Tom Tat Kien Thuc Hoa Hoc THPT

Ti liu Khai Test u xun 2014
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12

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Ch 1 CU TO NGUYN T
BNG TUN HON V NH LUT
TUN HON CC NGUYN T HO HC

I. CU TO NGUYN T
1. Thnh phn cu to nguyn t, c im cc ht cu to nn nguyn t
a) Thnh phn cu to nguyn t
Ht nhn nm tm ca nguyn t gm cc ht proton v ntron (ring nguyn t hiro c mt loi
nguyn t trong ht nhn ch cha proton khng c ntron).
V electron ca nguyn t gm cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn.
b) c tnh ca cc ht cu to nn nguyn t
c tnh ht
Ht nhn nguyn t
V electron
ca nguyn t
Ht proton (P) Ht ntron (N) Ht electron (E)
in tch
(quy c)
q
p
= 1,602.10
19
C
(1+)
q
n
= 0
(0)
q
e
= 1,602.10
19
C
(1)
Khi lng
(quy c)
m
p
= 1,6726.10
27
kg
(1vC)
m
n
= 1,6748.10
27
kg
(1vC)
m
e
= 9,1094.10
31
kg
(0,549.10
3
vC)
Nhn xt : Khi lng ca nguyn t tp trung hu ht ht nhn, khi lng ca cc electron l khng
ng k.
m
e
=
p
1 1
m
1840 1840
= vC (hay u)
1u =
1
12
;
27
27
C
19, 9265.10
m 1, 6605.10
12
= = (kg)
m
1nt
= (P+N)u ; M
1molnt
= (P+N) gam (vi P l s p, N l s n)
Nu hnh dung nguyn t nh mt qu cu th : V
1nt
=
3
4
.r
3

D
nt
= 10
10
m = 1A
0
; 1nm = 10A
0
; D
hn
= D
nt
.10
4

TM TT L THUYT HO HC TRUNG HC PH THNG
GIO VIN: PHM NGC SN

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2. in tch v s khi ca ht nhn
a) S n v in tch ht nhn = s proton = s electron (Z = P = E).
b) S khi ca ht nhn (A) bng tng s proton (P) v s ntron (N).
A = P + N = Z + N
3. Nguyn t ho hc
a) Nguyn t ho hc l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn (ngha l c cng s proton v
c cng s electron v c tnh cht ho hc ging nhau).
b) S hiu nguyn t (cho bit s th t ca nguyn t nguyn t trong bng tun hon) c k hiu l Z,
bng s n v in tch ht nhn, bng s proton trong ht nhn nguyn t v bng s electron c trong
nguyn t ca nguyn t).
c) K hiu nguyn t

4. ng v Nguyn t khi trung bnh
a) ng v l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s ntron, do c s khi A khc
nhau.
Th d :
16
8
O(8e, 8p, 8n) ;
17
8
O(8e, 8p, 9n)v
18
8
O(8e, 8p, 10n).
Lu : Cn phn bit vi khi nim ng khi (l nhng dng nguyn t ca nhng nguyn t khc nhau
c cng s khi A nhng khc s proton Z).
Th d :
40
19
K(19p, 21n, 19e) v
40
20
Ca (20p, 20n, 20e).
b) T s
N
Z

Vi nguyn t nguyn t c in tch ht nhn Z khng qu 82 (ht nhn nguyn t bn) lun c t s :
(tr
|
|
H)

Ring nguyn t nguyn t Z < 18, t s l

Nu gi tng cc s ht e, p, n l S th :
3
S
Z
3,524 hoc 3 <
S
Z
1,23
1
N
Z
1,524
1
N
Z
1,23
A
X
K hiu
nguyn
t
S khi
S n v
in tch

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c) Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca nguyn t ( A)
Nu nguyn t X c cc ng v :
A1
X,
A2
X,
A3
X, vi phn trm s nguyn t ca cc ng v l x
1
, x
2
,
x
3
, khi khi lng nguyn t trung bnh (KLNTTB) ca nguyn t X bng :
X
A = x
1
%A
1
+ x
2
%A
2
+ x
3
%A
3
+
1 2 3
x.A y.A z.A ...
A
x y z
+ + +
=
+ +

5. Cu trc v electron ca nguyn t
a) Obitan nguyn t (k hiu AO) l vng khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m ti tp trung phn ln
xc sut c mt electron (khong 95%).
Hnh dng cc obitan nguyn t :
Obitan s c dng hnh cu, tm l ht nhn nguyn t.
Obitan p gm 3 obitan p
x
, p
y
, p
z
c dng hnh s 8 ni, mi obitan c s nh hng khc nhau trong
khng gian.
Obitan d, f c hnh dng phc tp.
Cc obitan khc nhau v hnh dng, kch thc, nhng mi obitan ch cha ti a 2 electron.

Obitan s Obitan p
x
Obitan p
y
Obitan p
z

b) Lp electron : gm cc electron c nng lng gn bng nhau.
Nng lng electron lp trong thp hn lp ngoi. Cc lp electron c c trng bng cc s nguyn
: n = 1, 2, 3, , 7 v c k hiu ln lt t trong ra ngoi nh sau :
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
lp K L M N O P Q
c) Phn lp electron : gm cc electron c nng lng bng nhau.
Cc phn phn lp c k hiu bng cc ch ci vit thng : s, p, d, f.
Thc t vi hn 110 nguyn t bit ch s electron in vo 4 phn lp : ns, np, nd, nf.
Th d : vi n = 6 cc electron in vo cc phn lp 6s, 6p, 6d, 6f.
d) S obitan trong cc phn lp s, p, d, f tng ng l cc s l : 1, 3, 5,7.
e) S obitan trong lp electron th n l n
2
obitan.
Th d : Lp M (n = 3) c : 3
2
= 9 obitan (gm 1 obitan 3s, 3 obitan 3p v 5 obitan 3d) ; lp N (n = 4) c
4
2
= 16 obitan gm 10 obitan 4s ; 3 obitan 4p; 5 obitan 4d ; 7 obitan 4f.

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f) Nng lng ca cc electron trong nguyn t. Cu hnh electron nguyn t
Mc nng lng obitan nguyn t (hay mc nng lng AO)
Khi s hiu nguyn t Z tng, cc mc nng lng AO tng dn theo trnh t nh sau :
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 4p 5s 5p 5f 6s 6d 6p 7p 7s
Lu : Khi Z tng c s chn mc nng lng. Th d : mc 4s tr nn thp hn 3d,
Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b electron trong nguyn t
Nguyn l Pauli
Trn mt obitan ch c th c nhiu nht l hai electron v hai electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc
chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi electron.
Obitan c 2 electron ghp i : v 1 electron c thn :
Nguyn l vng bn
trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t
cc electron chim ln lt nhng
obitan c mc nng lng t thp n
cao.

Quy tc Kleckowski :

(1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4
6
5s
2
4d
10

6s
2
4f
14
5d
10
6p
6
7s
2
5f
14
6d
10
7s
2
...)
Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho cc s electron c thn l ti a
v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau.
Cu hnh electron nguyn t
Cu hnh electron biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau.
Th d : Fe (Z =26) c 26 electron.
Cu hnh electron (CHE) ca Fe l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
.
ngha : S e trong phn lp
Chng hn : S th t lp 3d
6

Tn phn lp
Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca Fe vit di dng lng t :

c im ca lp electron ngoi cng
Do lin kt yu vi ht nhn nguyn t, cc electron lp ngoi cng d tham gia vo s hnh thnh lin
kt ho hc Quyt nh tnh cht ho hc ca mt nguyn t.
Lp ngoi cng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t ch c th c nhiu nht 8e.
Nu c 1, 2 hay 3e lp ngoi cng l nhng nguyn t kim loi.
Nu c 5, 6 hay 7e lp ngoi cng thng l nhng nguyn t phi kim.


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Nu c 4e lp ngoi cng, c th l kim loi (Sn, Pb), c th l phi kim (C, Si).
Nu c 8e lp ngoi cng (tr He c 2e) l cc kh him.
II. BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HO HC V NH LUT TUN HON
1. Cu to bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc
a) nguyn t
Thnh phn ca nguyn t khng th thiu l k hiu ho hc ca nguyn t, s hiu nguyn t, nguyn
t khi trung bnh, ngoi ra cn c th thm thng tin v cu to nguyn t, mng tinh th,
Th d :
S hiu nguyn t (stt) 22 Ti K hiu nguyn t
Tn nguyn t Titan
KLNT trung bnh
47,88 3d
2
4s
2

Khi lng ring (g/cm
3
) 4,5(Ar) 3d
2
4s
2
Cu hnh electron
Nhit nng chy (
0
C) 1670
0
C 1,54
m in
Nhit si (
0
C) 3289
0
C 1gk
Cu trc tinh th
S oxi ho c th c 2, 3, 4 6,82eV Nng lng ion ho
Thng thng cc nguyn t nhm A v nhm B c phn bit nhau v tr t k hiu nguyn t.
S th t (stt) = s hiu nguyn t = s n v in tch ht nhn = tng s electron.
b) Chu k l dy cc nguyn t, m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron, c xp theo chiu in
tch ht nhn tng dn.
C 3 chu k nh (1, 2, 3).
C 4 chu k ln :
Chu k 1 gm 2 nguyn t Z = 1 2 ;
Chu k 4 gm 18 nguyn t Z = 19 36 ;
Chu k 5 gm 18 nguyn t Z = 37 54 ;
Chu k 6 gm 32 nguyn t Z = 55 86 ;
Chu k 7 cc nguyn t cn li t Z = 87 tr i.
c) Nhm l tp hp cc nguyn t c xp thnh ct, gm cc nguyn t m nguyn t c cu hnh
electron tng t nhau, do c tnh cht ho hc gn ging nhau.
Nguyn t cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm c s electron ho tr bng nhau v bng s th t ca
nhm (tr mt s t ngoi l).
Cc nhm nguyn t c chia thnh hai loi :
Nhm A : gm cc nguyn t s v nguyn t p STT nhm A = s e lp ngoi cng.

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IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
ns
1
ns
2
ns
2
np
1
ns
2
np
2
ns
2
np
3
ns
2
np
4
ns
2
np
5
ns
2
np
6
Nhm B : gm cc nguyn t d v nguyn t f. Cu hnh e lp ngoi cng ca hu ht cc nguyn t nhm
B nh sau :
IB IIB IIIB IVB
(n1)d
10
ns
1
(n1)d
10
ns
2
(n1)d
1
ns
2
(n1)d
2
ns
2

VB
(n1)d
3
ns
2

VIB
(n1)d
5
ns
1

VIIB
(n 1) d
5
ns
2
VIIIB : (n1)
6
ns
2
(n1)d
7
ns
2
(n1)d
8
ns
2
2. Nhng tnh cht bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn
Trong mt chu k : t tri phi
in tch ht nhn s lp e bng nhau, s lp ngoi cng tng, r
nt
; m in. Nng lng ion ho I
1

; tnh kim loi , tnh phi kim ; tnh axit ca cc oxit, hiroxit , tnh baz ca chng ; ho tr trong
hp cht kh vi H ca phi kim gim t 4 1 ; ho tr cao nht trong hp cht vi O tng t 1 7.
Trong mt nhm A : t trn xung di
Khi Z, s lp e tng, s e ngoi cng bng nhau, r
nt
; ; I
1
, tnh KL, tnh PK, tnh axit ca cc
oxit, hiroxit, tnh baz .
3. nh lut tun hon
a) Ni dung nh lut
Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc n cht v hp cht to nn t cc
nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
Lu :
Hai nguyn t A, B thuc cng mt chu k v thuc 2 nhm A lin tip nhau Z
B
Z
A
= 1.
Hai nguyn t A, B thuc cng nhm A v thuc :2 chu k lin tip nhau.
Z
B
Z
A
= 8 (nu t nht A thuc chu k nh)
Z
B
Z
A
= 18 (nu c A, B thuc chu k ln)
Trong mt chu k t tri sang phi
Hp cht kh vi
hiro
RH
4
RH
3
RH
2
RH
Hp cht vi oxi
(ho tr cao nht)
R
2
O R O

R
2
O
3
RO
2
R
2
O
5
RO
3
R
2
O
7


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Ch 2 LIN KT HO HC
I. KHI NIM V LIN KT HO HC
1. Khi nim v lin kt ho hc
Lin kt ho hc c hnh thnh gia hai nguyn t trong phn t n cht hay hp cht.
2. Quy tc bt t (8 electron)
Cu hnh vi 8 electron lp ngoi cng (hoc 2 electron lp th nht) l mt cu hnh c bit vng
bn.
Theo quy tc bt t (8 electron) th cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c khuynh hng lin kt vi cc
nguyn t khc t c cu hnh electron vng bn ca cc kh him vi 8 electron (hoc 2 i vi
heli) lp ngoi cng.
II. SO SNH LIN KT ION V LIN KT CNG HO TR
1.
Loi Lin kt ion Lin kt cng ho tr
Ging nhau
Nguyn nhn hnh thnh lin kt : Cc nguyn t lin kt vi
nhau to thnh phn t c cu hnh electron bn vng ca
kh him.
Khc
nhau
Bn
cht
L lc ht tnh in gia cc
ion mang in tch tri du
L s dng chung cc
electron
Th d
Na
+
+ Cl
NaCl
H. + Cl. H : Cl
iu
kin lin
kt
Xy ra gia nhng nguyn t
khc hn nhau v bn cht
ho hc (thng xy ra gia
cc kim loi in hnh v phi
kim in hnh) ; gia ion
dng ion m.
Xy ra gia hai nguyn t
ging nhau v bn cht ho
hc (thng xy ra vi cc
nguyn t phi kim nhm 4, 5,
6, 7)

Lu : Trn thc t trong hu ht cc trng hp, trng thi lin kt va mang tnh cht cng ho tr va
mang tnh ion. c th bit c loi lin kt ta phi da vo gi tr hiu m in gia 2 nguyn t
ca mt lin kt.
2. Xc nh loi lin kt da vo gi tr hiu m in gia hai nguyn t ca mt lin kt
Hiu m in Loi lin kt
< 0,4
0,4 < 1,7
1,7
Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc
Lin kt cng ho tr c cc
Lin kt ion

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3. Lin kt cho nhn (cn gi l lin kt phi tr)
l loi lin kt cng ho tr c bit m cp electron dng chung ch do 1 nguyn t cung cp c gi
l nguyn t cho electron. Nguyn t kia c obitan trng (obitan khng c electron) c gi l nguyn t
nhn electron. Lin kt cho nhn c k hiu bng () c chiu t cht cho e sang cht nhn e.
Th d : Qu trnh hnh thnh ion NH
+
4
(t NH
3
v H
+
) c bn cht lin kt cho nhn :

iu kin to thnh lin kt cho nhn gia hai nguyn t A B l nguyn t A c 8 electron lp
ngoi, trong c nhng cp electron t do (cha tham gia lin kt) v nguyn t B phi c obitan trng.
4. Lin kt kim loi
1) Lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t v ion kim loi trong mng tinh th c
s tham gia ca cc electron t do.
2) Tng tc gia cc ion dng kim loi nt mng vi electron t do l nguyn nhn ca lin kt kim
loi.
3) Lin kt trong mng tinh th kim loi c bn cht tnh in, nhng khc vi lin kt ion ch : Lin kt
gia cc ion l lc ht tnh in ion ion, cn lin kt kim loi l lc ht tnh in ion electron.
5. S xen ph cc obitan to thnh lin kt n, lin kt i v lin kt ba
a) S xen ph trc Lin kt (xch ma)
S xen ph trong trc ca obitan lin kt trung vi ng ni tm ca hai nguyn t lin kt gi l s xen
ph trc. S xen ph trc to lin kt (hnh 1).

Hnh 1. Xen ph trc Hnh 2. Xen ph bn
b) S xen ph bn Lin kt (pi)
S xen ph trong trc ca cc obitan lin kt song song vi nhau v vung gc vi ng ni tm ca 2
nguyn t lin kt c gi l xen ph bn. S xen ph bn to lin kt (hnh 2).
c) Lin kt n : Lun lun l lin kt xch ma , c to thnh t s xen ph trc v thng bn vng.
d) Lin kt i : Gm 1 lin kt v 1 lin kt . Cc lin kt thng km bn hn so vi lin kt .

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e) Lin kt ba : Gm mt lin kt v hai lin kt km bn.
III. TINH TH ION, TINH TH NGUYN T, TINH TH PHN T V TINH TH KIM LOI
1. Tinh th ion
Tinh th ion c hnh thnh t nhng ion mang in tch tri du, l cc cation v anion.
Lc lin kt c bn cht tnh in.
Tinh th ion bn, kh nng chy, kh bay hi.
2. Tinh th nguyn t
Tinh th c hnh thnh t cc nguyn t.
Lc lin kt c bn cht cng ho tr.
Nhit nng chy v nhit si cao.
3. Tinh th phn t
Tinh th c hnh thnh t cc phn t.
Lc lin kt l lc tng tc phn t.
t bn, cng nh, nhit nng chy v nhit si thp.
4. Tinh th kim loi
Tinh th dc hnh thnh t nhng ion, nguyn t kim loi v cc electron t do.
Lc lin kt c bn cht tnh in.
nh kim, dn nhit, dn in tt, do.
IV. HO TR V S OXI HO
1. Ho tr trong hp cht ion
Khi nim v in ho tr : Ho tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht ion c gi l in ho tr.
Cch xc nh in ho tr : Tr s in ho tr ca mt nguyn t bng s electron m nguyn t
ca nguyn t nhng hoc thu to thnh ion.
2. Ho tr trong hp cht cng ho tr
Khi nim : Ho tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht cng ho tr c gi l cng ho tr.
Cch xc nh : Cng ho tr ca mt nguyn t l s lin kt m nguyn t ca nguyn t to ra
c vi cc nguyn t khc trong phn t trng thi ang xt.
3. S oxi ho
Khi nim : S oxi ho ca mt nguyn t trong phn t l in tch ca nguyn t nguyn t
nu gi nh lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t l lin kt ion.
Cch xc nh : Theo 4 quy tc
Quy tc 1 : Trong cc n cht, s oxi ho ca nguyn t bng 0.
Quy tc 2 : Trong mt phn t tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng 0.

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Quy tc 3 : Trong cc ion n nguyn t, s oxi ho ca nguyn t bng in tch ca ion ; trong ion
a nguyn t tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng in tch ca ion.
Quy tc 4 : Trong hu ht cc hp cht, s oxi ho ca hiro bng +1, ca oxi bng 2.


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Ch 3 PHN NG HO HC
I. PHN LOI PHN NG HO HC
Da vo s thay i s oxi ho, cc phn ng ho hc c chia lm hai loi :
Loi 1 : Phn ng ho hc c s thay i s oxi ho : Tt c cc phn ng ho hc thuc loi phn
ng ho hc ny.
Loi 2 : Phn ng ho hc khng c s thay i s oxi ho : Cc phn ng trao i, mt s phn
ng ho hp v mt s phn ng phn hu thuc loi phn ng ho hc ny.
II. PHN NG TO NHIT V PHN NG THU NHIT
1. Phn ng to nhit l phn ng ho hc gii phng nng lng di dng nhit.
2. Phn ng thu nhit l phn ng ho hc hp th nng lng di dng nhit.
3. biu din mt phn ng ho hc thu nhit hay to nhit, ngi ta dng phng trnh nhit ho
hc. Nhit ca phn ng ho hc c k hiu l H.
Phng trnh phn ng c ghi thm gi tr H v trng thi ca cc cht c gi l phng trnh nhit ho
hc.
Quy c : phn ng thu nhit th H > 0, to nhit th H < 0.
Th d : ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
H k Cl k HCl k ; H 185, 7kJ / mol
2 2
+ =
<=>1 mol HCl to thnh t kh H
2
v kh Cl
2
to ra 185,7kJ.
CaCO
3
CaO(r) + CO
2
(k) ; H = + 572lkJ/mol
<=>1mol CaCO
3
rn phn hu to thnh 1mol CaO rn v 1 mol kh CO
2
, hp th mt lng nhit l
572kJ.
III. PHN NG OXI HO - KH
1. nh ngha
Phn ng oxi ho kh l phn ng ho hc trong c s chuyn electron gia cc cht phn ng
(do c s thay i s oxi ho ca mt s nguyn t).
Phn ng oxi ho kh l phn ng trong c s thay i s oxi ho ca mt hoc nhiu nguyn
t.
Cht kh (hay cht b oxi ho) : l cht nhng electron, do c s oxi ho tng sau phn ng.
Cht oxi ho (hay cht b kh) : l cht nhn electron, do c s oxi ho gim sau phn ng.
S oxi ho mt cht l lm cho cht nhng electron hay lm tng s oxi ho ca cht .
S kh mt cht l lm cho cht nhn electron hay lm gim s oxi ho ca cht .
S kh v s oxi ho l hai mt ca mt phn ng oxi ho kh, chng phi xy ra ng thi.
2. Cc phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ho kh
a) Phng php i s
Phng php ny p dng cho tt c cc loi phn ng oxi ho kh cng nh phn ng khng oxi ho
kh.

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b) Phng php thng bng electron
y l phng php quan trng cn bng nhanh cc phn ng oxi ho kh trong thi trc nghim.
Nguyn tc ca ca phng php da trn s bo ton electron, ngha l tng s electron cht kh cho
bng tng s electron cht oxi ho nhn.
Bc 1 : Vit phng trnh phn ng. C th cha cn vit ht tt c cc cht tham gia v sn
phm, nhng nht thit phi vit cc cht tham gia cho nhn electron v cc sn phm ca chng.
Th d : Ho tan Cu bng dung dch HNO
3
long
Cu + HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ NO + H
2
O
Bc 2 : Xc nh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t c s oxi ho thay i, khng cn quan tm ti cc
nguyn t c s oxi ho khng thay i v vit cc phng trnh cho nhn electron.
Cu
o
Cu
+2
+ 2e
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2

Bc 3 : Cn bng s electron cho nhn. Ni chung, cn bng s electron cho nhn ta ch cn
nhn cho s electron cho v nhn.
3 Cu
o
Cu
+2
+ 2e
2 N
+5
+ 3e N
+2

Ch : khng nhm ln nn tnh tng s electron cho nhn trong ton b phn t.
Th d : 2N
+5
+ 8e 2N
+1
(trong N
2
O)
Bc 4 : a h s tm c t phng trnh cho nhn electron vo phng trnh phn ng :
3Cu + 2HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + H
2
O
Bc 5 : Cn bng phn khng oxi ho kh. Trc ht cn b sung phn axit to mui. i vi
phn ng trn ta cn thm 6 phn t HNO
3
to ra 3 phn t Cu(NO
3
)
2
, cui cng cn bng s phn t
H
2
O (hoc cc cht lm mi trng v.v).
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
c) Phng php ion electron hay phng php bn phn ng
Theo phng php bn phn ng th bc 1, bc 2 ging nh phng php trn, t bc 3 tr i th khc.
ng l vit cc phng trnh cho nhn electron v sn phm ca chng nu thuc din in li mnh
(axit mnh, baz mnh, mui tan) th vit di dng ion (nh vy phng php bn phn ng ch p dng
cho cc phn ng xy ra trong dung dch). i vi trng hp ho tan Cu bng dung dch HNO
3
trn ta
vit nh sau :
Cu
o
Cu
2+
+ 2e (Cu
2+
ch khng phi l Cu
+2
!)
3
NO 3e NO
+ (khng vit N
+5
, N
+2
!)
Ch : cn bng cc bn phn ng c th dng cc quy tc sau :
Ngoi cc cht (nguyn t, phn t, ion v.v) cho nhn electron v cc sn phm ca chng nu cn
bng (c v s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t, c v in tch ca 2 v, Th d : Cu
o
Cu
2+
+ 2e) th coi l
bn phn ng vit xong ; nu cha cn bng, Th d :
3
NO 3e NO
+ th cn bng nh sau :

- Trang | 13 -

Nu v tri nhiu oxi (O) hn v phi th trong mi trng axit v tri thm H
+
vv phi thm H
2
O, Th
d :
3 2
NO 3e 4H NO 2H O
+
+ + + .
Nu trong mi trng trung tnh th v tri thm H
2
O v v phi to thnh OH
. Th d :
4 2 2
MnO 3e 2H O MnO 4OH

+ + +
Nu v tri t oxi (O) hn v phi th trong mi trng trung tnh v tri thm H
2
O v v phi to thnh
H
+
. Th d :SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2
4
SO 4H 2e
+
+ + .
Nu trong mi trng baz th v tri thm OH
v v phi thm H
2
O, Th d :
2 2
3 4 2
SO 2OH SO H O 2e

+ + +
Sau khi cn bng ta c hai bn phn ng sau :
Cu
o
Cu
2+
+ 2e
3 2
NO 3e 4H NO 2H O
+
+ + +
Bc 4 : cn bng s electron cho nhn ging nh phng php thng bng electron.
3 Cu
o
Cu
2+
+ 2e
2
3 2
NO 3e 4H NO 2H O
+
+ + +
Bc 5 : cng 2 bn phn ng ta c phng trnh phn ng dng ion (thu gn).
2
3 2
3Cu 8H 2NO 3Cu 2NO 4H O
+ +
+ + + +
Mun chuyn phng trnh dng ion thnh phng trnh dng phn t ta cn cng vo 2 v nhng lng
nh nhau cc cation hoc anion hoc c hai b tr in tch. Trng hp trn cn cng
3
6NO
vo 2 v,
ta c :
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
3. Phn loi phn ng oxi ho - kh
S phn ng oxi ho kh cc k nhiu nhng c th phn thnh 3 nhm ln sau y :
Phn ng gia cc nguyn t, phn t, ion : ngha l nhng phn ng trong c s chuyn di
electron t cht ny sang cht khc.
Cc th d in hnh :
a) Gia cc nguyn t : Zn + S
o
t
ZnS
b) Gia nguyn t phn t : 2Al + Fe
2
O
3

o
t
2Fe + Al
2
O
3

c) Gia phn t phn t : FeO + CO
o
t
Fe + CO
2

d) Gia nguyn t ion : 3Cu + 2NO
2
3
+ 8H
+

o
t
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
e) Gia ion ion :
2MnO
4
+ SO
2
3
+ 2OH

2 2
4 4 2
2MnO SO H O

+ +
Trong loi phn ng ny mt cht ng vai tr cht oxi ho (nhn electron) v cht kia (cho electron) ng
vai tr cht kh.

- Trang | 14 -

Phn ng ni phn t : l phn ng trong qu trnh cho nhn electron xy ra trong mt phn
t.
Th d : 2HgO 2Hg + O
2

HgO va l cht oxi ho va l cht kh, trong Hg
+2
ng vai tr cht oxi ho v O
2
ng vai tr cht
kh.
Cu(NO
3
)
3

o
t
CuO + 2NO
2
+
2
1
O
2

Cu(NO
3
)
2
va l cht oxi ho va l cht kh, trong 2 nguyn t N
+5
ng vai tr cht oxi ho v 1
nguyn t O
2
ng vai tr cht kh.
Phn ng d li : l phn ng trong cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t cng mt mc oxi
ho (cng s oxi ho) tch thnh nhiu mc oxi ho khc nhau :
3
4 5
2 2 3 2
2NO 2NaOH NaNO NaNO H O
+
+ +
+ + +
Ch : phn ng ng hp l trng hp c bit ca phn ng gia cc phn t, trong cc nguyn t
ca cng mt nguyn t cc mc oxi ho khc nhau tc dng vi nhau thnh mt cht c cng mc oxi
ho.
Th d :
5 1 0
3 2 4 2 4 2 2
KBrO 5KBr 3H SO 3K SO 3Br 3H O
+
+ + + +
(cht oxi ho) (cht kh)

- Trang | 15 -

Ch 4 TC PHN NG V CN BNG HO HC

I. TC PHN NG
1. Khi nim v tc phn ng v tc trung bnh ca phn ng
a) Tc phn ng
Cc cht phn ng cc sn phm
Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc sn phm trong mt n
v thi gian.
b) Tc trung bnh ca phn ng
Mi phn ng ho hc u c th biu din bng phng trnh tng qut sau :
Cc cht phn ng Cc sn phm
Trong qu trnh din bin ca phn ng, nng cc cht phn ng gim dn, ng thi nng cc sn
phm tng dn. Phn ng xy ra cng nhanh th trong mt n v thi gian nng cc cht phn ng
gim v nng cc sn phm tng cng nhiu. Nh vy, c th dng bin thin nng theo thi gian
ca mt cht bt k trong phn ng lm thc o tc phn ng.
Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc sn phm trong mt n
v thi gian.
Nng thng c tnh bng mol/l, cn n v thi gian c th l giy (s), pht (ph), gi (h)...
Tc phn ng oc xc nh bng thc nghim.
c) Tc trung bnh ca phn ng
Xt phn ng : A B
thi im t
1
, nng cht A (cht phn ng) l C
1
mol/l. thi im t
2
, nng cht A l C
2
mol/l (C
2

< C
1
v trong qu trnh din ra phn ng nng cht A gim dn).
Tc ca phn ng tnh theo cht A trong khong thi gian t t
1
n t
2
c xc nh nh sau :
1 2 2 1
2 1 2 1
C C C C C
v
t t t t t

= + = =

Nu tc c tnh theo sn phm B th :
thi im t
1
, nng cht B l C
1
mol/l. thi im t
2
nng cht B l C
2
mol/l (C
2
> C
1
v nng
cht B tng theo thi gian din ra phn ng). Ta c :
' '
2 1
2 1
C C C
v
t t t

= + = +

Trong , v l tc trung bnh ca phn ng trong khong thi gian t t
1
n t
2
.

- Trang | 16 -

2. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng
a) Nng
Khi tng nng cht phn ng, tc phn ng tng.
Th d : aA + bB cC + dD
V
p/
= k. [A]
a
[B]
b
Trong : [A] ; [B] l nng cc cht A, B.
k : hng s tc phn ng ch ph thuc vo nhit v bn cht cc phn ng (l tc phn ng khi
nng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng nhau v bng 1mol/l).
v : tc phn ng
b) p sut
i vi phn ng c cht kh, khi tng p sut tc phn ng tng.
(Khi tng p sut ln bao nhiu ln ng ngha vi tng nng cc cht phn ng ln by nhiu ln).
c) Nhit
Khi tng nhit , tc phn ng tng khi tng nhit t t
0
1
t
2
0
c :
0 0
2 1
t t
a

vt
2
= vt
1.

Trong : vt
1
0
l tc phn ng nhit
vt
2

ban u
cao hn

: l h s nhit ca tc (cho bit tc phn ng tng ln cao nhiu ln khi tng a (
0
C).
d) Din tch b mt
Khi tng din tch b mt cht phn ng, tc phn ng tng.
e) Cht xc tc : l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng cn li sau khi phn ng kt thc.
(Cht lm gim tc phn ng c gi l cht c ch phn ng).
II. CN BNG HO HC
1. Phn ng thun nghch l phn ng trong cng iu kin phn ng ng thi xy ra theo 2 chiu
ngc nhau.
2. Cn bng ho hc l trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch khi tc phn ng thun bng tc
phn ng nghch.
3. Hng s cn bng : ch ph thuc vo nhit .
aA + bB cC + dD
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
c d
C
a b
C D
K
A B
=

- Trang | 17 -

[A] ; [B] ; [C] ; [D] l nng mol ca cc cht A, B, C, D lc cn bng.
4. S chuyn dch cn bng, cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ho hc
a) Mt phn ng thun nghch ang trng thi cn bng, c th chuyn sang trng thi cn bng khc do
s thay i iu kin ca mi trng gi l s chuyn dch cn bng.
b) Nhng yu t nh hng
Khi tng nng mt cht no trong cn bng (tr cht rn) nhit khng i, th cn bng s
chuyn dch sang pha lm gim nng cht cho n khi t cn bng mi.
Khi gim nng mt cht no trong cn bng (tr cht rn) nhit khng i, th cn bng s
chuyn dch sang pha tng nng cht cho n khi t cn bng mi.
Khi tng p sut chung ca h cn bng (bng cch nn bnh phn ng li) nhit khng i, th cn
bng s chuyn dch sang pha phn ng c s mol kh t hn, cho ti khi t cn bng mi.
Khi gim p sut chung ca h cn bng (bng cch tng th tch bnh phn ng ln) nhit khng i,
th cn bng s chuyn dch sang pha phn ng c s mol kh nhiu hn, cho n khi t cn bng mi.
Khi tng nhit ca cn bng, th cn bng s chuyn dch sang pha phn ng thu nhit cho n khi t
cn bng mi.
Khi gim nhit ca cn bng, th cn bng s chuyn dch sang pha phn ng to nhit cho n khi t
cn bng mi.
Ba yu t lm chuyn dch cn bng c tm tt trong nguyn l L Satli.


- Trang | 18 -

Ch 5 S IN LI

I. S IN LI
Qu trnh phn li cc cht trong nc ra ion l s in li. Nhng cht tan trong nc phn li ra ion c
gi l nhng cht in li.
in li : in li (anpha) ca cht in li l t s gia phn s phn t phn li ra ion (n) v tng s
phn t ho tan (n
0
) :
0
n
n
= , hoc
0
C
C
=
(trong C l nng ion ; C
0
l nng cht tan ban u).
Phn loi cc cht in li :
+) Cht in li mnh l cht khi tan trong nc c = 1 (v d : cc axit mnh, bazo mnh, hu ht cc
mui tan nh HCl ; HNO
3
; H
2
SO
4
; HClO
3
; NaOH ; KOH ; Ba(OH)
2
; NaCl ; KNO
3
; Ba(NO
3
)
2
...).
Na
2
CO
3
2Na
+
+ CO
3
2

+) Cht in li yu l cht khi tan trong nc c 0 < < 1. (v d : cc axit yu, bazo yu...nh : HF ;
HClO ; HNO
2
; H
2
CO
3
; Mg(OH)
2
...)
HF H
+
+ F

Cn bng phn li ca cc cht in li yu l cn bng ng, tun theo nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng L
Satli. Khi pha long dung dch cht in li yu th in li tng.
I. AXIT BAZ, MUI, pH
1. Axit baz theo Arniut
Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H
+
.
HCl H
+
+ Cl

CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
+ H
+

Baz l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra anion OH
.
NaOH Na
+
+ OH

Mg(OH)
2
Mg(OH)
+
+ OH

Mg(OH)
+
Mg
2+
+ OH

2. Axit baz theo Bronstt
Axit l cht nhng proton. (Ngoi nhng axit thng thng, mt s ion cng th hin tnh axit trong
dung dch nh : NH
4
+
; HSO
4
; Al
3+
; Fe
3+
; Cu
2+
; Mg
2+
...).
HNO
2
+ H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ NO
2


- Trang | 19 -

Baz l cht nhn proton. (Ngoi nhng baz thng thng, mt s ion cng th hin tnh baz trong
dung dch nh cc anion gc axit ca axit yu : NO
2
; CO
3
2
; SO
3
2
;
HPO
3
2
; S
2
; CH
3
COO
; SiO
3
2
;
AlO
2
; ZnO
2
2
; C
6
H
5
O
; PO
4
2
...)
Cht va c kh nng nhng proton va c kh nng nhn proton l cht lng tnh. (Ngoi nhng cht
lng tnh thng thng mt s ion cng th hin tnh lng tnh trong dung dch nh : H
2
O ; HSO
3
;
HCO
3
; HS
; H
2
PO
3
...)
Th d : HCO
3
+ H
+
H
2
O + CO
2
(HCO
3

ng vai tr baz)
HCO
3
+ OH

CO
3
2
+ H
3
O
+
(HCO
3
ng vai tr axit )
3. Hng s phn li axit v baz
S phn li ca axit v baz yu trong nc l cc qu trnh thun nghch :
HNO
2
H
+
+ NO
2
K
a
=
[ ]
2
2
H . NO
HNO
+

NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+
+ OH

4
b
3
NH . OH
K
NH
+

=
Gi tr K
a
, K
b
cng nh, lc axit hoc baz tng ng cng nh.
Mi lin h gia hng s phn li axit baz ca cp axitbaz lin hp :
CH
3
COOH H
+
+ CH
3
COO

3
a
3
H . CH COO
K
CH COO
+

=

H
2
O + CH
3
COO
CH
3
COOH + OH

[ ]
3
b
3
CH COOH . OH
K
CH COO

=

K
b
+ K
a
1
. K
w
y K
w
= [H
+
]. [OH
] (K
w
gi l tch s ion ca nc)
Lu : Vi cht in li yu nh CH
3
COOH c nng ban u l C (mol/l)
CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
+ H
+
K
cb

Nng ban u : C
Nng cn bng : C(1 ) C C
[ ] ( )
cb
A . B
C. C
K
AB 1 C
+

= =

. Nu << 1 th =
cb
K
C

4. Mui
Mui l hp cht, khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hoc cation NH
4
+
) v anion gc axit.
NH
4
Cl NH
4
+
+ Cl

KNO
3
K
+
+ NO
3


- Trang | 20 -

Mui trung ho l mui khng c kh nng phn li ra ion H
+
(proton)
Th d : NaCl, NH
4
NO
3
, Na
2
CO
3
, Na
2
HPO
3
, Na
2
HBO
3.
.....
Mui axit l mui c kh nng phn li ra ion H
+
. Th d : NaHCO
3
. NaH
2
PO
4
, NaHSO
4
...
Ngoi ra cn c mt s mui phc tp, nh mui kp NaCl.KCl ; KAl(SO
4
)
2
.12H
2
O, hay phc cht
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl, [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]SO
4
; mui baz nh Mg(OH)Cl ; Fe(OH)Cl
2
...
5. Khi nim v pH, cht ch th axit baz
nh gi axit baz ca dung dch, ngoi biu din bng nng [H
+
], ta cn c th biu din
di dng pH theo quy c : pH = lg[H
+
] hay [H
+
] = 10
pH
.
S in li ca nc
H
2
O H
+
+ OH
hay H
2
O + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ OH

K
H
2
O
= K. [H
2
O] = [H
+
]. [OH
]
Mi trng trung tnh : [H
+
] = 10
7
mol/l =[OH
] hay pH = 7.
Mi trng axit : [H
+
] > 10
7
mol/l >[OH
] hay pH < 7.
Mi trng baz : [H
+
] < 10
7
mol/l <[OH
] hay pH > 7
Cht ch th axit baz l cht c mu bin i ph thuc vo gi tr pH ca dung dch.
III. PHN NG TRAO I ION TRONG DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LI
1. iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li
Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch xy ra khi tho mn mt trong cc iu kin sau :
Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta
Th d : BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2
BaSO
4

Phn ng to thnh cht in li yu
Th d : HCl + KOH H
2
O + KCl
H
+
+ OH
H
2
O
Phn ng to thnh cht kh
Th d : 2HCl + Na
2
CO
3
H
2
O + 2NaCl + CO
2

2H
+
+ CO
3
2
H
2
O + CO
2

2. Phn ng thy phn ca mui
Khi ho tan trong nc, mui phn li ra cc cation v anion.
Nu cation l cation ca cc baz yu th s b thy phn cho mi trng axit :
R
n+
+ H
2
O ROH
(n1)+

+ H
+

Nu anion l anion ca axit yu th anion s b thy phn cho mi trng baz :
A
m
+ H
2
O HA
(m1)
+ OH


- Trang | 21 -

Dung dch ca mui to bi cation kim loi c baz tan v anion l gc ca axit mnh c mi trng trung
tnh.
Dung dch ca mui to bi cation kim loi c baz tan (M
+
) v anion l gc ca axit yu c mi trng
baz
Dung dch ca mui to bi cation kim loi c baz khng tan v anion l gc ca axit mnh c mi
trng axit.


- Trang | 22 -

Ch 6 PHI KIM
I. NHM HALOGEN
1. Khi qut v nhm halozen
Nhm VIIA gm: Flo, clo, brom, iot, atatin (
9
F;
17
Cl;
35
Br;
53
I;
85
At).
(Trong , atatin l nguyn t phng x)
Cu hnh electron: ns
2
np
5
(n = 2 6).
Dng n cht: X
2
2. Tnh cht vt l
Tnh cht vt l bin i theo quy lut (nhit nng chy, nhit si

tng dn, mu sc cc halogen m
dn (flo: kh mu lc nht, clo: kh mu vng lc, brom: lng mu nu , iot: rn, mu en tm).
3. iu ch
a. Trong phng th nghim ( Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
)
Cht oxi ho mnh (MnO
2
, PbO
2
, KClO
3
, KMnO
4
, K
2
Cr
2
O
7
,...) + dd HX c
MnO
2
+ 4 HX MnX
2
+ X
2
+ 2H
2
O
2KMnO
4
+ 16 HX 2KX + 2 MnX
2
+ 5X
2
+ 8H
2
O
b. Trong cng nghip
Flo: in phn hn hp lng gm KF v HF.
2HF
dp
H
2
+ F
2
Clo: in phn dung dch NaCl vi in cc tr c mng ngn.
2NaCl + 2H
2
O

2NaOH + H
2
+ Cl
2.

Brom: Sau khi tch ly NaCl t nc bin phn cn li cha NaBr
Cl
2
+ 2NaBr 2 NaCl + Br
2

Iot: ly rong bin kh em t ly tro, ha tan tro vo nc c dung dch NaI.
Cl
2
+ 2NaI 2NaCl + I
2

4. Tnh cht ho hc
u c tnh oxi ho mnh: X
2
+ 2e 2X

T flo n iot: Tnh cht oxi ho gim dn, tnh kh tng dn.
n cht Flo(F
2
) Clo (Cl
2
) Brom (Br
2
) Iot(I
2
)
Tc dng
vi kim
loi
Tc dng vi tt
c kim loi k c
Au, phn ng to
nhit mnh
Tc dng hu ht
cc vi kim loi,
phn ng to
nhiu nhit
Tc dng hu ht
vi cc kim loi;
to nhit t hn clo
2Na + Br
2

Tc dng vi
nhiu kim loi
nhit cao (c
xc tc)

- Trang | 23 -

2Na + F
2
2NaF 2Na + Cl
2

2Na
+
Cl

2Na
+
Br
2Na + I
2

o
t

2Na
+
I

2Al + 3I
2

o
t
2AlI
3

Tc dng
vi H
2
v
mt s phi
kim
N mnh; xy ra
252
0
C trong
bng ti, phn ng
to nhit
H
2
+ F
2

2H
2+
F

N, phn ng
to nhit
H
2
+ Cl
2

) (
0
t As
2H
+
Cl
Khng n to
nhit t hn Clo
H
2
+ Br
2

cao t
0
2H
+
Br

Thun nghch
Phn ng thu
nhit
H
2
+ I
2
cao t
0
2HI

Tc dng
vi H
2
O
2F
0
2
+2H
2
2
O
4HF
+O
0
2

Nc nng
chy
Cl
2
+ H
2
O
HCl +HClO
km hn Clo
Br
2
+H
2
O HBr
+ HBrO
t tan trong nc,
phn ng rt yu
I
2
+ H
2
O HI
+HIO
Tc dng
vi dung
dch kim
Tc dng vi kim
long, t
0
thp
F
0
2
+2NaOH
2NaF + H
2
O +
OF
2

Cl
2
+ 2NaOH
NaCl

+

NaClO

+

H
2
O
3Cl
2
+ 6NaOH
o
t

5NaCl

+

NaClO
3
+
3H
2
O
3Br
2
+ 6NaOH
5NaBr+NaBrO
3
+3H
2
O
Kh hn nhiu
so vi brom
Tc dng
vi mui
halozen
Tc dng vi
mui nng chy
F
2
+ 2NaCl

2NaF + Cl
2

Tc dng vi
dung dch mui
Cl
0
2
+2NaBr
2NaCl
+ Br
0
2

Cl
2
+ 2FeCl
2

2FeCl
3

Tc dng vi
dung dch mui
Br
0
2
+
2NaI2NaBr+I
2
0
Khng phn ng
Mt s
phn ng
th hin
tnh kh
Khng Khng
Br
2
+ 5Cl
2
+
6H
2
O
2HBrO
3
+ 10HCl
I
0
2
+ 2HCl
+5
O
3

2HI
+5
O
3
+ Cl
2
Lu : Clo, brom, iot khng phn ng trc tip vi oxi, nit, cacbon.
5. Cc hologenua v axit halogen hiric (HX: HF, HCl, HBr, HI)
a) Tnh cht
Tnh axit : cc dung dch HX c y tnh cht ca axit, tnh axit tng t HF HI.
Tnh kh : tnh kh tng t HF HI
4HCl
td
+ MnO
2

o
t
MnCl
2
+ 2H
2
O + Cl
2


- Trang | 24 -

2HBr + H
2
SO
4
Br
2
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
8HI + H
2
SO
4
4I
2
+ H
2
S + 4H
2
O
HF n mn thu tinh do :
4HF + SiO
2
SiF
4
+ 2H
2
O
b) iu ch
HF: CaF
2
+ H
2
SO
4
CaSO
4
+ 2HF
HCl:
Cch 1: Phng php sunfat
NaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4

C 250 d
0
NaHSO
4
+ HCl
2NaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4

C 400
0
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl
Cch 2: Phng php tng hp
H
2
+Cl
2

AS
2HCl
HBr v HI
PBr
3
+ 2H
2
O H
3
PO
3
+ 3 HBr
PI
3
+ 3H
2
O H
3
IO
3
+ 3HI
c) Nhn bit ion X

Dng dung dch AgNO
3
lm thuc th nhn bit ion X
(Cl
, Br
, I
) X v:
HX + AgNO
3
Ag X + HNO
3

AgF: tan; AgCl: mu trng; AgBr: mu vng nht; AgI : mu vng
6. Hp cht cha oxi ca halogen
a) Trong hp cht vi oxi, flo c s oxi ho m (OF
2
), cn cc halogen khc c s oxi ho dng (+1, +3,
+5, +7).
b) Cc axit cha oxi ca clo: HClO; HClO
2
; HClO
3
; HClO
4
T HClO n HClO
4
: bn tng dn, tnh axit tng dn; tnh oxi ho gim dn.
Cc mui tng ng d b nhit phn
4KClO
3
o
t
3NaClO
4
+ NaCl
2KClO
3
0
2
t
MnO
2NaCl + 3O
2

c) Mt s hp cht c ng dng quan trng do c tnh oxi ho mnh
Nc Giaven: (NaCl, NaClO, H
2
O)
Clorua vi: (CaOCl
2
)
Kali clorat (KClO
3
)

- Trang | 25 -

II. NHM OXI
1. Khi qut v nhm oxi
V tr: Nhm VIA gm: Oxi (O); lu hunh (S), selen (Se), telu (Te), poloni (Po: l nguyn t phng x).
Cu hnh electron: ns
2
np
4
(n = 2 6)
n cht : O
2
(kh khng mu), S (rn, mu vng), Se (cht bn dn, rn, mu nu ), Te (cht rn, mu
xm).
2. Tnh cht ho hc
C tnh oxi ho nhng yu hn so vi halogen cng chu k.
T O n Po : tnh phi kim gim, tnh kim loi tng dn O, S l phi kim.
a) Oxi (O
2
) c tnh oxi ho mnh
Tc dng mnh vi nhiu n cht nh cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt), H
2
, nhiu phi kim (tr halogen)
2Na + O
2
0
2Na
2
O
2

2Cu + O
2
0

o
t
2CuO
2
2H
2
+ O
2
0
o
t
2H
2
O
2
H = 285,83 kJ
C
0
+ O
2
o
t

4
2
2
CO
+

Tc dng vi nhiu hp cht
C
2
H
5
OH + 3O
2
0

o
t
2CO
2
2
+ 3H
2
O
2

2H
2
S
2
+ 3O
2

4
2
2
2SO
+
+ 2H
2
O
2

b) Ozon (O
3
) c tnh oxi ho rt mnh (mnh hn O
2
)
Tc dng hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt) k c bc:
Ag + O
3
Ag
2
O

+ O
2
Oxi ho c ion I
trong dung dch

2KI + O
3
0
+ H
2
O

I
2
0
+ 2KOH
2
+ O
2
0

c) Lu hunh (S): va c tnh oxi ho, va c tnh kh
Tnh oxi ho : Tc dng vi H
2
v nhiu kim loi t
0
cao.
H
2
+ S
o

H
2
S
2
4H = 20,08 kJ
2Al + 3S
0
o
t cao
Al
2
S
3
2

Cu + S
o
t cao
CuS
Hg + S
o
t thng
HgS
Tnh kh : Tc dng vi nhiu phi kim (tr N
2
, I
2
), nhiu cht oxi ho mnh.

- Trang | 26 -

S
0
+ O
2

o
t

4
2
SO
+

0 6
2 6
S 3F SF
+
+
2KClO
3
+ 3S
0

o
t

4
2
3SO 2KCl
+
+
2KNO
3
+ S
0

4
2 2
SO 2KNO
+
+
6HNO
3/c
+ S
0

6
2 4 2 2
H SO 2H O 6NO
+
+ +
2H
2
SO
4/c
+ S
0

4
2 2
3SO 2H O
+
+
3. Hp cht v tnh cht ho hc ca cc hp cht
a) Hiro peoxit (H
2
O
2
)
H
2
O
2
khng bn:
2H
2
O
2

2
xt MnO
2 2
2H O O +
H
2
O
2
va c tnh oxi ho, va c tnh kh.
Tnh oxi ho:
3 5
2
2 2 2 2 3
H O KNO H O KNO
+ + +

+ +
4
2 2
2 2 4 2
4H O PbS PbSO 4H O
+ +

+ +
2
0
2
2 2
H O 2KI I 2KOH
+
+ +
Tnh kh :
Ag
+
2
O + H
2
O
2
2Ag
0
+ H
2
O + O
2

5H
2
O
2
+
7
2
4 2 4 4 2 2 4 2
KMnO 3H SO 2Mn SO 5O K SO 8H O
+
+
+ + + +
H
2
O
2
+ O
3
H
2
O + 2O
2
0

b) Hiro sunfua v axit sunfuhiric (H
2
S)
Tnh kh mnh:
2H
2
S + O
2

o
t
2H
2
O + 25
0

2H
2
S
2
+ 3O
2
2H
2
O + 2SO
2

H
2
S + 4Cl
2
+ 4H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ 8HCl
2H
2
S + 4Ag + O
2
2 Ag
2
S + 2H
2
O
H
2
S + 2FeCl
3
2FeCl
2
+ 2HCl + S

- Trang | 27 -

Tnh axit yu ca dung dch H
2
S (yu hn H
2
CO
3
)
H
2
S + NaOH NaHS + H
2
O
H
2
S + 2NaOH Na
2
S + 2 H
2
O
Nhn bit ion S
2
bng dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
to PbS mu en khng tan trong axit long
c) Lu hunh ioxit (SO
2
)
Tnh oxit axit :
SO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
3
(axit yu, nhng mnh hn axit H
2
S)
Tc dng vi oxit baz, dung dch kim to 2 loi mui nh: NaHSO
3
, Na
2
SO
3

Tnh kh (km H
2
, HI, H
2
S)
2SO
2
+ O
2

6
3
2SO
+

4
0
2 2 2 2 4
SO Br 2H O 2HBr H SO
+
+ + +
SO
2
+ NO
2
SO
3
+ NO
5SO
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 2H
2
O
6 2 6
2 4 4 2 4
K SO 2MnSO 2H SO
+ + +
+ +
Tnh oxi ho
SO
2
+ 2H
2
S 3S
0
+ 2H
2
O
o
4
t 0
2
SO 2Mg S 2MgO
+
+ +
iu ch:
Trong PTN: Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
SO
4

o
t
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + SO
2

Trong cng nghip: S + O
2

o
t
SO
2

4FeS
2
+ 11O
2

o
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2

d) Axit sunfuric (H
2
SO
4
)
H
2
SO
4
long l mt axit mnh c y tnh cht ca mt axit
H
2
SO
4
c c tnh oxi ho mnh, rt ho nc.
Tc dng vi hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt)
2R + 2nH
2
SO
4 c nng
R
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ 2nH
2
O + nSO
2
(H
2
S)
(n l ho tr cao nht ca kim loi R)
V d: 2Fe + 6H
2
SO
4 c nng
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6H
2
O + 2SO
2

Cu +
6 4
2 4c nng 4 2 2
2H SO CuSO 2H O SO
+ +
+ +
Ch : Fe, Al, Cr, Ni th ng trong H
2
SO
4
c ngui.

- Trang | 28 -

Tc dng vi nhiu phi kim (C, S, P)
C + 2H
2
SO
4

c nng
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O + 2SO
2

S + 2H
2
SO
4

c nng
2SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2P + 5H
2
SO
4

c nng
2H
3
PO
4
+ 2H
2
O + 5SO
2

Tc dng vi nhiu hp cht
H
2
SO
4
+ 8HI 4I
2
+ 4H
2
O + H
2
S
H
2
SO
4
+ 2HBr SO
2
+ 2H
2
O + Br
2

2Fe
3
O
4
+ 10H
2
SO
4 c nng
3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 10H
2
O + SO
2

Trong cc phn ng trn, S
+6
nhn electron, l cht oxi ho nn sn phm khng to thnh kh H
2
m to
thnh cc sn phm ng vi cc s oxi ho thp ca S nh SO
2
; H
2
S ; S.
Tnh ho nc: H
2
SO
4
chim nc ca nhiu cht v c v hu c
C
12
(H
2
O)
11

d SO H
4 2
12C + 11H
2
O
Sn xut H
2
SO
4

FeS
2
SO
2
SO
3
H
2
SO
4
. nSO
3
(oleum) H
2
SO
4

Nhn bit SO
4
2
bng dung dch cha Ba
2+
(Ba(OH)
2
; BaCl
2
, Ba(NO
3
)
2
..)
do to BaSO
4
kt ta trng khng tan trong axit.
4. iu ch
a) Oxi
Trong PTN : 2KClO
3

2
MnO
2
2KCl 3O +
2KMnO
4
o
t
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2

2NaNO
3

o
t
2NaNO
2
+ O
2

Trong CN : Chng ct phn on khng kh lng
b) Ozon
Trong t nhin, ozon hnh thnh do tc dng ca tia cc tm:
3O
2
2O
3

c) Lu hunh
Khai thc t cc m S t nhin
T H
2
S, t SO
2
: SO
2
+ 2H
2
S 3S
0
+ 2H
2
O
III. NHM NIT
1. Khi qut v nhm nit
Nhm VA gm: Nit, photpho, asen, antimon, bimut (N, P, As, Sb, Bi)
Cu hnh electron: ns
2
np
3
(n = 2 6)

- Trang | 29 -

S oxi ho: thp nht : 3, cao nht : +5
Dng n cht: N
2
, P, As, Sb, Bi
2. Tnh cht ho hc
Va c tnh oxi ho, va c tnh kh.
Tnh oxi ho yu hn so vi nguyn t VIIA, nhm VIA cng chu k.
T N n Bi:
Tnh phi kim gim, tnh oxi ho gim dn ch c N v P l cc phi kim.
Tnh kim loi tng dn, tnh kh tng dn
a. Nit (N
2
: NN)
Tnh cht ho hc : l cht bn iu kin thng, hot ng hn nhit cao v cht xc tc.
Va c tnh oxi ho va c tnh kh
+) Tnh oxi ho : Tc dng vi H
2
v mt s kim loi Ca, Mg, Al nhit cao:
3Mg + N
2
0
Mg
3
N
2
3

3H
2
+ N
2

o
t
2NH
3
H = 92 kJ
+) Tnh kh: Tc dng vi oxi
N
2
0
+ O
2
o
t

2
2
2NO
+

(NO l cht kh khng mu, ho nu ngoi khng kh do d phn ng vi O
2
ngay k thng:
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
mu nu )
iu ch nit:
Trong cng nghip: chng ct phn on khng kh ho lng.
Trong phng th nghim:
NH
4
NO
2

o
t
N
2
+ 2H
2
O
b. Photpho
P c cu to phc tp gm 2 dng th hnh ph bin l photpho trng v photpho .
Tnh cht ho hc: va c tnh oxi ho va c tnh kh
Tnh oxi ho: tc dng vi mt s kim loi:
2P + 3Ca
o
t
Ca
3
P
2
Tnh kh: tc dng vi mt s phi kim nh O
2
; halogen, nhiu cht oxi ho mnh
4P + 5O
2

o
t
2P
2
O
5
2P + 5Cl
2

o
t
2PCl
5

6P + 5KNO
3

o
t
2P
2
O
5
+ KCl

- Trang | 30 -

iu ch: Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 3SiO
2
+ 5C
o
t
3CaSiO
3
+ 5CO + 2P
3. Hp cht ca nit v photpho
a. Amoniac : NH
3

Tnh cht vt l: l cht kh khng mu, mi khai, nh hn khng kh, tan nhiu trong H
2
O to thnh
dung dch amonic.
Tnh cht ho hc:
+) Tnh baz yu:
Dung dch nc amoniac c tnh baz yu, lm i mu cht ch th, do:
NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+
+ OH
K
b
= 1,8. 10
5
+) Tc dng vi axit to mui, vi nhiu dung dch mui to hiroxit kt ta
NH
3
(k) + HCl(k) NH
4
Cl (khi trng)
2NH
3
+ H
2
SO
4
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
Al
3+
+ 3NH
3
+ 3H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ 3NH
4
+

Kh nng to phc: dung dch NH
3
c kh nng ho tan hiroxit, mui t tan ca mt s kim loi to
thnh dung dch phc cht:
Cu(OH)
2
+ 4NH
3
[ Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
+ 2OH

(phc ng amoniac c mu xanh thm)
AgCl + 2NH
3
[ Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
+ Cl

(phc bc amoniac khng mu)
Tnh kh: NH
3
kh nhiu phi kim, hp cht
2NH
3
+ O
2

o
t
N
2
+ 3H
2
O
4NH
3
+ 5O
2

xctc , t
0
4NO + 6H
2
O
2NH
3
+ Cl
2

o
t
N
2
+ 6HCl
2NH
3
+ 3CuO
o
t
N
2
+ 3Cu + 3H
2
O
iu ch NH
3
:
+) Trong phng th nghim: cho mui amoni tc dng vi kim
2NH
4
Cl + Ca(OH)
2
2NH
3
+ CaCl
2
+ H
2
O
+ Trong cng nghip: tng hp t N
2
v H
2

N
2
+ 3H
2

o
t ,xt,p
2NH
3
Mui amoni: cc mui amoni u in li mnh khi tan trong nc.
Dung dch mui amoni tham gia phn ng trao i ion vi cc cht in li khc
Cc mui amoni km bn nhit d b nhit phn:

- Trang | 31 -

NH
4
NO
2

o
t
N
2
+ 2H
2
O
NH
4
NO
3

o
t
N
2
O + 2H
2
O
NH
4
Cl
o
t
NH
3
+ HCl
b. Axit nitric : HNO
3
Tnh cht vt l: cht lng khng mu, tan v hn trong nc, dung dch m c nht c nng 68%,
thng thng dung dch HNO
3
c c mu vng (do phn hu ra NO
2
)
Tnh cht ho hc:
+) l mt axit mnh c y tnh cht ca mt axit
+) c tnh oxi ho mnh
Tc dng vi hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt), sn phm to thnh ph thuc vo nng axit v mnh
ca kim loi.
R + 2nHNO
3 c
R(NO
3
)
n
+ nH
2
O + nNO
2

(n l ho tr cao nht ca kim loi R)
V d : 2Fe + 6HNO
3 c nng
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O + 3NO
2

4Zn + 10HNO
3 c
4Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ 5H
2
O + N
2
O
5Mg + 12HNO
3 c
5Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ 4H
2
O + NH
4
NO
3
Ch : Fe, Al, Cr, Ni th ng trong HNO
3
c ngui.
Tc dng vi nhiu phi kim (C, S, P) v oxi ho chng ln mc oxi ho cao nht.
C + 4HNO
3 c nng
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4NO
2
Tc dng vi nhiu hp cht :
Fe
3
O
4
+ 10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 5H
2
O + NO
FeS
2
+ 18HNO
3

c, nng
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 2H
2
SO
4
+ 7H
2
O + 15NO
2
HI + 2HNO
3
HIO
3
+ 2NO + 2H
2
O
Trong cc phn ng trn, N
+5
nhn electron, l cht oxi ho nn sn phm khng to thnh kh H
2
m to
thnh cc sn phm ng vi cc s oxi ho thp ca N nh NO
2
; N
2
; NO; N
2
O
;
NH
4
NO
3
iu ch:
+) T mui nitrat:
2KNO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
c, nng K
2
SO
4
+ 2 HNO
3
(chng ct ly)
+) T NH
3
:
NH
3
NO NO
2
HNO
3

Mui nitrat:
+) Cc mui nitrat R(NO
3
)
n
d b nhit phn hu:
R( Na,K, Ca, Ba ) : R(NO
3
)
n
R(NO
2
)
n
+ O
2

R( Mg.......Cu ) : 4R(NO
3
)
n
2R
2
O
n
+ nO
2
+ 4nNO
2


- Trang | 32 -

R( Ag,Hg... ) : 2R(NO
3
)
n
2R + nO
2
+ 2nNO
2

+) Nhn bit ion NO
3
: un nng vi Cu v H
2
SO
4
long. Nu thy c kh nu thot ra v ho nu
ngoi khng kh th cht ban u c NO
3
, v :
2NO
3
+ 8H
+
+3Cu 3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
c. Axit photphoric (H
3
PO
4
)
Tnh cht ho hc:
+) l mt tri axit c mnh trung bnh
+) Khng c tnh oxi ho mnh nh HNO
3
+) Khng bn vi nhit:
H
3
PO
4

o
2
t , H O
H
4
P
2
O
7

o
2
t , H O
HPO
3
Nhn bit ion PO
4
3
: thuc th l dung dch AgNO
3
v :
3Ag
+
+ PO
4
3
Ag
3
PO
4
vng
d. Phn bn ho hc
Phn m: NH
4
Cl, NH
4
NO
3
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, Ca(NO
3
)
2
, NaNO
3
, (NH
2
)CO
Phn ln: Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
(phn ln nung chy), Ca (H
2
PO
4
)
2
. CaSO
4
(supe photphat n), Ca (H
2
PO
4
)
2
(supe
photphat kp).
Phn kali: K
2
CO
3
; KCl; K
2
SO
4

Ngoi ra cn c mt s loi khc nh phn phc hp NPK; phn vi lng...
IV. NHM CACBON
1. Khi qut
Nhm IVA gm cacbon (C), silic (Si), gemani (Ge), thic (Sn), ch (Pb)
Cu hnh electron: ns
2
np
2
(n = 2 6).
Dng n cht: C , Si, Ge, Sn, Pb

T C ti Pb:
+) Nng lng ion ho gim dn
+) Tnh phi kim gim, tnh kim loi tng => C,Si l cc phi kim, Ge l kim, Sn, Pb hon ton l cc kim
loi.
2. Tnh cht ho hc
a. Cacbon (C)
Cc dng th hnh ph bin: kim cng, than ch, fuleren, cacbon v nh hnh...
Tnh cht ho hc :
+) Tnh kh : tc dng mnh vi O
2
v cht oxi ho mnh (HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c, KClO
3
).
C + O
2

o
t
CO
2

- Trang | 33 -

C + 4HNO
3

o
t
CO
2
+ 4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Tnh oxi ho : tc dng vi H
2
, mt s KL nhit cao
C + 2H
2

o
t ,xt
CH
4
4Al + 3C
o
t
Al
4
C
3
Hp cht ca cacbon:
Cacbon monooxit (CO) l oxit trung tnh c tnh kh mnh (kh O
2
, Cl
2
, oxit KL); c iu ch trong
cng nghip bng cch cho hi nc qua than nung , trong PTN:
HCOOH
o
t ,xt
CO + H
2
O
Cacbon oxit (CO
2
) l oxit axit, khng chy v khng duy tr s chy. iu ch t CaCO
3
trong PTN,
trong CN c thu hi t cc qu trnh sn xut sinh ra CO
2
.
Axit cacbonic H
2
CO
3
l axit rt yu, to 2 loi mui: cacbonat (CO
3
2
) v hirocacbonat (NaHCO
3
)
Mui cacbonat quan trng: CaCO
3
, Na
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3
.
b. Silic
Silic c mt s dng th hnh: Silic tinh th, silic v nh hnh.
Tnh cht ho hc :
+) Tnh kh : tc dng vi F
2
, O
2
v hp cht nh dung dch kim
Si + 2F
2

o
t
SiF
4
Si + O
2

o
t
SiO
2
Si + 2NaOH + H
2
O
o
t
Na
2
SiO
3
+ H
2
Tnh oxi ho: tc dng vi kim loi to mui silixua
2Mg + Si
o
t
Mg
2
S
iu ch:
+) Trong PTN: SiO
2
+ Mg
o
t
Si + 2MgO
+) Trong cng nghip : SiO
2
+ 2C
o
t
Si + 2CO
Hp cht ca Si : H
2
SiO
3
(axit silixic) l axit yu hn H
2
CO
3

Mui silicat c nhiu ng dng ch yu nh Thu tinh thng(hn hp mui natri silicat, canxi silicat v silic
oxit : Na
2
O.CaO.6SiO
2
), thu tinh thch anh, phal; gm; xi mng.


- Trang | 34 -

Ch 7 I CNG V KIM LOI
I. C IM CU TO KIM LOI V HP KIM
1. Cu to nguyn t kim loi
Nguyn t kim loi c cu to khc vi nguyn t khi kim:
Lp v electron ngoi cng ca kim loi thng 1 n 3 electron, t hn cc phi kim (5 n 7 electron)
Trong mt chu k, in tch ht nhn kim loi nh hn cc phi kim, bn knh nguyn t kim loi ln hn
cc phi kim nn th ion ho, m in ca kim loi nh hn cc phi kim.
Do cc c im trn nn nguyn t kim loi lun c xu hng nhng i lp electron ho tr tr thnh
ion dng.
2. Cu to n cht kim loi
trng thi rn, cc kim loi tn ti trng thi tinh th c cu to kiu mng tinh th.
Mng tinh th kim loi gm : cc ion dng kim loi dao ng xung quanh v tr cn bng cc nt
mng, cc electron ho tr chuyn ng hn lon xung quanh cc nt mng. Nh c cc electron ny m
cc ion dng kim loi lin kt c vi nhau, mi lin kt ho hc trong mng tinh th kim loi l lin kt
kim loi.
C 3 dng tinh th kim loi chnh l lp phng tm din, lp phng tm khi v lc phng .
II. TNH CHT VT L CHUNG CA KIM LOI
Cc kim loi u c tnh do, tnh dn in, dn nhit tt, dng khi kim loi c nh kim. Cc tnh cht
ny u gy ra bi cc electron t do trong kim loi.
III. TNH CHT HO HC CHUNG CA KIM LOI

Tnh cht ho hc
Nguyn t kim loi c th ion ho nh, cc electron ho
tr d bt ra khi nguyn t nn kim loi lun c tnh
kh:
R R
n+
+ ne
1. Tc dng vi phi
kim

Tc dng vi oxi to oxit kim loi
Al + O
2
Al
2
O
3

Tc dng vi cc phi kim khc to mui
Fe + Cl
2
FeCl
3
Zn + S ZnS
2. Tc dng vi axit

a. i vi dung dch HCl, H
2
SO
4
long
Kim loi hot ng (trc H) c kh nng kh ion H
+

trong dung dch HCl, H
2
SO
4
long thnh H
2
Fe + H
2
SO
4

long
FeSO
4
+ H
2
Fe + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2
Khi phn ng vi ion H
+
, kim loi a ho tr ch t

- Trang | 35 -

ho tr thp
b. i vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, HNO
3

a s kim loi (tr Au, Pt) kh c N
+5
trong HNO
3
v
S
+6
trong H
2
SO
4
c, kim loi a ha tr lun b oxi ho
ln mc oxi ho cao.
H
2
SO
4
c:
2R + 2nH
2
SO
4
c R
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ nSO
2
+ 2nH
2
O
R hot ng mnh cn c th cho S; H
2
S
HNO
3
c:
R + 2nHNO
3 c
R(NO
3
)
n
+ nNO
2
+ nH
2
O
HNO
3
long:
3R + 4nHNO
3
3R(NO
3
)
n
+ nNO + 2nH
2
O
R hot ng mnh cn c th cho N
2
, N
2
O, NH
4
NO
3

c. Mt s kim loi nh Al, Fe, Ni, Cr th ng ho trong
H
2
SO
4
c ngui, HNO
3
c ngui
3. Tc dng vi
dung dch mui

Kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn kh ion ca kim loi yu
hn thnh kim loi t do
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
Fe
0
+ Cu
2+
Fe
2+
+ Cu
0
Kim loi a ho tr khi phn ng vi dung dch mui
t ho tr thp.
4. Tc dng vi nc

Nhng kim loi c tnh kh mnh (Na, K, Ca...) kh -
c nc ngay nhit thng
2R + 2H
2
O 2R(OH)
n
+ nH
2

V th khi cc kim loi ny tc dng vi dung dch mui,
ban u xy ra phn ng ca kim loi vi H
2
O, hiroxit
to thnh mi tc dng vi mui.
V d: Cho Na kim loi vo dung dch CuSO
4
, xy ra cc
phn ng:
2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2

2NaOH + CuSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+
Cu(OH)
2

Mt s kim loi c tnh kh yu hn cc kim loi trn
nh Fe, Zn... kh c H
2
O nhit cao thnh cc oxit
3Fe + 4H
2
O Fe
3
O
4
+ 4H
2
Kim loi c tnh kh yu nh Cu, Ag... khng kh c
H
2
O k c nhit cao

t
0

- Trang | 36 -

IV. TH IN CC CHUN CA KIM LOI DY IN HO KIM LOI
1. Cp oxi ho-kh kim loi Pin in ho
a. Cp oxi ho - kh kim loi
R R
n+
+ ne
Cht kh Cht oxi ho
Cht oxi ho v cht kh ca cng mt nguyn t kim loi to nn mt cp oxi ho - kh . V d : Fe
2+
/Fe;
Mg
2+
/Mg.
b. Pin in ho
V d: Pin in ho ZnCu
S pin in ho:
4
ZnSO
4
CuSO

Cc qu trnh xy ra trn b mt cc in cc :
+) in cc Zn (cc m): xy ra qu trnh oxi ho Zn
Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e
Tan dn Di chuyn vo dung dch Di chuyn sang l ng
+) in cc Cu (cc dng): xy ra qu trnh kh Cu
2+

Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
Trong dung dch CuSO
4
T cc Zn chuyn n qua dy dn bm trn l ng.
Phn ng oxi ho kh xy ra trong pin in ho:
Zn + Cu
2+
Zn
2+
+ Cu
Nhn xt:
Electron c chuyn t l Zn ti l Cu qua dy dn sinh ra dng in mt chiu, sut in ng ca
pin c o bng vn k.
Trong pin in ho Zn Cu xy ra phn ng gia cc cp oxi ho kh Zn
2+
/Zn v Cu
2+
/Cu. Trong
Zn kh mnh hn Cu kh Cu
2+
thnh kim loi, ion Cu
2+
oxi ho mnh hn Zn
2+
oxi ho Zn thnh
Zn
2+
. Nh vy chiu phn ng oxi ho kh xy ra trong pin in ho l:
Cht kh mnh + cht oxi ho mnh Cht kh yu + cht oxi ha yu
(quy tc )

- Trang | 37 -

2. Th in cc chun Sut in ng ca pin in ho
a. Th in cc chun
Th in cc hiro chun: l cp oxi ho kh 2H
+
/H
2
c cu to gm mt in cc Pt c ph bt Pt
(hp th kh H
2
c p sut 1 atm) nhng vo dung dch axit c nng ion H
+
l 1M.
Theo quy c, th in cc chun ca cp oxi ho kh 2H
+
/H
2
l 0,00V. Vit l : E
0
(2H
+
/H
2
) = 0,00V
Th in cc chun ca kim loi: th in cc chun ca kim loi c o bng vn k ca pin in ho
gm in cc chun ca kim loi cn xc nh (kim loi nhng trong dung dch ion ca kim loi vi
nng 1M) bn phi, in cc hiro chun bn tri.
Th in cc chun ca kim loi c gi tr m th phn ng oxi ho kh xy ra trong pin in ha s l:
2R + 2nH
+
2R
n+
+ n H
2

Cc m Cc dng
Th in cc cng nh th kim loi c tnh kh cng mnh
Th in cc chun ca kim loi c gi tr dng th phn ng oxi ho kh xy ra trong pin in ha s
l:
2 R
n+
+ n H
2

2R + 2nH
+

Cc m Cc dng
Th in cc cng ln th ion kim loi c tnh oxi ho cng mnh.
b. Sut in ng ca pin in ha: E
0
ph
(V)
Sut in ng chun ca pin in ho (E
0
ph
) bng th in cc chun ca cc dng tr i th in cc
chun ca cc m.
V d : Pin in ho Zn Cu c in cc dng l Cu, in cc m l Zn.
E
0
(Cu
2+
/Cu) = 0,34 V; E
0
(Zn
2+
/Zn) = 0,76 V
E
0
ph ZnCu
= E
0
(Cu
2+
/Cu) E
0
(Zn
2+
/Zn) = 0,34 (0,76) = 1,10 V
Sut in ng ca pin in ho lun l s dng.
3. Dy th in ho kim loi
Dy th in ho kim loi: Khi sp xp cc cp oxi ho kh theo chiu tng dn th in cc chun ca
cc kim loi ta c dy th in cc chun (Dy th in ho kim loi). Theo cch sp xp th tnh kh
ca kim loi s gim dn, tnh oxi ho ca ion kim loi s tng dn
Chiu ca phn ng oxi ho kh: Nu c E
0
(A
n+
/A) < E
0
(B
m+
/B) th phn ng oxi ho kh s xy ra
theo chiu: (quy tc )
mA + nB
m+

mA
n+
+

nB
Cht kh mnh + cht oxi ho mnh Cht kh yu + cht oxi ha yu
V d: E
0
(Pb
2+
/Pb) = 0,13 V; E
0
(Zn
2+
/Zn) = 0,76 V
Phn ng ho hc xy ra theo chiu:
Zn+ Pb
2+
Pb + Zn
2+

- Trang | 38 -

Ch : Khi kim loi phn ng ho hc vi cc dung dch cn c bit ch ti dy th in ho xc
nh ng cc phn ng oxi ho kh xy ra.
Kim loi c th in cc chun nh hn 0 tc dng vi dung dch HCl, H
2
SO
4
long v cc axit tng t,
bn cht l:
2R + 2nH
+
2R
n+
+ H
2

Kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mui : nu c ng thi nhiu cht kh hoc ng thi c nhiu cht oxi
ho (E
0
(A
n+
/A) < E
0
(B
m+
/B)< E
0
(C
k+
/C)) th t ca phn ng oxi ho kh s l:
kA + nC
k+

kA
n+
+

nC
Cht kh mnh nht + cht oxi ho mnh nht Cht kh yu + cht oxi ha yu
V. S IN PHN
1. Cc khi nim
S in phn l qu trnh oxi ho kh xy ra trn b mt cc in cc khi c dng in mt chiu i qua
dung dch cht in li hoc cht in li nng chy
Catt ca thit b in phn c ni vi cc m ca ngun in, anot c ni vi cc dng ca ngun
in mt chiu.
a) in phn nng chy
V d: in phn NaCl nng chy:
Phng trnh in phn: Khi nng chy, NaCl in li theo phng trnh:
NaCl Na
+
+ Cl

S in phn
Catt() NaCl Anot(+)
Na
+
(n/c) Cl

2Na
+
+ 1e Na 2Cl
Cl
2
+ 2e
(s oxi ho) (S kh)
Phng trnh in phn: 2NaCl 2Na + Cl
2

b) in phn dung dch
in phn vi in cc tr
V d: in phn dung dch CuSO
4

Phng trnh in li : Khi tan trong nc, CuSO
4
in li theo phng trnh:
CuSO
4
Cu
2+
SO
4
2
S in phn:
Catot () CuSO
4
Anot (+)
Cu
2+
, H
2
O

SO
4
2
, H
2
O

Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu 2H
2
O

O
2
+ 4H
+
(S kh) (S oxi ho)

- Trang | 39 -

Phng trnh in phn:
2CuSO
4
+ 2H
2
O 2Cu + 2H
2
SO
4
+ O
2
Qu trnh oxi ho kh trn b mt cc in cc:
+) Ti catot: xy ra s kh, cc qu trnh kh xy ra theo th t dy th in cc chun. Cht, ion no c
th in cc chun ln hn s b kh trc.
Cc ion kim loi kim, kim loi kim th, Mg
2+
, Al
3+
c th in cc nh hn (m hn) th in cc ca
cp oxi ho kh H
2
O/H
2
nn khng b in phn trong dung dch.
+) Ti anot: xy ra s oxi ho, cc qu trnh oxi ho xy ra theo th t. Cht, ion c th in cc ln hn s
oxi ho trc. Cc anion gc axit cha oxi nh NO
3
, SO
4
2
, PO
4
3
... khng tham gia in phn m H
2
O

in
phn
in phn vi anot tan (dng cc tan)
Dng cc c lm bng kim loi cng cht vi kim loi trong mui.
V d: in phn dung dch CuSO
4
vi in cc dng bng Cu.
Ti anot (+) xy ra qu trnh oxi ho kim loi Cu:
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
Anot tan vo dung dch in phn chuyn ng ti cc m
Ti catot (), xy ra s kh ion Cu
2+
:
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
Do thc cht ch l s chuyn kim loi Cu t anot sang catot. Trong thc t s in phn dung dch vi
anot tan c s dng ch yu vo vic tinh ch cc kim loi (anot l kim loi cn tinh ch, catot l kim loi
c tinh ch) v m kim loi (catot l vt cn m, anot l kim loi dng m).
4. nh lut Faraday
Khi lng cc cht thu c in cc c tnh theo cng thc biu din nh lut Faraday:
m =
96500n
AIt

m : Khi lng cht thu c in cc
A : Khi lng mol phn t ca cht thu c in cc
n : S electron m nguyn t hoc ion cho hoc nhn
I : Cng dng in, tnh bng ampe
t : Thi gian in phn, tnh bng giy
VI. N MN KIM LOI V CHNG N MN KIM LOI
S n mn kim loi l s ph hu kim loi hoc hp kim do tc dng ca cc cht trong mi trng.
Cn c vo mi trng v c ch n mn, ngi ta phn thnh hai loi n mn ho hc v n mn in ho:
a) n mn ho hc
Thng xy ra cc thit b thng xuyn tip xc vi hi nc, cht kh nh O
2
, Cl
2
... nhit cao.
V d : Thit b l t bng thp b n mn do Fe tc dng vi hi nc, kh oxi nhit cao:

- Trang | 40 -

3Fe + 4H
2
O Fe
3
O
4
+ 4H
2
2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3
Bn cht ca s n mn ho hc l qu trnh oxi ho kh, trong cc electron ca kim loi c chuyn
trc tip n cc cht trong mi trng.
b) n mn in ho
n mn in ho l s n mn kim loi do tc dng ca dung dch cht in ly v to ra dng in.
iu kin xy ra n mn in ho:
Cc in cc phi khc cht nhau, kim loi c th in cc chun nh hn s ng vai tr cc m v b
n mn (kim loi nguyn cht kh b n mn).
Cc in cc phi tip xc vi nhau
Cc in cc phi cng tip xc vi 1 dung dch cht in li
C ch n mn:
Ti in cc m (anot): xy ra s oxi ho kim loi
R R
n+
+ ne
Ti in cc dng (catot): xy ra s kh
+) Mi trng n mn c tnh axit:
2H
+
+ 2e H
2
+) Mi trng n mn c tnh baz hoc trung tnh:
O
2
+ H
2
O + 4e 4OH

Chng n mn kim loi: c hai phng php ph bin l bo v b mt v bo v in ho.
Bo v b mt: dng cc ho cht bn vi mi trng cch li kim loi vi mi trng.
Bo v in ho: ni kim loi cn bo v vi mt kim loi hot ng hn (kim loi hi sinh), khi xy ra
qu trnh n mn in ho, kim loi hot ng hn s ng vai tr in cc m v b n mn, kim loi cn
bo v ng vai tr in cc dng v khng b n mn.
VII. NGUYN TC V PHNG PHP IU CH KIM LOI
1. Nguyn tc iu ch kim loi
Kh ion kim loi thnh kim loi: M
n+
+ ne M
2. Phng php c bn iu ch kim loi
a. Phng php nhit luyn
Kh cc oxit kim loi thnh kim loi nhit cao bng cht kh nh C, CO, H
2
hoc Al.
3CO + Fe
2
O
3

o
t
3CO
2
+ 2Fe
H
2
+ CuO
o
t
H
2
O + Cu
Phng php ny dng iu ch kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh v yu

- Trang | 41 -

b. Phng php thu luyn
Tch ly kim loi t mui tan trong dung dch, ph bin nht l dng kim loi mnh hn y kim loi
yu trong dung dch mui.
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
Cu + 2AgNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag
Phng php ny p dng iu ch kim loi c th oxi ho kh chun cao: Cu, Hg, Ag, Au....
c. Phng php in phn
Dng dng in mt chiu kh cc ion kim loi trn catot. Bng phng php in phn c th iu ch
hu ht cc kim loi.
in phn nng chy: dng iu ch cc kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh kim loi nhm IA, IIA, Al.
V d: iu ch Na bng cch in phn NaCl nng chy.

2
pnc
2NaCl 2Na Cl +
in phn dung dch: dng iu ch kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh v yu
V d: iu ch Zn bng cch in phn dung dch ZnSO
4

2ZnSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
dpdd
2Zn + O
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4

Phng php in phn thng dng iu ch kim loi c tinh khit cao.


- Trang | 42 -

Ch 8 KIM LOI NHM IA, IIA V NHM

I. KIM LOI KIM
1. Khi qut v kim loi kim trong bng tun hon
Nhm IA gm: liti (Li), natri (Na), kali (K), rubii (Rb), xesi (Cs) v franxi (Fr).
Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng: ns
1
.
Nng lng ion ho: kim loi kim c nng lng ion ho nh nht so vi cc kim loi khc. Theo chiu t
Li n Cs nng lng ion ho gim dn. Ring Fr l mt nguyn t phng x.
S oxi ho: +1 trong mi hp cht.
2. Tnh cht vt l
Tinh th kim loi kim u c cu to mng tinh th lp phng tm khi, c c im: lin kt kim loi
yu, tinh th tng i rng nn cc kim loi kim c:
Khi lng ring nh.
Nhit nng chy thp (<200
o
C), nhit si thp.
cng thp, c th dng dao ct d dng
dn in cao.
Tnh cht vt l bin i theo quy lut.
3. Tnh cht ho hc
Cc kim loi kim c tnh kh mnh, tnh kh tng dn t Li n Cs.
Phn ng vi phi kim:
+) Tc dng vi O
2
: Li cho ngn la mu son, Na cho ngn la mu vng, K cho ngn la mu tm
nht.
4R + O
2
2R
2
O
+) Tc dng mnh vi hu ht cc phi kim to mui.
Phn ng vi nc: cc kim loi kim tc dng mnh vi nc nhit thng
2R + H
2
O 2ROH + H
2

Tc dng vi axit: Cc kim loi kim phn ng mnh lit vi axit, cc dung dch HCl long, HNO
3
hay
H
2
SO
4
c... phn ng vi KLK gy n rt nguy him. Ch nn lm th nghim vi axit HCl c, nng
> 20%.
4. iu ch kim loi kim
Phng php in phn mui halogenua hoc hiroxit nng chy.
V d: 2NaCl
pnc
2Na + Cl
2

4NaOH
pnc
2Na + H
2
O + O
2


- Trang | 43 -

5. Mt s hp cht quan trng
a. Hiroxit ca kim loi kim
NaOH, KOH l nhng baz mnh, c iu ch bng cch in phn dung dch mui clorua c mng
ngn:
2NaCl + 2H
2
O
pnc
H
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2NaOH
b. Cc mui
NaHCO
3
: c tnh cht lng tnh, km bn vi nhit
2NAHCO
3

o
t
NA
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
(xoa): c tnh baz, bn vi nhit.
II. KIM LOI KIM TH
1. V tr trong bng tun hon
Nhm IIA (kim loi kim th) gm: beri (Be), magie (Mg), canxi (Ca), strontri (Sr), bari (Ba).
Cu hnh electron: ns
2

Kim loi kim th c nng lng ion ho nh so vi cc kim loi khc, nhng ln hn kim loi kim tng
ng. Theo chiu t Be n Ba nng lng ion ho gim dn.
S oxi ho: +2 trong mi hp cht.
2. Tnh cht vt l
Cc kim loi kim th c kiu mng tinh th khc nhau, lin kt kim loi ca chng tng i yu nn :
S bin di tnh cht vt l khng u n nh cc kim loi kim
Khi lng ring tng i nh, l nhng kim loi nh hn nhm (tr Ba).
Nhit nng chy, nhit si, cng cao hn KLK nhng vn tng i thp.
3. Tnh cht ho hc : Tnh kh mnh
M M
2+
+ 2e
a. Tc dng vi phi kim :
Tc dng mnh vi oxi to oxit :
2R + O
2

o
t
2RO
Tc dng vi phi kim khc to mui:
M + X
2

o
t
MX
2

b. Tc dng vi nc
Be khng tc dng vi nc, Mg ch tc dng vi nc nhit cao
Mg + H
2
O

o
t
MgO + H
2

- Trang | 44 -

Cc kim loi Ca, Sr, Ba tc dng mnh lit vi nc nhit thng , do kh nng tan ca cc hiroxit t-
ng ng.
Ca + 2H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
+ H
2
c. Tc dng vi axit:
Tc dng mnh vi H
+
2
SO
4
long (E
0
KLKT
<< 0)
R + 2H
+
R
2+
+ H
2
Tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c do KLKT kh mnh N
+5
(trong HNO
3
), S
+6
(H
2
SO
4
c) to
cc sn phm ng vi s oxi ho thp hn ca nit: NH
4
NO
3
; N
2
; N
2
O ; NO ; NO
2
v lu hunh: SO
2
,
H
2
S, S.
3Mg + 4H
2
SO
4
(c)
o
t
3MgSO
4
+ S + 4H
2
O
4. iu ch kim loi kim th
Phng php: in phn mui halogenua nng chy.

V d: MgCl
2

pnc
Mg + Cl
2

5. Mt s hp cht quan trng ca canxi
Ca(OH)
2
, CaCO
3
, CaSO
4

Nc cng: l loi nc c cha nhiu ion Ca
2+
v Mg
2+
. lm mm nc cng phi chuyn cc ion ny
vo cc cht khng tan (phng php kt ta) hoc thay th chng bng cc ion khc (phng php trao
i ion).
III. NHM
1. V tr, cu to
Nhm thuc nhm IIIA, chu k 3, STT :13.
Cu hnh electron: 3s
2
3p
1

S oxi ho bn: +3
2. Tnh cht ho hc: Al c tnh kh kh mnh
Al Al
3+
+ 3e
a. Tc dng vi phi kim
Tc dng vi nhiu phi kim nh oxi, lu hunh, halogen.
4Al + 3O
2

o
t
2Al
2
O
3
2Al + 3Cl
2

o
t
2AlCl
3
b. Tc dng vi axit
Tc dng mnh vi H
+
2
SO
4
long (E
0
Al
3+
/Al
= 1,66V)

- Trang | 45 -

2Al + 3H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2

2Al + 6H
+
2Al
3+
+ 3H
2
Tc dng mnh vi dung dch HNO
3
long, c nng, H
2
SO
4
c nng do Al kh mnh N
+5
(trong
HNO
3
), S
+6
(H
2
SO
4
c) to cc sn phm ng vi s oxi ho thp hn ca nit: NH
4
NO
3
; N
2
; N
2
O ;
NO ; NO
2
v lu hunh: SO
2
, H
2
S

, S.
2Al + 6H
2
SO
4
(c)
o
t
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O
2Al + 12H
+
+ 3SO
4
2

o
t
2Al
3+
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O
Ch : Al khng tan trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c ngui, HNO
3
c ngui!
c. Tc dng vi oxit kim loi (phn ng nhit nhm)
Al kh c nhiu oxit kim loi thnh kim loi nhit cao trong iu kin khng c khng kh.
2Al + Fe
2
O
3

o
t
Al
2
O
3
+ 2Fe
d. Tc dng vi nc
2Al + 6H
2
O 2Al(OH)
3
+ 3H
2

Phn ng ny ch xy ra trn b mt ca thanh Al do Al(OH)
3
to thnh khng tan ngn cn phn ng.
Vt bng Al khng phn ng vi H
2
O bt k nhit no l do c lp Al
2
O
3
rt mng, mn, bn chc
bo v. Thc t coi Al khng tc dng vi nc!
e. Tc dng vi dung dch kim
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H
2
O 2Na[Al(OH)
4
]
dd
+ 3H
2
f. Tc dng vi dung dch mui
Al c E
0
Al
3+
/Al
= 1,66V nh nn kh c nhiu ion kim loi c E
0
ln hn:
2Al + 3Cu
2+
2Al
3+
+ 3Cu
3. Hp cht quan trng ca nhm
a. Oxit nhm
L oxit lng tnh, rt bn vi nhit
Tc dng vi dung dch axit:
Al
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
Tc dng vi dung dch baz mui aluminat:
Al
2
O
3
+ 2NaOH + 3H
2
O 2Na[Al(OH)
4
]
dd

iu ch: 2Al(OH)
3

o
t
Al
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
b. Nhm hidroxit
L hiroxit km bn vi nhit, c tnh cht lng tnh.
Tc dng vi dung dch axit:

- Trang | 46 -

Al(OH)
3
+ 3HCl AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
Tc dng vi dung dch baz mnh mui aluminat:
Al(OH)
3
+ NaOH Na[Al(OH)
4
]
dd

iu ch:
+) T dung dch mui Al
3+
(AlCl
3
, Al(NO
3
)
3
, Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
) tc dng vi dd baz:
Al
3+
+ 3OH
Al(OH)
3
+) T dung dch mui aluminat (NaAlO
2
, Ba(AlO
2
)
2
...) tc dng vi dd axit:
[Al(OH)
4
]
+ H
+
Al(OH)
3
+ H
2
O
c. Mui nhm
Mui nhm quan trng l phn chua K
2
SO
4
.Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O.
4. Sn xut nhm
Nguyn liu: qung boxit Al
2
O
3
.nH
2
O. Qung boxit thng ln cc tp cht l Fe
2
O
3
v SiO
2
.
Ngi ta lm sch Fe
2
O
3
v SiO
2
c Al
2
O
3
khan.
in phn nng chy Al
2
O
3
vi criolit (3NaF.AlF
3
hay Na
3
AlF
6
) trong bnh in phn vi hai in cc
bng than ch, thu c nhm:
2Al
2
O
3

dpnc
4Al + 3O
2

- Trang | 47 -

Ch 9 KIM LOI NHM B (CROM ST NG)

I. CROM (Cr)
1. V tr, cu to
V tr trong bng tun hon : S th t 24; chu k 4, nhm VIB.
Cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1
S oxi ho: +1 n +6
2. Tnh cht
a. Tnh cht vt l
Crom l kim loi trng xm, nng (D =7,2 g/cm
3
), rt cng, cng ch km kim cng. Nhit nng
chy ca crom l 1875
0
C v si 2570
0
C.
b. Tnh cht ha hc
Crom c tnh kh, tu theo cht oxi ho m Cr c th b oxi ho ln cc mc oxi ho +2 hay +3
Tc dng vi phi kim:
4Cr + 3 O
2

o
t
2Cr
2
O
3

2Cr + 3Cl
2

o
t
2CrCl
3

Crom c mt lp oxit mng bn vng bo v, nn rt bn, khng phn ng vi nc v khng kh.
Tc dng vi axit:
+) Khi un nng khng c mt oxi, mng oxit tan, crom tc dng vi dung dch axit to ra mui crom (II):
Cr + 2HCl CrCl
2
+ H
2
+) Crom khng tc dng vi dung dch long, ngui ca axit HCl, H
2
SO
4
.
+) nhit thng, crom b HNO
3
c v H
2
SO
4
c lm th ng ha ging nh nhm. nhit cao b
oxi ho mnh to mui Cr
3+

2Cr + 6H
2
SO
4
(c)
o
t
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O
3. Mt s hp cht ca crom
a. Hp cht crom (II): CrO, Cr(OH)
2
, mui Cr
2+
Oxit CrO l mt oxit baz, c tnh kh nn d b O
2
oxi ho thnh Cr
2
O
3

4CrO + O
2
2Cr
2
O
3
Hiroxit Cr(OH)
2
l mt cht rn mu vng, khng tan trong nc, Cr(OH)
2
l mt baz v c tnh kh.
Khi un nng trong khng kh, b oxi ha thnh Cr(OH)
3

4Cr(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O + O
2

o
t
4Cr(OH)
3


- Trang | 48 -

Mui crom (II): c tnh kh mnh.
4CrCl
2
+ O
2
+ 4HCl 4CrCl
3
+ 2H
2
O
2CrCl
2
+ Cl
2
2CrCl
3

b. Hp cht crom (III): Cr
2
O
3
, Cr(OH)
3
, mui Cr
3+
Cr
2
O
3

L mt cht bt mu lc thm, kh nng chy v cng.
C tnh cht lng tnh, tan trong dung dch axit mnh v kim c.
Cr
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
Cr
2
O
3
+ 2NaOH + 3H
2
O 2Na[Cr(OH)
4
]
dd

Cr(OH)
3

L mt cht kt ta keo, mu lc xm, khng tan trong nc.
C tnh lng tnh nh Al(OH)
3
, tan trong dung dch axit v kim mnh.
Cr(OH)
3
+ 3HCl CrCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
Cr(OH)
3
+ NaOH Na[Cr(OH)
4
]
dd

Mui crom (III)
C tnh oxi ho trong mi trng axit
Zn + 2CrCl
3
ZnCl
2
+ 2CrCl
2

C tnh kh trong mi trng kim
2CrBr
3
+ 3Br
2
+ 16NaOH 2Na
2
CrO
4
+ 12NaBr + 8H
2
O
(Cr
3+
+ 3Br
2
+ 16OH
2CrO
4
2
+ 6Br
+ 8H
2
O
c. Hp cht crom (VI): CrO
3
, mui cromat (Cr
+6
)
CrO
3
:
CrO
3
l cht rn c mu thm
Tnh cht ho hc:
+) CrO
3
l mt oxit axit, CrO
3
rt d tan trong nc to ra cc axit cromic (khi c nhiu nc) v axit
icromic (khi c t nc).
CrO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
CrO
4
(axit cromic)
2CrO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
Cr
2
O
7
(axit icromic)
Cc axit ny ch tn ti dng dung dch.
+) CrO
3
l mt cht oxi ho rt mnh, oxi ho nhiu cht v c v hu c
2CrO
3
+ 2NH
3
Cr
2
O
3
+ N
2
+ 3H
2
O
Mui cromat v icromat: cc mui bn hn nhiu so vi cc axit tng ng. Ion CrO
4
2
mu vng, Cr-
2
O
7
2
c mu da cam. Hai loi ion ny trong nc lun tn ti cn bng:
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ H
2
O 2CrO
4
2
+ 2H
+
t
0

- Trang | 49 -

Mui cromat v icromat l nhng cht oxi ha mnh nht l trong mi trng axit, Cr
+6
b kh thnh Cr
+3
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 6FeSO
4
+ 7H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 7H
2
O
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 6KI + 7H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3I
2
+ 4K
2
SO
4
+ 7H
2
O
II. ST (Fe)
1. V tr, cu to
S th t 26, chu k 4, nhm VIIIB.
Cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
S oxi ho: +2, +3
2. Tnh cht
a. Tnh cht vt l
St l kim loi mu trng hi xm, nng (D = 7,9g/cm
3
), nng chy 1539
0
C v si 2770
0
C. Do, d dt
mng v ko si, c tnh nhim t.
b. Tnh cht ha hc
St l kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh. Tu theo cht oxi ho v iu kin phn ng st b oxi ho ti cc
mc oxi ho +2 hoc +3
Tc dng vi phi kim:
3Fe + 2O
2

o
t
Fe
3
O
4

2Fe +3Cl
2

o
t
2FeCl
3
Fe + S
o
t
FeS
Tc dng vi axit:
+) Vi dung dch HCl, H
2
SO
4
long: E
0
(Fe
2+
/ Fe) = 0,44V < E
0
(H
+
/ H
2
) nn Fe kh c H
+
:
Fe + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2
+) Vi cc axit HNO
3
c nng v H
2
SO
4
c, nng: Fe kh mnh N
+5
(NO
3
), S
+6
(SO
4
2
) sinh ra mui
Fe
3+

2Fe + 6 H
2
SO
4

o
t
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6 H
2
O
+) St b th ng ha trong HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c ngui.
Tc dng vi dung dch mui: Fe kh c cc ion kim loi trong dd mui ca nhng cp oxi ho kh c
th in cc chun cao hn nh Cu
2+
/Cu (+ 0,34V)
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
(Fe + Cu
2+

Fe
2+
+ Cu)
Tc dng vi nc: nhit cao st tc dng vi nc, phn ng ny gii thch st v hp kim st b g
khi tip xc vi hi nc nhit cao

- Trang | 50 -

Fe +H
2
O
o
570 C >
FeO + H
2

3Fe + 4H
2
O
o
570 C <
Fe
3
O
4
+ 4 H
2

3. Hp cht ca st
a. Hp cht st (II): FeO, Fe(OH)
2
, mui Fe
2+
Tnh cht c trng l tnh kh :
3FeO + 10HNO
3
long 3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 5H
2
O
4Fe(OH)
2 (trng xanh)
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O

4Fe(OH)
3

( nu)
2FeCl
2
+ Cl
2
2FeCl
3

6FeSO
4
+K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 7H
2
SO
4

3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 7H
2
O
FeO, Fe(OH)
2
l cc cht c tnh baz.
b. Hp cht st (III): Fe
2
O
3
, Fe(OH)
3
, cc mui Fe
3+
Hp cht Fe
3+
c tnh oxi ha : E
0
(Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
) = 0,77 V, cao hn th in cc chun ca mt s cp oxi
ho kh nh Cu
2+
/Cu, I
2
/I
, S/ S
2

nn c cc phn ng:
2FeCl
3
+2KI 2FeCl
2
+ I
2
+2KCl
2FeCl
3
+ Fe 3FeCl
2

2FeCl
3
+Cu 2FeCl
2
+ CuCl
2
2FeCl
3
+H
2
S 2FeCl
2
+S +2HCl
Fe
2
O
3
, Fe(OH)
3
l cc cht c tnh baz
c. Cc loi qung st: manhetit: Fe
3
O
4
, hematit : Fe
2
O
3
, hematit nu: Fe
2
O
3
.nH
2
O xierit: FeCO
3
.
Pirit: FeS
2

4. Hp kim ca st
St to nhiu hp kim c nhiu ng dng quan trng trong c gang v thp. Gang v thp (thp cacbon)
u l cc hp kim ca st vi cacbon, trong gang hm lng cacbon v mt s nguyn t khc cao hn
trong thp.
Luyn gang:
Nguyn tc:
Qung st (manhetit, hematit)
o
CO,t
Fe
3
O
4

o
CO,t
FeO
o
CO,t
Fe
Nguyn liu: Qung st + Cht chy(CaCO
3
hoc SiO
2
) + Than cc + O
2
(khng kh) Gang + X +
Kh l cao
Luyn thp:
Nguyn tc: Oxi ho tp cht trong gang thnh oxit bng O
2
khng kh
Nguyn liu:

- Trang | 51 -

Gang + Cht chy (CaCO
3
hoc SiO
2
) + O
2
o
t
Thp + X + Kh
III. NG
1. V tr, cu to
S th t: 29, chu k 4, nhm IB
Cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
1

S oxi ha: +1, +2
2. Tnh cht
a. Tnh cht vt l
ng l kim loi mu , nng (D = 8,98g/cm
3
), nng chy 1083
0
C v si 2877
0
C. ng tinh khit t-
ng i mm d dt mng, ko si, dn in, dn nhit rt tt, ch thua bc.
b. Tnh cht ha hc
ng l kim loi km hot ng ha hc, c tnh kh yu.
Tc dng vi cc phi kim:
Cu + Cl
2

o
t
CuCl
2
2Cu + O
2

o
t
2CuO
Tc dng vi axit:
Cu +2H
2
SO
4

o
t
CuSO
4
+SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Cu + 4HNO
3

o
t
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
E
0
(Cu
2+
/Cu) = + 0,34 V > E
0
(H
+
/H
2
) = 0,00V nn Cu khng kh c H
+
trong dung dch HCl v H
2
SO
4

long, ch tc dng c khi c mt kh oxi:
2Cu + O
2
+ 4HCl 2CuCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
Tc dng vi mt s dung dch mui: Cu kh c cc ion kim loi trong dd mui ca nhng cp oxi ho
kh c th in cc chun cao hn nh Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
, Ag
+
/Ag...
Cu + 2Fe
3+
Cu
2+
+ 2Fe
2+
3. Hp cht ca ng
ng c cc s oxi ha +1 v +2, trong hp cht ng (II) bn hn.
CuO l cht bt mu en, khng tan trong nc, l mt oxit baz v c tnh oxi ho
CuO + CO
o
t
Cu + CO
2

CuO

+ Cu
o
t
Cu
2
O
Cu(OH)
2
l cht bt mu xanh, khng tan trong nc, l mt baz. Cu(OH)
2
tan d dng trong dung dch
NH
3
to thnh dung dch mu xanh thm gi l nc Svayde:
Cu(OH)
2
+ 4NH
3
[Cu(NH
3
)
4
](OH)
2

- Trang | 52 -

VI. BC VNG NIKEN KM THIC CH
n
cht
V tr / Cu hnh e
S oxi ho/ E
o
(V)
Tnh cht vt
l
Tnh cht ho hc
47
Ag
Chu k 5, nhm IB
[Kr]4d
10
5s
1

S oxh : +1, (+2)
E
0
Ag+/Ag
=
+0,80V
Mu trng,
dn in, nhit
tt nht
Tnh kh yu
T/d vi phi kim
2Ag + O
3
Ag
2
O

+ O
2
(c H
2
S:
4Ag + 2H
2
S + O
2
2Ag2S +
2H
2
O)

T/d vi dung dch axit : B cc axit HNO
3
,
H
2
SO
4
c oxi ho
Ag + 2HNO
3
c AgNO
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
79
Au
chu k 6, nhm IB
[Xe]4f
14
5d
10
6s
1

+1, +3
E
0
Au
3+
/Au
=
+1,50V
Mm, mu
vng, do, dn
in, nhit tt.
Tnh kh rt yu
T/d vi dung dch axit : Rt bn vng, ch b
nc cng toan (HNO
3
:HCl=1:3) oxi ho
Au + HNO
3
+ 3HCl AuCl
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
28
Ni
chu k 4, nhm
VIIIB
[Ar]3d
8
4s
2

+2, (+3)
E
0
Ni
2+
/Ni
= 0,26V
Mu trng
bc, cng,
nng
Tnh kh trung bnh
T/d vi phi kim : 2Ni + O
2

o
500 C
2NiO
T/d vi dung dch axit : tan c trong axit nh
HNO
3

Ni + 2HNO
3
c Ni(NO
3
)
2
+ NO
2
+
H
2
O
Tc dng vi dd mui : Kh c cc ion kim
loi ng sau trong dy in ho
Ni + Cu
2+
Ni
2+
+ Cu
30
Zn
chu k 4, nhm IIB
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2

+2
E
0
Zn
2+
/Zn
= 0,76V
Mu lam nht,
gin, do
thay i theo
nhit
Tnh kh mnh
T/d vi phi kim : 2Zn + O
2

o
t
2ZnO
T/d vi dung dch axit :
Kh H
+
trong dung dch axit

- Trang | 53 -

n
cht
V tr / Cu hnh e
S oxi ho/ E
o
(V)
Tnh cht vt
l
Tnh cht ho hc
Zn + 2H
+
Zn
2+
+ H
2
Kh mnh N
+5
trong HNO
3
, S
+6
trong
H
2
SO
4
c
4Zn+10HNO
3long
4Zn(NO
3
)
2
+N
2
O+5H
2
O
Zn + Cu
2+
Zn
2+
+ Cu
50
Sn
chu k 5,nhm IVA
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
5p
2

+2, +4
E
0
Sn
2+
/Sn
= 0,14V
Mu trng
bc, do,
Tnh kh yu
T/d vi phi kim : 4Sn + O
2

o
t
2SnO
2
T/d vi dung dch axit :
Kh H
+
trong dung dch axit
Sn + 2H
+
Sn
2+
+ H
2
Tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
long
3Sn+8HNO
3c
3Sn(NO
3
)
2
+2NO+4H
2
O
HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c nng
Sn+6HNO
3c
Sn(NO
3
)
4
+NO
2
+3H
2
O
Sn + Cu
2+
Sn
2+
+ Cu
82
Pb
6, IVA
[Xe]4f
14
5d
10
6s
2
6p
2

+2, +4
E
0
Pb
2+
/Pb
= 0,13V

Mu trng hi
xanh, mm, d dt
mng, ko si

Mu trng hi
xanh, mm, d
dt mng, ko
si
Tnh kh yu
T/d vi phi kim : 2Pb + O
2
2PbO
T/d vi dung dch axit
Khng tc dng vi HCl, H
2
SO
4
long do
mui ch khng tan bao bc

Vi dung dch HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c nng
Pb+2HNO
3
cPb(NO
3
)
2
+NO
2
+H
2
O

- Trang | 54 -

n
cht
V tr / Cu hnh e
S oxi ho/ E
o
(V)
Tnh cht vt
l
Tnh cht ho hc
Pb + Cu
2+
Pb
2+
+ Cu


- Trang | 55 -

Ch 10 I CNG V HO HC HU C
1. Khi nim
Hp cht hu c l hp cht ca cacbon (tr CO
2
, CO, mui xianua, mui cacbonat, cacbua kim loi).
Trong phn t cht hu c nht thit phi c nguyn t cacbon, thng c hiro, ngoi ra cn c oxi,
halogen, nit,.
2. c im chung ca cht hu c
a s cc hp cht hu c khi b t nng c oxi th chy, chng km bn vi nhit nn d b phn hu bi
nhit.
Phn ng ca cc hp cht hu c thng xy ra chm, khng hon ton, khng theo mt hng nht nh,
thng cn un nng hoc cn c xc tc.
3. Phn loi
Hirocacbon
Hirocacbon no
Dn xut
ca
hirocacbon
Dn xut halogen, ancol,
phenol, anehit, xeton, axit,
este
Hirocacbon khng
no
Hp cht cha nit
Hirocacbon thm
Cacbohirat
Polime
4. Cc loi cng thc biu din phn t hp cht hu c
Cng thc n gin
nht
Cng thc phn t Cng thc cu to
Khi
nim
Cho bit t l ti gin
v s lng nguyn t
ca cc nguyn t
trong phn t hp cht
hu c.
Cho bit s lng
nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t trong
phn t.
Cho bit th t lin
kt gia cc nguyn
t trong phn t.
V d CH
2
O C
2
H
4
O
2
; C
6
H
12
O
6
CH
3
-CH
2
-O-H
Ph-
ng
php
xc
nh
Lp t l s mol ca
cc nguyn t trong
phn t.
T cng thc n
gin nht v phn t
khi.
Tnh theo phng
trnh ho hc.

5. Ni dung ca thuyt cu to ho hc
Trong phn t hp cht hu c, cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau theo mt th t nht nh gi l cu to
ho hc. Khi thay i th t lin kt s to thnh hp cht mi.
Trong phn t hp cht hu c, nguyn t cacbon lun c ho tr IV. Cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau
theo ng ho tr ca chng.

- Trang | 56 -

Cc nguyn t cacbon khng nhng lin kt vi cc nguyn t khc m cn c th lin kt vi nhau to
thnh mch cacbon (mch h, mch vng ; mch khng phn nhnh v mch c phn nhnh).
Tnh cht ca mt hp cht khng nhng ph thuc vo bn cht, s lng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t
m cn ph thuc vo cu to ho hc ca chng.
6. ng ng, ng phn
ng ng ng phn
Cc cht c cng thc phn t
khc nhau mt hay nhiu nhm
CH
2
nhng c cu to ho hc
ging nhau do c tnh cht
ging nhau.
Cc cht khc nhau c cng
cng thc phn t c gi l
ng phn ca nhau.

c im Mi dy ng ng c mt cng
thc phn t tng qut chung
ng phn cu to
ng phn lp th
Tnh cht Cc cht trong cng dy ng
ng c tnh cht tng t nhau
ng phn loi nhm chc :
tnh cht khc nhau ;
ng phn cu to mch
cacbon : tnh cht c th ging
nhau.
ng phn v tr nhm chc
7. Phn tch nguyn t
Phn tch nh tnh cho bit thnh phn cc nguyn t to nn phn t.
Phn tch nh lng cho bit phn trm khi lng mi nguyn t. Khi xc nh c phn t khi ca hp
cht th c th xc nh c cng thc phn t ca hp cht hu c.
8. Phng php tch bit v tinh ch hp cht hu c
C mt s phng php tch bit v tinh ch thng dng nh sau :
a. Phng php chng ct
Da vo s khc nhau v nhit si ca cc cht lng trong cng mt hn hp tch chng ra khi
nhau. Qu trnh un si mt hn hp lng, cht lng chuyn thnh hi sau lm lnh, hi s ngng t
thnh dng lng gi l s chng ct.
C cc k thut chng ct khc nhau ty thuc vo yu cu v c im ca cht lng : chng ct thng, chng
ct phn on, chng ct li cun hi nc.
b. Phng php chit
Dng tch ring c hai lp cht lng khng tan vo nhau ra khi nhau. Thng l tch cht hu c ra
khi lp nc hoc dung dch nc.
c. Phng php kt tinh
Da vo tan khc nhau ca cc cht rn trong mt dung mi v s thay i tan theo nhit tch
bit v tinh ch chng.
9. Phn ng hu c

- Trang | 57 -

a Khi nim: l qu trnh ph v lin kt ha hc trong phn t cht ban u v hnh thnh lin kt ha
hc mi, to thnh cht mi
b- c im
Phn ng hu c xy ra chm; thng cn un nng hoc c xc tc;
Trong cng iu kin c th xy ra theo nhiu hng khc nhau (do cc lin kt ha hc trong phn t cht
hu c c bn gn ging nhau nn d cng b phn ct) do thng thu c hn hp sn phm
c Cc kiu phn ct lin kt ho hc
- Phn ct ng li: cp electron dng chung c chia u cho 2 nguyn t tham gia lin kt.
- Phn ct d li: cp electron dng chung thuc v nguyn t tham gia lin kt c m in ln hn.
d- Cc loi phn ng c bn
+ Phn ng th: thay nguyn t ny bng nguyn t khc
+ Phn ng cng: hp cht c lin kt bi (C=C, C=O, C=N, CN, ) kt hp thm phn t khc
+ Phn ng tch: loi b phn t nh ra khi phn t cht hu c
Ngoi ra cn c cc loi phn ng khc: Phn ng oxi ho hon ton cht hu c, phn ng oxi ha ct
mch cacbon,


- Trang | 58 -

Ch 11 HIROCACBON

1. Hirocacbon no
Hirocacbon no l nhng hirocacbon trong phn t ch c lin kt n. Gm :
Ankan (hirocacbon no, mch h) c cng thc phn t tng qut C
x
H
2x+2
(n 1) ;
Xicloankan (hirocacbon no, mch vng) c cng thc phn t tng qut C
x
H
2x
(n 3).
Ankan Xicloankan
ng
phn
ng phn mch cacbon khng
phn nhnh.
ng phn mch nhnh.
ng phn mch vng c s
cnh bng s nguyn t cacbon.
ng phn vng nh hn c
mt hoc nhiu nhnh.
Tnh cht
vt l
Cc cht trong phn t c khng qu 4 nguyn t cacbon : l cht
kh ; t 5 n 15 nguyn t cacbon : cht lng ; khng mu, nh
hn nc v khng tan trong nc.
Phn ng th nguyn t hiro bng nguyn t halogen hoc nhm
nitro :
C
x
H
2x + 2
+ X
2

askt

C
x
H
2x + 1
X + HX
C
x
H
2x
+ HONO
2

xt t ,
0
C
x
H
2x 1
NO
2
+ H
2
O
Phn ng oxi ho hon ton
Phn ng tch hiro to thnh
anken C
x
H
2x + 2

xt t ,
0
C
x
H

2x

Phn ng cracking : phn ct
thnh cc phn t nh hn
Phn ng rifominh : chuyn hp
cht mch khng nhnh thnh
mch nhnh ;
Phn ng tch hiro khp
vng : to thnh hp cht vng no
5, 6 cnh
Cc xicloankan vng 3 hoc
4 cnh c phn ng cng m
vng ;
Tch hiro ro thnh hp
cht vng khng no hoc vng
thm.
iu ch Gim mt nguyn t cacbon
C
x
H
2x + 1
COONa
0
, , t CaO NaOH

C
x
H
2x + 2
Tng mch cacbon
C
x
H
2x + 1
Cl
ete Na,
C
2x
H
4x
+ 2

T cacbua kim loi, V d
Tch hiro khp vng
ankan

- Trang | 59 -

Ankan Xicloankan
Al
4
C
3
+ 12H
2
O

3CH
4
+ 4
Al(OH)
3

2. Anken Ankaien Ankin
Anken Ankaien Ankin
Khi
nim
L nhng
hirocacbon khng
no mch h, trong
phn t c mt lin
kt i C =C.
Nhng hirocacbon
khng no, mch h,
trong phn t c hai
lin kt i C=C.
L nhng
hirocacbon khng
no mch h trong
phn t c mt lin
kt ba C C,
CTTQ
C
x
H
2x
vi x 2. C
x
H
2x 2
vi x 3. C
x
H
2x 2
vi x 2.
ng
phn
ng phn cu to
ng phn mch cacbon (khng nhnh v c nhnh) tng t
ankan.
ng phn v tr lin kt i, lin kt ba trong mch cacbon.
ng phn lp th :
ng phn hnh hc
ng phn hnh hc
ti mi lin kt i
ng phn v tr t-
ng i ca 2 lin
kt i

Tnh
cht
ho
hc
a) Phn ng cng
Cng H
2
/Ni
Cng Br
2

Cng HX : tun theo quy tc Maccopnicop
b) Phn ng vi dung dch KMnO
4

c) Phn ng trng hp Cc ankin c lin kt ba u
mch c tnh cht ca mt axit
yu.
3. Hirocacbon thm
a) Hirocacbon thm l nhng hirocacbon c vng benzen trong phn t
Benzen v cc cht ng ng lp thnh dy ng ng ca benzen c cng thc phn t tng qut C
x
H
2x
6
vi x 6
.

b) ng phn ca cc ng ng ca benzen
Cc ng ng ca benzen t C
8
H
10
tr i dng RC
6
H
5
c ng phn v mch cacbon ca mch nhnh
ngoi vng benzen.
Khi vng benzen c hai hoc hn hai nhm th ankyl, s c ng phn v v tr tng i gia cc
nhm th .

- Trang | 60 -

c) Tnh cht ho hc
Benzen v cc ng ng c kh nng tham gia phn ng th nguyn t H vng thm (halogen,
nitro,..).
Quy tc th : cc ng ng ca benzen tham gia phn ng th nguyn t H ca vng benzen d hn
benzen v u tin th nguyn t H v tr ortho v para so vi mch nhnh ankyl ln nht.
Cc ng ng ca benzen c phn ng th nguyn t H mch nhnh ca vng benzen tng t ankan
Cc hirocacbon thm c kh nng tham gia phn ng cng (hiro, halogen) vo nhn thm. Kh nng
cng vo vng benzen kh hn cng vo lin kt i trong phn t anken.
Hirocacbon thm c mch nhnh khng no c tnh cht ho hc tng t hirocacbon khng no tng
ng.
Khi un nng vi dung dch KMnO
4
hoc cht oxi ho khc, mch nhnh trong phn t cc hirocacbon
thm b oxi ho gy mch. V d :
C
6
H
5
R
4
KMnO
C
6
H
5
COOK
+
H
C
6
H
5
COOH
Tnh cht ny c ng dng iu ch axit thm.


- Trang | 61 -

Ch 12 DN XUT HALOGEN ANCOL PHENOL

I. DN XUT HALOGEN
1. Khi nim
Dn xut halogen ca hirocacbon, thng gi tt l dn xut halogen c cng thc phn t C
x
H
y
X
z
, trong
X l nguyn t halogen.
Dn xut halogen gm c dn xut flo, dn xut clo, dn xut brom, dn xut iot v dn xut
cha ng thi mt vi halogen khc nhau.
Theo cu to gc hirocacbon c cc loi sau : Dn xut halogen no, dn xut halogen khng no v
dn xut halogen thm ; dn xut bc I, bc II v bc III.
2. ng phn v danh php
C ng phn mch cacbon nh hirocacbon, ng thi c ng phn v tr nhm chc (v tr nguyn t
halogen). V d : CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
Br v CH
3
CHBrCH
3
;
Tn ca cc dn xut halogen n gin c cu to t tn gc hirocacbon + halogenua ( tn gcchc). V
d : C
2
H
5
Cl etyl clorua ; C
6
H
5
Br phenyl bromua,...
3. Tnh cht
a. Phn ng th nguyn t halogen
Thy phn RX to thnh hp cht ROH
RX + H
2
O
0
,t NaOH
ROH + HX
Nu R l gc thm, phn ng to ra phenol (hoc mui ca phenol).
Kh nng tham gia phn ng th : ankyl halogenua > aryl halogenua ;
bc III > bc II > bc I
Tch HX to thnh lin kt i C=C, phn ng tun theo quy tc Zaixep. V d
CH
3
CHClCH
2
CH
3
+ NaOH
0
5 2
,t OH H C
CH
2
=CHCH
2
CH
3
+ CH
3
CH=CHCH
3

(spp) (spc) + NaX + H
2
O
Tc dng vi kim loi to thnh hp cht ckim
RX + Mg
0
,t ete
RMgX

- Trang | 62 -

4. Phng php iu ch
a. Th nguyn t hiro trong phn t hirocacbon
b. Cng HX vo hirocacbon khng no
c. Th OH ca ancol bng nguyn t halogen
II. ANCOL
1. Khi nim
Ancol l nhng hp cht hu c phn t gm mt hay nhiu nhm OH lin kt vi nguyn t cacbon no
(nguyn t cacbon lai ho

sp
3
) ca gc hirocacbon.
Cng thc ca mt s loi ancol :
Ancol n chc : C
x
H
y
OH hay C
x
H
y
O.
Ancol no n chc C
x
H
2x+2
O hay C
x
H
2x+1
OH
Ancol n chc bc mt C
x
H
y
CH
2
OH hay RCH
2
OH ;
Ancol a chc : C
x
H
y
(OH)
k
vi x k 2.
Ancol no a chc : C
x
H
2x+2
O
k
vi 2 k x (hay C
x
H
2x+2k
(OH)
k
)
2. ng phn
Cc ancol c cc ng phn mch cacbon, ng phn v tr ca nhm OH trong mch cacbon v ng
phn bc ancol.
Cc ancol a chc cn c ng phn v v tr tng i gia cc nhm OH.
3. Tnh cht ho hc ca ancol n chc
Tc dng vi kim loi kim
ROH + Na RONa + 1/2H
2
Tc dng vi axit thnh este v nc
ROH + CH
3
COOH CH
3
COOR + H
2
O
Thay th nhm OH bng gc hirocacbon khc to thnh ete
ROH + R
1
OH ROR
1
+ H
2
O
Ancol no n chc tch nc thnh anken ; phn ng tun theo quy tc Zaixep
C
x
H
2x+1
OH
xt , t
0
C
x
H
2x
+ H
2
O (x 2)
Ancol bc I b oxi ho khng hon ton thnh anehit
RCH
2
OH +
2
1
O
2

0
t , Cu
RCHO + H
2
O
Ancol bc II b oxi ho khng hon ton thnh xeton
RCH(OH)R
1
+
2
1
O
2

0
t , Cu
RCOR
1
+ H
2
O
Phn ng chy (oxi ho hon ton)
C
x
H
2x+2
O +
2
O
2
x 3
xCO
2
+ (x + 1)H
2
O

- Trang | 63 -

3. Tnh cht ho hc ca ancol no a chc
a) C tnh cht ging ancol no n chc : Tc dng natri, axit, tch H
2
O (phc tp), este ho, oxi ho
khng hon ton,...
b) Ancol a chc phn t c t nht 2 nhm OH cnh nhau ho tan Cu(OH)
2
thnh dung dch mu xanh
lam m.
4. Phng php diu ch
a. Hirat ho anken
b. Thy phn dn xut halogen
c. Phng php sinh ha iu ch etanol : ln men glucoz

- Trang | 64 -

Ch 13 ANEHIT XETON AXIT ESTE

I. ANEHIT, XETON
1. Khi nim
Hp cht c nhm C=O lin kt vi gc hirocacbon c gi l hp cht cacbonyl.
Anehit : hp cht c nhm CH=O lin kt vi nguyn t H hoc gc hirocacbon hoc nhm CHO khc.
V d HCH=O, CH
3
CH=O, O=CHCH=O, CH
2
=CHCHO,...
Xeton : hp cht c nhm C=O lin kt vi hai nguyn t cacbon (ca gc hirocacbon hoc ca nhm
xeton C=O khc), V d : CH
3
COCH
3
, CH
3
COC
6
H
5
, CH
3
COCOCH
3
, CH
2
=CHCOCH
3
,...
2. Cng thc tng qut
Anehit no n chc : C
x
H
2x + 1
CHO hay C
n
H
2n
O
Anehit n chc : C
x
H
y
CHO hoc C
n
H
m
O
Anehit (n, a chc) : C
x
H
y
(CHO)
k
vi k 1, x 0.
Xeton l ng phn nhm chc ca anehit nn c cng thc phn t tng t anehit tng ng.
3. Tnh cht ho hc
a) Tnh oxi ho
Anehit tc dng vi H
2
/Ni to thnh ancol n chc bc mt :
C
x
H
y
CHO + H
2

xt , t
0
C
x
H
y
CH
2
OH
Xeton tc dng vi hiro cho ancol bc II, V d
CH
3
COCH
3
+ H
2

xt , t
0
CH
3
CHOHCH
3
b) Tnh kh
Anehit b oxi ho bi nc brom hoc hiro peoxit,... thnh axit hu c :
C
x
H
y
CHO + Br
2
+ H
2
O C
x
H
y
COOH + 2HBr
Anehit b oxi ho bi phc bc amoniac (phn ng trng bc) :
C
x
H
y
[CHO]
k
+ k[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH C
x
H
Y
[COONH
4
]
k
+ 2kAg + kNH
3

Ring HCHO :
HCHO + 4[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH d (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ 4Ag + 6NH
3
4. Phng php iu ch
a) iu ch anehit :
Oxi ho ancol bc 1 c
C
x
H
y
CH
2
OH + (cht oxiho) C
x
H
y
CHO + H
2
O
Thy phn dn xut 1,1ihalogen

- Trang | 65 -

C
x
H
y
CH
2
Cl
2
+ 2NaOH
0
t
C
x
H
y
CHO + 2NaCl +2H
2
O
b) iu ch CH
3
CHO :
T axetilen : CH CH + H
2
O
4
HgSO
CH
3
CHO
T etilen : 2CH
2
= CH
2
+ O
2

xt , t
0
2CH
3
CHO
T C
2
H
5
OH : C
2
H
5
OH + CuO
0
t
CH
3
CH=O + Cu + H
2
O
T CH
3
CHCl
2
: CH
3
CHCl
2
+ 2NaOH
0
t
CH
3
CH=O + 2NaCl + H
2
O
c) Oxi ho ancol bc II c xeton
CH
3
CHOHCH
3
+ CuO
0
t
CH
3
COCH
3
+ Cu + H
2
O
d) iu ch axeton : oxi ho cumen thu c axeton v phenol.
II. AXIT CACBOXYLIC
1. Cng thc tng qut
Axit no n chc : C
x
H
2x+1
COOH hay C
n
H
2n
O
2
n 1.
Axit n chc : C
x
H
y
COOH hoc C
n
H
m
O
2
.
Axit (n, a chc) : C
x
H
y
[COOH]
k
k 1.
Axit khng no c 1 lin kt i C=C : C
x
H
2x1
COOH hay C
n
H
2n2
O
2
.
Axit thm n : c vng benzen lin kt trc tip vi nhm COOH.
2. Tnh cht ho hc chung
a) Khi tan trong H
2
O, axit phn li mt phn
V d : CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO

+ H
+

Dung dch axit lm qu tm ho .
b) C tnh cht chung ca axit
Tc dng vi baz, oxit baz, mui v kim loi hot ng trc hiro trong dy in th).
c) Phn ng este ho
V d : CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH CH
3
COOC
2
H
5 +
H
2
O
d) Phn ng chy
V d : CH
3
COOH + 2O
2

0
t
2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O

- Trang | 66 -

3. Tnh cht ca gc hirocacbon
a. Phn ng th halogen vo gc no, thm
b. Phn ng cng vo gc khng no
4. Tnh cht ring
Axit fomic c phn ng trng bc :
HCOOH + 2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ 2Ag + 2NH
3
Mui ca axit hoc axit tc dng vi hn hp vi ti xut ( th rn) :
CH
3
COONa + NaOH
0
t CaO,
CH
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
(CH
3
COO)
2
Ca
0
t CaO,
CH
3
COCH
3
+ 2CaCO
3
CH
3
COOH + 2NaOH
0
t CaO,
CH
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
4. Phng php iu ch
a) Oxi ho khng hon ton anehit :
C
x
H
y
CHO + 2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH C
x
H
y
COONH
4
+ 2Ag + 3NH
3
b) iu ch CH
3
COOH
Oxi ho ancol etylic nh enzim :
C
2
H
5
OH + O
2

men
CH
3
COOH + H
2
O
T metanol v CO
CH
3
OH + CO
xt , t
0
CH
3
COOH
III. ESTE CA AXIT CACBOXYLIC
1. Cng thc tng qut
Este no n chc : C
x
H
2x+1
COOC
y
H
2y+1
hay C
n
H
2n
O
2

Este n chc : C
x
H
y
COOC
p
H
q
hay C
n
H
m
O
2

Cht bo l este ca glixerol vi axit bo n chc :
V d : Tristearin [C
17
H
35
COO]
3
C
3
H
5

Triolein [C
17
H
33
COO]
3
C
3
H
5

Tripanmitin [C
15
H
31
COO]
3
C
3
H
5

2. Tnh cht ho hc
a) Phn ng thu phn, xc tc axit
C
x
H
y
COOC
p
H
q
+ H
2
O C
x
H
y
COOH + C
p
H
q
OH
b) Phn ng x phng ho
C
x
H
y
COOC
p
H
q
+ NaOH C
x
H
y
COONa + C
p
H
q
OH
X phng ho cht bo :
(C
17
H
35
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
+ 3NaOH 3C
17
H
35
COONa + C
3
H
5
(OH)
3


- Trang | 67 -

c) Phn ng chuyn ho cht bo lng thnh cht bo rn
[C
17
H
33
COO]
3
C
3
H
5
+ 3H
2

Ni , t
o
[C
17
H
35
COO]
3
C
3
H
5

d) Mt s phn ng c bit
C
x
H
y
COOCH=CH
2
+ H
2
O
xt , t
0
C
x
H
y
COOH + CH
3
CH=O
C
x
H
y
COOCH=CH
2
+ NaOH C
x
H
y
COONa + CH
3
CHO
C
x
H
y
COOC
6
H
5
+2NaOH C
x
H
y
COONa + C
6
H
5
ONa + H
2
O
4. Phng php iu ch
a) Axit tc dng vi ancol, c axit xc tc:
C
x
H
y
COOCH + C
p
H
q
OH C
x
H
y
COOC
p
H
q
+H
2
O
b) Mt vi phn ng c bit
CH
3
COOH + CHCH
xt t
o
CH
3
COOCH= CH
2
+ H
2
O
C
6
H
5
OH + (CH
3
CO)
2
O
xt t
o
CH
3
COOC
6
H
5
+ CH
3
COOH
IV. MT VI IM CN CH
1. Xc nh loi nhm chc v s nhm chc : Da vo cng thc phn t hoc t l mol gia cc
cht phn ng vi cht to ra hoc da vo c im tnh cht ho hc.
V d : Cht X n chc c CTG C
2
H
4
O, tc dng c vi NaOH. Vy X l axit hoc este n chc,
phn t phi c 2 nguyn t oxi. Vy X c CTPT C
4
H
8
O
2
.
2. Da vo s bin thin khi lng ca cc cht trc v sau phn ng.
V d : RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H
2
O
M
mui
M
axit
= 22 g/ mol/nhm COOH
3. Nu hn hp cc axit hoc este c phn ng trng gng th trong c axit fomic hoc este ca
n, v.v.
4. Nu hn hp tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
trong dung dch NH
3
c Ag kt ta th trong c
HCHO hoc HCOOH hoc este ca axit fomic.


- Trang | 68 -

Ch 14 CACBOHIRAT

I. KHI NIM
Cacbohirat (gluxit, saccarit) l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc m a s chng c cng thc chung l
C
n
(H
2
O)
m
.
II. PHN LOI
Monosaccarit : L nhm cacbohirat n gin nht khng th thu phn c. V d : Glucoz, fructoz
(C
6
H
12
O
6
).
isaccarit : L nhm cacbohirat m khi thu phn sinh ra 2 phn t monosaccarit. V d : saccaroz,
mantoz (C
12
H
22
O
11
).
Polisaccarit : L nhm cacbohirat phc tp nht m khi thu phn n cng sinh ra nhiu phn t
monosaccarit. V d : Tinh bt, xenluloz (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
.
III. CU TRC PHN T
1. Glucoz, fructoz C
6
H
12
O
6

Glucoz ch yu tn ti di 2 dng cu trc vng 6 cnh l dng v dng . Hai dng ny chuyn ho
ln nhau qua dng mch h :

CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
CHO

glucoz glucoz
Fructoz cng tn ti di hai cu dng vng 5 cnh ; hai dng mch vng ny cng chuyn ho ln nhau
qua dng mch h tng t nh glucoz :

CH
2
OH[CHOH]
3
COCH
2
OH

2. Saccaroz v mantoz cng tn ti ch yu dng mch vng.
Phn t saccaroz do gc glucoz lin kt ti nguyn t C
1
qua nguyn t oxi vi gc fructoz
nguyn t C
4

O
OH
OH
OH
CH
2
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HOCH
2
CH
2
OH
H
H

Gc glucoz Gc fructoz
OH
CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH
O
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH
2
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
CH
2
OH
OH

- Trang | 69 -

Phn t mantoz do hai gc glucoz lin kt vi nhau qua nguyn t oxi, gc th nht C
1
, gc th hai
C
4
. Phn t mantoz dng mch vng cn nhm OH hemiaxetal t do nn tn ti cn bng vi dng
mch h c nhm chc CH=O.

Gc glucoz Gc glucoz
2. Polisaccarit : Tinh bt, xenluloz (-C
6
H
10
O
5
-)
n
Tinh bt gm 2 loi phn t polime : amiloz (do cc n v glucoz lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt
1,4glicozit to thnh mch khng phn nhnh) v amilopectin (do cc on mch glucoz lin kt vi
nhau to nn ; cc on mchny lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt 1,6glicozit, to thnh mch phn nhnh).
Xenluloz do cc n v glucoz lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt 1,4glicozit to thnh mch di khng
phn nhnh.
IV. TNH CHT HO HC
1. Mono- v isaccarit
a) Phn ng ca ancol a chc : tc dng natri
V d :
HOCH
2
[CHOH]
4
CH=O + 5Na NaOCH
2
[CHONa]
4
CH=O + 5/2H
2

b) Phn ng ca nhm C=O ca dng mch h : cng H
2
, trng bc,...
V d :
HOCH
2
[CHOH]
4
CHO + H
2

xt , t
0
HOCH
2
[CHOH]
4
CH
2
OH
HOCH
2
[CHOH]
4
CHO + 2Ag(NH
3
)
2
OH
xt , t
0

HOCH
2
[CHOH]
4
COONH
4
+2Ag + 3NH
3

Mantoz v fructoz cng c phn ng trng bc, cng hiro.
c) Phn ng ca c hai nhm chc
Glucoz to c dung dch mu xanh lam vi Cu(OH)
2
tng t glixerol, nhng mu xanh b mt khi un
nng v sinh ra Cu
2
O mu son.
d) Phn ng ca c phn t
Khi c xc tc men thch hp, glucoz chuyn ho thnh ancol etylic hoc axit lactic (CH
3
CH(OH)
COOH).
e) isaccarit b thy phn
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O
0
,t xt
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6

h) Glucoz v mantoz b oxi ho bi nc brom, hiro peoxit
V d :
O
OH
OH
OH
CH
2
OH
O
H O
OH
OH
CH
2
OH
H
OH
H
1
1 4
O
OH
OH
OH
CH
2
OH
O
H OH
OH
OH
CH
2
OH
H
1
1 4 CH=O

- Trang | 70 -

HOCH
2
[CHOH]
4
CHO + Br
2
+ H
2
O
HOCH
2
[CHOH]
4
COOH + 2HBr
2. Polisaccarit
a) Tinh bt v xenluloz b thy phn dn dn v cui cng sinh ra glucoz
(-C
6
H
10
O
5
-)
n
+ nH
2
O
0
,t xt
nC
6
H
12
O
6

b) Xenluloz tc dng vi axit
(-C
6
H
10
O
5
-)
n
+ 3nHNO
3

0
,t xt
(-C
6
H
7
O
2
(ONO
2
)
3
-)
n
+ 3nH
2
O
c) Tinh bt c phn ng mu vi iot


- Trang | 71 -

Ch 15 HP CHT CHA NIT :
AMIN, AMINO AXIT, PEPTIT, PROTEIN

I. AMIN
1. Khi nim
Khi thay th nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac bng gc hirocacbon ta c cc hp cht amin.
Bc ca amin bng s nguyn t H trong phn t amoniac b thay th bng gc hirocacbon/ hoc bng s
lin kt ca nguyn t N vi nguyn t C.
Amin no. n chc, mch h c cng thc phn t dng C
n
H
2n+3
N, n 1.
Amin thm: phn t c chc amin lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t cacbon ca vng benzen.
2. ng phn
Cc amin c ng phn bc amin v ng phn mch cacbon.
Amin bc I cn c thm ng phn v tr nhm NH
2
trong mch cacbon.
3. Tnh cht ho hc ca amin n chc
a) Tnh baz ging NH
3
: tc dng vi nc, axit
CH
3
CH
2
NH
2
+ H
2
O CH
3
CH
2
NH
+
3
+ HO

C
6
H
5
NH
2
+ HCl C
6
H
5
NH
+
3
Cl

Dung dch amin mch h lm xanh qu tm ; dung dch amin thm ni chung khng lm xanh qu tm.
b) Tnh cht ca nhn benzen lin kt vi nhm NH
2
(tng t phenol)
C
6
H
5
NH
2
+ 3Br
2 dd
2,4,6Br
3
C
6
H
2
NH
2
+ 3HBr
c) Phn ng chy CO
2
, H
2
O, N
2

2C
x
H
y
N + (4x + y/2)O
2

0
t
2xCO
2
+
2
y
yH
2
O +
2
1
N
2

4. Phng php iu ch
a. Th nguyn t H ca amoniac bng gc hirocacbon
NH
3

0
t RX,
RNH
2

0
t RX,
R
2
NH
0
t RX,
R
3
N
b. Kh hp cht nitro, xianua,..
RCN + 2H
2

0
t xt,
RCH
2
NH
2

C
6
H
5
NO
2
+ 6H C
6
H
5
NH
2
+ 2H
2
O

- Trang | 72 -

II. AMINO AXIT
1. nh ngha
Amino axit l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, trong phn t va c nhm amino NH
2
va c nhm
cacboxyl COOH.
Cng thc tng qut (NH
2
)
x
R(COOH)
y

2. Tnh cht ho hc
a) Tnh cht baz ca amin, v d tc dng vi axit to thnh mui
NH
2
CH
2
COOH + HCl ClNH
3
CH
2
COO
b) Tnh cht ca axit : tc dng vi baz
NH
2
CH
2
COOH + NaOH H
2
NCH
2
COONa + H
2
O
c) pH ca dung dch amino axit (NH
2
)
x
R(COOH)
y

x = y : dung dch c pH = 7 ;
x < y : dung dch c pH < 7 ;
x > y : dung dch c pH > 7 ;
c) Tnh cht ca c 2 nhm chc
- S in li to mui ni phn t
H
2
NCH
2
COOH H
3
N
+
CH
2
COO

- im ng in : pH ti amino axit gia hai in cc, khng di chuyn v in cc no.
- Phn ng trng ngng : cc 6amino axit hoc 7amino axit c phn ng trng ngng :
H
2
N[CH
2
]
5
COOH
H
2
O HN[CH
2
]
5
CO
n
n n +

0
t xt,

III. PEPTIT
1. Khi nim
Lin kt peptit l lin kt to gia nhm CO v NH (CONH) ca cc
amino axit.
Peptit l cc cht hu c phn t c to nn t cc amino axit nh lin kt peptit. Cc n v amino
axit c th ging nhau hoc khc nhau.
Cng thc cu to chung ca peptit mch h :
H(NHRCO)
n
NH(R
1
CO)
m
...NHR
n
CO)
k
OH
Oligopeptit : phn t gm 2 10 n v amino axit to nn, V d
ipeptit : H
2
NCH
2
CONHCH
2
COOH hay Gly - Gly
u N u C
H
2
NCH
2
CONHCH(CH
3
)

COOH hay Gly - Ala
u N u C

- Trang | 73 -

Polipeptit : phn t to nn t trn 10 n v amino axit
+ Polipeptit to ra t nhiu loi amino axit :
H
2
NCH(R)CO[NHCH(R)CO]
n
HNCH(R)COOH, n 9.
Hoc H[NHCH(R)CO]
k
OH, k 11.
+ Polipeptit to ra t nhiu loi amino axit :
H[NHCH(R)CO]
n
-[

NH(R
1
)CO]
m
...[NHCH(R
n
)CO]
k
OH ;
u N u C
2. Tnh cht
a. Peptit c tnh lng tnh, v d
H
2
NCHR
1
CONHCHR
2
COOH + HCl
HCl.H
2
NCHR
1
CONHCHR
2
COOH
H
2
NCHR
1
CONHCHR
2
COOH + NaOH H
2
NCHR
1
CONHCHR
2
COONa
+ H
2
O
b. Phn ng thy phn
H
2
NCHR
1
CONHCHR
2
CO....NHCHR
n
COOH + (n1)H
2
O
-
H hoc OH
+

1 2 3
2 2 2
n
2
H NCHR COOH NH CHR COOH NH CHR COOH ...
H NCHR COOH
+ + +
+

c. Phn ng mu : tr ipeptit, cc peptit c phn ng mu vi Cu(OH)
2
.
IV. PROTEIN
1. Khi nim
Protein l nhng polipeptit cao phn t c phn t khi t vi chc nghn n vi triu.
- Protein n gin l loi protein m khi thu phn ch cho hn hp cc -amino axit.
- Protein phc tp l loi protein c cu thnh t protein n gin cng vi thnh phn "phi protein" na.
- Protein to ra t mt loi amino axit : (-NHCH(R)CO-)
n
;

2. Cu to
...-NH-CH-CNH-CH-C-NH-CH-C... hay
| ||
n
NH CH C

|
1
R
|
2
R
|
3
R
||
O
||
O
||
O
i
R
O

- Trang | 74 -

3. Tnh cht
a) Tnh cht ng t
Protein n gin tan c trong nc to thnh dung dch keo v ng t li khi un nng hoc khi cho axit,
baz v mt s mui vo dung dch protein. V d : ho tan lng trng trng vo nc, sau un si, lng
trng trng s ng t li.
b) Tnh cht ho hc
- Tng t nh peptit, protein b thu phn nh xc tc axit hoc baz hoc enzim sinh ra cc peptit v cui
cng thnh cc -amino axit
(-HNCH(R)CO-)
n
+ nH
2
O
+
H
nH
2
NCH(R)COOH
- Protein c phn ng mu biure vi Cu(OH)
2
to hp cht mu xanh tm.
V. MT S CH KHI LM BI TP
Xc nh loi nhm chc v s nhm chc mi loi da vo tnh cht ho hc, quan h s mol vi cht
phn ng v bin thin khi lng...
Xc nh mch cacbon, v tr nhm chc trong mnh cacbon, v da vo phng php iu ch, ngun
gc ca cc cht, ng dng ca chng.
Biu din ng cu to ca peptit v polipetit.

- Trang | 75 -

Ch 16 POLIME VT LIU POLIME

I. POLIME
1. Khi nim
Nhng hp cht c khi lng phn t rt ln (t hng ngn ti hng triu vC) do nhiu mt xch lin kt
vi nhau c gi l hp cht cao phn t hay polime.
Polime gm 2 loi :
Polime thin nhin : cao su thin nhin, tinh bt, xenluloz, peptit, protein,...
Polime tng hp : polibutaien, polietilen, PVC,....
2. Cu trc ca polime
C 3 dng cu trc : mch khng nhnh (V d : polietilen, PVC, aminloz, xenluloz,...), mch phn
nhnh (V d : nha rezol) v mng khng gian (V d : cao su lu ho, amilopectin, nha rezit).
3. Tnh cht
a) Tnh cht vt l
Cc polime khng bay hi, khng c nhit nng chy xc nh, kh b ho tan trong cc dung mi
thng thng, c tnh bn nhit v bn c hc cao.
b) Tnh cht ho hc
Nhiu polime c tnh bn vng vi tc dng ca axit, baz v cht oxi ho nh teflon, polietilen,...
Mt s polime c phn ng gi nguyn mch polime : xenluloz c phn ng este ho ; PVC, poli(metyl
metacrylat) b thy phn ; phn ng cng vo lin kt i C=C,..... V d :
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]+ 3nHNO
3

o
2 4
H SO , t
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(ONO
2
)
3
]
n
+ 3nH
2
O
Xenluloz Xenluloz trinitrat

CH
2
CH
Cl
CH
2
CH
OH
+
nNaOH
+
nNaCl
n n

Poli(vinyl clorua) Poli(vinyl ancol)/ ancol polivinylic
Mt s polime c phn ng phn ct mch polime (cc polieste, poliamit, tinh bt hoc xenluloz, b
thu phn trong mi trng axit hoc baz hoc xc tc enzim) :
Tinh bt v xenluloz b thu phn (xc tc axit hoc enzim) to thnh glucoz
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ nH
2
O
+
o
H , t
nC
6
H
12
O
6
Protein b thy phn n cng thnh cc amino axit

1 2 3
... NH CH CO NH CH CO NH CH CO ...
| | |
R R R
+ nH
2
O

- Trang | 76 -

+
o
H , t
hay enzim
+ + +
2 2 2
1 2 3
NH CH COOH H N CH COOH H N CH COOH ...
| | |
R R R

Polipeptit v protein c phn ng mu vi Cu(OH)
2
; tinh bt c phn ng mu vi iot ;...
4. Phng php tng hp polime
a) Phn ng trng hp
Qu trnh kt hp lin tip nhiu phn t nh (monome) to thnh phn t ln (polime) c gi l phn
ng trng hp.
Cc cht tham gia phn ng trng hp l nhng cht trong phn t c lin kt bi (i hoc ba) hoc
vng km bn.
b) Phn ng trng ngng
Qu trnh nhiu phn t nh (monome) kt hp vi nhau thnh phn t ln (polime) ng thi gii
phng nhng phn t nh khc gi l phn ng trng ngng.
Cc cht tham gia phn ng trng ngng l nhng cht trong phn t phi c t hai nhm chc c kh
nng phn ng tr ln.
5. Mt s polime quan trng
Cng thc cu to Tn gi Monome ng dng
CH
2
CH
2
n

Polietilen Ti ng,
CHCH
2
n

polistiren

C
6
H
5
CH=CH
2
trn xp
n
CH
2
CH =CHCH
2

polibutaien

CH
2
=CH
CH=CH
2

cao su buna
n
CH
2
C
COOCH
3
CH
3

poli(metyl
metacrylat)
sn xut
thu tinh
hu c
HN[CH
2
]
6
NHCO[CH
2
]
4
CO
n

nilon6,6 vi
n
CH
2
CH
Cl

poli(vinyl
clorua)
CH
2
=CHCl
ng dn, v
dy in
n
OH
CH
2

Vt liu
in,
II. VT LIU POLIME
Thnh phn chnh ca vt liu polime l cc polime.

- Trang | 77 -

Mt s vt liu polime tiu biu :
1. Cao su
L vt liu polime c tnh n hi. C cao su thin nhin (ly t nha cy cao su) v cao su tng hp (sn
xut t polime ca ankaien). Ngoi polime l thnh phn chnh, trong cao su cn c cht n, cht chng
oxi ho, cht tng chu mi mn,... Ph bin l cao su t nhin, cao su buna, cao su bunaS, buna N,...
2. Cht do
Cht do l nhng vt liu polime c tnh do.
Mt s polime dng lm cht do :
Polietilen (PE) :
2 2 n
(CH CH )
Poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC) :
2
|
n
CH CH

Poli(metyl metacrylat) :
3
2
|
COOCH
n
CH C

Poli(phenolfomanehit) (PPF)
3. T
a. T l nhng polime hnh si di v mnh vi bn nht nh.
T c phn thnh hai loi :
T thin nhin (sn c trong thin nhin) nh bng, len, t tm.
T ho hc (ch to bng phng php ho hc).
T ho hc li c chia thnh hai nhm :
T tng hp (ch to t cc polime tng hp) nh cc t poliamit (nilon, capron), t polivinyl th (vinilon,
poli,...).
T bn tng hp hay t nhn to (xut pht t polime thin nhin nhng c ch bin thm bng phng
php ho hc) nh t visco, t xenluloz axetat,...
Mt s loi t thng dng :
T nilon - 6,6 : (HN[CH
2
]
6
CO[CH
2
]
4
CO)
n

poli(hexametylen aipamit) (nilon-6,6).
T nitron (hay olon) : thuc loi t vinylic c tng hp t vinyl xianua (hay acrilonitrin) gi l
poliacrilonitrin :
=

o
ROOR', t
2 2
| |
n
nCH CH CH CH
4. Vt liu compozit
L vt liu hn hp gm t nht hai thnh phn phn tn vo nhau m khng tan vo nhau.

CN CN
Cl

Tom Tat Kien Thuc Hoa Hoc THPT

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