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CHEMISTRY 321, EXAM 2, Practice Test

This test has 3 parts: A, B, and C. Follow the directions for each question. Show all your
work. Draw a box around your final answer. Make sure that your final answer is expressed
to the correct number of significant figures.


A. (25%) Stoichiometry/composition. Answer any TWO (2) of the following three (3)
questions.

1. How many grams of chromium are present in 0.250 g of K
2
Cr
2
O
7
? The formula weight of K
2
Cr
2
O
7
is
194.20 g/mole and the atomic weight of chromium is 51.996 g/mole.

Answer : 0. 250 g of K
2
Cr
2
O
7
cont ai ns
( 0. 250 g) / ( 194. 20 g/ mol e) = 0. 00129 mol es of K
2
Cr
2
O
7

Ther e ar e 2 mol es of Cr f or one mol e of K
2
Cr
2
O
7
.
Thus, t her e ar e
( 2 mol es of Cr / 1 mol e K
2
Cr
2
O
7
) ( 0. 00129 mol es of K
2
Cr
2
O
7
)
= 0. 00257 mol es Cr
Thi s i s ( 0. 00257 mol es Cr ) ( 51. 996 g/ mol e) = Answer = 0.134 g Cr

2. Calculate the molarity of a 5.00 ppm Ca(NO
3
)
2
solution. The formula weight of Ca(NO
3
)
2
is 164.09
g/mole.

Answer : Si nce 5. 00 ppmmeans 5. 00 mg Ca( NO
3
)
2
/ L sol ut i on, i f mg can be
conver t ed t o mol es, t he pr obl emi s sol ved

mol ar i t y = ( 5. 00 mg Ca( NO
3
)
2
sol ut i on/ L) ( 1 g Ca( NO
3
)
2
/ 1000 mg)
164 g/ mol e Ca( NO
3
)
2

= Answer = 3.05 x 10
-5
M (3 sig figs)

3. How many grams of AgCl (formula weight =143.22 g/mole) will be formed when the chloride present in
a solution containing and unknown amount of silver ion is mixed with an aqueous solution containing
0.2435 g of NaCl (formula weight =58.44 g/mole). Assume that the chloride is completely precipitated.
Answer : Ag+ + Cl - - - - > AgCl ( s) i s t he net i oni c r eact i on
A sol ut i on cont ai ni ng 0. 2435 g of NaCl cont ai ns
( 0. 2435 g NaCl ) / ( 58. 44 g mol e NaCl ) = 0. 00416667 mol es NaCl
and cont ai ns
0. 00416667 mol es of Cl -
Mol es of AgCl pr eci pi t at ed = 0. 00416667 mol es AgCl
= ( 0. 00416667 mol es AgCl ) ( 143. 22 g/ mol e) = 0. 59675 g AgCl
= Answer = 0.5968 g (4 sig figs)

B. (25%) Solubility, net ionic reactions, and activity.

1. K
sp
for magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)
2
, is 7.1 x 10
-12
. What is the molar solubility of Mg(OH)
2

at pH 11?
Answer: At pH =11, pOH =14 - pH =3, [OH
-
] =10
-pOH
=1.00 10
-3
M.

Mg(OH)
2(s)
<===>Mg
2+
+ 2 OH
-

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initial some 0 1.00 10
-3

change -s +s +2s
equil still some s 1.00 10
-3
+2s
K
sp
= 7.1 x 10
-12
= s (1.00 10
-3
+2s)
2

* assume 2s <<1.00 10
-3

thus 7.1 x 10
-12
= s (1.00 10
-3
)
2

s = (7.1 x 10
-12
/(1.00 10
-3
)
2
) = 7.1 10
-6
M

* check: % error = (100)( 7.1 10
-6
)/ 1.00 10
-3
= 0.1% so assumption is OK
(-1.5 points if you do not check the assumption)
Answer = 7.1 10
-6
M

2. Write net ionic reactions and the form of the resulting equilibrium constant (in terms of K
w
, K
sp
, K
a
, and
K
b
) for the following reactions:
(a) NaF +HNO
3

Answer : NaF - - 100%- - > Na+, F-
HNO3 - - 100%- - > H+, NO3-
net i oni c r eact i on: H+ + F- - - > HF, 1/ Ka
( f or mat i on of a weak aci d)
(b) NH
4
Cl +NaOH
Answer : NH4Cl - - 100%- - > NH4+, Cl -
NaOH - - 100%- - > Na+, OH-
NH4+ <- > NH3 + H+; Ka secondar y speci es
H+ + OH- - - > H20; 1/ Kw
net i oni c r eact i on: NH4+ + OH- - - > NH3 + H2O; Ka/ Kw = Kb( NH3)
( f or mat i on of a weak base)
(c) HClO
4
+KOH
Answer : HCLO4 - - 100%- - > H+, Cl O4-
KOH - - 100%- - > K+, OH-
NI R i s: H+ + OH- - - > H2O; 1/ Kw
( f or mat i on of wat er )

C. (50%) Aqueous acid/base equilibria Answer any THREE (3) of the following four (4)
questions. Show all your work. State and verify the validity of any assumptions that you make
(Don't just jot down an equation without stating and checking any assumptions made). Correct set-
up of a problem is worth at least 50% credit.

1. What is the pH of a 1.0 10
-5
M solution of sodium benzoate (C
6
H
5
COONa). The K
b
for benzoate ion
(C
6
H
5
COO
-
) is 1.59 10
-10
. Show all your work and verify any assumptions.
Answer: sodium benzoate produces Na+and benzoate ions. The benzoate ion is a weak base. If we neglect
the dissociation of water, we get:
A- +H2O <--> HA +OH-
S 1e-5 0 0
R -x +x +x
E 1e-5-x x x
and Kb =1.59e-10 =[HA][OH-]/[A-]
=1.59e-10 =(x)(x)/(1e-5-x)
which is a quadratic equation. If we make the further approximation that x <<1e-5 (that [OH-] <<C
b
) then
we have:
(x)(x)/1e-5 =1.59 x 10^-10
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of x=(K
a
)(C
a
) =(1.59 x 10^-10)(1e-5) =3.987 x 10^-8 M =[OH-],
pOH =7.399, [H+] =2.508e-7, pH =6.60
check assumption: (3.99e-8)(100)/1e-5 =3.99 x 10^-1% <5% so assumption is ok.
Could also have done solution of quadratic:
x^2 +1.59e-10x 1.59e-10 =0
x =(-1.59e-10 +sqrt((1.59e-10)^2 +4(1.59
e
-10)(1e-5)))/2 =[OH-] =3.98e-8 M
pOH =7.4, [H+] =2.51e-7 M, pH =6.60
since the pH is predicted to be acidic for this solution of base, the pH should be set to 7.00.
Answer = pH = 6.60, but this is wrong. Remember Morgans rule?

2. A 0.10 M solution of a weak acid, periodic acid (HIO
4
), has a pH of 4.63. Calculate the acid dissociation
constant, K
a
, for HIO
4
. Show all your work and verify any assumptions.
Answer: pH =4.63 ===> [H+] = 10
-4.63
= 2.344 x 10
-5
M

HIO
4
<===>H
+
+ IO
4
-

initial 0.10 0 0
change -x +x +x
equil 0.10-x x x

K
a
= [H
+
] [IO
4
-
] / [HIO
4
] = x
2
/ (0.10 - x)
but x = [H+] = 2.344 x 10
-5
M
thus K
a
=x
2
/(0.10 - x) =(2.344 x 10
-5
)
2
/ (0.1 - 2.344 x 10
-5
)
= 5.495 x 10
-10
/ (0.099976558) = 5.50 x 10
-9
= K
a

pK
a
= - log
10
(5.50 x 10
-9
) = 8.26 Answer = 5.50 x 10
-9


4. Answer both parts (a, b) of this question. Show all your work and verify any assumptions.
(a) What is the pOH of a 0.015 M NaOH solution? Answer = 12.18
Answer: 0.015 M NaOH --100%--> 0.015 M Na
+
, 0.015 M OH
-
(strong base)
pOH = -log
10
(0.015) = 1.82 (5 points)
pH = 14 - pOH = 12.18 (3.5 points if you give this as the pOH)
(b) What is the pH of a 1.2 10
-7
M HCl solution? Answer = 6.75
Answer: If you neglect the autoionization of water, you get:
HCL ---100%--> H+, Cl- thus [H+] = 1.2 x 10
-7
M
pH = -log
10
([H+]) = -log
10
(1.2 x 10
-7
) = -(-6.92) = 6.92
(you get only 2.5 points if you give this answer)
However, this is wrong as you should not neglect the autoionization of water for such a dilute solution. The
correct treatment is the strong acid equation:
[H+] =(C +sqr(C^2 +4K
w
))/2 (4 points for correct set-up)
= (1.2 x 10
-7
+ sqr((1.2 x 10
-7
)
2
+ 4 x 10
-14
) / 2
= (1.2 x 10
-7
+ sqr(1.44 x 10
-14
+ 4 x 10
-14
) / 2
= (1.2 x 10
-7
+ sqr(5.44 x 10
-14
) / 2
= (1.2 x 10
-7
+ 2.33 x 10
-7
) / 2
= (3.53 x 10
-7
/ 2) = 1.77 x 10
-7
M = [H+] (4.5 points)
pH = -log
10
(1.77 x 10
-7
) = 6.75 (0.5 points)
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5. What is the pH of a solution containing 0.025 M hydrofluoric acid (HF). Show all your work and verify
any assumptions. The acid dissociation constant for HF is 6.5 10
-4
. Answer = 2.43
Answer: HF <===>H
+
+ F
-

initial 0.025 0 0
change -x +x +x
equil 0.025-x x x
K
a
= 6.5 x 10
-4
= [H
+
][F
-
]/[HF] = (x
2
)/(0.025-x)

either assume x <<0.025, in which case...
(x
2
)/(0.025) = 6.5 x 10
-4
and (x
2
) = (0.025)(6.5 x 10
-4
) or
x =sqr ((0.025)(6.5 x 10
-4
)) = 4.031 x 10
-3
M or pH = 2.39
(You get 3.5 points out of 5 if you stop here)
check: (4.031 x 10
-3
/0.025)(100) = 16% >5% therefore do not accept approximation. You could use
successive approx., but I prefer to use the solution to the quadratic eqn.:
[H
+
] =[-K
a
+sqr(K
a
2
+4 K
a
C
a
)]/2 (4 points for correct set-up)
=(-6.5 x 10
-4
+sqr((6.5 x 10
-4
)
2
+ 4(6.5 x 10
-4
)(0.025))) / 2
= (-6.5 x 10
-4
+ sqr( (4.23 x 10
-7
) + (6.50 x 10
-5
) )) / 2
= (-6.5 x 10
-4
+ sqr( 6.54 x 10
-5
)) / 2
= (-6.5 x 10
-4
+ 8.09 x 10
-3
) / 2 = 7.44 x 10
-3
/ 2
= 3.72 x 10
-3
M (4.5 points)
pH = -log
10
(3.72 x 10
-3
) = 2.43 (another 0.5 points)