <i - =n ti
n liil- l+i ni t
(a) fn4a iut+i aii s4a : CrO
4
2
, Cr
2
O
7
2
~il<
(b) +isi fif+4i4 : t SO
4
2
, PO
4
3
~il< ,ii <i i-i t
8
CHEMISTRY
s+ii aifaa i4a
W.E. i S.E. + BaCl
2
(aq) z- ~-i -- SO
4
2
HCl -ii HNO
3
n ~ln t
W.E i S.E + =i< HNO
3
(12 mL) + PO
4
3
~nil-n niln -ii -in-i +-i ini ~-i
W.E. = n l-+i (~i= - n n ln t~i ni t)
S.E. = =ii +ii- l-+i

uif4 +iiaa fa+i aiai
1-2 g ni i ni lni -ii :=+i 3 n-i ziz =iln +ii- -i-i +i -ini n n- t 20 mL n lnni+
10 ln- -+ -in- t ln- +i ai ++ zi-- t zl-- ''=iln +ii- l-+ii'' +tni-i t =iln
+ii - ~+i l-+ ni + =ii ~lil+i + n n ln ~-ni n n+ +i =i ln ni -i-i t
BaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
BaCO
3
(z-) + 2NaCl (ni)
Cd
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 3Na
2
CO
3
3CdCO
3
+ 2Na
3
PO
4
(ni)
=iln +ii- l-+i v +- +- t
(a) ni n n ~i lzi+ ln ziin i ~ln ziin ti -i t
(b) i-i-. ~-ni n n+ + i-ii n iii --- +-i ti ~ii nini ln- +i n t - ti nti ti -
i-ii +i liin =ti=ti (-) -ti ~i-i t
=iln +ii- l-+i n =iln +ii- ~li+-i n -l-i- ti-i t := -l-- ~-n = -<i=i- +-
+ z-i- +ii- + lzn ii + ln( -i n n nii i-i t
fi uif4 +iiaa fa+ii aiai
9
CHEMISTRY
v-4+i st+ii:
(A) u r 'A' n+ :
(a) aa us4f+ n/aa ririnif+ n ur
1. +iiaa i4a (CO
3
2
) :
-- H
2
SO
4
i-ii : -i <<it + =ii nti- niti- n= l-+n-i t
CaCO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
CaSO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2
|
- - +i i-i i-ii i:i n (Ba(OH)
2
) i-ii - - +i i-i i:i n +i < lii -i- + n i ,ii
--- n= +i t-i-i i =+-i t
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+
(< lii) + H
2
O
~li+ =n -+ ilt- +- < lii- ln-- ti i-i t
CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(lnziin)
n-ilzin =-+ i-ii (lnziin +ii- + ln() :
CO
3
2
(ni) + MgSO
4
(ni) MgCO
3
+ (z-) + SO
4
2
(ni)
l=- -i: ln- z - ~-i --i t
CO
3
2
+Ag
+
Ag
2
CO
3
+
z - ~-i ~ni l-i -ii HNO
3
n ln ziin t ~li+n + +i ~ili+ lnni- l=- ~i +=i: -- +
+ii ~-i ini i i i ti i-i t l< lni +i -in- t - ii ti liin ~i-i t
Ag
2
CO
3
Ag
2
O + + CO
2
|
ln ziin +ii - ,ii l+-i+ini- n nii n n ll- - ti i-i t -ii lnziin ti: i - +ii - ,ii
nti- ti i-i t
n+ i (II) +ni i: ti: i - +ii - ~i- + =ii +i : ~-i -ti -i-i t l+ =ini- +ii - + ln-
n -iii n+ i (II) +ii - (3HgO. HgCO
3
= Hg
4
O
3
CO
3
) +i nin i i ~-i --i t
CO
3
2
+ 4 Hg
2+
+ 3 H
2
O Hg
4
O
3
CO
3
+ + 6H
+
- - +i i-i < lii i-ii SO
2
,ii ii <zii i i-i t l+-- CO
2
~-ni+ - K
2
Cr
2
O
7
= iin l+- zi +i
ti -ti +-i t
lnziin i:+ii - MgSO
4
/ MgCl
2
(ni) + =ii +n nn +- z- ~-i < - t
ai +i s ii
ir+iiaa : 2NaHCO
3
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O+ CO
2
+iiaa : Na, K, Rb, Cs + +ii - + ~l-l+- Li
2
CO
3
=ii -iii n <i ii- ( -i- l< ~- =i lil-
ti i-i t
Li
2
CO
3
Li
2
O + CO
2
; MgCO
3
MgO + CO
2
; Ag Ag
2
CO
3
2Ag + CO
2
2. u+ira i4a (SO
3
2
) :
aa H
2
SO
4
st+ii : nn +- ni +i -i li- ti -i t -ii =ii ti =-+ i: ~i +=i: n = l-+n-i
t
CaSO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
CaSO
4
+ H
2
O + SO
2
|
SO
2
n- t( ni+ =ni- <nii ni i-i t
nt+a siafzi4 ir+ia st+ii : ~-ni+ - K
2
Cr
2
O
7
= iini l+- zi ti ti i-i t
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
+ 3SO
2
K
2
SO
4
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
(ti) + H
2
O
t4 niir /aifzi4 niir fn4a : in (~ii - i lzin) =-+i: +i z - ~-i i-- ti -i t
Na
2
SO
3
+ BaCl
2
2NaCl + BaSO
3
+ (z-)
z - ~-i -- HCl n i n i-i t -ii =-+i: ~i+=i: n = l-+n i-i t
BaSO
3
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
10
CHEMISTRY
z - ~-i (BaSO
3
) i- ii ii =-+ n ~i +=i+ - ti i-i t . i l+ -- il- ~-ni n ~ln ziin
t i ni- n ~ii + z nizii n =i < -i:l + ~-n ~ii ti: i - i+=i: + =ii nn +- t l- -
ziii -i = ti -i t
2 BaSO
3
+ + O
2
2 BaSO
4
+
BaSO
3
+ Br
2
+ H
2
O 2 BaSO
4
+ + 2 Br
+ 2H
+
i ni- n +i nin i i n ln -- ti i-i t
3 BaSO
3
+ 2 HNO
3
3 BaSO
4
+ + 2NO | + H
2
O
BaSO
3
+ + H
2
O
2
BaSO
4
++ H
2
O
t ~lil+i +ii -i ,ii -ti <i i-i t
f+ aii us4f+ n st+ii ti: i - =-+i: n = n +- ti -i t
SO
3
2
+ 3Zn
2+
+ 8H
+
H
2
S | + 3Zn
2+
+ 3H
2
O
a +i siat st+ii : z - ~-i --i t n = +i n- =n -+ ilt- +i- ti: i - =-+i: ~i-
-- + +ii ~-i ln ti i-i t
Ca(OH)
2
+ SO
2
CaSO
3
+ (<lii) + H
2
O
CaSO
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O Ca(HSO
3
)
2
(lnziin)
+ii - ,ii ii := +i +i -nz --i t := i-ii + tn =-+ i: ~i+=i: +i i+ + n-i
-ilt l+ t i-ii +-i -ilt t i-ii ln- +i ~-ni+- +- = tn i-ni n ilzin
i: +i n lnni+ l+i i =+-i t := +i i: +i n =-+ i: ~i +=i: +i ~i +=i+ - + - + < -i
t -ii CO
2
iil- -ti ti -i t
n yutaa n airaa fn4a PbSO
3
+i z - ~-i i-- ti -i t
SO
3
2
+ Pb
2+
PbSO
3
+
-- HNO
3
in+ -in- z - ~-i ln ti i-i t ~-i i nni ~i +=i- ,ii ~i +=i+ - ti +
PbSO
4
-i-i t
2PbSO
3
+ + O
2
2PbSO
4
+
3. u+ir i4a (S
2
) :
aa H
2
SO
4
st+ii : = ~ + =ni- n i ini n = i-- ti -i t
CaS + H
2
SO
4
CaSO
4
+ H
2
S |
n yutaa st+ii : n (=i ln- = iini l+- zi +ini ti i-i t
(CH
3
COO)
2
Pb + H
2
S PbS + (+ini) + 2CH
3
COOH
uif4 airaisuir st+ii : n-i n i-- ti -i t
Na
2
S +Na
2
[Fe(CN)
5
(NO)] Na
4
[Fe(CN)
5
NOS] ( n-i)
t lnn ll-n ~lil+i t . ~i +=i+i ~-- ~lil+i -ti t . H
2
S+ ln- + =ii ~ii n +- n =
+ =ii +i: ~lil+i -ti ti -i t NaOHi NH
3
ln- = -iii l+i t ~i ~li+n + + ln- = iini t ~i
l+- zi n +- H
2
S + =ii n-i n --- +-i t
H
2
S, S
2
~i- +i i-- =i-<-i --- -ti +-i t ~- t =iln -i:i=i: i-ii -ti <-i t
ln-i +n 0.1 Mt -ii K
1
, 10
7
+ -<i+ t
+f4 +iiaa fana / +f4 yutaa fn4a ini ~-i --i t
Na
2
S + CdCO
3
CdS + + Na
2
CO
3
l-+n- ini n = + =-+ n +lnn (=i = iini l+- zi ni- t t ini ti i-i t
fu airaa fn4a : +ini ~-i --i t i a n ~ln ziin l+-- nn -- -i:l + ~-n n ln ziin
t
Ag
+
+ S
2
Ag
2
S +
finta -n st+ii : NNi:n linp+ l-ni-i:(ni-. n ~-ni ln- n ~i- (III) +ni i: -ii
ti: i - =-+i: ,ii n lini- n . n n ln ziin + n ll- - ti i-i t t ln ziin =-+i:
-ii ti: i- =-+i: + ln = <-ziin i-ii t
11
CHEMISTRY
4. airaira i4a (NO
2
) :
aa H
2
SO
4
st+ii : ai = -i: i: a ln- n tn t-+ -in n +i ln- -i-i t ( n +- -i: = ~-n
+i -l-il- + +ii HNO
2
-ii :=+i l- ni N
2
O
3
t ) -ii l+ NO
2
+i i n +i -i-i n i ini
n = n +- +-i t
NO
2
+ H
+
HNO
2
; (2HNO
2
H
2
O + N
2
O
3
);
3HNO
2
HNO
3
+ 2NO + H
2
O ; 2NO + O
2
2NO
2
|
ai i4iir st+ii : i lzin ~ii i: + ln- n -i: i: ln- lnni- t -z-i- -- (=il+
~-n ~ii -- =-+ l+ ~-n = ~-ni+ - +- t liin- ~ii i- n = --- ti -i t i l+ -i- -
+ =ii --- -in n + ,ii t-i-i i-i t -- ~-n + =ii i lzin ~ii i: ln- n iin -i-
zi +i ln- n i - =ni- liin i-- ti - t
2NO
2
+ 3I
+ 4CH
3
COOH I
3
+ 2NO | + 4CH
3
COO
+ 2H
2
O
-i- + I
3
-ini (-i- ~iil- ~liziiii =+n)

+u u+a st+ii (it n4 st+ii) : -i: i: ln- +i =iii-i +. -- (=il+ ~-n ~ii
-- =-+i+ ~-n = ~-ni+- ~i- (II) =-+ + ln- n lnnii i-i t . - <i -i < i + lnn- l-<
[Fe(H
2
O)
5
NO]SO
4
+ -- + +ii ii n l<ii: < -i t l< ln- +i ii ii -ii nni-i -ti
lnnii i - liin - i i n i-- ti -i t
NO
2
+ CH
3
COOH HNO
2
+ CH
3
COO
3HNO
2
H
2
O + HNO
3
+ 2NO |
Fe
2+
+ SO
4
2
+ NO | [Fe, NO]SO
4
ii4i4t4i st+ii : -i: i: + -- (=il+ ~-n ln- +i + z nizii n ai = iii li + =ii l+i
+ii i-i t - -i:i- --- ti -i t -ii iii =il-+ ~-n vi-- ti-i t iii=il-+ ~-n. -- HCl
-ii FeCl
3
ln- + =ii --- nin n ,ii t-i-i i-i t
NaNO
2
+ CH
3
COOH HNO
2
+ CH
3
COONa
HNO
2
+ H
2
NCSNH
2
(s) (iiili) N
2
+ HSCN + 2H
2
O
FeCl
3
+ 3HSCN
HCl dil
Fe(SCN)
3
(+- =i nin n) + 3HCl
nt4 siafzi4 saa fn4a : -i: i: ln- ,ii KMnO
4
+i n nii n. nti- ti i-i t l+-- +i :
n = --- -ti ti -i t
5 NO
2
+ 2 MnO
4
+ 6 H
+
5 NO
3
+ 2 Mn
2+
+ 3 H
2
O
fu airaa fn4a : =i-< ln- = l=- -i:i: +i z - l+-ni ~-i --i t
NO
2
+ Ag
+
AgNO
2
+
5. yutaa i4a (CH
3
COO)
-- H
2
SO
4
+ =ii l=+ + =nini --- ti-i t
(CH
3
COO)
2
Ca + H
2
SO
4
2CH
3
COOH+ CaSO
4
a<iuta +f+ niir st+ii : nti nin / +- =i nin n(+i : ~-i -ti ) (=i ~i- l+ -l-il-
+i <zii -i t
6CH
3
COO
+ 3Fe
3+
+ 2H
2
O [Fe
3
(OH)
2
(CH
3
COO)
6
]
+
+ 2H
+
ln- +i n ,ii -- ++ -ini i-i t - -iii ~i-(III) (=i +i i inin ~-i i-- ti -i
t
[Fe
3
(OH)
2
(CH
3
COO)
6
]
+
+ 4H
2
O
Boil
3Fe(OH)
2
CH
3
COO + 3CH
3
COOH+ H
+
fu airaa fn4a st+ii : a n =il-< - ln- n z - l+-ni ~-i --i t
CH
3
COO
+Ag
+
CH
3
COOAg
~-i nn i-i n ~li+ ln ziin t -ii -- ~ni l-i ln- n ii - i = ln ti i-i t
Example-1 (+ +i~i- X
n
+- ni +i ni ln- l--- ~lil+i <-i t
(i) t =iln -i:i =i: ln- + =ii in-i ~ii n-i n <-i t
(ii) t -- H
2
SO
4
+ =ii nti- ~l-+ n i ini n = --- +-i t i l+ n (=i zi +i +ini
+ <-i t +i~i- (X
n
) +i t-i-i -ii l-lt- i=il-+ ~lil+i~i + =ni+i lnli `
12
CHEMISTRY
Solution X
n
, S
2
t +i l+
(i) [Fe(CN)
5
NO]
2
+ S
2
[Fe(CN)
5
NOS]
4
(in-i i n-i n)
(ii) S
2
+ H
2
SO
4
H
2
S | (nti- ~l-+ ni) + SO
4
2
H
2
S + Pb(CH
3
COO)
2
PbS + (+ini) + 2CH
3
COOH
Example-2 -- H
2
SO
4
+ =ii ~lil+i + =-+i: +i-=i n= --- +-i t i l+
(A) n (=i zi +i +ini +-i t (B) -ini ini + =ii n-i t
(C) l=+ =nini i-i t (D) ~-ni+- K
2
Cr
2
O
7
ln- +i ti +-i t
Solution SO
3
2
+ H
2
SO
4
SO
2
+ SO
4
2
+ H
2
O
SO
2
~-ni+- K
2
Cr
2
O
7
ln- +i ti +-i t
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
+ 3SO
2
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
(ti) + K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
:= +i, (D) l+- =ti t
Example-3 (+ ni -- H
2
SO
4
+ =ii ~lil+i +-i t . - nti- -i-i n iini n = (X) i-- ti -i t n = (X)
l--- ni <zii-i t
(A) t - - + i-i +i <lii + <-i t
(B) t ~-ni ilzin i:+in ln- +i ti +-i t
(C) :=+ ni ln- n H
2
S n= ilt- +i: i-i t -i t z- n<ni- <-i t
(D) NaOHn :=+i ni ln- ln +ni i: + =ii z - ~-i < -i t i +i -- HCl n ln ti +
(X) n = +i n +- +-i t
(X) n = +i t-i-i -ii =l-nln- i=il-+ =ni+ii +i lnli( `
Solution n= - - + i-i +i <lii + < -i t ~- t n = CO
2
i SO
2
ti =+-i t -- CO
2
nti- n iti-
n = t ~- 'X' SO
2
ti ti =+-i t t l--- ~lil+i~i ,ii l-lz-- +i i =+-i t
SO
3
2
+ H
2
SO
4
SO
4
2
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O ; Ca(OH)
2
+ SO
2
CaSO
3
(<lii) + H
2
O
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
+ 3SO
2
K
2
SO
4
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
(ti) + H
2
O
SO
2
+ 2H
2
S 3S
+
(z-) + 2H
2
O ; SO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
Na
2
SO
3
+ BaCl
2
BaSO
3
(z-) + 2NaCl ; BaSO
3
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
(lnziin) + SO
2
+ H
2
O
(b) ui-< H
2
SO
4
ur :
1. niir i4a (Cl) :
ui-< H
2
SO
4
st+ii : nti- -i-i n i ini n = l-+n-i t i l+ -- HCl = iini +i - +i z + =-+
n ~i- NH
4
Cl + z - i n -i-i t
Cl
+ H
2
SO
4
HCl + HSO
4
NH
4
OH+ HCl NH
4
Cl | (z- i n )
2NaCl + MnO
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
(=i-<) Na
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ 2H
2
O + Cl
2
fu airaa st+ii :
Cl
+ Ag
+
AgCl + (z-)
=iln ~i=-i: + =ii t in ~-i (AgBr AgI = lil<-) n ll-- ti i-i t l+-- -- -i:l+
~-n n ~ln ziin t
3AgCl + + AsO
3
3
Ag
3
AsO
3
+ + 3Cl
.
z - ~-i ni ~ni l-i n ln ziin ti -i t -ii ~-i HNO
3
+ =ii - vi-- ti i-i t
AgCl + 2NH
4
OH [ Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl (lnziin) + 2H
2
O
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl + 2H
+
AgCl + + 2NH
4
+
.
+iirn niir st+ii :
4Cl
+ Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 6H
+
(=i-<) 2CrO
2
Cl
2
(nti nin/-ini nin i)
nti nin i +i =i ln ti: i +=i: ln- n = ilt- +- t - =i ln +i n +i ini ln-
i-- ti -i t i l+ n (=i + =ii ~lil+i + n +i n +i ini ~-i -i-i t
CrO
2
Cl
2
+ 4OH
CrO
4
2
+ 2Cl
+ 2H
2
O
CrO
4
2
+ Pb
+2
PbCrO
4
+ (ini)
13
CHEMISTRY
iit riia + niir = l+ Hg
2
Cl
2
, HgCl
2
, SnCl
2
, AgCl, PbCl
2
-ii SbCl
3
t i-ii -ti < - t +i l+
t ~i lzi+ = li l- ti - t t i-ii =ini-- i4fa+ niir ,ii l<i i-i t
t i-ii zi+ i-ni n l+i i-i -ilt ~-ii -ni +i -l-i-i n +iln+ ~-n - ini
CrO
2
Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O H
2
CrO
4
+ 2HCl
2. iir i4a (Br) :
ui-< H
2
SO
4
st+ii : tn ninii ln- --i t . ti:i- ini: (-ni +- i n =i-) + =ii
nini i i ni- i n +- ti -i t
2NaBr + H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2HBr
2HBr + H
2
SO
4
Br
2
| + 2H
2
O + SO
2
2KBr + MnO
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
Br
2
| + K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
fu airaa st+ii : t-+i ini ~-i --i t
NaBr + AgNO
3
AgBr + + NaNO
3
ini ~-i -- ni ~ni l-i n ~i lzi+ = ln ziin ti -i t l+-- =i-< ~ni l-i ln- n -i -i = ln
ti i-i t
AgBr + 2NH
4
OH [Ag(NH
3
)
2
] Br + H
2
O
n yutaa st+ii : i ni: n (=i ln- = ~lil+i + n i ni: +i z - l+-ni ~-i < -i
t i l+ -n- n n in + nti- ln- <-i t
2Br
+ Pb
+2
PbBr
2
+
nita n st+ii (+ifa+ sa st+ii) : CCl
4
, CHCl
3
i CS
2
+- ii- i ni: + =i ln +ii -
l-+i n +ni i- n lnni- t -ii ~-zi -t ltni + + z < i l<i i-i t +i l-+ - n nini i
n i-- ti -i t
2Br
+ Cl
2
2Cl
+ Br
2
|
Br
2
+ CHCl
3
/ CCl
4
Br
2
+il-+ - n in+ ninii n <-i t
+ni i- n + ~ili+ + =ii i ni-. in i nini -i +ni i: n ll- - ti i-i t -ii liin- t-+i
ini ln- vi-- ti-i t
Br
2
|+ Cl
2
| 2BrCl
ai si st+ii : -i- zi +i l-+n- ini i ni- n = + =-+ n ni- -i ni nin i vi-- ti - t
Br
2
+ -i- -i- ini- ~liziiii =+n (-ini nin)
siafzi4 ir +ia aii ui-< H
2
SO
4
: ai = i ni:. K
2
Cr
2
O
7
-ii =i-< H
2
SO
4
+ lni +i nn l+i
i-i t -ii --- i +i n n = ilt- +i- t -i -ini nin ln- i-- ti-i t
6KBr + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 7H
2
SO
4
3Br
2
| + Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 4K
2
SO
4
+ 7H
2
O
3. i4iir i4a (I) :
ui-< H
2
SO
4
st+ii : -i-i n i ini n-i i l-+n-i t
2NaI + H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2HI
2HI + H
2
SO
4
I
2
| (nti n-i) + 2H
2
O + SO
2
+ z nizii n MnO
2
lnni- nt n-i i n -i-i = --- ti- t
3I
+ MnO
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
I
3
| + Mn
2+
+ 2SO
4
2
+ 2H
2
S
ai ss st+ii : ~ii i:. ~-ni ln- n - i = ~i +=i+ - ti + n +- ~ii i- < -i t -i- ln-
+ =ii vi-- nt -in n ,ii n +- ~iii- +i t-i- +i i =+-i t
3I
+ 2NO
2
+ 4H
+
I
3
+ 2NO | + 2H
2
O.
fu airaa st+ii : -n+ini ini ~-i i-- ti -i t
I
+ Ag
+
AgI +
-n+ini ini ~-i -- ni ~ni l-i ln- n ~ln ziin ti -i t l+-- =i-< ~ni l-i ln- n ~i lzi+
ln ziin ti -i t
nita n st+ii (+ifa+ sa st+ii) : ~iii: ln- n +nii- n lnnii i-i t -
~ii l- n +- ti -i t i l+ ~-zi -t lnni- ln- n i i n < -i t -ii CS
2
, CHCl
3
~ii CCl
4
+
=ii ltni- t +il-+ - n ln ti + n-i n < -i t i l+ ni - + -i- l-i- ti-i t
2NaI + Cl
2
2NaCl + I
2
14
CHEMISTRY
I
2
+ CHCl
3
I
2
+il-+ - n in+ n-i n < -i t
l< ~li+ nizii n +ni i- n lnnii i -i I
2
~ii l+ ~-n ( nti-) n ~i+=i+ - ti i-i t
I
3
+ 8Cl
2
| + 9H
2
O 3IO
3
+ 16Cl
+ 18 H
+
n yutaa fn4a : ini ~-i --i t i l+ nn n n ln ti + nti- ln- -i-i t -ii ai
+- = -t in zi-+ vi-- ti- t
2I
+ Pb
+2
PbI
2
+
siafzi4 ir+ia i ui-< us4f+ n : n-i i l-+n-i t -ii ~i=l- (distillate) n +i n
-l-i- -ti t
6I
+ Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
3I
2 +
Cr
3+
+7SO
4
2
+ 7H
2
O
ai +i sii :
rniru : ~li+i zi t ni: -iii ti- t -ii + z l---i- =i lil- ti i- t
2FeCl
3
2FeCl
2
+ Cl
2
MgCl
2
. 6H
2
O MgO + 2HCl + 5H
2
O
Hg
2
Cl
2
HgCl
2
+ Hg
NH
4
Cl NH
3
+ HCl
2CuI
2
Cu
2
I
2
+ I
2
(l-i nn l+)
4. airaa i4a (NO
3
) :
ui-< H
2
SO
4
st+ii : -i-i n i ini nin i i i -=l - ti -i t
4NO
3
+ 2H
2
SO
4
4NO
2
| + O
2
+ 2SO
4
2
+ 2H
2
O
-in zin- ~ii +in + + lnni- nin i i n = -i-i = --- ti -i t
2NO
3
+ 4H
2
SO
4
+ 3Cu 3Cu
2+
+ 2NO | + 4SO
4
2
+ 4H
2
O ; 2NO | + O
2
2NO
2
|
4 C (+in + +) + 4HNO
3
2H
2
O + 4NO
2
+ 4CO
2
.
it n4 st+ii : -ii - ~i- (II) =-+ + = - -- ln- +i -i: ln- n lnnii i-i t -ii
l+ ii ii i-ni +i <ii + =ti =i-< =-+ l+ ~-n lnnii i-i t - <i -i < i + = li -in
i i n +i l-ni i ti -i t
NaNO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
NaHSO
4
+ HNO
3
6FeSO
4
+ 2HNO
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O.
i 2NO
3
+ 4H
2
SO
4
+ 6Fe
2+
6Fe
3+
+ 2NO + + 4SO
4
2
+ 4H
2
O.
Fe
2+
+ NO | + 5H
2
O [Fe
I
(H
2
O)
5
NO]
2+
(ii n)
fi it n4 st+ii
lni +i ltni- -ii nn +- NOl-+n i-i t -ii ~i- (iii) ~i-i +i ini ln- i-- ti -i t
i ni: -ii ~ii i: i i n i-ii n iii --- +- t -ii n +- t ni - i i n +i i ini + < -
t -i: i: ii i i n i-ii n iii --- +-i t -ii =-+ ln+ ~-n +i = -n nizii i li lnni+
:-t < l+i i =+-i t
H
2
NHSO
3
+ NO
2
N
2
+ + SO
4
2
+ H
+
+ H
2
O
NO
2
+ H
+

HCl
HNO
2
CO(NH
2
)
2
+ 2HNO
2
2N
2
| + CO
2
| + 3H
2
O
15
CHEMISTRY
ir+fan yta st+ii : <i -i -i + = li -in -ini n +i l-ni i ti -i t (~li+n + -ii -i: ni
ln-)
NaNO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
NaHSO
4
+ HNO
3
2HNO
3
H
2
O + 2NO
2
+ [O]
2C
6
H
5
NHC
6
H
5
+ [O] (C
6
H
5
)
2
N N (C
6
H
5
)
2
(-ini n) + H
2
O
t i-ii t - = ~i+=i+i+i ,ii ii l<i i-i t = l+ CrO
4
2
, Cr
2
O
7
2
, ClO
3
, BrO
3
, IO
3
NO
2
~il<
NO
2
= Br
2
+i li l<- +- + ln( (<i-i nin ii n= t)
(a) Br
2
+ai i4iir si ziii -in +in n + i vi-- -ti ti - t +i l+ Br
2
< n ~i +=i+i+
t . l+ NO
2
n ~i+=i+i+ t ~- - -- -in +in i -i-i t
(b) i ni- -i- zi -i ni nin n + i l+l=- +-i t
(B) ur 'B' n+ :
wii4ai +i ur i f+ aa ii ui-< H
2
SO
4
+ uii a fn4a +ir nu art <a r f+-a y+ fafza
fi++ + uii +is <a r :
~+il-+ nii n t ~-ni n n+ :-+ l+-n- i-iii ,ii t-i- i- t i l+ l--- t
1. u+a i4a (SO
4
2
) :
t4 niir st+ii :
W.E. i S.E. + in +nii: (ni) z- ~-i.
Na
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
BaSO
4
+ (z-) + 2NaCl.
z - ~-i nn -- HNO
3
-- HCl n ~ln ziin t . -- -n- t =i-< ti: i +ni l+ ~-n n ~i lzi+
ln ziin t
n yutaa st+ii :
W.E. i S.E. + n (=i z- ~-i
Na
2
SO
4
+ (CH
3
COO)
2
Pb PbSO
4
+ (z-) + 2CH
3
COONa
z - ~- i nn ~ni l-n (=i + ~ili+ n ln ziin t
PbSO
4
+ 2CH
3
COONH
4
(CH
3
COO)
2
Pb (ln ziin) + (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
ifu st+ii :
(a) W.E. i S.E. + in +nii: z- ~-i
Na
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
2NaCl + BaSO
4
(z-)
(b) z - ~-i + Na
2
CO
3
(s) lni -ii := - +i nil-= +i -ini + n t ( iin nni+ ~-i+
ini n i- t
BaSO
4
(s) + Na
2
CO
3
(s) Na
2
SO
4
+ BaCO
3
+ (z-)
Na
2
SO
4
+ 4C Na
2
S + 4CO
(c) ~ := nil-= +i -ini +i =i ln -i:i =i: n ii i-i t nln- <ni- + -<i+ n-i n
vi-- ti -i t
Na
2
S + Na
2
[Fe(CN)
5
NO] Na
4
[Fe(CN)
5
NOS] (n-i n)
+t II niir st+ii : ini ~-i --i t
SO
4
2
+ 3Hg
2+
+ 2H
2
O HgSO
4
. 2H
2
O (-iii n+i II =-+) + + 4H
+
fu airaa st+ii : z - ~-i i-- ti -i t
SO
4
2
+ 2Ag
+
Ag
2
SO
4
+
16
CHEMISTRY
2. +i+a i4a (PO
4
3
) :
ifa4 ifn-a st+ii :
Na
2
HPO
4
(ni) + 12(NH
4
)
2
MoO
4
+ 23HNO
3
(NH
4
)
3
PMo
12
O
40
(+-i ini) + 2NaNO
3
+ 21NH
4
NO
3
+ 12H
2
O
~ni l-n +i-+i ni ln +i (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
. 12MoO
3
=zi ,ii v<lzi - l+i i-i t
afzi4 airaa 4i afzi4i fi st+ii : W.E. i S.E + n-lzin -i: ~li+n+ (3-4 mL) +i
4-5 ln- i- z- l+-ni ~-i i-- ti-i t
Na
2
HPO
4
(aq) + Mg(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + NH
4
OH(aq) Mg(NH
4
) PO
4
+ (z-) + 2NaNO
3
+ H
2
O
n- lzii lni MgCl
2
, NH
4
Cl -ii + z ni NH
3
+- (+ ln- t
PO
4
3
, Ba
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ z - ~-i + l-ni i + +ii BaCl
2
i-ii ii < -i t tn PO
4
3
+i i-ii +-i
-ilt( -ii PO
4
3
-l-i- i ~-l-i- +i l-i ti i- ti SO
4
2
+i i-ii +-i -ilt
fu airaa st+ii : ini ~-i --i t i l+ -- ~ni l-i -ii -- -i:l+ ~-n n ln ziin t
PO
4
3
+ 3Ag
+
Ag
3
PO
4
Ag
3
PO
4
+ + 6NH
3
3[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
+PO
4
3
; Ag
3
PO
4
+ + 2H
+
H
2
PO
4
+ 3Ag
+
i4a (III) niir fn4a : FePO
4
+i ini z - ~-i i-- ti -i t
HPO
4
2
+ Fe
3+
FePO
4
+
3. ia i4a (BO
3
3
) :
ni (0.2 g) + =i < H
2
SO
4
(1 mL) + (lin (-+i tn(4-5 mL) +i i-ni n lnl- + nn +- t. l-+n-
ini i +i -=- ini n ni- t t l+-i ini ini vi-- ti -i t
Na
3
BO
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
3Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
3
BO
3
3C
2
H
5
OH + H
3
BO
3
(C
2
H
5
)
3
BO
3
+ 3H
2
O
Example-4 S, Cl -ii O+ (+ i ln+ (A) +i i i- 67.5 t t n + =ii l+i ++ <i ~-n -i-i t -ii KOH
+ =ii l+i ++ <i ni (B) -ii (C) -i-i t l+ (B), AgNO
3
+ =ii z - ~-i < -i t -ii (C), BaCl
2
ln- + =ii z - ~-i < -i t (A), (B) (C) +i t-il-
Solution (+ lni i BaCl
2
-ii AgNO
3
+ =ii z - ~-i < -i t . -= SO
4
2
-ii Cl
~i-i +- ti -i -ilt(
= SO
2
Cl
2
+i n n ii n- t -i t H
2
SO
4
HCl +i lni < -i t KOH+ =ii l+i +-i
t -i KCl -ii K
2
SO
4
-i-i t :=ln( +nzi (A), SO
2
Cl
2
-ii (B) (C), KCl -ii K
2
SO
4
tin
SO
2
Cl
2
+i i i- = ~iii/ 2.
SO
2
Cl
2
+i i i- = 135 / 2 = 67.2.
Example-5 i ni- +i i iin -i- ~ii i- zi +i l+= n n <n-i t
(A) i i (B) nin (C) -ini (D) nti-
Solution 2I
+ Br
2
I
2
+ 2Br
; I
2
+ -i- -ini -i- ~iii- ~liziiii =+n
:= +i, (C) l+- =ti t
Example-6 Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ I
2
NaI + .......... [X], [X] t
(A) Na
2
S
4
O
6
(B) Na
2
SO
4
(C) Na
2
S (D) Na
3
ISO
4
Solution 2Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ I
2

2NaI + Na
2
S
4
O
6 .
:= +i, (A) l+- =ti t
Example-7 ---i I -ii ---i II + n -i lli t ---i I +i + z lli ---i II = = n ln- ti -i t ---i I +i
v + ll ---i II +i (+ i (+ = ~li+ lli = = n ln- ti =+-i t
ai I ai II
(A) -- H
2
SO
4
lnni- nti- n= l-+n-i t (p) Cl
(B) AgNO
3
+i lnni- z- ~-i --i t (q) S
2
(C) Pb
2+
~i-i +- ln- + =ii ~-i (r) NO
2
(D) :=+i ~-ni nii ln- nnii KMnO

4
ln- +i nti- + <-i t (s) SO
3
2
17
CHEMISTRY
Solution (A - p, q, s) ; (B - p, r, s) ; (C - p, q, s) ; (D - p, q, r, s)
(A) Cl
+ H
2
SO
4
HCl| (nti-) + HSO
4
; S
2
+ 2H
+
H
2
S | (nti-)
NO
2
+ 2H
+
NO
2
| (ninii) + H
2
O; SO
3
2
+ 2H
+
SO
2
| (nti-) + H
2
O
(B) Ag
+
+ Cl
AgCl + (z-) ; Ag
+
+ S
2
Ag
2
S + (+ini)
Ag
+
+ NO
2
AgNO
2
+ (z-) ; 2Ag
+
+ SO
3
2
Ag
2
SO
3
+ (z-)
(C) Pb
2+
+ 2Cl
PbCl
2
+ (z-) ; Pb
2+
+ S
2
PbS + (+ini)
Pb
2+
+ NO
2
PbNO
2
(lnziin) ; Pb
2+
+ SO
3
2
PbSO
3
+ (z-)
(D) 2MnO
4
+ 16HCl 5Cl
2
+ 2Mn
2+
+ 6Cl
+ 8H
2
O
2MnO
4
+ 5H
2
S + 6H
+
Mn
2+
+ 5S + + 8H
2
O
2MnO
4
+ 5NO
2
+ 6H
+
Mn
2+
+ 5NO
3
+ 3H
2
O
2MnO
4
+ 5SO
2
+ 2H
2
O 2Mn
2+
+ 5SO
4
2
+ 4H
+
riai4ai {+iit4 n+i) +i fznii :
ur ur fi++ +iit4 n+ uiaa aii +is +i n
zi- NaOH i Ca(OH)
2
~iz+-i NH
4
+
~nil-i n= l-+il=- ti-i t
ti- nn +- t
1. -- HCl Ag
+
AgCl ; z-
Hg
2
2+
Hg
2
Cl
2
; z-
Pb
2+
PbCl
2
; z-
2.(A) -- HCl +i -l-il- n H
2
S Hg
2+
HgS ; +ini
(YAS n ~lnziin) Pb
2+
PbS
;
+ini
Bi
3+
Bi
2
S
3
; +ini
Cu
2+
CuS ; +ini
Cd
2+
CdS ; ini
2.(B) -- HCl +i -l-il- n H
2
S As
3+
As
2
S
3
; ini
(YAS n ~ln ziin) Sb
3+
Sb
2
S
3
; -ini
Sn
2+
SnS ; ii
Sn
4+
SnS
2
; ini
3. NH
4
Cl +i -l-il- n NH
4
OH Fe
3+
Fe(OH)
3
; nin ii
Cr
3+
Cr(OH)
3
; ti
Al
3+
Al(OH)
3
; lni-i+- z-
4. NH
4
OH (n NH
4
Cl +i -l-il- Zn
2+
ZnS ; z-
n H
2
S Mn
2+
MnS ; ++ (~ii t-+i nnii)
Co
2+
CoS ; +ini
Ni
2+
NiS ; +ini
5. NH
4
OH +i -l-il- n (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
Ba
2+
BaCO
3
; z-
Sr
2+
SrCO
3
; z-
Ca
2+
CaCO
3
; z-
6. NH
4
OH +i -l-il- n Na
2
HPO
4
Mg
2+
Mg(NH
4
)PO
4
; z -
[YAS = ini ~nil-n =-+i: (NH
4
)
2
S
x
]
i-i-i +i lznii +- =n + z nti l-<~i +i i- n i-i -ilt(
1. ur 1
st
+ n+(Ag
+
,
Pb
2+
,
Hg
2
2+
) +ni i: + n ~-i l- ti - t +i l+ :-+ +ni i: + (AgCl, PbCl
2
,
HgCl
2
) ln -i n i-+n +i ni- ~- ii- ~i-i + +ni i: + ln -i n i-+n + ni- = +n ti -i t i l+ ln-
n ti t- t n +ni i: n n t-+i =i ln ziin ti -i t -n - n -- ti: i +ni l+ ~-n lnni- n i
= ~-i l- -ti ti -i t zi i n ~i- ~-ni nin n H
2
S = l,-i =n t + i-i-i + =ii ~-i l- ti - t
PbCl
2
nn n n ~i lzi+ ln t ~- tn Pb
2+
+i I
st
=nt + =ii 2
nd
=n t n - i-ii +- t
18
CHEMISTRY
2. ur 2
nd
+ n+ =-+i: + n ~-i l- ti - t +i l+ :-+i ln -i n i-+n +n ti -i t l+ ~- ii- ~i
+ =-+i: ln- n ti t- t +i l+ :-+ ln -i n i-+n +i ni- ~li+ ti -i t HCl, H
+
~i- + -zii - +
n +i +-i t i l+ =n~i- ii + +ii S
2
+i =i < -i ii < - t . ~- S
2
~i- +i =i < -i :--i +n ti i-i
t l+ + n l,-i =n t + ii- =-+i:i + ln -i n i-+n = ti ~li+ ti i-i t
ti HCl + -ii- H
2
SO
4
+i -i n -ti +- t +i l+ --- =n t ~ii - 5
th
=n t + + z i-i- :-+ =-+
= BaSO
4
, SrSO
4
, CaSO
4
~il< + n ~-i l- ti i- t
HCl + -ii- HNO
3
ii -in n -ti lni i-i t +il+ HNO
3
(+ n ~i+=i+i+ t HNO
3
, H
2
S +i
~i +=i+ - + =-+ (ini ~-i ) i +i ni:n ln- -i-i t l=n CdS-ii As
2
S
3
+i ~-i --i t i Cd
2+
,
As
3+
+i -l-il- +i <zii-i t . l+-- i-- n Cd
2+
, As
3+
~- l-i- ti- t +ini:n ln- z-ini ti -i t .
l-t zi-+ i+ +-i =-i -ti t -ii ~iz+ iii --- +- t
3. ur 3
rd
+ n+ ti: i +=i: + n ~-i l- ti - t -ii NH
4
Cl +i lnni- = NH
4
OH +i ~i-- +n ti i-i
t ~- + n =n t 3
rd
+ i-i- ti ti: i +=i: + n ~-i l- ti - t +i l+ :-+i ln -i n i-+n +n ti -i t
(i) NH
4
Cl +i ~ili+ -ti lnni-i -ilt( +i l+ :== n -i. MnO
2
.H
2
O + n ~-i l- ti i-i t
(ii) NH
4
Cl + -ii- (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+i v +- -ti + =+- t +i l+ SO
4
2
~i-, BaSO
4
, SrSO
4
~il< +i ~-i
ii < -i t
(iii) 2
nd
=n t = 3
rd
=n t i- = tn 2
nd
=n t + zl-zi +i -in+ H
2
S+i l-+il=- l+i i-i t l+ =i<
HNO
3
+i 1-2 < lnni + -in- t := +i l< Fe
2+
-l-i- ti -i t -i Fe
3+
n ~i+=i+ - ti i-i t Fe
2+
+
K
SP
+i ni- Fe
3+
+i - n-i n ~li+ t . ~- t ~i lzi+ = ~-i l- ti -i t -ii =n t 4
th
+ ~i-i + lzn ii
n iii --- +-i t -ii n iin+ lznii + +n n Fe
2+
=l-nln- -ti t l< t -l-i- ti-i t - +n
Fe
3+
+i ti -i-i -ilt (Fe
2+
+ ln lzi i i-ii ti - t )
(iv) l< nin ~-ni -i t-i t - ti: i+=i: ~-i l- -ti ti - t -ii tn i ln- ti- t +i Fe
3+
, Al
+3,
Cr
+3
,
~- l-i- t . l+ t -l-i- ti- t
(v) NH
4
OH + -ii- NaOH+i -i n. ti: i+=i: + n ~-i i + ln( -ti l+i i =+-i +i l+ :=+
-in = tn Al
3+
-ii Cr
+3
+ ln ziin =+n i-- ti - t
4. ur 4
th
n+i , ~ni l-n ti: i +=i:, H
2
S= H
+
+i ti+ H
2
S +i ~i-- c i < -i t H
+
, OH
~i-i = = +-
ti+ ~-~il-- H
2
O-i- t
H
2
S 2H
+
+ S
2
; H
+
+ OH
H
2
O
~ S
2
~i-i +i ~ili+ vi-- ti -i t 4
th
=n t + i-i-i +i ~il-+ n i-+n. :-+ ln -i n i-+n = --- ti
i-i t - t ~-i l- ti i- t := l-il- n -<i=i- ln- n H
2
Svilt- +- HCl + l-ni i + +ii ~i lzi+
~-i i ti -i t i l+ H
2
S + ~i-- +i +n + <-i t -<iti + ln( ;
MnCl
2
+ H
2
S MnS + 2HCl
5. 5
th
ur n -<i=i- ~ii -iii nin n ~nil-n +ii - ~li+n + lnni-i -ilt ~ni l-i -ii ~ni l-n ~i-i
+i ~- l-il- n Mg
2+
~i- ii ~-i l- ti i n t
iaf+ fn4a (O.S.) +i faii :
NH
4
+
+ ~l-l+-. -iii n n+i + lzn ii + ln( i--l+ ln- (O.S.) +i -i n l+i i-i t := l< n ni
~ii lni +i -l-- lni+ n ln + -ii i-i t
H
2
O
-- HCl
=i-< HCl
ni i lni + H
2
O
A
lnziin (- H
2
O-l-- lni+ t)
l< l<i ni ni i lni H
2
On ~ln ziin t - := -- HCl n ln +- t
ni i lni + -- HCl
A
lnziin (- -- HCl -l-- lni+ t)
l< l<i ni ni i lni -- HCl n ~ln ziin ti - := =i< HCl n ln +- t
ni i lni + =i< HCl
A
lnziin
:= +i =ti lni+ +i -- + l< n ni ~ii lni +i + z nizii -l-- lni+ n ln + zi- lni
i-i t i-- zl-- i--l+ ln- (O.S.) +tni-i t := NH
4
+
+ ~l-l+-. ~- -iii n n+i + l-ii i + ln(
-in n ni- t
19
CHEMISTRY
zi-4 ur
1. ifa4 i4a (NH
4
+
) :
=i ln ti: i +=i: ln- ~ni l-n ni -ii =i ln ti: i +=i: +- ln- +i nn +- ~ni l-i
n = n +- ti -i t
NH
4
Cl + NaOH NH
3
+ H
2
O + NaCl
n = +i l--- ~lin-iii ~lil+i~i ,ii t-i-i i =+-i t :
:=+i ~lini-ili+ n i ,ii
-- HCl n iini t : +i - +i z +i l-+n- ini i + =-+ n n i- ~ni l-n +ni i: + z -
in l-+n- t
NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
Cl | (z- in)
t Hg
2
(NO
3
)
2
ln- = iin l+- zi +i +ini + < -i t
2HgNO
3
+ 2NH
3

dkyk
Hg NO ) NH ( Hg
3 2
+
+ NH
4
NO
3
t CuSO
4
ln- = iin l+- zi +i nti -ini + < -i t
CuSO
4
+ 4NH
3
[Cu(NH
3
)
4
]SO
4
n -i (II) +ni i: -ii ~n il-i = -iii ti: i - i +=i: = iini l+- zi i n n ll- - ti i-i
t n -i + ~i+=i+i + +ii
2NH
3
+ Mn
2+
+H
2
O
2
+ H
2
O MnO(OH)
2
+ + 2NH
4
+
aun fi++ st+ii (siafzi4 aaii4ifi4a(II) +i +iit4 fn4a) :
~ni l-i ~ii ~ni l-n ~i-i +i -l-il- + +ii i i ~-i ~ii i i i ini n i-- ti -i t ~-i
-iii n+ i (II) (nii ~ii i: t
NH
4
+
+ 2[HgI
4
]
2
+ 4OH
HgO Hg (NH
2
)I + + 7I
+ 3H
2
O
uif4 ruiairairaiN+iiaa(III) fn4a :
NH
4
+
~i-. ~li+n + + =ii ini ~-i < - t
3NH
4
+
+ [Co(NO
2
)
6
]
3
(NH
4
)[Co(NO
2
)
6
] +
ruiniirinfaaa(IV) fn4a {iia ruiniinfafa+ n) :
NH
4
+
~i-. ~li+n + + =ii ini ~-i < - t
2NH
4
+
+ [PtCl
6
]
(NH
4
)
2
[PtCl
6
]+ ini
uaa uif4 riria aiaa fn4a (NaHC
4
H
4
O
6
) :
NH
4
+
~i-. ~li+n + + =ii z - ~-i < - t
NH
4
+
+ HC
4
H
4
O
6
NH
4
HC
4
H
4
O
6
+
4-airaita- irifa4 niir fi++ : =i ln ti: i +=i: +i -l-il- n NH
4
+
, ~li+n + + =ii
nin n <-i t
O
2
N N=NCl + NH
4
+
+ OH
O
2
N N=NONH
4
+ Cl
+ H
2
O
20
CHEMISTRY
I
st
ur (Pb
2+
, Hg
2
2+
, Ag
+
) :
1. n i4a (Pb
2+
) :
aa HCl fn4a : a ln- n z - ~-i --i t
Pb
2+
+ HCl PbCI
2
+ (z-) + 2H
+
z - ~-i nn n n ln ziin t z - ~-i =i-< HCl ~ii =i-< KCl n ii ln ziin t
PbCl
2
+ + 2Cl
[PbCl
4
]
2
(nti-)
uif4 ririuir fn4a : z - ~-i --i t i l+ ~li+n + + ~ili+ n ln ziin t
Pb
2+
+ 2OH
Pb(OH)
2
+ ; Pb(OH)
2
+ + 2OH
[Pb(OH)
4
]
2
[Pb(OH)
4
]
2
+ H
2
O
2
PbO
2
+ (+ini ii +ini) + 2H
2
O+ 2OH
[Pb(OH)
4
]
2
+ S
2
O
8
2
PbO
2
+ + 2H
2
O + 2SO
4
2
siafzi4 i4iir fn4a : ini ~-i --i t i l+ ~li+ =i-< (6M) ~li+n + + ~ili+ n ln ziin t
Pbl
2
+i ini ~-i -n- t n n ~i lzi+ = ln ti+ nti- ln- <-i t
PbCl
2
+ 2KI PbI
2
+ + 2KCl ; Pbl
2
+ KI K
2
[PbI
4
] +
n + =ii -- +- ini ~-i - i-- ti -i t PbI
2
+i ini ~-i KI + -- ln- + ~ili+ n -ti i n-i
t
21
CHEMISTRY
siafzi4 +ia fn4a (a<iuta, yutfa+ n ii ifa4i fn4a ) : ini ~-i --i t
PbCl
2
+ K
2
CrO
4
PbCrO
4
+ + 2KCl
=i ln ti: i+=i: -ii HNO
3
(-i: i+ ~-n) n ini ~-i ln ziin ti -i t
2PbCrO
4
+ 2H
+
2Pb
2+
+ Cr
2
O
7
2
+ H
2
O
PbCrO
4
+ 4OH
[Pb(OH)
4
]
2
+ CrO
4
2
<i -i -+nii ~lil+i t ~ni l-i ~ii (=il+ ~-n + =ii +nzi + ln- -i- PbCrO
4
- ~-i l- ti -i
t
ifa4i fn4a : ~ni l-i ln- + =ii Pb
2+
, n ti: i+=i: +i z - ~-i < -i t
Pb
+2
+ 2NH
4
OH Pb(OH)
2
+ + 2NH
4
+
aa H
2
SO
4
: z - ~-i --i t. i l+ ~nil-i +i -l-il- n ~li+ =i< ~ni l-n (=i (6M) ln- i
~nil-n i n lnziin t
PbCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
PbSO
4
+ + 2HCl
PbSO
4
+ + 4CH
3
COO
[Pb(CH
3
COO)
4
]
2
+ SO
4
2
PbSO
4
+ + 2C
4
H
4
O
6
2
[Pb(C
4
H
4
O
6
)
2
]
2
+ SO
4
2
PbHSO
4
+ l-ni i + +ii ~-i nn =i-< H
2
SO
4
n i n i-i t
PbSO
4
+ + H
2
SO
4
Pb
2+
+ 2HSO
4
2. +t(I) i4a (Hg

2
2+
) :
aa HCl fn4a : a ln- n z- ~-i --i t
Hg
2
2+
+ 2HCl Hg
2
Cl
2
+ (z-) + 2H
+
ifa4i fn4a : n+ i ii- (+ini ~-i ) -ii -iii n+ i (II) (nii +ni i: (z - ~-i ) +i lni i-- ti -i t
2Hg
2
Cl
2
+ 4NH
4
OH

dkyk
+ + + Hg Cl ) HgO.Hg(NH
2
+ 3NH
4
Cl + 3H
2
O
ni za +is (Hg
2
Cl
2
) +i fni4+a :
3Hg
2
Cl
2
+ 2HNO
3
+ 6HCl 6HgCl
2
+2 NO+ 4H
2
O
(a) aau niir st+ii : z - ~-i --i t . i l+ ~-- n +ini ti i-i t
2HgCl
2
+ SnCl
2
Hg
2
Cl
2
+ + SnCl
4
; Hg
2
Cl
2
+ SnCl
2
2Hg + (+ini) + 2SnCl
4
(b) siafzi4 i4iir st+ii : = i nin ~-i --i t i l+ ~li+n + + ~ili+ n ln ziin t
HgCl
2
+ KI HgI
2
+ + 2KCl ; HgI
2
+ KI (~ili+) K
2
[HgI
4
] (ln ziin)
(c) +is tna st+ii : +i l--= -n+in -ni n + n+i +i l--i i ti-i t
HgCl
2
+ Cu Hg+ (-ni) + CuCl
2
siafzi4 i4iirfn4a : ti ~-i --i t Hg
2
2+
+ 2I
Hg
2
I
2
+
~li+n + + ~ili+ n . ti ~-i lini- i-- ~lil+i <zii -i t -ii ln ziin [HgI
4
]
2
~i- -ii +in n+ i +i l-ni i
ti -i t
Hg
2
I
2
+ + 2I
[HgI
4
]
2
+ Hg+ (ii+ l=i t~i)
n+ i (I) ~ii i: ~-i +i n + =ii nn +- lini- i-- ~lil+i ti -i t -ii nin n+ i (II) ~ii i: ~-i
+ini n+ i --i t
Hg
2
I
2
+ HgI
2
+ + Hg+
siafzi4 +ia fn4a : nin l+-ni ~-i --i t i +i +ini ti i-i t ln- n NaOHln-
lnnii i-i t
Hg
2
2+
+ CrO
4
2
Hg
2
CrO
4
+ ; Hg
2
CrO
4
+ + 2OH
Hg
2
O + + CrO
4
2
+ H
2
O
siafzi4 ui4air fn4a : n+ i +i +ini ~-i i-- ti -i t
Hg
2
2+
+ 2CN
Hg+ + Hg(CN)
2
(ln ziin)
22
CHEMISTRY
3. fu i4a (Ag
+
) :
aa ririnif+ n/ fn4zitn niir : z - ~-i --i t
Ag
+
+ HCl

AgCl + + H
+
zi-- + i< i-- ~-i =i-< HCl n ln ziin t
AgCl + +Cl
[AgCl
2
]
n + =ii -- +- . =i- -i l<zii n l-iil- ti -i t -ii ~-i - i-- ti -i t -- ~ni l-i ln- n
~-i ln ti + = + n +i l-ni i +-i t
AgCl+ + 2NH
3
[Ag (NH
3
)
2
]
+
+ Cl
-- HNO
3
i HCl, ~ni l-i + ~ili+ +i -<i=i- +- t -ii ~-i - i-- ti -i t +i l+ =i- -i l<zii n
l-iil- ti -i t
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl + 2HNO
3
AgCl + (z-) + 2NH
4
NO
3
siafzi4 i4iir fn4a : -n+ini ini ~-i i-- ti -i t i l+ -- ~ni l-i n ~ln ziin t l+-- =i-<
~ni l-i n ln ziin t
Ag
+
+ I
AgI+
ini ~-i KCN-ii Na
2
S
2
O
3
n ln ziin t
AgI + + 2CN
[Ag(CN)
2
]
+ I
; AgI+ + 2S
2
O
3
2
[Ag(S
2
O
3
)
2
]
3
+ I
siafzi4 +ia fn4a : nin ~-i --i t i l+ -- HNO

3
-ii ~ni l-i ln- n ln ziin t
2Ag
+
+ CrO
4
2
Ag
2
CrO
4
+
2Ag
2
CrO
4
+ + 2H
+
4Ag
+
+ Cr
2
O
7
2
+ H
2
O
2Ag
2
CrO
4
+ + 4NH
3
2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
+ CrO
4
2
iruif4 riria +i+a fn4a : -<i=i- ln- n ~li+n + + =ii ini ~-i --i t
3Ag
+
+ HPO
4
2
Ag
3
PO
4
+ + H
+
ini ~-i HNO
3
-ii ~ni l-i ln- n ln ziin t
rirta u+a (uaa) : i:( -ni-~ - (I) ~li+n + + =ii. ii+ - - i --i t i l+ i-ni +i l<ii
= l-+ + ~i+i+ - <i -i-i t
4[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
+ H
2
N
NH
2
.H
2
SO
4
4Ag + + N
2
|+ 6NH
4
+
+ 2NH
3
+ SO
4
2
ifa4i fn4a : i i ~-i --i t
2Ag
+
+ 2NH
3
+ H
2
O Ag
2
O + + 2NH
4
+
~-i ~ni l-i n ln ti i-i t
Ag
2
O+ + 4NH
3
+ H
2
O 2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
+ 2OH
Example-8 (+ i ln+ +i +il-+ =i i ln- + ~ili+ + =ii nn +- n = (B) l-+n-i t i l+ HCl + =ii
z - i n (fumse) -i-i t l-+il=- n = (B) +i l + - i + =ii nn +- liini -iii ln- vi--
ti-i t iln+ (A) ~+n nn +- -i:i- +i -<i=i- ~i+=i: < -i t N
2
n = -ti < -i t (A) -ii
(B) +i t-il- -ii l-lt- i=il-+ ~lil+i~i + =ni+i lnli(
Solution NH
3
, HCl + =ii z - i n -i-i t ~- (B) n = NH
3
ti =+-i t -ii (A) (+ ~ni l-n ni ti -i -ilt
~in =i +i tn i-- t l+ ~ni l-n +i -i: i:. -iii ln- -ii Zn + =ii NH
3
< -i t -ii ~+ n
nn l+i i-i t - t -<i=i- ~i+=i: (N
2
O) < -i t N
2
-ti < -i t := +i ni. ~ni l-n -i:
ti-i -ilt. ~nil-n -i:i: -ti
NH
4
NO
3
(A) + NaOH

NaNO
3
+ H
2
O + NH
3
| (B) ; NH
3
+ HCl

NH
4
Cl (z - i n )
NaNO
3
+ 8[H]
NaOH Zn
NaOH + 2H
2
O + NH
3
; NH
4
NO
3

N
2
O (-<i=i-) + 2H
2
O
Example-9 (+ ii- (A) -- HNO
3
+ =ii -in- (+ ni (B) -ii (+ -i:i- +i -<i=i- ~i+=i: (C) <-i
t (B) +i ni ln-. i:- + =ii z - ~-i (D) -i-i t i l+ ~ni l-n ti: i +=i: n ln ziin
t (B) +i ni ln- ii i lzin +in ln- + =ii : =ni- nin n +i ~-i (E) < -i t (A)
= (E) -+ +i t-i- +il( -ii :-n l-lt- i=il-+ ~lil+i lnli(
23
CHEMISTRY
Solution (B) +i ln- NaCl (ni) + =ii z - ~-i < -i t i l+ ~nil-n ti: i +=i: n ln ziin t t
(+ l=- ni ti =+-i t ~in t K
2
CrO
4
+ =ii : + =ni- nin ~-i < -i t := +i ii- (A)
l=- ti =+-i t
3Ag (A) + 4HNO
3
3AgNO
3
(B) + NO(C) + 2H
2
O;
AgNO
3
+ NaCl AgCl + (z-) (D) + NaNO
3
AgCl + 2NH
4
OH [Ag(NH
3
)]Cl (lnziin) + 2H
2
O
2AgNO
3
+ K
2
CrO
4
Ag
2
CrO
4
+ (nin: =i nin) (E) + 2KNO
3
Example-10 l--- n = +i-=i ni Pb
2+
~i-i +- ln- + =ii z - ~-i < -i t `
(A) Na
2
CO
3
(B) NaCl (C) Na
2
SO
3
(D) -i +- =ii
Solution Pb
2+
+ CO
3
2
PbCO
3
+ (z-)
Pb
2+
+ 2Cl
PbCl
2
+ (z-)
Pb
2+
+ SO
3
2
PbSO
3
+ (z-)
:=ln(. (D) l+- =ti t
II
nd
ur (Hg
2+
, Pb
2+
, Bi
3+
, Cu
2+
, Cd
2+
, As
3+
, Sb
3+
, Sn
2+
)
II n i-i-i + =-+i:i + ~-i +i in ~ni l-n =-+i: ln- n ln -i + ~iii :-t <i -ni n ni + -
l+i i-i t
IIA: HgS, PbS, CuS, Bi
2
S
3
, =ii +in nl+- CdS ini ti -i t =ii in ~ni l-n =-+i: n ~ln ziin t
IIB : SnS
2
, As
2
S
3
in t Sb
2
S
3
-ini t -ii SnS nti ii t =ii in ~nil-n =-+i: n ln ziin t
24
CHEMISTRY
IIA ur (Hg
2+
, Pb
2+
, Bi
3+
, Cu
2+
, Cd
2+
)
1. +t(II) i4a (Hg
2+
) :
nt4 ir4 H
2
S+ uii +isi : +ini ~-i --i t ~-i . n. nn -- HNO
3
, -iii ti: i +=i: ~ii
nti- ~ni l-n =-+i: n ~ln ziin t
Hg
2+
+ H
2
S
+
H
HgS + + 2H
+
Na
2
S (2M) ~-i +i ln + lnziin =+n -i-i t
HgS + S
2
[HgS
2
]
2
~-ni n ~-i ln ti i-i t
3 HgS + 6 HCl + 2HNO
3
3 HgCl
2
+ 3S
+
+ 2NO | + 4 H
2
O
:- ll-il-i n HgCl
2
~li l- ti -i t ln- +i nn l+i i-i t - =-+ +i z - ~-i i n+ H
2
SO
4
-i-i t
2 HNO
3
+ S + SO
4
2
+ 2 H
+
+ 2NO |
aau niir fn4a : ~- nizii n lnnii i-i t - zin + =ni- z - ~-i --i t
2HgCl
2
+ SnCl
2
SnCl
4
+ Hg
2
Cl
2
+
25
CHEMISTRY
l< ~li+n + ~li+ nizii n lnnii i( -. Hg (I) +ni i:. n+ i + +in ~-i n ~-l- ti i-i t
Hg
2
Cl
2
+ SnCl
2
SnCl
4
+ 2Hg +
siafzi4 i4iir fn4a : iiii lnni- nin ~-i --i t
Hg
2+
+ 2I
HgI
2
+
~-i KI + ~ili+ n ln ti i-i t -ii nti- ln ziin = + n -i-i t
HgI
2
+ I
[HgI
4
]
2
KCN +i : ii -ti < -i t
+is fu, sa ii fu+ : Hg +i +ini ~-i --i t
Hg
2+
+ Cu Hg + + Cu
2+
uif4 ririuir fn4a : +n nizii n lnni- ll-- =na- ini nin ii ~-i --i t. -ii
==ni+ilnl- ~-i- n -i ~-i ini ti i-i t Hg (II) ~i+=i: --i t
Hg
2+
+ 2OH
HgO + + H
2
O
~-i ~li+n + + ~ili+ n ~ln ziin ti -i t l+-- ~-n n -+in ln ti i-i t i l+ Hg (I) -ii Hg (II)
n li < + +in ~i-i t
ifa4i fn4a : ii- -i: + =ii lnl- = i- +i (n+ i (II) ~i+=i:+ n+ i (II) (nii -i: ) z - ~-i
--i t
2 Hg
2+
+ NO
3
+ 4NH
3
+ H
2
O HgO.Hg (NH
2
)NO
3
+ + 3 NH
4
+
+iia (II) ii4iui4aa st+ii : Hg
2+
~i- + ni ln- n ~li+n + lnnii i-i t -ii i-ni +i
+i - +i z = n- t - nt -in n +i l+-ni ~-i --i t
Hg
2+
+ Co
2+
+ 4 SCN
Co
+2
[Hg(SCN)
4
]
2
+
+ii- (II) iii =i- + -ii- , Co(CH
3
COO)
2
-ii NH
4
SCN, Hg
2+
~i-i + ni ln- n lnnii i
=+-i t
2. +is i4a (Cu
2+
) :
nt4 ir4 H
2
S+ uii +isi : +ini ~-i --i t
Cu
2+
+ H
2
S
+
H
CuS + + 2 H
+
~-i nn -- H
2
SO
4
(M) (+ lnn = li <), NaOH n , Na
2
S-ii (NH
4
)
2
Sn ~ln ziin t ~-i nn =i-< HNO
3
n ln ti i-i t
3 CuS + 8HNO
3

3Cu(NO
3
)
2
(-ini) + 2NO + 4H
2
O + 3S
< -+ nn +- S, H
2
SO
4
n ~i+=i+- ti+. Cu(NO
3
)
2
+i --z ln- -i-i t
KCN~-i +i ii n + (+ --z ln- -i-i t
2 CuS + + 8 CN

2 [Cu(CN)
4
]
3
+ S
2
2
(i: =-+i: ~i-)
ifa4i fn4a : +n nizii n lnni- CuSO
4
+ =ii -iii ni +i -ini ~-i --i t (-iii +i =-+ )
2Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2
+ 2 NH
3
+ 2H
2
O Cu(OH)
2
.CuSO
4
+ + 2NH
4
+
t ~li+n + + ~ili+ n i n+ nti -ini n < -i t
Cu(OH)
2
.CuSO
4
+ + 8NH
3
2[Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
+ SO
4
2
+ 2 OH
a fn4a uif4 ririuir + uii : -ini ~-i -i-i t

Cu
2+
+ 2 OH
Cu (OH)
2
+
Cu(OH)
2
+

ek "
CuO+ (nin) + H
2
O
siafzi4 i4iir fn4a : t Cu(I) ~ii i: +i z - ~-i < -i t l+-- ln- -i i i ti i-i t +i l+
i: ~ii i: ~i-i (i ~iii-) +i l-nii ti -i t
2 Cu
2+
+ 5I
Cu
2
I
2
+ + I
3
Na
2
S
2
O
3
ln- ~ili+ n lnnii i-i t - ln- nti- ti i-i t -ii z - ~-i l<iii < -i t
I
3
+ 2 S
2
O
3
2

3I
+ S
4
O
6
2
t ~lil+i +i + ~ii i lnl- l-ii i + ln( niziin+ lzn ii n -i ni t
siafzi4 +iui4air fn4a (siafzi4 ruiui4airi+a (II) ) : Cu
2+
~i- i i-i +n i i i ~-i < - t
2Cu
2+
+ K
4
Fe(CN)
6

Cu
2
[Fe(CN)
6
] + + 4K
+
2 [Fe(CN)
6
]
3
+ 3 Cu
2+

Cu
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
+ (ti)
26
CHEMISTRY
(vi) siafzi4 ui4air :
~- nizii n lnni- tn ini ~-i --i t
Cu
2+
+ 2CN

Cu(CN)
2
+ (ini)
~-i - -- CuCN-ii =i-i - n lil- ti i-i t
2 Cu(CN)
2
+ CuCN + (z-) + (CN)
2
| (t- li nii)
~li+n + + ~li+ n ~-i ln ti + nti- ln ziin = + n +i l-ni i +- t
CuCN + + 3 CN
[Cu(CN)
4
]
3
=+ n :--i -iii t l+ H
2
S ,ii Cu (I) =-+i: ~-i l- -ti ti =+-i t (+ lnn = li--)
siafzi4 ii4iui4aa fn4a : Cu
+2
~i- ln-. i-i n +ini ~-i < -i t i l+ ii ii lil- ti + Cu(I)
iii=i- +i z- ~-i <-i t
Cu
2+
+ 2 SCN
Cu(SCN)
2
+
2 Cu(SCN)
2
+ 2 CuSCN + + (SCN)
2
|
Cu (II) iii =i- . ~li+n + = =-+ i:~i +=i: +i = - -- ln- lnni- - -- Cu(I) iii =i- n
ll- - ti i-i t
2 Cu(SCN)
2
+ + SO
2
+ 2 H
2
O 2 CuSCN + + 2 SCN
+ SO
4
2
+ 4H
+
3. ffi i4a (Bi
3+
) :
nt4 ir4 H
2
S+ uii +isi : +ini ~-i --i t i +i a -- HNO
3
-ii ~ni l-n =-+i: n
ln ziin t
2Bi
3+
+ 3H
2
S
+
H
Bi
2
S
3
+
(+ini) + 6 H
+
Bi
2
S
3
+ 8HNO
3
2Bi (NO
3
)
3
+ 2NO + 3S + 4H
2
O
Bi
2
S
3
+ + 6 HCl (nn =i-<) 2 Bi
3+
+ 6 Cl
+ 3 H
2
S
uif4 ririuir fn4a : ~li+n + + =ii z - ~-i --i t
Bi
3+
+ 3 OH
Bi(OH)
3
+
~li+n + + ~ili+ n a ln- n ~i lzi+ ln ziin t l+-- ~-ni n ln ziin t
Bi(OH)
3
+ + 3H
+
Bi
3+
+ H
2
O
nn +- ~-i n +i l-+il=- ++ iniz - ~-i -i-i t i l+ H

2
O
2
,ii BiO
3
n ~i +=i+ -
ti i-i t
Bi(OH)
3
BiO.OH+ + H
2
O
BiO.OH + H
2
O
2
BiO
3
+ H
+
+ H
2
O
ifa4i fn4a : ll-- = i- +i z - -iii ni --i t ~-nil-- i=il-+ ~lil+i l--- t
Bi
3+
+ NO
3
+ 2 NH
3
+ 2 H
2
O Bi(OH)
2
NO
3
+ + 2 NH
4
+
+iit4 uif4 aaira (uif4 aai ririutiaaa (II)) : iil+ ll-ni +i +ini ~-i i-- ti -i t
Bi
3+
+ 3 OH

Bi(OH)
3
+
2Bi(OH)
3
+ + [Sn(OH)
4
]
2

2Bi + + 3 [Sn(OH)
6
]
2
(OA) (RA)
~li+n + -ii -i ti -i -ilt( -ii i-ii a lln- n l+i i-i -ilt(

n + uii aa +a s : ll-ni nii +i ln- n +i ~li+ nizii lnni- z - ~-i < -i t
Bi
3+
+ NO
3
+ H
2
O

BiO(NO
3
) + + 2H
+
Bi
3+
+ Cl
+ H
2
O

BiOCl + (ll-ni ~i+=i+nii: i ll-nii:n +nii: ) + 2H
+
il- ~-ni n lnziin t l+-- il+ ~-n ((-in-i = lil<-) -ii -iii ti:i+=i: (l- = lil<-) n
~ln ziin t
siafzi4 i4iir: Bi
3+
~i-i +- ln- n ~li+n + < < lnnii i-i t - +ini ~-i --i t
Bi
3+
+ 3I

BiI
3
+
~-i KI + ~ili+ n l n ti + -i ni n +i ln ziin = + n -i-i t
BiI
3
+ I
[BiI
4
]
-- +- ~lil+i li- ti i-i t -ii BiI

3
+i +ini ~-i - --i t
n + =ii nn +- BiI
3
+i +ini ~-i -i ni ti i-i t
BiI
3
+ + H
2
O

BiOI + + 2H
+
+ 2I
27
CHEMISTRY
4. +f4 i4a (Cd
2+
) :
nt4 ir4 H
2
S+ uii +is : ini ~-i --i t i l+ nn -- HNO
3
n ln ti i-i t
Cd
2+
+ H
2
S
+
H
CdS + + 2H
+
CdS + 8HNO
3

3Cd (NO
3
)
2
+ 4H
2
O + 2NO + 3S
~-i KCNn ln -ti t

ifa4i fn4a (<< ++ fnia s) : ~ni l-n ti: i +=i: tn Cd(OH)
2
+i z - ~-i < -i t i l+
~li+n + + ~ili+ n ln ti +. ln ziin = + n -i-i t
Cd
2+
+ 2 NH
3
+ 2 H
2
O Cd(OH)
2
+ + 2 NH
4
+
Cd(OH)
2
+ + 4 NH
3

[Cd(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
+ 2 OH
siafzi4 ui4air : i-i n Cd(CN)

2
+i z - ~-i --i t i ~li+n + + ~ili+ n ln ti +. ln ziin
=+n -i-i t
Cd
2+
+ 2 CN

Cd(CN)
2
+
Cd(CN)
2
+ + 2 CN

[Cd(CN)
4
]
2
nti- ln ziin = + n ~li+ -iii -ti ti - t := +i t H
2
S= ~lil+i + CdS+i ini ~-i -i- t
[Cd(CN)
4
]
2
+ H
2
S

CdS + + 2 H
+
+ 4 CN
KI +i : ~-i -ti -i-i t (+i = li <)

uif4 ririuir fn4a : z - ~-i i-- ti -i t i +i =i ln ti: i +=i: + ~ili+ n ln -ti ti -i
t
Cd
2+
(aq) +2NaOH (aq)

Cd(OH)
2
+ + 2Na
+
5. n i4a (Pb
2+
) :
nt4 ir4 H
2
S+ uii +is : +ini ~-i i-- ti -i t i +i nn -- HNO
3
n ln ziin t
Pb
2+
+ H
2
S

PbS + (+ini) + 2H
+
3PbS + 8HNO
3

3Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O + 3S
-- H
2
SO
4
: z- ~-i --i t i l+ ~nil-n (=i n n lnziin t
Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
SO
4

PbSO
4
+ (z-) + 2HNO
3
PbSO
4
+ 2CH
3
COONH
4

(CH
3
COO)
2
Pb + (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
siafzi4 i4iir fn4a : ini ~-i --i t i l+ =i-< ~li+n + (6M) ln- n ln ziin t PbI
2
+i
ini ~-i -n- t ( n n nn = ln ti + nti- ln- < -i t
(CH
3
COO)
2
Pb + 2KI

2CH
3
COOK + PbI
2
+ (ini)
siafzi4 ir+ia : ini ~-i --i t
(CH
3
COO)
2
Pb + K
2
CrO
4

2CH
3
COOK + PbCrO
4
+ (ini)
28
CHEMISTRY
IIB ur (As
3+
, Sb
3+
, Sn
2+
, Sn
4+
)
1. iufa+ i4a (As
3+
) :
nt4 ir4 H
2
S + uii +isi : ini ~-i --i t i l+ nn =i-< -i:l + ~-n. =i ln ti: i +=i:
ln- -ii in ~nil-n =-+i: ln- n ln ziin t
2As
3+
+ 3H
2
S
+
H
As
2
S
3
+ + 6H
+
3 As
2
S
3
+ + 28 HNO
3
+ 4 H
2
O 6 AsO
4
3
+ 9 SO
4
2
+ 36 H
+
+ 28 NO |
6 As
2
S
3
+ + 6 OH
AsO
3
3
+ AsS
3
3
+ 3 H
2
O
As
2
S
3
+ +4 S
2
2
2 AsS
4
3
+ S
3
2
fu airaa st+ii : -<i=i- ln- n AsO
3
3
~i-i + =ii l=- ~i=i - +i ini ~-i --i t
AsO
3
3
+ 3 Ag
+
Ag
3
AsO
3
+
AsO
4
3
+ 3 Ag Ag
3
AsO
4
+ (iinin)
~-i ~ni l-i -ii -i:l + ~-n <i-i n ln ziin t
afzi4i fi : -<i=i- i ~ni l-in ln- = n -ilzin ~nil-n ~il=- Mg(NH
4
) AsO
4
.6 H
2
O+i z-
l+-ni ~-i i-- ti-i t (=il+ ~-n +i +z -<i +- l=- -i: ln- lnni- z- ~-i. nin
l=-~il=- +i l-nii +-i t (+i-+ = li <)
H
3
AsO
4
+ MgSO
4
+ 3NH
4
OH Mg(NH
4
)AsO
4
+ + (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 3H
2
O
MgNH
4
AsO
4
+ + 3 Ag
+
Ag
3
AsO
4
+ + Mg
2+
+ NH
4
+
izi st+ii : t i-ii := - ~iiil- t l+ ~i= l-+ + =ii ln ziin i ln+ ~-n ln- n -i-
ti: i - + =ii ~i=i - (AsH
3
), i +i (+ nti- ~li+ lii+-. nt= - =i n i ini n = t . n ~-l- ti i-
t
l< n = +i ti: i - + =ii lnni+ nn +i - +i -ln+i n = ilt- l+i i-i t - t lil- ti + ti: i -
-ii iil+ ~i= l-+ n <n i-i t . i l+ i +in < i + n -ln+i + nn iin = < ni (l--i l-) ti i-i
t
Zn + H
2
SO
4
ZnSO
4
+ 2 [H] ; AsCl
3
+ 3 [H] AsH
3
| + 3 [Cl]
AsO
4
3
+ 4 Zn + 11 H
+
AsH
3
| + 4 Zn
2+
+ 4H
2
O ; AsH
3
|
ek "
As + + 3/2 H
2
|
ifa4 ifn-a st+ii : HNO
3
+ ~ili+ + =ii AsO
4
3
~i- +- ln- +i ~li+n + + =ii -in-
ini l+-ni ~-i < -i t
H
3
AsO
4
+ 12(NH
4
)
2
MoO
4
+ 21HNO
3
(NH
4
)
3
AsO
4
. 12MoO
3
+ + 21NH
4
NO
3
+ 12H
2
O
i AsO
4
3
+ 12MoO
4
2
+ 3NH
4
+
+ 24H
+
(NH
4
)
3
AsMo
12
O
40
+ + 12H
2
O.
2. y-atat i4a (Sb
3+
) :
nt4 ir4 H
2
S+ uii +isi : nn ~-ni ln- n -i ni nin ~-i -i-i t
Sb
3+
+ 3H
2
S
+
H
Sb
2
S
3
+ (-ini) + 6 H
+
~-i nn =i-< HCl n . -iii ti: i +=i: n . ~ni l-n i ni=-+i: n ln ziin t
Sb
2
S
3
+ + 6 HCl 2 Sb
3+
+ 6 Cl
+3 H
2
S |
Sb
2
S
3
+ + 4 S
2
2
2 SbS
4
3
+ S
3
2
Sb
2
S
3
+ + 4 OH
SbO
2
+ 3 SbS
2
+ 2 H
2
O
29
CHEMISTRY
n + uii aa+i : ln ziin SbCl
3
+ ln- n n lnnii i-i t - (-ini l-n +ni i: (SbOCl)
+i z - ~-i i-- ti -i t i +i HCl n ln ziin t . -ii n + ~ili+ + =ii ni l- ~i+=i: Sb
2
O
3
.xH
2
O
vi-- ti -i t
SbCl
3
+ H
2
O SbOCl + 2 HCl
SbO
+
Cl
i l+ ~-n n ln ziin t n l+- BiO

+
Cl
i l+ ~-n n ~ln ziin t

uif4 ririuir fn4a ii ifa4i fn4a : ni l- (-in-i(III) ~i+=i: Sb
2
O
3
.xH
2
O+i z -
~-i =i-< (5M) -iii +il-+ ln- n ln ti+ (-ini -i: -i-i t
2 Sb
3+
+ 6 OH
Sb
2
O
3
+ + 3 H
2
O ; Sb
2
O
3
+ 2 OH
2 SbO
2
+ H
2
O
siafzi4 i4iir fn4a : = + n ni + l-ni i + +ii ini n vi-- ti -i t
Sb
3+
+ 6 I
[SbI
6
]
3
f+ 4i faa + uii s4a : Sb
3+
~i-. ii- +i +ini ~-i < - t
2 Sb
3+
+ 3 Zn 2 Sb + + 3 Zn
2+
; 2 Sb
3+
+ 3 Sn 2 Sb + + 3 Sn
2+
3. faa (II) i4a (Sn
2+
) aii faa (IV) i4a (Sn
4+
) :
nt4 ir4 H
2
S+ uii +is :
Sn
2+
+i i i ~-i vi-- ti -i t i l+ =i < HCl -ii in ~ni l-n =-+i: n i n+ iii - - -i-i t l+-- nti-
~ni l-n =-+i: n ln -ti ti -i t
Sn
+2
+ H
2
S SnS + (ii) ; SnS + + S
2
2
SnS
3
2
(iii=i-)
Sn
+4
+ 2H
2
S

SnS
2
+ (ini) + 4 H
+
~-i . =i-< HCl n (As
3+
-ii Hg
2+
= li--), -iii ti:i +=i: n . ~ni l-n =-+i: -ii. in ~nil-n =-+i:
n ln ziin t
uif4 ririuir fn4a : Sn(OH)
2
+i z - ~-i --i t i l+ ~li+n + + ~ili+ n ln ziin t
Sn
2+
+ 2OH
Sn(OH)
2
+ ; Sn(OH)
2
+ + OH
[Sn(OH)
4
]
2
~ni l-i ln- + =ii. l- (II) ti: i +=i: +i z - ~-i --i t i l+ ~ni l-i + ~ili+ n ln -ti
ti -i t
i4a i ii f+ i + zii afa+ niir +i aau niir s4a ri iai r :
SnCl
4
+ Zn SnCl
2
+ ZnCl
2
4f+ niir fn4a :
SnCl
2
+ 2HgCl
2
Hg
2
Cl
2
+ (-n+ini z-) + SnCl
4
SnCl
2
+ Hg
2
Cl
2
2Hg + (+ini i =ni) + SnCl
4
4ri s HNO
3
as4i n art ni4i iai r + 4i f+ 4r y+ i ut+i+ r aii fn4a 4r H
2
S+i u+
faa fif+4i + aui iut+a + <ai r+
H
2
S + [O]

H
2
O + S + (ini)
Example-11 ni 'A', + ni ln- +i NaOHln- n lnni+ nn +- t -i (+ +ini ~-i --i t +in
~-i +i zi-- t ~i =i-< HNO
3
n nn ++ lnni- t liini ln- i lzin +i=i-i: ln-
+ =ii -i +n i n +i ~-i < -i t +in ~-i +i zi-- + i< i-- zl-- +i Zn -ii NaOH+ =ii
nn +- -i-i n i ini n = l-+n-i t liini ln- i i n i-ii (z-ni i-ii) ii < -i t zl--
+i H
2
SO
4
+i -l-il- n li + =ii nn +- t -i N
2
n = n +- -ti ti -i t ni 'A' n -l-i-
i-i- +ii- +i t-il-
Solution Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ NaOH Cu(OH)
2
+ (-ini) + 2NaNO
3
Cu(OH)
2
+
A
CuO+ (+ini) + H
2
O
4Zn + NaNO
3
+ 7NaOH 4Na
2
ZnO
2
+ 2H
2
O+ NH
3
| (-i-i n i ini -iii n =)
CuO+ 2HNO
3

A
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
2Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] Cu
2
[Fe(CN)
6
] + (-i+n i i i) + 4KNO
3
30
CHEMISTRY
Example-12 l--- n = =ti +i-i +i -- +il(
(A) Bi
3+
~i-. KI + =ii +ini ~-i < -i t i l+ KI + ~ili+ n ln ti + -i ni n +i ln- -i-i t
(B) Cd
2+
+ +ni i: NaOH+ ~ili+ n ~ln ziin t n l+- ni ~ni l-i + ~ili+ n ln ziin t
(C) n=-+. ~nil-n (=i ln- n lnziin t
(D) Co
2+
, KNO
2
-ii CH
3
COOH+ =ii t n +i ln- -i-i t
(E) + l+ (=i +i nin n +i ln-. nin i i ai = ~-i < -i t := n + =ii -- ++ -ini
i-i t
Solution (A) Bi
3+
+ 3KI

BiI
3
+
(+ini) + 3K
+
; KI + BiI
3

K [BiI
4
] (-ini)
(B) CdCl
2
+ 2NaOH

Cd(OH)
2
(z -) + 2NaCl; Cd(OH)
2
(z -) + NaOH

+i : ~lil+i -ti
CdCl
2
+ 2NH
4
OH

Cd(OH)
2
(z-) + 2NH
4
Cl
Cd(OH)
2
+ 4NH
4
OH

[Cd(NH
3
)
4
] (OH)
2
(lnziin ) + 4H
2
O
(C) PbSO
4
+ 2CH
3
COONH
4

(CH
3
COO)
2
Pb (lnziin ) + (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(D) CoCl
2
+ 7KNO
2
+ 2CH
3
COOH

K
3
[Co(NO
2
)
6
] (ini) + 2KCl + 2CH
3
COOK + NO + H
2
O
(E) Fe (CH
3
COO)
3
+ 2H
2
O

mckyuk
Fe (CH
3
COO) (OH)
2
(nin ii) + 2 CH
3
COOH
:= +i, A, B, C -ii E =ti +i- t
Example-13 +ia : ni ln- n HgCl
2
-ii SnCl
2
; Hg
2+
-ii Sn
2+
~i- + n t- t
+ii : SnCl
2
(+ n ~i+=i+i+ +i -t +i +-i t
(A) l< <i -i +i- -ii +ii = t -ii +ii. +i- +i =ti ii +-i t
(B) l< <i -i +ii -ii +i- = t -- +ii +i- +i =ti ii -ti +-i
(C) l< +i- = t -ii +ii ~= t
(D) l< +i- ~= t -- +ii = t (E) l< +i- -ii +ii <i -i ~= t
Solution Sn
II
Cl
2
(~ili+) + Hg
II
Cl
2

Hg
0
+ (+ini) + Sn
IV
Cl
4
SnCl
2
-ii HgCl
2
(+< = + =ii ni ln- n -ti t =+- +i l+ SnCl
2
(+ n ~-i+ +i -t
+i +-i t +i l+ Sn ~l+ n ii <zii -i t :=ln(, (E) l+- =ti t
31
CHEMISTRY
III
rd
ur (Al
3+
, Cr
3+
, Fe
3+
)
l< Fe
2+
~i- -l-i- ti- t. -i =i< HNO
3
lnni+ Fe
2+
+i Fe
3+
n ~i+=i+- +- t
NH
4
Cl ai = ~ili+ n lnni-i -ilt(. ~-ii i-i- = Zn, Mn, Mg ~-i l- ti =+- t NH
4
Cl +i ~i
~li+ nizii n -ti n -i -ilt( ~-ii Cr ~-i l- -ti ti -i -ii Al, +i ni:i ln- -i-i t
1. y4ffa4 i4a (Al
3+
) :
NH
4
Cl f+ asfifa NH
4
OH+ uii +isi : z - ni =ni- ~-i i-- ti -i t i l+ ~li+n + + ~ili+
n t-+i =i ln ziin t ~ni l-n ni +i -l-il- n ln -i n +ni ~i-i t ~-i +i ii i =i iin +i ni:i ln-
= +ini:i Al(OH)
3
((- lnl-n ti: i +=i: =i n) n ll- - ti i-i t ln- +i -in- =i n -+l-<- ti
i-i t i ln ziin ni lnni- Al(OH)
3
+i ~-i i-- ti -i t l= Al(OH)
3
n +t- t i ~-i i + ln(
~ni l-i ln- +i ~ili+ n lnni- t -ii ln- +i - -+ nn +- t -+ +i NH
3
+i n < n i -ti ~i-
nn-i t
Al
3+
+ 3NH
4
OH
Cl NH
4
Al(OH)
3
+ + 3NH
4
+
uif4 ririuir fn4a : Al
+3
~i-i +- ln- ~li+n + + =ii z - ~-i < -i t
Al
3+
+ 3OH
Al(OH)
3
+
z - ~-i =i ln ti: i +=i: + ~ili+ n l--- ~lil+i + ~- =i ln ti i-i t
Al(OH)
3
+ OH
[Al(OH)
4
]
32
CHEMISTRY
~lil+i -+nii t -ii +i : ii ~li+n + i l+ OH
~i- =i-< -i +i i -- nizii n +n + < -i t . -=+i lnni-

= ~lil+i (- lnl-n ti: i +=i: + ~-i + =ii <i = i ~i =--- ti -i t := NH
4
Cl + ln- +i lnni+
+n l+i i =+-i t (OH
~i- +i =i-< -i < n -ii ~ni l-i + l-ni i + +ii +n ti i-i t i l+ nn +-

~ni l-i n = + n l-+n i-i t ) ~ii ~-n +i lnni+ iii -ii i =+-i t < =i ll-il- n ~-n
+ ~ili+ +i lnni- ~-i l- ti: i +=i: - ln ti i-i t
[Al(OH)
4
]
+ NH
4
+
Al(OH)
3
+ + NH
3
| + H
2
O
[Al(OH)
4
]
+ H
+
Al(OH)
3
+ + H
2
O
Al(OH)
3
+ 3H
+
(~ili+) Al
3+
+ 3 H
2
O
n+ st+ii :
AlCl
3
+ 3NH
4
OH Al(OH)
3
(z-) + 3 NH
4
Cl
(- lnl-n ti: i+=i: + ~-i i +i -in lnn= +i -l-il- n i l+i i-i t i--l+ ln- nin l<ii:
< -i t . =n t ~-i +i HCl n ii n- t := +i -ini lnn= ~-ni nin n nin ti i-i t NH
4
OH+i
~li+ nizii lnni- Al(OH)
3
- ~-i l- ti -i t . i lnn= ~lizii li- ti i-i t :=+i + l- - - ini ti -i
t + z =n i< nti- --z ln- n (+ -ini ai = <ii --i t ~i l<ii: < -i t . +i l+ ln- n = =- i n
~lizii li- ti i-i t
uif4 yutaa fn4a : a ln- -<i=i- ln- n +i: ~-i vi-- -ti ti-i t nl+- ~li+n+ +
~ili+ n nn +- -iii (- lnl-n (=i +i ~-i i-- ti -i t
Al
3+
+ 3 CH
3
COO
+ 2 H
2
O Al(OH)
2
CH
3
COO+ (z- -iii ni) + CH
3
COOH
ir uif4 riria +i+a fn4a : z - ni =ni- ~-i i-- ti -i t
Al
3+
+ HPO
4
2
AlPO
4
+ + H
+
~lil+i -+nii t ~-i n ~-ni n ln i i-i t l ~-i (l=i+ ~-n n ~ln ziin t (-iii
n <i ii- ~i + +i-+ = li-- i l+ ln ziin t ) ~-i =i ln ti: i+=i: n ii ln ziin ti =+-i t
zi+ st+ii : (- lnl-n i ln+i +i =i ln +ii - + =ii -i+i n nn l+i i-i t - z - ~nn-i
ai = i-- ti -i t i l+ nn ~-ii n -n+-i t l< ~zi i +i + z nizii n +i i- -i: + =ii lini i i-i t
-ii - nn l+i i-i t - -in n +i ~nn-i < ni- i-- ti-i t
2 Al
2
O
3
+ 2 Co
2+
+ 4 NO
3
2 CoAl
2
O
4
+ 4NO
2
| + O
2
|
+i i- -i: +i ~ili+ n -i n -ti +-i -ilt( +i l+ t ni- +ini +i i- ~i+=i: (Co
3
O
4
) -i-i
t i l+ -in n n <n-i t
2. i4a i4a (Fe
3+
) :
NH
4
Cl f+ asfifa NH
4
OH+ uii +isi : ni =ni- nin i i ~-i --i t i l+ ~li+n + + ~ili+
n ~ln ziin t n l+- ~-ni n ln ziin t
Fe
3+
+ 3NH
4
OH
Cl NH
4
Fe(OH)
3
+ + 3NH
4
+
~ni l-i ln- + =ii ~i- (II) ti: i +=i: +i ~-i i-- ti -i t l< NH
+4
~i- ~li+ nizii n -l-i-
ti - NH
4
OH+i li - +n ti i-i t -ii OH
~i- =i-< -i +n ti i-i t := +i ~i- (II)

ti: i+=i: Fe(OH)
2
+i ln -i n i-+n vi-- -ti ti -i t -ii ~-i i -ti ti -i t
~i- (III) ti:i+=i: +i Ksp t- +n t (3.8 10
38
) ~- :=+i i ~-ii ~nil-n nii +i
-l-il- n ii ti i-i t
Fe(OH)
3

ek "
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3 H
2
O
-- ~-ni n ~i+=i: +la-i: = i n- t n l+- =i< HCl + =ii -i -in- ln ti i-i t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6 H
+

2 Fe
3+
+ 3 H
2
O
uif4 ririuir fn4a : nin i i ~-i i-- ti -i t i l+ ~li+n + + ~ili+ n ~ln ziin t (Al
+3
-ii Cr
+3
= li <).
Fe
3+
+ 3OH

Fe(OH)
3
+
33
CHEMISTRY
nt4 fn4a H
2
S nu : Fe
3+
,Fe
2+
n ~-l- ti i-i t
2 Fe
3+
+ H
2
S

2 Fe
2+
+ 2H
+
+ S + (<lii z-)
l< -<i=i- FeCl
3
ln- +i -ii - H
2
S ln- n lnnii i-i t - tn -ini n i-- ti -i t l+ =-+
+i ~-i i-- ti-i t =-+ + +i ni:i ln- + +ii -ini n l<iii < -i t
t ~lil+i H
2
Sln- + i-ii + ln( ii +i i-i t
ifa4 u+ir fn4a : Fe(II) =-+i: -ii =-+ +- +ini ~- i --i t
2 Fe
3+
+ 3 S
2

2 FeS + S +
HCl n Fe(II) =-+i: +ini ~-i ln ti i-i t -ii =-+ +i z - ~-i l<ii: < -i t
FeS + + 2H
+

H
2
S | + Fe
2+
Fe(II) =-+i: ~-i +i i n i ni i- t ii ii ~i+=i+ - ti + i i ~i- ti: i +=i: +n nizii
n -i-i t
4 FeS + + 6 H
2
O + 3 O
2

4 Fe(OH)
3
+ + 4S +
~ni l-n =-+i: + -iii ln- = Fe (II) =-+i: +i +ini ~-i lnn-i t
2 Fe
3+
+ 3S
2
Fe
2
S
3
+
HCl + =ii ~-ni+ - +- Fe (III) ~i- Fe(II) ~i-i n ~-l- ti i- t -ii =-+ --i t
Fe
2
S
3
+ + 4H
+
2 Fe
2+
+ 2 H
2
S | + S +
siafzi4 +iui4air st+ii (siafzi4 ruiui4airi +a(II) ) : ~i- (III) t +=i=i-i:i + . +i nt
-in n +i ( lzi- n ) ~-i i-- ti -i t
4Fe
3+
+ 3 [Fe(CN)
6
]
4

Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
+
t -- ~-ni n ~ln ziin t -- =i-< HCl n li l- ti i-i t -ini ln- i-- ti -i t - ~li+n +
+ ~ili+ n ~-i i i ~i lzi+ ln ti i-i t =i ln ti: i +=i: + =ii ~-i nin ti i-i t
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
+ + 12 OH

Fe(OH)
3
+ + 3[Fe(CN)
6
]
4
~i+= ln+ ~-n ii lzi- n (prussian blue) +i ln + -in n +i ln- -i-i t
4 f-< :
l< ~i- (III) +ni i: ln- +i i lzin t +=i=i-i:i + (II) n . ~li+ nizii n lnnii i-i t -i (+ -i<
K Fe[Fe(CN)
6
] i-- ti -i t t (+ +i ni:n ln- t l= zi-i -ti i =+-i t ( t ln ziin " zi- n ") t
ilzin +l=i-i: (ilzin t+=i=i-i:i+ (III)) : i n +i ln- --i t
Fe
3+
+ [Fe(CN)
6
]
3

Fe[Fe(CN)
6
]
ti: i- i+=i: ~ii + z nizii n l-(II) +ni i: ln- lnni- iln+ +i t+=i=i-i:i + (II)
iin ~-l- ti i-i t -ii lzi- n ~-i l- ti i-i t
Fe
2+
i lzin + i=i-i: + =ii nti -ini ~-i < - t tn t +=i=i-i:i+ (III) ~i- ~i- (II)
+i ~i-(III) n ~i+=i+- + <-i t -ii t +=i=i-i:i+ (II) --i t
Fe
2+
+ [Fe(CN)
6
]
3

Fe
3+
+ [Fe(CN)
6
]
4
-ii t ~i- =il- ti + ~-i -i- t l= - n +t- t
4 Fe
3+
+ 3 [Fe(CN)
6
]
4

Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
aia : := i ln+ +i = i- vlzi- n + =ni- t tn l<i ni = i- Fe
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
t . ~- li-- -in l<i ni t
3Fe
2+
+ 2K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] Fe
3
[Fe (CN)
6
]
2
(+= +l+ =i-i:) + 6K
+
-n n
34
CHEMISTRY
~ni l-+n ln- n Fe(II), DMG + =ii nin n < -i t i l+ + z =n -+ i- ~i- (II) = + n
+ ~i+=i+i + +ii n t-+i ti i-i t Fe(III) := +i +i = +n -ti -i-i t
i +i ~- l-il- n Fe(II) ~i- i lzin t +=i=i-i:i + (II) + =ii z - ~-i -i- t
Fe
2+
+ 2K
+
+ [Fe(CN)
6
]
4

K
2
Fe [Fe(CN)
6
] +
=ini- i-iii ll-il- n t-+i -ini ~-i -i-i t
siafzi4 ii4iui4aa (siafzi4 u+iui4air) : t-+ = ~-ni nin n ~lil- ~i- (III) iii=i-
= + n l-nii + +ii nti nin n vi-- ti-i t
Fe
3+
+ 3 SCN
Fe(SCN)
3
-<i=i- ~i :i ~ii (ni:n (-+i tin ,ii l-+li- l+i i =+-i t
zi z Fe(II) + =ii +i : n i-- -ti ti -i t
+nii: -ii Hg(II) ~i- nin n +i l l- + <- t
Fe(SCN)
3
+ 6F
[FeF
6
]
3
+ 3 SCN
2 Fe(SCN)
3
+ 3Hg
2+
2 Fe
3+
+ 3 Hg (SCN)
2
uif4 yutaa fn4a : [Fe
3
(OH)
2
(CH
3
COO)
6
]
+
+ l-ni i + +ii nin i i n i-- ti -i t ~lil+i i ti
i-i t l< vn ~-n --i t l= ~li+n + + ~ili+ ,ii i+ l+i i =+-i t -ii t + + =niti
+-i t
3 Fe
3+
+ 6 CH
3
COOH + 2 H
2
O [Fe
3
(OH)
2
(CH
3
COO)
6
]
+
+ 2H
+
t nin i n +i ln- n + =ii -- +- -ii -in- -iii + l+ (=i +i nin i i ~-i --i t
[Fe
3
(OH)
2
(CH
3
COO)
6
]
+
+ 4 H
2
O 3 Fe(OH)
2
CH
3
COO+ + 3 CH
3
COOH+ H
+
(=i ~i- +i ~ili+ + + =niti +-i t -ii ~lil+i i ti i-i t
ir uif4 riria +i+a fn4a : iniz - ~-i i-- ti -i t
Fe
3+
+ HPO
4
2
FePO
4
+ + H
+
~lil+i -+nii t +i l+ n ~-n --i t i l+ ~-i +i ln +-i t + z nizii n =i ln (=i lnni-
t l<iii < - nn-i t -ii ln- + + =niti +-i t
3. +if4 i4a (Cr
3+
) :
NH
4
Cl +t asfifa NH
4
OH+ uii +isi : -n iti ni =ni- ~-i i-- ti -i t
Cr
3+
+ 3 NH
3
+ 3 H
2
O Cr(OH)
3
+ + 3 NH
4
+
~-i a n ~li+n + + ~ili+ n t-+i =i i n+ ln ti + n-i n +i ln- -i-i t
ln- +i -in- +ilnn ti: i+=i: - ~-il- ti i-i t
Cr(OH)
3
+ + 6 NH
3
[Cr(NH
3
)
6
]
3+
+ 3OH
uif4 ririuir fn4a : ti ~-i --i t

Cr
3+
+ 3 OH
Cr(OH)
3
+
~lil+i -+nii t ~-n lnni- ~-i ln ti i-i t ~li+n + + ~ili+ n ~-i -i -i = ln ti +
+i ni: +i t n +i ln- -i-i t ~lil+i -+nii t t-+i =i ~-ni+ - +- -ii nn +- ii +i lnn
(II) ti: i +=i: +i ti ~-i i-- ti -i t
Cr(OH)
3
+ OH
[Cr(OH)
4
]
Cr(OH)
4
+ -iii ln- n H
2
O
2
+i lnni- ini ln- i-- ti -i t
2 [Cr(OH)
4
]
+ 3 H
2
O
2
+ 2 OH
2 CrO
4
2
+ 8 H
2
O
Cr(OH)
3
+ t ~-i +i l--- n = l+=i ii lli ,ii ln l+i i =+-i t
(A) nn- lni (Na
2
CO
3
+ KNO
3
) + =ii =nn- +-
2 Cr(OH)
3
+ 2Na
2
CO
3
+ 3 KNO
3
2 Na
2
CrO
4
+ 3 KNO
2
+ 2 CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O
nln- <ni- +i n + =ii l-+li- +- Na
2
CrO
4
+i ini ln- --i t
35
CHEMISTRY
(B) 2 Cr(OH)
3
+ 3 Na
2
O
2
2Na
2
CrO
4
+ 2NaOH + H
2
O
(C) ~-i +i ini- n -ii NaOH+ =ii nn +-
2NaOH + Br
2
NaOBr + NaBr + H
2
O ; NaOBr NaBr + [O]
2Cr(OH)
3
+ 4NaOH + 3[O] 2Na
2
CrO
4
+ 5H
2
O.
Na
2
CrO
4
+i ini ln-. n ( =i . ln +ni i: -ii l=- -i: ln-i + =ii l--- ~lil+i( < -i t
(a) n yutaa fn4a : ini ~-i --i t
CrO
4
2
+ Pb
2+

OOH CH
3
PbCrO
4
+
(b) f4 niir fn4a : ln +i n + l-ni i + +ii ini ~-i --i t i l+ (=il+ ~-n n ~ln ziin
t
CrO
4
2
+ Ba
2+
BaCrO
4
+
(c) fu airaa fn4a : l=- +i n + l-ni i + +ii nin/: =i nin n +i ~-i --i t i l+ ~ni l-i
ln- n lnziin t -ii :=+i ~-ni+- ln- i: +in -- + +ii -ini ln- n <n i-i t
Na
2
CrO
4
+ 2AgNO
3
Ag
2
CrO
4
+ (: =ni- nin) + 2NaNO
3
nt4 H
2
O
2
st+ii : -- H
2
SO
4
+ =ii ~-ni+ - +- -ii + z < : i ~ii (ni:n (-+i tin +i lnni-
-ii ~-- + z nizii n H
2
O
2
lnni- -ini n --i t i i- + ltni- +i l-+ - n i+ ti i-i t
Na
2
CrO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
CrO
4
; H
2
CrO
4
+ 2H
2
O
2

alcohol Amyl
CrO
5
(-ini n) + H
2
O
O
2
+ l-+i=- + =ii +i ln+ ~-n (+i lnn ~i+=i:) + li- + +ii -ini n ii ii t-+i ti i-i t
4CrO
5
+ 6H
2
SO
4
2Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 7O
2
+ 6H
2
O
1,5irf+airn +iir st+ii : -- il- ~-n ln- +i -l-il- n ~li+n + +i n + =ii ln ziin n-i
n < -i t ~lil+i + <i i-. +i n . +i lnn(III) n ~-l- ti i-i t -ii i: l+-i:n+i i - --i t t ~lil+i
-i<. ~lini-ili+ n in = + n -i< n ll- - ti i-i t
f+aaiinta st+ii ti ~-i -- HCl (+n nizii) n ln ti + ~li+n + + =ii nin n < -i t
Example-14 (+ +in n +i i ln+ (A) -- H
2
SO
4
= ~li+ - ti + n = (B) -ii in n +i ln- < -i t n = (B) +i
(+ ~-n ln- (C) n = ilt- +- iniz - n<ni- (turbidity) (D) vi-- ti -i t (B) n=. (E)
i ln+ + ~-ni ln- + =ii. -- HNO
3
n ln ziin ~-i (F) < -i t := ln- +i -in+ NH
4
OH
+ ~ili+ +i lnnii i-i t - -in n +i i ln+ (G) --i t := ln- n (=il+ ~-n -ii ni
i lzin +i =i:-i: lnni- -i +n i ~-i (H) i-- ti-i t (E) + ni ln- n BaCl
2
+i ni
ln- lnni- HNO
3
n ~ln ziin z - ~-i i-- ti-i t i +i -l-il- n in n +i ln-
~ni l-n ti: i +=i: + =ii l+i + nin ii ~-i < -i t (A) = (H) -+ i ln+i +i t-i-i `
36
CHEMISTRY
Solution FeS (A) + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2
S (B)
HNO
3
(C) NO
2
+ H
2
O + O ; H
2
S + O H
2
O + S + (D)
CuSO
4
(E) + H
2
S CuS + (F) + H
2
SO
4
Cu
2+
+ 4NH
3
[Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
+2
(G)
2Cu
2+
+ K
4
Fe(CN)
6

Cu
2
[Fe(CN)
6
] + (H) + 4K
+
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2

BaSO
4
+ (z-)
Fe
2+
+ 2H
+
+ O

Fe
3+
+ H
2
O
Fe
3+
+ 3NH
3
+ 3H
2
O

Fe(OH)
3
+ (nin ii) + 3NH
4
+
~-, (A) = FeS ; (B) = H
2
S ; (C) = HNO
3
; (D) = S ; (E) = CuSO
4
; (F) = CuS ; (G) [Cu(NH
3
)
4
](NO
3
)
2
;
(H) Cu
2
[Fe(CN)
6
]
Example-15 ii-i (Thenard's) n t
(A) CoAl
2
O
4
(B) Fe
4
(Fe(CN)
6
)
3
(C) Fe
2
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
(D) [Ni(NH
3
)
6
](OH)
2
Solution CoO +Al
2
O
3
CoO . Al
2
O
3
(ii-i -ini i +iini (-ln-)
t +ii- -i: i-ii t
:= +i, (A) l+- =ti t
37
CHEMISTRY
IV
th
ur (Zn
2+
, Mn
2+
, Ni
2+
, CO
2+
) :
1. at i4a (Mn
2+
) :
NH
4
OH+ NH
4
Cl +t asfifa H
2
S+ uii s+isi + n (t-+i n nii) ~-i i-- ti ni
Mn
2+
+ S
2
MnS +
t il- ~-ni n -i -i = ln ziin t (t Ni -ii Co = li l<- t ) -ii (=il+ ~-n n ii ln ziin t (CO
-ii Ni, Zn = li < t )
MnS + + 2H
+
Mn
2+
+ H
2
S| ; MnS + + 2 CH
3
COOH Mn
2+
+ H
2
S | + 2 CH
3
COO
ifa4i fn4a : n -i(II) ti: i+=i: +i z - ~-i i-- ti -i t

Mn
2+
+ 2 NH
3
+ 2H
2
O Mn(OH)
2
+ + 2 NH
4
+
~-i ~ni l-n ni n ln ziin t ~lil+i i i ~i -n-i t
uif4 ririuir fn4a : i-i n Mn(OH)
2
+i z - ~-i --i t i l+ ~li+n + + ~ili+ n ~ln ziin
t -ii i n i- -i -i = ~i +=i+ - ti -i t i i ti i-i t
Mn
2+
+ 2 OH
Mn(OH)
2
+
Mn(OH)
2
+ + O
2
2 MnO(OH)
2
+ (nil- n-i ~i+=i:)
=i ln ti: i +=i: -ii ini- n + =ii i-i n z - ~-i --i t i l+ MnO
2
+ l-ni i + +ii - --
+in n n ll- - ti i-i t
Mn(OH)
2
+ + Br
2
+ 2NaOH MnO
2
+ (+ini) + 2NaBr + 2H
2
O
Mn(OH)
2
+ + H
2
O
2
MnO(OH)
2
+ (i i) + H
2
O
38
CHEMISTRY
n iriuir (PbO
2
) aii ui-< airat+ n : n -i(II) ~i- + -- ln- +i n i:~i +=i: -ii + z
=i-< -i:l+ ~-n + =ii nn +- -ii ~-~li+- n i:~i+=i: (ai=) + =ii i- ~l-l+- <
(supernatant liquid) (n-i+ ~-n + +ii) n-i nin n <-i t
5 PbO
2
+ 2 Mn
2+
+ 4H
+
2 MnO
4
+ 5Pb
2+
+ 2 H
2
O
uif4 ffia fn4a (NaBiO
3
) : =iln ll-ni (NaBiO
3
) +i n-i(II) ~i- + a ln- n --
=-+ l+ ~-n i -- -i:l + ~-n +i -l-il- n lnnii i-i t -ii lni +i ltni+ zi-i i-i t - n -
~i- +i ln- --i t -ii n-inin ln- i-- ti-i t
2 Mn
2+
+ 5 NaBiO
3
+ 14 H
+
2MnO
4
+ 5 Bi
3+
+ 5 Na
+
+ 7 H
2
O
2Mn(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Pb
3
O
4
+ 26HNO
3

A
2HMnO
4
(n-i nin/n-i) + 15Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ 12H
2
O
i: =i ln ti: i - +i-+ ln- : ~ni l-i i ~ni l-n ~i-i l+ -l-il- n Mn(NH
4
) PO
4
. 7H
2
O+i n nii ~-i
--i t
Mn
2+
+ NH
3
+ HPO
4
2
Mn(NH
4
)PO
4
+
l< ~ni l-n ni ~-l-i- t - n -i (II) +i-+ +i n nii ~-i i-- ti -i t
3 Mn
2+
+ HPO
4
2
Mn
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ + 2 H
+
<i -i ~-i ~-ni n ln ziin t
2. f+ i4a (Zn
2+
) :
NH
4
OH+ NH
4
Cl +t asfifa H
2
S+ uii +isi : z - ~-i --i t -<i=i- ln- n ~-i i ~i lzi+
ti-i t +il+ vi-- H
+
~i- H
2
S +i ~i-- +n + <- t
Zn
2+
+ H
2
S ZnS +
~-i -- HCl n ln ziin t
ZnS + 2H
+
Zn
2+
+ H
2
S |
uif4 ririuir fn4a : z - ni =ni- ~-i --i t
Zn
2+
+ 2 OH
Zn(OH)
2
+
~-i ~-ni n -ii ~li+n + + ~ili+ n ln ziin t
Zn(OH)
2
+ 2 H
+
Zn
2+
+ 2 H
2
O
Zn(OH)
2
+ 2 OH
[Zn(OH)
4
]
2
:= +i l+ -iini +l- i-i t
[Zn(OH)
4
]
2
+ S
2
ZnS + (z-) + 4 OH
ifa4i fn4a : z - ni =ni- ~-i --i t i l+ ~li+n + + ~ili+ n -i -i = ln ti i-i t -ii

~nil-n ni + ln- n i(-ni- l+(II) -i-i t
NH
4
Cl +i -l-il- n OH
~i- =i-< -i +i +ni + +ii Zn(OH)

2
+i ~-i i ~ni l-i ln- ,ii -ti l+i i
=+-i t +i l+ Zn(OH)
2
+ K
sp
+i ni- i-- -ti l+i i =+-i t
Zn
2+
+ 2 NH
3
+ 2 H
2
O Zn(OH)
2
+ + 2 NH
4
+
Zn(OH)
2
+ + 4 NH
3
[Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
+ 2 OH
iruif4 riria +i+a fn4a : l + +i-+ +i z - ~-i --i t

3 Zn
2+
+ HPO
4
2
Zn
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ + 2H
+
~nil-n ~i-i l+ -l-il- n l+ ~nil-n +i-+ --i t
Zn
2+
+ NH
4
+
+ HPO
4
2
Zn(NH
4
) PO
4
+ + H
+
<i -i ~-i -- ~-ni n ln ziin t ~lil+i ll- ti -i t
<i -i ~-i ~ni l-i n ii ln ziin t
Zn
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 12 NH
3

3 [Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
+ 2 PO
4
3
Zn(NH
4
)PO
4
+ 3 NH
3

[Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
+ HPO
4
2
siafzi4 +iui4air (siafzi4 ruiui4airi+a(II)) fn4a : ll- - = i- +i z - ~-i --i t l<
~li+n + +i ~ili+ lnnii i( - K
2
Zn
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
= i- ini ~-i --i t
3 Zn
2+
+ 2 K
+
+ 2 [Fe(CN)
6
]
4

K
2
Zn
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
+
-- ~-n n ~-i ~ln ziin t n l+- =i ln ti: i +=i: n -i -i = i n i-i t
K
2
Zn
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
+ 12 OH

2 [Fe(CN)
6
]
4
+ 3 [Zn(OH)
4
]
2
39
CHEMISTRY
:= ~lil+i +i (-lnl-n = l + +i li l<- +- + ln( v +- + =+- t
ifa4 aaiii4iui4aai 4a(II) +isu+a st+ii : i-ii ln- MH
2
SO
4
~ii 2MCH
3
COOH+i
+ z < + =ii ~-ni ti -i t -ii 0.1 mL, 0.25 MCuSO
4
ln- + =ii 2 mL ~li+n + lnnii i-i t - n-i
~-i i-- ti -i t
Zn
2+
+ [Hg(SCN)
4
]
2

Zn [Hg(SCN)
4
] + .
+i ~i-i l+ -l-il- n l + + =ii +i = + n =t~-i l- ti i-i t -ii n-i ~-i i-- ti -i t (+ini n-i)
i +i Zn[Hg(SCN)
4
] + Cu[Hg(SCN)
4
] + lnl- l+-ni +i -i ti -i t
ir+fanii4i+iia (irii4iia) st+ii : i: iii i - t - ii- ~i-i + =ii = + n -i-i t l= +ni i +i n
+ =ii l-+li - + =+- t -<i=i-. ~-ni (=ii+ ~-n ~ii -iii nin n nin n +i l + = + n --i t
3. +iia i4a (CO
2+
) :
NH
4
OH+NH
4
Cl f+ asfiat H
2
S+ uii +isi : +ini ~-i --i t CoS+i +ini ~-i -- HCl i
-- (=il+ ~-n n ~ln ziin t l+-- nn =i-< HNO
3
i ~-ni n ln ti i-i t -ii z - =-+ zi i t i-i
t n- =n -+ nn +- lni --z ti i-i t +i l+ =-+. =-+ n ~i+=i+ - ti i-i t
2[Co(NH
3
)
6
]
3+
+ 3S
2

2CoS + + 12NH
3
+ S
i CoCl
2
+ H
2
S
OH NH
4
CoS + + 2HCl
3CoS + 2 HNO
3
+ 6 H
+
3Co
2+
+ 3 S + + 2NO | + 4 H
2
O
2CoS + 6HCl + 2HNO
3
3CoCl
2
+ 2NO + 3S + 4H
2
O
ln- +i zi + ti - -+ ii+ - +- -in n +i ~zi i (CoCl
2
) <-i t i l+ n lnni- nnii ti
i-i t
siafz4 airaira fn4a : +ii-(II) ~i-i + -<i=i- ln- = ini ~-i --i t .
CoCl
2
+ 7KNO
2
+ 2CH
3
COOH

K
3
[Co(NO
2
)
6
] + + H
2
O+ 2KCl + 2CH
3
COOK + NO|
i Co
2+
+ 7NO
2
+ 2H
+
+ 3K
+

K
3
[Co(NO
2
)
6
] + + NO | + H
2
O.
ifa4 ii4iui4aa fn4a : +i i-(II) +i -<i=i- ~ii ~-ni ln- (ni:n (-+i tin : i - n -ini
n <-i t :=n ~nil-n iii=i- + +z l+-n lnni i- t
Co
2+
+ 4 SCN

[Co(SCN)
4
]
2
(ni:n (-+i tin i : i n n +- ~-n H
2
[Co(SCN)
4
] --i t -ii +i l-+ lni+ ,ii ln ti i-i t
(l-+ n = li <)
uif4 ir+iiaa aii ita n st+ii : i-ii ln- + ln( =i ln i: +ii - +i ini- n + =ii
~ili+ n lnni- t lni +i t-+i =i nn +- ln- = =i ti ti i-i t
CoCl
2
+ 2NaHCO
3
Co(HCO
3
)
2
+ 2NaCl
Co(HCO
3
)
2
+ 4 NaHCO
3
Na
4
[Co(CO
3
)
3
] + 3H
2
O+ 3CO
2
Br
2
+ H
2
O 2HBr + [O]
2Na
4
[Co(CO
3
)
3
] + H
2
O + [O] 2Na
3
[Co(CO
3
)
3
] (ti) + 2NaOH
=iln +ii-i+ii - +i ti ln- i-- ti -i t

uif4 ririuir fn4a : a ln- n +ii-(II) -i: -ini -iii ni <-i t
Co
2+
+ OH
+ NO
3
Co(OH)NO
3
+
-ii +i ~li+-i n nn +- -iii ni. +i i-(II) ti: i +=i: + n nii ~-i n ll- - ti i- t
Co(OH)NO
3
+ + OH
Co(OH)
2
+ + NO
3
ifa4i fn4a : ~ni l-n ni +i ~- l-il- n :=+i + z nizii -in -iii ni n ~-i l- ti i-i t
Co
2+
+ NH
3
+ H
2
O + NO
3
Co(OH)NO
3
+ + NH
4
+
~li+n + + ~ili+ n ~-i ln i ti i-i t -ii t +=i(ni- +i i- (II) ~i- +i l-ni i ti -i t
Co(OH)NO
3
+ + 6 NH
3
[Co(NH
3
)
6
]
2+
+ NO
3
+ OH
siafzi4 ui4air fn4a :

Co
2+
+ 2 CN

Co(CN)
2
+ (nin i i)
~li+n + + ~ili+ n ln ziin = + n +i i i ln- i-- ti -i t
Co(CH)
2
+ + 4 CN
[Co(CN)
6
]
4
~-ni+i +- ~-i - vi-- ti i-i t
[Co(CN)
6
]
4
+ 4 H
+
(ai -ii --) Co(CN)
2
+ HCN |
40
CHEMISTRY
l< i ln- +i n- =n -+ i n nn l+i i( i + z nizii n H

2
O
2
lnni+ ln- +i nn l+i
i( - t in n n ll-- ti i-i t
4 [Co(CN)
6
]
4
+ O
2
+ 2 H
2
O 4 [Co(CN)
6
]
3
(ini ln-) + 4 OH
2 [Co(CN)
6
]
4
+ H
2
O
2
2 [Co(CN)
6
]
3
(ini ln-) + 2 OH
4. fa+n i4a (Ni

2+
) :
NH
4
OH+ NH
4
Cl +t asfifa H
2
S + uii +isi :
+ini ~-i --i t i l+ a -- HCl -ii CH
3
COOHn ~ln ziin t n l+- nn =i-< HNO
3
~-ni n ln
ti i-i t
NiCl
2
+ H
2
S
OH NH
4
NiS + (+ini) + 2HCl
3 NiS + + 2 HNO
3
+ 6 H
+

3 Ni
2+
+ 2 NO | + 3 S + + 4 H
2
O
2 NiS + (2HNO
3
+ 6HCl)

3NiCl
2
+ 3S + 2NO | + 4H
2
O
ln- +i zi + ti- -+ ii+i +- t ini ~zi i (NiCl

2
) < -i t i l+ n lnni- ti ti i-i
t
irfiirnnirifu fi++ : ln- +i -iii +- ~ii ~-ni ln- lnni- ~ii =i ln (ni =
+i+- +- nin ~-i i-- ti-i t
NiCl
2
+ 2NH
4
OH+ 2CH
3
C= NOH (C
4
H
7
N
2
O
2
)
2
Ni + + 2NH
4
Cl +2H
2
O
|
CH
3
C = NOH
~ni l-in ln- n DMG + =ii Fe(II) ~i- nin n < - t ll-ni ~i- ini n < - t -ii +i i- ~i-
i i n < - t
ita n st+ii (+iit4 ir4) : Ni
2
O
3
+i +ini ~-i --i t
NiCl
2
+ 2NaOH(~ili+) Ni(OH)
2
+ (ti) + 2 NaCl
ti ~-i --i t i l+ i ni- n lnni- iiii +ini ti i-i t

Br
2
+ H
2
O 2HBr + [O] ; 2Ni(OH)
2
+ H
2
O + [O] 2 Ni(OH)
3
+

Ni
2+
=i ln i:+ii - -ii i ni- n + =ii nn +- +ini ~- i (Ni
2
O
3
) < -i t l+ Co
2+
t n
+i ln- < -i t t li < +i l-< t
NiCl
2
+ 2NaHCO
3
NiCO
3
+ 2NaCl + H
2
O ; 2NiCO
3
+ [O] Ni
2
O
3
+ (+ini) + 2CO
2
ui4air st+ii : ti ~-i --i t i l+ ~li+n + + ~ili+ n ln ti + in n +i ln- -i-i t
NiCl
2
+ 2KCN Ni(CN)
2
+
+ 2KCl ;
Ni(CN)
2
+ 2KCN K
2
[Ni(CN)
4
] ;
=+n. =i ln ti:i ini: (NaOH+ Br
2
n) ln- + =ii nn +- +ini ~-i < -i t (Co = li<).
NaOH + Br
2
NaBrO + HBr
2K
2
[Ni(CN)
4
] + 4NaOH + 9NaBrO
djuk xeZ
4NaCNO + 9NaBr + Ni
2
O
3
+
(+ini) + 4KCNO +2H
2
O
V
th
ur (Ba
2+
, Sr
2+
, Ca
2+
) :
IVur faa

ain+ H
2
S +i si+ +ai (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
(nt4), NH
4
OH NH
4
Cl (aiu) fniai
z - ~-i zl--
(BaCO
3
, SrCO
3
, CaCO
3
) VI =nt + ln(

+
41
CHEMISTRY
CH
3
COOHn ln + -i- iini n liil- +
-i- l< n ~-+n n i-ii +- t
I iin + K
2
CrO
4
II iin + (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
III iin +(NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
+ + +
ini ~-i z- ~-i z- ~-i
(CH
3
COOH n ~lnziin BaCrO
4
) (SrSO
4
) (CaC
2
O
4
)
1. f4 i4a ( Ba
2+
) :
NH
4
OH+ NH
4
Cl f+ asfifa (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ uii +isi : z - ~-i --i t i l+ il- ~-n -ii
(=il+ ~-n n ln ziin t
BaCl
2
+ (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
BaCO
3
+ (z-) + 2NH
4
Cl
BaCO
3
+ 2CH
3
COOH Ba (CH
3
COO)
2
+ H
2
O+ CO
2
siafzi4 +ia st+ii : (+ ini ~-i --i t i l+ n n ~i lzi+ ln ziin t
Ba(CH
3
COO)
2
+ K
2
CrO
4
BaCrO
4
+ + 2CH
3
COOK
~-i -- (=il+ ~-n n ~ln ziin t ( -il-zin -ii + l-zin = li--) nl+- il- ~-ni n -i -i =
ln ti i-i t
K
2
CrO
4
n ~-n lnni- ln- +i ini n i:+i n -- + +ii nin -i ni n n ll- - ti i-i
t
2 H
+
+ 2 CrO
4
2
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ H
2
O
SrCrO
4
-ii CaCrO
4
+ ln -i n i-+n +i ni- BaCrO
4
+ ln -i n i-+n + ni- = ~li+ ti -i t ~-
:-t ~-i i + ln( ~li+ CrO
4
2
~i- =i-< -i +i ~iz+-i t K
2
CrO
4
ln- n (=il+ ~-n lnni- CrO
4
2
~i- =i-< -i +n ti i-i t . i SrCrO
4
-ii CaCrO
4
+ ~-i i + ln( i -- -ti t n l+- :--i ~li+ ti -i t
l+ BaCrO
4
+i ~-i i ti i-i t
2. aifzi4 i4a (Sr
2+
) :
NH
4
OH+NH
4
Cl +t asfifa (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ uii +isi :
z - ~-i --i t i l+ (=il+ ~-n n ln ziin t
SrCl
2
+ (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
SrCO
3
+ + 2NH
4
Cl
SrCO
3
+ 2CH
3
COOH Sr(CH
3
COO)
2
+ H
2
O+ CO
2
ifa4 u+a fn4a : z - ~-i --i t i l+ -n- t ti: i +ni l+ ~-n n ~i lzi+ ln ziin t
Sr(CH
3
COO)
2
+ (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
SrSO
4
+ + 2CH
3
COONH
4
~-i +i ln -i n n +n t. nl+- -n -ti
nn +- ~-i ~nil-n =-+ ln- n ~lnziin t (+l-zin = li-- t) lnziin =+n
(NH
4
)
2
[Ca(SO
4
)
2
]) --i t -n- t HCl n ~i lzi+ ln ziin t
=iln +ii - + =i< ln- + =ii -in- nnin i -i ~- = li- +ii - n ll- - ti i-i t
SrSO
4
+ CO
3
2
SrCO
3
+ + SO
4
2
3. +fzi4 i4a (Ca
2+
) :
NH
4
OH+NH
4
Cl +t asfiat (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ uii +isi : z - ~- i --i t ~-i +ii l-+ ~-n (e.g
-ii -i =i i i) + ~ili+ +- n n ln ziin t +i l+ ln ziin ti: i - +ii - +i l-ni i ti -i t -in-
~-i - vi-- ti -i t -ii CO
2
l-+il=- ti i-i t ~-i (=il+ ~-n n ln ziin t
CaCl
2
+ (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
CaCO
3
+ + 2NH
4
Cl ; CaCO
3
+ 2CH
3
COOH Ca(CH
3
COO)
2
+ H
2
O+ CO
2
ifa4 iuna fn4a (ui-<) : z - ~-i --i t . -iii nin n ~-i i l+i = lii-+ ti -i t ~-i
ii ln+ = n n ~ln ziin (Ksp =2.6 10
9
), (=il+ ~-n n ~ln ziin t . n l+- il- ~-ni n -i -i =
ln ti i-i t
Ca(CH
3
COO)
2
+ (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
CaC
2
O
4
+ +2CH
3
COONH
4
42
CHEMISTRY
siafzi4 ruiui4airi+a(II) fn4a: lnl- ni +i z - ~-i --i t
Ca
2+
+ 2 K
+
+ [Fe(CN)
6
]
4
K
2
Ca[Fe(CN)
6
] +
~ni l-n +ni i: +i -l-il- n i-ii ~li+ = <-ziin ti -i t -ii := l-il- n ~-i n K
+
, NH
4
+
~i-i ,ii
vl--iil- ti i- t
:= i-ii +i - il-zin. ln -ii n - lzin ~i-i = + l-zin +i li l<- +- + ln( v +- + =+- t
(V) =n t + -iii n n+i +i l-z-in+ i-ii Ba

2+
, Sr
2+
-ii Ca
2+
(i.e BSC) + +n n l+i i-i t +i l+
Ba
2+
:- n n+i + i-ii + ln( -i n n ni( n . ~li+n +i K
2
CrO
4
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
+ =ii i-in+
i-ii < -i t ~- Ba
+2
~- l-i- ti - Sr
2+
+i i-ii (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ =ii +- t :=i +i Sr
2+
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
-ii (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
<i -i + =ii i-ii < -i t ~- Ca
2+
+i i-ii -ii +- t Sr
2+
~- l-i- ti -i t -ti -i
t ii ~ni l-n ~i+= n + =ii i-ii < < ni
VI
th
ur :
1. atfzi4 i4a (Mg
2+
) :
iruif4 riria +i+a fn4a : V =n t i Mg
+2
~i-i + ln- n 1 ml (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
ln- lnni-
-ii nn +- z - ~-i --i t l+ := zi-- t ~ zl-- n i:=i ln ti: i - +i-+ lnni- t NH
4
Cl
(Mg(OH)
2
+ ~-i i +i i +-i t ) ~ni l-i ln- +i -l-il- n z - l+-ni ~-i --i t
Mg
2+
+ NH
3
+ HPO
4
2
Mg(NH
4
)PO
4
+
~-i n n ~- ln ziin t il- ~-ni -ii (=il+ ~-ni n ln ziin t
~-i ii ii -- ln-i = i+ ti i-i t +i l+ :=+i v l- ~l-= - -- ln- -i- +i ti -i t t ai

+- -ii i-ni +i <ii = +i - +i z +i n- - i-- ti-i t
-<i=i- ln- n n-iziin ti:i- +i-+ +i --i t~i z- ~-i i-- ti-i t
Mg
2+
+ HPO
4
2
MgHPO
4
+
~ni l-n +i-+ +i ii -in l+i i =+-i t

ifa4i fn4a : z - ni =ni- ~-i i-- ti -i t
Mg
2+
+ 2 NH
4
OH Mg(OH)
2
+ + 2 NH
4
+
vi-- ~-i n n ~- ln ziin t . n l+- ~ni l-n nii n -i -i = ln ti i-i t
Mg(OH)
2
Mg
+2
+ 2 OH
NH
4
Cl NH
4
+
+ Cl
; NH
4
+
+ OH
NH
4
OH (<n -ii)
NH
4
+
~i- OH
+i ti < - t +i l+ ti: i+=i: ~li+ ln ti i- t NaCl + =ii t = i -ti t

ifa4 +iiaa fn4a : NH
4
+
nii +i ~- l-il- n -iii n -iziin +ii - +i z - ~-i i-- ti -i t
5 Mg
2+
+ 6 CO
3
2
+ 7 H
2
O 2 MgCO
3
. Mg(OH)
2
. 5 H
2
O + + 2HCO
3
NH
4
+
nii +i -l-il- n +i : ~-i i-- -ti ti -i t +i l+ =i-. HCO
3
~i-i + l-ni i +i ~i -ii-i--l- ti

i-i t
NH
4
+
+ CO
3
2
NH
3
+ HCO
3
~-i +i K
sp
~li+ (zizMgCO
3
+i K
sp
= 1 10
5
) ti-i t ~-i i + ln( ~iz+ +ii - ~i-i +i =i< -i
i-- -ti ti i-i t
4(4airai+fan yifuifuain) ii aua I : ~-i -- HCl (- --n nizii) n ln ti i-i t -ii :=n
=i ln ti: i +=i: ln- lnni- t . -z-i- n - =-I ~li+n + +i 0.5 ml lnni- t 'n n +' +i l-ni i ti -i t
MgCl
2
+ 2NaOH Mg(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl
n - =- ~li+n + p--i: i -i--(i l=i l=-i n + <ii t i l+ Mg(OH)
2
+ :- ~lizii li- ti + -in n +i
n + -i-i t
airaa 4 ni (n fn 4zitn stni + s<ii ) : t Mg(OH)
2
,ii ~lizii li- ti i-i t -ii nti nin n i ~-i i--
ti -i t
43
CHEMISTRY
~-i +i -- HCl (---n nizii) n iin+ :=n (+ < NaOHln- (2M) lnni+ -z-i- 1 < i:- ni
ln- lnnii i-i t -nt nin n +i ln- i ~-i vi-- ti -i t
Ba
2+
-ii Ca
2+
~lil+i -ti +- t nl+- n +i nti + <- t
Example-16 l--- +i =nni:
(a) NiCl
2
-ii KCNln- + ~ili+ + n ~lil+i
(b) +i i- +ni i: -ii =i ln i:+ii - -ii i ni- n + n ~lil+i
(c) n-i -i:. =iln ll-ni (NaBiO
3
) ln- -ii =i-< HNO
3
+i nn +- t
(d) Zn(NH
4
)PO
4
+i ~-i ~ni l-i + =ii ~lil+i +-i t
Solution (a) ti ~-i --i t i ~li+n + + ~ili+ + =ii ln ti + in n +i ln- -i-i t
NiCl
2
+ 2KCN Ni(CN)
2
+
+ 2KCl ;
Ni(CN)
2
+ 2KCN K
2
[Ni(CN)
4
]
(b) =i ln i:+ii - +i +i i- +ni i: ln- + ~ili+ n lnni- t -z-i- :=n i ni- n
lnni+ := t-+i nn +- t - ln- = = t n n <n i-i t
CoCl
2
+ 2NaHCO
3
Co(HCO
3
)
2
+2NaCl
Co(HCO
3
)
2
+ 4 NaHCO
3
Na
4
[Co(CO
3
)
3
] + 3H
2
O+ 3CO
2
Br
2
+ H
2
O 2HBr + [O]
2Na
4
[Co(CO
3
)
3
] + H
2
O + [O] 2Na
3
[Co(CO
3
)
3
] (ti) + 2NaOH
(c) 2 Mn
2+
+ 5 NaBiO
3
+ 14 H
+
2MnO
4
(n-inin/in-i) + 5 Bi
3+
+ 5 Na
+
+ 7 H
2
O
(d) Zn(NH
4
)PO
4
+ + 3NH
3
[Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
+ HPO
4
2
Example-17 ---i I -ii ---i II + n -i lli t ---i I +i + z lli ---i II = = n ln- ti -i t ---i I +i
v + ll ---i II +i (+ i (+ = ~li+ lli = = n ln- ti =+-i t
ai I ai II
(A) CrO
4
2
~i-i +i lnni- ni- ~-i --i t n l+- ~-i (p) Ag
+
~nil-i ln- n ln ti i-i t
(B) ~ni l-i ln- + =ii ni- ~-i --i t n l+- ~-i + + ~ili+ n (q) Cu
2+
ln ti+ niln- -i-i t
(C) I
~i-i + lnni- ni- ~-i --i t n l+- ~-i + + ~ili+ n ~-i (r) Ni
2+
ln ti+ niln- -i-i t
(D) z - ~-i --i t ni (+ni i: i -i: ) +i n +i (s) Bi
3+
~li+ nizii + =ii lnni- t
Solution (A - p) ; (B - q, r) ; (C - s) ; (D - s)
(A) 2Ag
+
+ CrO
4
2
Ag
2
CrO
4
+ (nin)
Ag
2
CrO
4
+ 4NH
3
2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
+ CrO
4
2
(B) 2Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2
+ 2NH
3
+ H
2
O Cu(OH
2
)
2
. CuSO
4
+ (-ini) + 2NH
4
+
Cu(OH)
2
. CuSO
4
+ + 8NH
3
2 [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
]SO
4
2
(nti -ini) + 2OH
Ni
2+
+ 2NH
3
+ 2H
2
O Ni(OH)
2
+ (ti) + 2NH
4
+
Ni(OH)
2
+ + 6NH
3
[Ni(NH
3
)
6
]
2+
(nti -ini) + 2OH
(C) Bi
3+
+ 3I
BiI
3
+ (+ini)
BiI
3
+ I
[BiI
4
]
(-ini n +i ln-)
(D) Bi
3+
+ NO
3
+ H
2
O BiO(NO
3
) + (z-) + 2H
+
-iii ni
44
CHEMISTRY
MISCELANEOUSSOLVEDEXAMPLES
1. BaCl
2
lnni ln- + =ii z- ~-i <-i t. i nti-. -i-i ni ini n= + l-+i=- + =ii --
ti: i +ni l+ ~-n n ln ti i-i t n = -ii ni <i -i + i -i n n l + (Bleaching) ~li+n + +i -t v +-
ti - t ni i-i t
(A) =-+i: (B) =-+i: (C) (=i (D) +ii-
Ans. (A)
Sol. Ba
2+
+ SO
3
2
BaSO
3
+
(=+<)
BaSO
3
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ SO
2
(nti- -i-i ni ini n=) + H
2
O
SO
3
2
-ii SO
2
<i-i l+ ~li+n+ +i -t +i +- t
2. l--- n = +i-=i+i-= ~-i ~nil-i ln- + ~ili+ n in- -ti tt `
(A) Zn(OH)
2
(B) Ni(OH)
2
(C) Al(OH)
3
(D) (B) (C) <i-i
Ans. (C)
Sol. (A) Zn(OH)
2
+ 4 NH
3
[Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
(nti- ln-) + 2OH
(B) Ni(OH)
2
+
+ 6NH
3
[Ni(NH
3
)
6
]
2+
(nti -ini ln-) + 2OH
(C) Al(OH)
3
+ NH
3
+i: ~lil+i -ti
3. -i +n i i ~-i --i t
(A) Cu
2+
~i- -ii [Fe (CN)
6
]
3
+ =ii (B) Cu
2+
~i- -ii [Fe(CN)
6
]
4
+ =ii
(C) Fe
2+
~i- -ii [Fe (CN)
6
]
4
+ =ii (D) Fe
2+
~i- -ii i:n linni:~i+=in + =ii
Ans. (B)
Sol (A) Cu
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
+ (ti)
(B) Cu
2
[Fe(CN)
6
] + ( -i+n i ii)
(C) Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
+ (vlzi- n )
(D) ~i- (II) i:nlinni:~il+=n +i nin ln-
4. ~-ni+ - KMnO
4
+i n nii n. nti- ti i-i t . n l+- :== +i : n = n +- -ti ti -i t t - ti ni i ln+
n l--- n = +i -=i ~-ni n n+ lni- ti ni `
(A)
2
3
SO (B)

2
NO (C) S
2
(D) -i +- =ii
Ans. (D)
Sol. (A) 5SO
3
2
+ 2MnO
4
+ 6H
+
2Mn
2+
+ 5SO
4
2
+ 3H
2
O
(B) 2MnO
4
+ 5NO
2
+ 6H
+
2Mn
2+
+ 5NO
3
+ 3H
2
O
(C) 2MnO
4
+ H
2
S + 6H
+
2Mn
2+
+ 5S + + 8H
2
O
5. l--- n = +i-=i i ln+Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ =ii ~-i < -i t n l+- Ba(NO
3
)
2
+ =ii -ti `
(A) =i ln +ni i: (B) =iln (=i
(C) =iln -i: (D) i:=iln ti:i- +i-+
Ans. (A)
Sol. (A) Pb
2+
+ 2Cl

PbCl
2
+ (=+<) ; Ba
2+
+ 2Cl

BaCl
2
(n n lnziin)
(B) (CH
3
COO)
2
Pb -ii (CH
3
COO)
2
Ba <i -i n n ln ziin ni t
(C) ~li+izi -i: n n ln ziin t
(D) 3Pb
2+
+ 2HPO
4
2

Pb
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ (=+<) + 2H
+
; Ba
2+
+ HPO
4
2

BaHPO
4
+ (=+<)
6. +i i- +ni i: ln- +i n t
(A) nnii (B) +ini (C) nti- (D) ti
Ans. (A)
Sol. l- ni Co(II) ni -in n + ti- t l+ nil- Co(II) ni n nii/nin n + ti- t
7. nin n +i ~-i i-- -ti ti -i
(A) Fe
3+
ilzin iii=i- + =ii l+i +ni (B) Fe
2+
i:n lin ni:~i+=in + =ii l+i +ni
(C) Hg
2+
i lzin ~iii: + =ii l+i +ni (D) +i: -ti
Ans. (D)
Sol. (A) Fe
3+
+ 3SCN
Fe(SCN)
3
(nin n +i ln-)
(B) ~i- (II) i:n linni:~il+=n +i nin n +i ln-
(C) Hg
2
+ 2I
HgI
2
+
(nin)
45
CHEMISTRY
8. H
2
S n= +i ~ni l-+- nii ln- X, n = ilt- +- t . -i t-+i =+ < ~-i --i t X ti ni
(A) +iini (B) n ni (C) l+ ni (D) l=- ni
Ans. (C)
Sol. Zn
2+
+ H
2
S ZnS + (=+<) + 2H
+
9. l--- +i-i +i ~n i+- +il( `
S
1
: i lzin ~ii i: -ii i lzin =i-i: <i -i + ~ili+ ,ii Cu
2+
~i- Cu
+
n ~-l- ti i- t
S
2
: Cu -ii Cd + +nii:i +i l< ni ln- t -i H
2
S=ii ii- ~i + =-+i:i +i ~-i l- + < ni
S
3
: MgNH
4
PO
4
+ z - l+-ni ~-i + l-ni i ,ii n iin+ lzn ii n n -ilzin +i -l-il- = l-lz-- ti -i t
S
4
: + ni nn. i lzin ~ii i: + =ii l+i + nin ~-i -i-i t
(A) TTFF (B) TFTF (C) TTTT (D) TTTF
Ans. (D)
Sol. S
1
, S
2
-ii S
3
=ti t , S
4
: Hg
2
2+
+ 2I

2 2
I Hg
+
(ti)
10. +ia1 : NH
4
Cl (~ili+ n ) +i -l-il- n NH
4
OH+i BaCl
2
+ ni ln- n lnni- Ba(OH)
2
+i ~-i vi-- ti -i
t
+ia2: Ba(OH)
2
n n ln ziin t
(A) +i-1 = t. +i-2 = t ; +i-2, +i-1 +i =ti -i+i t
(B) +i-1 = t. +i-2 = t ; +i-2, +i-1 +i =ti -i+i -ti t
(C) +i-1 = t. +i-2 ~= t
(D) +i-1 ~= t. +i-2 = t
Ans. (D)
Sol. NH
4
Cl + ~ili+ n Ba
2+
~i- NH
4
OHln- + =ii +i : ~-i -ti -i- t +i l+ l-ln - -i< Ba(OH)
2
n n
ln ziin t
11. +ia1: =i ln n i (- ln- +i ~nil-n +ni i: + =ii nn +- ni =i z - ~-i i-- ti-i t
+ia2 : (- lnl-n ti: i+=i: --i t i n n ~ln ziin t
(A) +i-1 = t. +i-2 = t ; +i-2, +i-1 +i =ti -i+i t
(B) +i-1 = t. +i-2 = t ; +i-2, +i-1 +i =ti -i+i -ti t
(C) +i-1 = t. +i-2 ~= t
(D) +i-1 ~= t. +i-2 = t
Ans. (A)
Sol. [Al(OH)
4
]
ij djus xeZ

Cl NH
4
Al(OH)
3
+ + OH
12. l--- n = +i-=i+i-= +i- nn- tt `

(A) Fe
2+
~i- ilzin t +=i=i-i:i+(III) ln- + =ii nti -ini ~-i <- t
(B) Fe
3+
~i- ilzin t +=i=i-i:i +(II) ln- + =ii -i -ini ~-i <- t
(C) Fe
3+
~i- ilzin t+=i=i-i:i+(III) ln- + =ii ii n <- t
(D) Fe
2+
~i- ~nil-n iii=i- + =ii nti nin n <- t
Ans. (D)
Sol. (A) Fe
2+
+ [Fe(CN)
6
]
3
Fe
3+
+ [Fe(CN)
6
]
4
4Fe
3+
+ 3 [Fe(CN)
6
]
4
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
(- n n)
(B) 4Fe
3+
+ 3[Fe(CN)
6
]
4
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
+ (-i -ini)
(C) Fe
3+
+ [Fe(CN)
6
]
3
Fe[Fe(CN)
6
] (ii n)
(D) Fe
3+
+ 4SCN
Fe (SCN)
3
(nti nin n)
Fe
2+
+ 4 SCN
+i: ~lil+i -ti

13. l--- n = ~i-i + +i-= n ~-i <- t :-+ -- ln-i +i ~i= n lnnii i-i t `
(A) NH
4
+
, [Co(NO
2
)
6
]
3
(B) NH
4
+
, CO
3
2
(C) Fe
3+
, OH
(D) Ba
2+
, SO
4
2
Ans. (A,C,D)
Sol. (A) NH
4
+
+ [Co(NO
2
)
6
]
3
(NH
4
)
3
[Co(NO
2
)
6
]
+
(ini)
(B) ~ni l-n ~i -iii ii- +ii - n n ln ziin t
46
CHEMISTRY
(C) Fe
3+
+ OH
Fe(OH)
3
+
(nin- i i)
(D) Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2
BaSO
4
+
(=+<)
a< (Q.14 to Q.16)
ni (A) nn +- nti- -<i=i- n= <-i t i <t- n =ti+ t
-i+- ~ii + ~iii z-i + -- <il(
14. iln+ (A) l--- ~-ni n n+ i-i t
(A) NO
2
(B) NO
3
(C) Br
(D) SO
3
2
Ans. (B)
Sol. NO
3
-ii NO
2
<i -i i i z-ni i-ii <- t -ii NO

3
NO
2
<i -i +i ~-- +- ~nil-i n = i-- ti-i

t i -- HCl + =ii = i- z- i n <-i t
l< NH
4
NO
3

A
N
2
O + 2H
2
O; N
2
O <t- n =ti+ t
n l+- NH
4
NO
2

A
N
2
+ 2H
2
O ; -i:i- <t- n =ti+ -ti t
:=ln +ii- NO
3
tini
15. ni (A) +i -iii n n+ -ii n = (B) <i -i - =n ~li+n + + =ii i i ~-i < - t i ~-i +i = i- ti ni
(A) (NH
4
)
2
[HgI
4
] (B) Hg(NH
2
) NO
3
(C) HgO. Hg (NH
2
)I (D) (NH
4
)
3
[Co(NO
2
)
6
]
Ans. (C)
Sol. NH
4
+
+ 2[HgI
4
] + OH
HgO. Hg (NH
2
)I + + 7I
+ 3H
2
O
:=ln i-i- NH
4
+
t
16. l--- n = +i-=i+i-= +i- = tt ?
(A) ni (A), +nii-nll-+ ~-n -ii =iln +i i-i-i:i: + =ii ini ~-i <-i t
(B) -i:i=i += =-+ [Fe(NO)]
2+
SO
4
+ l-nii + +ii ii n --i t

(C) ni C l=- -i: ln- + =ii l+i + z- ~-i -i-i t
(D) (A) -ii (B) <i-i
Ans. (D)
Sol. (A) 2NH
4
+
+ [PtCI
6
]
4
(NH
4
)
2
[PtCl
6
] + (ini)
3NH
4
+
+ [Co(NO
2
)]
3

(NH
4
)
3
[Co(NO
2
)
6
] + (ini)
(B) 2NO
3
+ 4H
2
SO
4
+ 6Fe
2+
6Fe
3+
+ 2NO | + 4SO
4
2
+ 4H
2
O
SO
4
2
+ Fe
2+
+ NO [Fe(NO)]
2+
SO
4
2
(C) Ag NO
3
+ NaNO
3
+i: ~lil+i -ti
l< +ii- NO
2
t - Ag
+
+ NO
2
Ag NO
2
+ (=+<)
~lil+i( :
NH
4
NO
3
+ NaOH NH
3
| + NaNO
3
(A) (B) (C)
NH
3
+ HCI NH
4
CI| (=+ <)
NO
3
+ 4Zn + 7OH
+ 6H
2
O NH
3
+ 4[Zn(OH)
4
]
2
47
CHEMISTRY
u-4 / u-4
17. n -ilzin + nii ln- n ~ni l-n +ni i: (n ni ~ni l-i +i ~- l-il- n i:=i ln ti: i - +i -+
ln- lnni- n-ilzin + n n-ilzin ~nil-n +i-+ + n ~-i l- ti i-i t
Sol. (u-4) ~ni l-n +ni i: -ii ni ~ni l-i ln- +i -l-il- n ~-i --i t n -ilzin ti: i +=i: +
~-i +i -- = i+-i t Mg
2+
+ NH
3
+ HPO
4
2
Mg (NH
4
) PO
4
+ (=+<)
18. -- ti: i +ni l+ ~-n = ~-ni+ - -i: i: +i ln- ai = li = ~lil+i +-i t - -i: i: lil- ti
i-i t -ii -i:i- +i - i:~i+=i: l-+il=- ti -i t
Sol. (u-4) CO(NH
2
)
2
+ HNO
2

2N
2
| + CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
19. -ii ii- =i-i: +i ln- i -ii -i ~i-(II) =-+ ln- -ii -- H
2
SO
4
i-i t +i i n i ni zi-
vlzi- n ~-i < -i t
Sol. (u-4) Fe
2+
+ 2 CN
Fe(CN)
2
+ ; Fe(CN)
2
+ + 4CN

[Fe(CN)
6
]
4
4Fe
2+
+ O
2
+ 4H
+
4Fe
3+
+ 2H
2
O; Fe
3
+ [Fe(CN)
6
]
4
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
+
fi4i-+ sza
20. +i ti ni ?
(A) CrCl
3
+ ni ln- +i ~nil-i ln- n lnni- t
(B) (i) ~ni l-n nii +i ~-l-il- n -ii (ii) ~nil-n nii +i -l-il- n. ~nil-n +ii- MgCl
2
+ =ii
l+i +-i t
Sol. (A) Cr
3+
+ 3NH
3
+ 3H
2
O Cr(OH)
3
+ (ti) + 3NH
4
+
Cr(OH)
3
+i ~-i a ~-i + + ~ili+ n [Cr(NH
3
)
6
]
3+
= + n ~i-i +- n-i i n nii n +i l-ni i
+ ~- ln ziin t
Cr(OH)
3
+ + 6 NH
3
[Cr(NH
3
)
6
]
3+
+ 3OH
(B) (i) 5Mg

2+
+ 6
2
3
CO + 7H
2
O 4MgCO
3
. Mg(OH)
2
. 5 H
2
O + + 2HCO
3
-iii n-ilzin +ii- +i z- ~-i --i t

(ii) ~ni l-n nii +i -l-il- n +i: ~-i -ti --i +i l+
NH
4
+
+ CO
3
2
NH
3
+ HCO
3
=i-. HCO
3
~i-i + l-ni i +i ~i -ii-i--l- ti i-i t

21. ---i (I) n l< n ni ---i (II) n l< n ~li+n + + ~ili+ + =ii l+i + z - / ni- ~-i -i- t ---i
(I) n l< n ni +i ---i (II) n l< n ~li+n + + =ii = n ln- +il(
ai - I ai - II
(A) Zn(NO
3
)
2
(p) =i ln ti: i+=i:
(B) Cu(NO
3
)
2
(q) ~nil-i ln-
(C) Fe(NO
3
)
3
(r) i:=iln ti:i- +i-+
(D) Ag(NO
3
)
2
(s) ilzin +i=i-i:
Ans. (A - r, s) ; (B - p, r, s) ; (C - p, q, r, s) ; (D - p, q, r, s)
Sol. (A) Zn
2+
+ 2OH
Zn(OH)
2
+ (z -) ;
Zn (OH)
2
+ 2OH
[Zn(OH)
4
]
2
(nti- ln ziin = + n )
Zn
2+
+ 2NH
3
+ 2H
2
O Zn (OH)
2
+ (z-) + 2NH
4
+
Zn(OH)
2
+ + 4NH
3
[Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
( nti- lnziin =+n) + 2OH
3Zn
2+
+ 2HPO
4
2
Zn
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ (z-) + 2H
+
3 Zn
2+
+ 2K
+
+ 2[Fe(CN)
6
]
4
K
2
Zn
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
+ (-ini z-)
(B) Cu
2+
+ 2OH
Cu(OH)
2
+ (-ini)
Cu
2+
+ 4NH
3
[Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
(nti -ini lnziin =+n)
Cu
2+
+ 2HPO
4
2
Cu
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ (-ini) + 2H
+
Cu
2
+[Fe(CN)
6
]
4
Cu
2
[Fe(CN)
6
] + (-i +n i i)
(C) Fe
3+
+ 3OH
Fe (OH)
3
+ (nin ii)
Fe
3+
+ 3NH
3
+ 3H
2
O Fe(OH)
3
+ (nin ii) + 3NH
4
+
Fe
3+
+ HPO
4
2
FePO
4
+ (ini z-) + H
+
4Fe
3+
+ 3 [Fe(CN)
6
]
4
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
+ (nti -ini)
(D) 2Ag
+
+ 2OH
Ag
2
O + (ii) + H
2
O
2Ag
+
+ 2NH
3
+ H
2
O Ag
2
O + (ii) + 2NH
4
+
4Ag
+
+ HPO
4
2
Ag
3
PO
4
+ (ini) + H
+
4Ag
+
+ 3 [Fe(CN)
6
]
4
Ag
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] + (z-)

Qualitative Analysis Theory - H

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Qualitative Analysis Theory - H

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"manishkumarphysics.

l Ms+v.Msl eku xa/k S

ln- +i +ini +-i t

-ini nin +-i t

~<i-- ini ~i+=i+i+ ini +tni-i t

<i-- ini ~-i+ ini +tni-i t

=ii ~-ni n n+ i JEE ia +n n t nti- -ii l-- -+i t ~- nii +i n + n -iii n n+

nnin =ii -i: i: -ii -i: n n ln ziin t AgNO

Ag(I) -ii Hg(II) (=i ~- ln ziin ti - t . :-+ ~l-l+- =ii ln ziin ti - t

~li+i zi +ni i: n n ln ziin t PbCl

l=-. n+ i(I) -ii +i (I) + i ni: ~ln ziin t a n n i ni: ~- ln ziin

l=-. n+ i(I), n+ i(II), +i (I), n ll-ni(III) + ~ii i: - --n ln ziin ni

(ii) nini -i- ~ii i: zi +i -ini + <-i t

l< +i: n= -ti l-+n-i t -. -i +- =ii

+i - +i z + =ii =i- z - i n < -i t

in +i -i-i c i-i t t -i- +i -ininin

nin i in +i l-+i=- i +i +i zin- i l+- + + NO

W.E. = n l-+i (~i= - n n ln t~i ni t)

S.E. = =ii +ii- l-+i

-ini (-i- ~iil- ~liziiii =+n)

(D) :=+i ~-ni nii ln- nnii KMnO

2. +t(I) i4a (Hg

siafzi4 +ia fn4a : nin ~-i --i t i l+ -- HNO

a fn4a uif4 ririuir + uii : -ini ~-i -i-i t

nn +- ~-i n +i l-+il=- ++ iniz - ~-i -i-i t i l+ H

~li+n + -ii -i ti -i -ilt( -ii i-ii a lln- n l+i i-i -ilt(

-- +- ~lil+i li- ti i-i t -ii BiI

~-i KCNn ln -ti t

siafzi4 ui4air : i-i n Cd(CN)

KI +i : ~-i -ti -i-i t (+i = li <)

i l+ ~-n n ln ziin t n l+- BiO

i l+ ~-n n ~ln ziin t

~i- =i-< -i +i i -- nizii n +n + < -i t . -=+i lnni-

~i- +i =i-< -i < n -ii ~ni l-i + l-ni i + +ii +n ti i-i t i l+ nn +-

~i- =i-< -i +n ti i-i t := +i ~i- (II)

uif4 ririuir fn4a : ti ~-i --i t

ifa4i fn4a : n -i(II) ti: i+=i: +i z - ~-i i-- ti -i t

ifa4i fn4a : z - ni =ni- ~-i --i t i l+ ~li+n + + ~ili+ n -i -i = ln ti i-i t -ii

~i- =i-< -i +i +ni + +ii Zn(OH)

iruif4 riria +i+a fn4a : l + +i-+ +i z - ~-i --i t

=iln +ii-i+ii - +i ti ln- i-- ti -i t

siafzi4 ui4air fn4a :

l< i ln- +i n- =n -+ i n nn l+i i( i + z nizii n H

4. fa+n i4a (Ni

ln- +i zi + ti- -+ ii+i +- t ini ~zi i (NiCl

ti ~-i --i t i l+ i ni- n lnni- iiii +ini ti i-i t

:= i-ii +i - il-zin. ln -ii n - lzin ~i-i = + l-zin +i li l<- +- + ln( v +- + =+- t

(V) =n t + -iii n n+i +i l-z-in+ i-ii Ba

~-i n n ~- ln ziin t il- ~-ni -ii (=il+ ~-ni n ln ziin t

~-i ii ii -- ln-i = i+ ti i-i t +i l+ :=+i v l- ~l-= - -- ln- -i- +i ti -i t t ai

~ni l-n +i-+ +i ii -in l+i i =+-i t

+i ti < - t +i l+ ti: i+=i: ~li+ ln ti i- t NaCl + =ii t = i -ti t

~i-i + l-ni i +i ~i -ii-i--l- ti

12. l--- n = +i-=i+i-= +i- nn- tt `

+i: ~lil+i -ti

<i -i i i z-ni i-ii <- t -ii NO

<i -i +i ~-- +- ~nil-i n = i-- ti-i

+ l-nii + +ii ii n --i t

(B) (i) 5Mg

-iii n-ilzin +ii- +i z- ~-i --i t

~i-i + l-ni i +i ~i -ii-i--l- ti i-i t

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