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M
iLss
Henry Martyn Lecture II:
Crowther and Language in the
Yoruba MMiissio
(ur fo"us in this )e"ture is to e*p)ore the re)ationship #et$een Mission and Empire
in the Henr' +enn 'ears, a!ainst the #a",!round of the am#i!uit' of Cro$ther-s
position as an Afri"an and a .oru#a in the Mission. Lan!ua!e re)ates to spe"ifi"
"u)tures. /e are a)read' a$are that in trans)atin! the uni0ersa) messa!e of the 1ospe)
into a spe"ifi" )an!ua!e, $e "annot a0oid "onte*tua)isin! the messa!e into that
"u)ture. Am#i!uit' "omes in $hen $e )earn other )an!ua!es and $e re)ate to the
different "u)tures in0o)0ed in the )an!ua!es at different )e0e)s. Cro$ther spo,e
.oru#a, #ut studied En!)ish #efore he had a "han"e to stud' .oru#a. 2n trans)atin!
the Bi#)e into .oru#a, he $as trans)atin! the 3e$ Testament from the ori!ina) 1ree,
and, no dou#t, understandin! the 1ree, #' "omparin! it $ith the 4in! ames +ersion
in En!)ish. He #e!an his stud' of He#re$ rather )ate. He therefore trans)ated the ()d
Testament more from the En!)ish, and re)ied on the assistan"e of others )i,e Hinderer
$ith more "ompeten"e in He#re$. The Trans)ator is a s'm#o)i" "hara"ter "entra) to
the $ho)e pro"ess of "ommuni"ation in0o)0ed in "on0e'in! the messa!e of the
1ospe) a"ross the frontiers of )an!ua!e and "u)ture. That $as $h', for +enn, the
3ati0e A!ent as trans)ator and medium of "u)tura) e*"han!e $as a "ru"ia) fi!ure.
The most essentia) fun"tion of the Mission $as to #ui)d up su"h 3ati0e A!ents. 5in"e
the messa!e of the 1ospe) imp)ies parit' #et$een one )an!ua!e 0ersion of the Bi#)e
and another, there shou)d a)so #e parit' #et$een the missionar' and the 3ati0e A!ent
as trans)ator and medium of "u)tura) e*"han!e.
22
As a 3ati0e A!ent, Cro$ther $as an Afri"an, and a)) Afri"ans $ere his peop)e.
2#!e#"
Ttoh
t$hhe
"o))ea!u s ad pted and stand rdi6ed into a $ itten form of the )an!ua!e, that
a#i
Tt$to
sne
o
dn$
irfn
deuo
dn
frroe
ite,t
hrs0
r, e
op)
mret
hfita
eor
taun
hpa
ss,en
e
titnh
te
ars!e
a",h.
ineat
oBh
s
tuhe
o)ua
)i
udstt
h!
h#)ae
rhee
m t "
stor
ouea
efdni
ndt
'thd
itietn
hior
!
etear
n
radt
esh)
ne
ieu
$sntt
)nse
Bad
trtie
# oe
haa)re
d
)m
$s
$ohi
!firit
to"h"
hhtt
o ei
n#n
C
dtte"o
erae
o
n$n
+n$s
!atei
rtetn
ha'
rdnet
iste
nr
hio,rn
! ai
an
atDos
!sd
n e
tutr"
otoa
rhei
nhe
ums!
on
m)#
$ad
$ee
ortsr
h
rsr7s,
est
8ah
9!na
ip:e
d .
Thus the manus"ript of near)' a)) the remainin! #oo,s of the
Pentateu"h $hi"h 2 $ou)d ha0e prepared for the press this ;uarter
$ere destro'ed. M' "o))e"tions of $ords and pro0er#s in .oru#a, of
e)e0en 'ears- "onstant o#ser0ations sin"e the pu#)i"ation of the )ast
edition of m' .oru#a 0o"a#u)ar', $ere a)so "omp)ete)' destro'ed. <
it "annot #e re"o0ered $ith mone' nor "an 2 easi)' re"a)) to memor'
a)) the "o))e"tions 2 had made durin! m' tra0e)s at =a##a and throu!h
the .oru#a "ountr', in $hi"h p)a"es 2 ,ept m' ears open to e0er'
$ord to "at"h $hat 2 had not then se"ured<3o$ a)) are !one )i,e a
dream ("it. A&a'i, 7>9?, 7:8).
2pnr
H$
).Ai
effe"ts of the s) 0e trade #e!a o sho$. The E!# re0o)ted@ 3upe, Bor!u
ens
"oM
eauef
f"pe
$t)"t
ueih
"t
rar"t
toi.
at)t
pd
'oT"
ps,
hai
ttrtoh
e)ae
)efe'
)"
s!d
osp,r
neAA
as
sasn
(i#
th.ie
r
t'u2
eoto
"
.i,$,
t
Tuit
2oah&
Cta
anse
ea'
B'#a
peE
C
nee,i
!
nd"a
#0a
nna
aeou
de
drso
$2e"
u#o
t
tao#
0od
2aefe
&
faet
!
rhmn
#di
noi.
uso
nfH
saite
nhtt
n
an!e
odtr
s fe
'E
=
Et
h!oh
oT!
e#af
"o#
ia,t
ra
so
#d
mnDn
eo,o
s
frita
!e)r
hiti"tr
nt
a%ot
ard,
nrr
iaedf
tro,n
e
radm
fem
ien
stan
sdht
%an
s, e
ei#s
#
eoss)
eifte
seat
ha
h,#
serie
i)n"ti
dse
nh!
h a,
$fae
o$ni
dtre
h
r$
e
Tso pe
a
The missionaries had to e0o)0e their o$n pea"e p)an. CM5 head;uarters "ame )ater
to understand the "omp)e*it' of the situation. %or the moment, the' re)ied on the
missionaries on the spot. To$nsend $as ;ui", to see the am#i!uit' of Cro$ther-s
position as an ('o man in an E!#a to$n. He pro#a#)' a)read' ,ne$ the differen"e
#et$een the ('o and the E!#a. He mi!ht ha0e e*a!!erated the differen"es,
for!ettin! the "onsidera#)e amount of mi*in! that resu)ted from the series of
mi!rations. He
aTrrhi0in
o
sa#"e
asth
pisnn
'ao0
s0ion
tae)t0
) m
oesfd
; t0
2)1et
ouiin
a
eA
d$t
#hr
oeo
no fs
,t$e
huae
atar
s"E,
ht!m
o #f
aosa
,rt r
"iepn
hne!
iea!
ift"ts
h e0
e$
irinnt
hu
tota
hh
)ere)
'e d
).aeo
tfPe
erudr
no#
"$ta
ee
s")t )o
o$uf
anitt
htht
ere
',T ,ti
ofoe
$n
$*o
n"n)ts
,u aeas
nin"0
ddoe
. )
)odT'
ne
hf'fr
eeo.
nmM
Tdh
i
steiht
s eio
n
C$E
mttr
ha0i
hiet)
edhi
r
tiEni
a stti
r!th
o$i
'a#e
n ina
taB
hi )t"i
r'nd
aii,t
0 )
i")A
siCi)e
i
h#0
"os
iehma
)
toi"
nhem
,hd
afus
i
etett
,hrat
f"hse
,ea e,
t m
h'#a
ie
ein,s
rtdne
$s
ei
heCo
$$
oeni
e0
$na
hri )re
oitm
i6he
$da
osui
ts,ft"i
foeae
hn nr
d$,e
tdh
enah
aet"n
oh)
' ed
o$
$s
$ soi
eteif
hn)f)
"e".
$
toro
Thhi
mnm
eoo!
e$e
p
$dt
dnoo
o sit
tnh
uerhe
te)n
esd"
d o
iprp
fatf
afro
eto0"
hori
,"
e,a
oa
$r!
aft
e",e
a )
u#e
)f)or)
eitia
tfet0
e
n$na
r"
detfe
erse
o
hnmi p
$ithdra$n and other more effe"ti0e options sou!ht for "om#atin! the s)a0e
$as to "a)) on the resour"es of Empire to e*tend the antiAs)a0er' Treat'
aL!aa!i
Cro$ther p)anted his o$n near the southern !ate of the to$n at 2!#ein.
1o))mer
stepA#rother of his, and an un")e $ere )ater dis"o0ered in #onda!e and
res"ued.
)e0e) in spite of the interA!roup $ars. Cro$ther $as to dis"o0er his mother
amon!
remained in Bada!ri to ,eep in tou"h $ith the ships and traders, and thus )oo,
after
those !athered to hear him prea"h in A#eo,uta, a)on! $ith his sister and her fami)'.
A
E!#a authorities. He p)a"ed his mission station at A,e, the po)iti"a) "entre,
$hi)e
3e0erthe)ess, To$nsend de"ided to ta,e "har!e of the po)iti"a) re)ationship $ith
the
pro#a#)' o0ersimp)ified the "omp)i"ated re)ationships that pre0ai)ed at the
persona)
tthheats uLpap!loiess
tsisn
$Cr&
CMA
p"n
ordri
onn
o
m)pet
$isr
ei!art
raha
0t')r
ee)t-'
sr&n
eu
$etd
nsod
edta
i
af"as
si"i"
niso
nat!
i
no"t
eh
eno)
rae
ennt
tao
of+0
onte
nere
tneie
nnhrr
0 ea
0%ia
.nedr
dTe0
n
#ihe
onee
et,!
oieer
n
$e
Lnd
ta n
h$sC
!
eiaa
!or
onsn
s$d
uen
s
"dts
oihn
".ut
e"2m
etres
0$
msa
etihs
aon
o
esnh
nrt
ithe
dsoe
d i
$stp
rhpue
*ium
mr"
etse
up u
tn
oai"
noe
daL
eBor
oda
frnt .
i!ha
t
diHo
es
otshe
rn)e
.o .
"haT
rHi
deth
'isae
6e re
ord!
enf
o
stt$ht
h
oaerts
5 anish 2s)and f %ernando o, $as a pointed a Consu) to o0ersee British
and a friend of the missionaries. Bee"roft found A,into'e more than $i))in! to
Pa)merston a""epted it as the "asus #e))i the Admira)t $ere )oo,in! for. Lord
sAp
DiB
LpP
P%Do
.
n
/
E
o
0
e
o
t
a
t
o
,
!
n )Co
oiei
n"m)
!ih"
m
attor)
o a
C#
dineo
he
raids
ptBe
iaunr
nsu!
reinstated. His ad0i"e $as that La!os had a potentia) that $ent #e'ond #ein!
$inhfo
1o))mer re"ei0ed these and had them transported to A#eo,uta. %or#es $ent
to
Bada!ri, haran!ued the re"apti0es there to rise to the defen"e of Christianit'
and
h
,
"
i
n
e
r
o
e
e
,
0
m
e"ero
a,rm
.ihn
Hme
e
da"
)on"
auda
te)iud
nrt
!
ino"
ootu
hnts
e
f
h
.
i
r
a
H
s
m
;
0
e
eu ,
dadn
dote
hrno
$ae
nt ,t
#hie
nea
t/t
et
e4n
ero
.si
sfBt
o
4
A
u
,
o
t
f
o
r
s
t
i-h"s
oa
,L,t
oah$
!hia
mo
assd
s
ne$
ao)
fata
sn
A t$o )i!ht fie)d pie"es (EApounders), $ith three hundred rounds of
po$der and shot@ 7?> mus,ets f)intA)o",, $ith #a'onets@ t$ent'A
ei!ht thousand mus,etA#a)) "artrid!es and t$o #arre)s of f)ints.
&usint ,a
onf
oouutt)e
rit fhotr
aAn#ne
eo*,au
itoan.
,2 fa
tnhde
1oot
0of
Lnam
!eonst
2ms)au
nstd i
nat)eor
n0ee,
#eu, t
$it'
h
shnoou
u)d!
h no autho
Cr#
Areo
arms sent to A#eo,uta, and impro0e on the defen"es of the
to$n.
Ci0i)isation: to sho$ "the ad0anta!e of the ,no$)ed!e the $hite men ha0e,
throu!h
1od-s assistan"e, in!rafted in 'ou". He re"ruited EF of them to #e trained to use
the
"omp)ianr"ite'.
htA)
aoa,
"hti
,ot"
uium
nanrt
pnm
odte
#'
o0fd
eoe
d
),rt)o
s ,
oiB
rnti
enoL
rta
ahBo
%6!e
r0rio
u)e
e,s
s"erE
as
tiFm
oen t
$e
h'e
ean
uBLa
t
noarr
aiers
!t i
"sot7
#ha
hs8e
en
?fif
nod
r/:
otri,
eme
ria.ts
e t
$t$e
s
2than
fsois
d
"ir
nia et
shsth
h e
ea$e
np
haB
oahsi
s!doi
t!h
n#nto
eoue
rfren
oeBd
udse.
n h
!n/
diuip
nfhe
pr.e
oseTt
mn
d ha
Ceat
a
srta
moh
ad$e
o0
nstpi
h")!
ae
0)tr
aheo
"efe of
missi n r' #ased t Bada!ri nd ")osest to A,i to'e, $as mi*in! re)i! on $ith
of the )eadin! traders had $ithdra$n $ith oso,o to Epe at th eas n e of
The traders ou)d asi)' se the $e ness of the missionar' po)i"' th t
p)"eor
Ap"B
a#ta
"pa"
ep)is
tmoh
eso
"eep)
ai
"eno
Et'
er"!
at,dia
#as
e
na)is)
n!t'
pd
u
tL2oe
ea#
a""r
a#!d
iiade
doi
n)ae
s)s'!
nd,u ,
$at#
th(
onho
e
d'er
s d
onu
tih0
pna$
oepa
nasr
otd)er
ar dt
n2$
&
2ardt
&oho
a'
ro'
eoAe
e
,#u #
.$o
ete2u
e!to
tra
$t,
oein
uan
tats
tha7
o)
se-L
8 so
a93
i"!Fn
pi"o
!tou
#esei
nper,
re
t't.
ni$
sn
Topt
e!.ht
) ae
TeAo
"nh
u#te
er2te
sa#
toda
hf,
uoed
eur"
a
tiittn
hnari
ea ,
nLa
rdtan
hiei!
ndar
;eo)
tau2
s&mB
na
$du
'"u,
e'*a
s ,
ttsoo a
#fntn
oetia
hdo
ne
A#o
#T
mf'e
h,i
s
Mnie
snse
utia
isofo
rinsp
t'n
niert
aooie
,srn
*ieteh
a
es
<
enni
o$d
ms
n#ei
Eoi
urso
nme
tsf e
)ipL
nodi
aonr
oet!
,
af.o"
ifnn.
Bos
!d
nui
nsa
e!t
utri
$A
0A
)ttrhe
hue
uee
!di)t
enu.
e a
sHa
0t
ht)es
e)7e
tnnta
8
ot1
r# 9'
ahio
7
)sii0t s
'$ea
e
!rn
"a$n)
"ns
ohm
o
rtis'"
mhe
a"he
n(pi
d"
ti)"t i
dst"
u".T
he
)oA
meh
"u&ed
iiad)
nd,'e
i
anii
dnt,tt
imoe
o7ot
)n>)
nio
9!s
oti?e
thf, ,
npet
th7"
rhro$
e>e
e0Ei
&tseo
)e. o
na
(,ht
!
naeu
r)0fe
s'fe
oa
rtt
and other a"es as $e)), that missionaries $ere pre"ursors of British ru)e.
#eha0ed )i,e a stran!e #edfe))o$, an estran!ed #edfe))o$, a po)'!amist
hiss
p+te
CsM
Chpa
s)a0e traders. There $ere o her "onditions. 2dea))', )e! timat trad s
eA
m)#"
eoan
#aits
"etd
seoo
2dne
Bsturo
eidn
uo,
r,rs
unp
aah
a!eis
p)edm
a
uot
n
h"fo
a
eaT
ain)t
)h!
e"ttre
odha
orm
edn'
$sea
ot
thsu
eiin0r
nCo
e!Et
fh)
et0
moe
!a
e"!D
nhi
n,!
0e
e,$i
e))
tniC
)easi
o"e
r,5a
etdu
)"
ssne
3h)
dnaia
ee"0
ntfro
eids
0 u t
!eho
srr
eaut
Ao
h!"
$s!e
heae
rnd
man-
%"ts
"eor
'i"t
e.-ptT
o
onT
rnro
nduh
tm.s
rse
oTti
o-r)oh
)
tfea
ereA
d !
"'t
fehrt
rh$e
ine"
edte
as"
irLt-
ue,
$
is)0u
ta'ei
en0s
)rrs
daet
peoe
t oitm
orot
o
ont
)h#tA
hoeaf
t !oods )i,e "otton !ins. ro!r ss $as made, #ut the trade ne0er #e"ame
had to ma,e the ne"essar' ad&ustments. This "an #e i))ustrated in the
0arious
used the Mission $hene0er ne"essar'@ #ut, $hene0er the Empire had a "hoi"e
to
ma,e, the promotion of British trade $ou)d a)$a's ta,e pre"eden"e o0er the
needs
/hat the manner and timin! of the anne*ation of La!os indi"ated $as that the
Empire
and the 0ie$s of the Mission. At su"h times, it $as of "ourse the Mission that
a)$a's
CchMan5g itnrigedne
%adajrumst mine nthtset hinattetrhioerM aiss saionn
p"arorp
mufas tsinrh
Cp"
a)afa
seo))
#a$!
mrs
0ieat
eaei
*'mn
r
ps,t
"ar
eoe
a"trte
d)
teof
eoat
afr
rnfr
o.dsd
frH
u ie
tre"
hem
o*ho
nf p
s"
!sAo
eo)a
r#
0tft
0
oehe
$ero
er
san,
$
,"s
mu
oao
tseran
m,t
n,di
)pt))
o .
it),!
nah
2eot
ie
nf
i$a
tntdh
ra!
omie
ss
fo
ts
psi"n
hoa),
"ei
mn)
ataid
onen
nd
#itL
nh
'i"a
rn
to!ht
hspo
eeu)i
s d"p
" 7
thta
nrr8
a
)oam
a9dt
d F e
me#
osre
,aiso)
tr
sfiht
,
nhtt
aeo
dhat
puet
# tp
shs5
etue
ritd'e
r
$rB
rei$
ernua
pea
*
ttnsL
hitt
o
eino
no
)oua
inats
0 ne
e s
unne"essar'. Csua))', no one started a $ar in order to "apture s)a0es for the
/e $i)) e*p)ore the re)ationship #et$e n )e!itimate trade and domesti"
stdh)ia
osre
dsts
Cpt
opinion a!ainst the s)a0e trade and s)a0er', the impression $a !i0en that
Ltsts
"s"tt
Aoh
$aae
e
)0ea
oe0ie
r
dnao
"
stpe
mt,
hai.s
i ou
noi
;<
tntan
ua
s,nd
oe
).aia
trn
ino0a
re
edu"
mde
8 "
ttstihe
rssh
$eap
se"e
anti
o
teTt
sfa
oonh
ross
)raie
$m
0,Crn
r
'"n
ao h$
asat
i
'rinf
see
oias
n
nCau
t"id
ua)a
oh
tn))f
eo)ao
'esf
a#f
no)
$htr
atht
erir0
amse
tt,eh
o na
o rno
nre$a
o!$
onrfn
utC
ne"te.
her)
h d
/orrh
sisis
en,he
t
aeih
7a
$na
)a8n
dhs
s?
auCo
9dtns
#th
mh
oe
etAuh
m )
ionra
e)h
Ao"
eu!t0
eh
sr)iei
f"t"L
id,t"
aoha
e
insre
n"*
d )
d#a
M
ri0ees
eiite
rsh
"t$
reu.o
ee'i
soCp
io0i
un
nfeo
oo)
dsfr
$: e
5amfi
unes
draer
nad
n-
That 'e a#stain from meats offered to ido)s, and from #)ood, and from
thin!s stran!)ed, and from forni"ation@ from $hi"h if 'e
,eep 'ourse)0es, 'e sha)) do $e)) (A"ts 7?, :>).
And that he did not interfere $ith )o"a) "ustoms and pra"ti"es -$hi"h Christianit'
after a time $i)) a#o)ish-. +enn immediate)' hushed him up $ith the ar!ument that
"Christ re!arded po)'!am' as adu)ter'". /hate0er #e the pre0a)ent "ustom of a
nation, the
(rdinan"e of 1od "ou)d not #e )o$ered to it@ there must #e one standard for the
Chur"h e0er'$here, as 1od "ou)d not "ondemn po)'!am' in an o)dAesta#)ished
Chur"h and a""ept it in a ne$ one. Cro$ther shut up, and e0en re"anted: "2 ha0e
ne0er at an' time had a dou#t in m' mind as to the sinfu)ness of po)'!am', and as
"ontrar' to 1od-s ho)' ordinan"e from the "reation and "onfirmed in the time of the
f)ood." (A&a'i, 7>9?, 7F9). /hen +enn-s memorandum of 78?G "ame up for
dis"ussion at the Lam#eth "onferen"e of 7888, Cro$ther $as one of its stout
defenders. The imp)i"ation that po)'!am' "ou)d initia))' ha0e #een re!arded in the
$a' that Pau) re!arded "ir"um"ision, and then a))o$ed spiritua) !ro$th in the
Chur"h and so"ia) and e"onomi" for"es of moderni6ation to redu"e it, $as not
"onsidered. But e0ident)' the matter remained unreso)0ed in his mind. He said )ater
that he "ou)d not use the An!)i"an )itur!' to "ondu"t a marria!e for nonA)iterate
parishoners sin"e the' "ou)d not truthfu))' s$ear that the' $ere endo$in! the $ife
$ith a)) their $or)d)' !oods, $hi"h $as most)' )and that #e)on!ed to the $ho)e
e*tended fami)' unit. Ar"hdea"on Dandeson Cro$ther, his son $ent further in the
attempt to rationa)i6e the An!)i"an position. He said that he had no pro#)em $ith the
fate of $i0es di0or"ed #' a po)'!amist see,in! #aptism, #e"ause su"h $i0es $ere no
$i0es #ut s)a0esH The a#surdit' of that rationa)i6ation seems to imp)' that, in his
heart, the An!)i"an position $as a#surd. 2n pra"ti"e, the Chur"hes $ere not a#)e to
enfor"e the ru)e a!ainst po)'!am'. (ften the Chur"hes ha0e "onni0ed at the most
po$erfu) mem#ers ha0in! other $i0es, or a))o$in! them to remain in the Chur"h,
and ho)d offi"e if ne"essar', #ut den' a""ess to the ho)' "ommunion.
2n prea"hin! the 1ospe) in the .oru#a "ountr', espe"ia))' in the period 78?:A9:, the
Mission had man' ad0anta!es. The most important $as the return of the re"apti0es
$ho $ere the ones $ho #rou!ht the missionaries after them. The .oru#a "ou)d not
#ut appre"iate the #ene0o)en"e of the $hite man $ho ris,ed his )ife to #rin! a
messa!e of pea"e to a peop)e sufferin! so mu"h from an unendin! series of $ars.
Man' .oru#a had "ome to #e)ie0e that the traditiona) !ods, as a!ents of ()orun, the
A)mi!ht', had fai)ed the peop)e. (ne reason for the p)ura)it' of the !ods, in the first
p)a"e, $as that different indi0idua)s and "ommunities made their "hoi"e as to $hi"h
of the !ods $or,ed #est for the indi0idua) or "ommunit' "on"erned. 5ometimes the
!od $as se)e"ted #' di0ination at #irth, sometimes #' a tria) and error pro"ess. /hat
ea"h indi0idua) or "ommunit' $as )oo,in! for $as the !od most a#)e to e*ert po$er
on one-s #eha)f, or in one-s fa0our. The sear"h for po$er $as the $ho)e essen"e of
re)i!ion and $orship, and of pra'er as the 0ehi")e of that sear"h. A !od $ho "ou)d
not "ome to one-s aid in times of "risis, su"h as serious i))ness or other misfortune,
$as a use)ess !od, and the smart indi0idua) or "ommunit' did not hesitate to tr'
other !ods. Man' $ere $i))in!, therefore, to tr' the 1od the missionaries ta),ed
a#out.
The Messa!e of Po$er
Ta)hseo
that a pe
iomf
super0isin! trans)ations of the ()d Te tament #oo,s, an $ho e trans)ation of
5mithso ian Contri utions to 4no$)ed!e. The Mission )so ha the )ar!est
tradition and, in ffe"t, initiatin! a renaissan"e of the )an!ua!e.
#Tpru
oB
"tsh
"(s"
ohtfa
ah!fe
ei
tpata
h
e!i)ni
.en
aosT
!)m
dteh,
ss
dae
h.m
tde2
m
nmia
r"#
o)ia)n
sp
'etro
$
est#*
oae..
)rHt2
ehot
se
en$u
ane
sa.)i
s
esnr
oee
d !r)
ai,ut,
"hs
#eae
oa
mna
nti,n
net
$h
atfeh
hrmra
'oa
e
m)uti
t n
h$)pe
!ete
ath
,rs$
aei"
or
an)e
pdas
oao m
$m
$ro
eaiei
fn)r
sira
/!,
"in
nneu
"oos)
eo"t
t
e"uou
rs)f
nan r
t
athti
mht
onei0
end
e me
,d"
$
piuep
"ardo
inar
i$t"et
iai"ei
0
n"tur
he"
)oa,e
fr#s
)i'ust
as eti
tdoh
$f.#
n',
the do"trine pr a"hed ) r a#out fai ea)in! as part of th Ministr' of t
trA"
s#hi
ohe0
da"a
otia
)r
a)r!t
p'u
h)e,h
.se .
euB
e
mB"s
uto
ehit
Ms
nfe$o
soa
rirh
mn
oeue
n
)ien
"
ah$r
re2a
i&h
$ea
ntos
'od
es$"
hr
oen$
m))
ipaft
!e'p
esir)
o)
d)a#
uient
nso
s e ,7
A
isda
e8io
n!9t
$)h
e0:h
ade,i
rt,.h)
otseo
hre
h$e
d$0e
ne$a
mrhs
hais
aoa)s
ns
#i"ot
d)
ens'
osta
mtotr
na$
a
aed#
)edi0
s)rd
eaei
"ded
n "u
*
ona
oaa
om)
ht)me
tep
m
"paG
oo)i
dF$e
tut
$
eeon
$da
rfta
e'tA
tshn
oip
nea
oh
n#2)i&
is"a
toie"'
aes)
, su""ess $ith $ho)e "ommunities. Perhaps that $as to #e
e*pe"ted $ith the the' had to a""ept that i di0idua)s "ou)d em#ra"e a ne$
re)i!ion su"h that, if
the' died, the' $ere not to #e #uried in the fami)' househo)d #ut in a separate
$H
Todui
$f!a
tsfiB
Th e $ere no o#0ious sponsors, sendin! mone' and other resour"es. E0 '
df"C
hdao
irm
0s)ns
oitn
uis0
$t'er
t#
it"t
h)rof
et
ea
fttd
orn
ot h
md
h
fteo
him
e
n)et)
nort
aemt
M$
id)o)
o
uein
ts"ieo
)ts
iunm
$u
ahas)i
,s.sAr
Te
h$t
fr)ehi
uh!a
e"s
oitroa
tem
hrnm
a e
$
tah
eiso
ane
otnsd
o#
m ,
ate
ao&e
ufnp
rthsi
ane
mito
rs
nt$e
uid
B"sh
neui
e#")
d)oa
en).e
sr H
ht
t#h"
eie)n
aaa
dte!s
i*hrs
0ap)e
,ia
de
a$h
u"na
oatde
d) )s
A)d 't
#ht
hrh)e
aei"
'md
o $
h
tmht
iaaoi
sme
dn "
ha
atoto
o)o
mM
hp
smeiu
nea
si!et)
)e i
tmtr
oh,
.e
$hi)e sti)) testin! and r ser0in! the ri!ht to "han!e his or her mind. More
The disappointin! resu)ts in the fa"e of 2s)am "annot #e put do$n to an' one
r)$oe
o$it
eM
th !od of the Heathen. That as imp)ied in Bu*ton-s pa", !e f Christianit',
"onsta t)' ; e tio d and , pt u der re0ie$. After the !reat su""ess f
Cir"s
ia)7
Cne
p)#M
tuer
etuat
m.t
!#
ne1
oa)sri"
os)"
na"t0
f. tre
seo
oAer
d
mn
utr,
0mrt
ih!Li
"
eeo
$en
rsti
dt)h
t.)ao
e#P
.m
'ea
moe
o
)u$
muit
s i
$ems
ea)ii
rs)o
)e s)t
n,eot
#
oa+0
ensr
ie nui
aetn"
mo
#sni
n)m
Cet
!ro
erot
oro
d!ne
$ ir
s"ett
hth
ohtat
eo!e
n
$nrd
".ih
ettitih
o2et
tehn
ofis
se )a
Co
mta
nosa
sd!s
dpe
eoato
).t0"
pfhB
eup)
eism
e0rro
efeI
0rso
nar
rmit
o)en
$fo
a ttp
fhdh
I
o.e i
)u$
t$ita
rtihi
"o
")$)e
st
ti#.no
h
eHrn
e, ,
meo
#a f
'nitn
h dH
e .
assume )eadership of the Mission. The )etter $as enou!h to raise the &ea)ous'
o"of
nss
2
+
$t
eh
$
n
ea
ns
p
a
n
rn
o
e
ta
s
"
ett
r
0
ai
e#"
e,'
d o
m,n
oi
srL
sa#i!
o
n
isn
a
r
$
t
'
h
ae
$
s
h
s
e
o
it
*
u
"
p
a
o
etiu
"o)tn
de
d
m$
fhar
oei
nr
mea
4itn
o
tsoh
oue
,)
dod
,e#
C)ei
"o
amnt
eas
u
i#n)
tCa)
ai
an
n
m
e"
dpe.
#
t2ehn
)a
)7 t 8?J,
/hat is our hope founded uponK (n)' upon mer"' of the Lord@ that he
ma' !i0e 'our "ountr'men $isdom. And $h'K Be"ause of the 1ospe)
$hi"h is "omin! there. That is the &e$e) for the sa,e of $hi"h the
Lord is $or,in! these $onders in 'our )and. Therefor Bsi"D, as a
Patriot I as a Christian Minister, 2 ur!e 'ou, dear Brother, to honour
the !ospe). Let not po)iti"a) affairs or an' de!ree of tempora)
assistan"e $hi"h 'ou ma' re"ei0e from the na0' of 1reat Britain
o#s"ure the importan"e of 'our true Pa))adium A The Truth of the
1ospe). The Lord our 1od is a &ea)ous 1od. 2f he sees our
missionaries trustin! to an arm of f)esh, or thin,in! more hi!h)' of
tempora) prosperit' than of spiritua) )ife, he $i)) hum#)e us, I she$
that it is not for our sa,e, #ut for the sa,e of
Christ-s ,in!dom that he putteth do$n one and setteth up another.
Cohp
)fura
ah)e)oa$
na0', to ta,e "har!e of the po)iti"a) and tempora) affairs of the Mission, and
!21
iantfi
o0sf
$sae
t0iai
steru
sstrat
,nid
nom
emift
nifete
.hih"
n/
e)eue
t)r,)d
sht
$osef
toro
hin
trn$
eh
Dts
ihft
ohrhi
enre2
tr o
hm0
)roeid
ne"
a!td
tairi)
ian)d
"
Ddae
aier
eud)
drAt
p
hsM
ra..oa
ifAr
En"
tie.tit
0siire
H"e
taese
nar
r'ots
irof
eri
ns
tat$h
ohre
ni,tet
'h t
aos
datnt
hu#i
mde
de ,
u h"
rteoie
nhs)
mpte
sC$
r
epari
f
esoet
ineo
$t
0hnp
toha
et)ae)
em
0tt
rri"e
e0
ao
de
iutu
n
soi)i
n dn
or o
!epf
n r
opto,h
)thia
et
mii"
"
sBea
a
r)h,i
teiims
h.
#hae#
i2osp
"nite
t0ah
posit
e)eu)
pa"r
m )
"hoe
hei
mfae
i
n2no
fa)so
dfsr
r',as
oi
n,tu
$"
h
ii"ata
e
h"t'
'
$ad
s,fn
'artt
o
rmhr
#'rm
eiei#
on
omr
"s!s)
asii,t
ns
i.ode
s!
0iri#
tonoe
h0n
!)na)i
a o
t#otr,
uh
ianae
so"
pst
s,oi
anef
atr t
hAtr
mi
a)efe
#rd
o
odeii
#ntm
o
iti0o
,)ias
nuo
$siat
unaio
e)t!
,s#na
#ife
dnou
)e
irftte
"rh
tpsfeh
es
asa
ra
rnt&a
noii
d"hd
u
"aui
t)pod
anio
rndrd
an)ti
'ea
"sa
rtis)
npis
"or,r
uet
i#h0i
)snei.
) re!
2(s
M#
!a
ana
eund
dns
ttahd
)oine
m ,
2n +enn-s 0ie$, the most !)orious da' a missionar' "ou)d e0er hope to $itness $as
the da' he "ou)d see a 3ati0e su""eed him as head of a ne$ Chur"h that he founded
and $as no$ se)fAsupportin!, se)fApropa!atin! and se)fA!o0ernin!. He did not seem
to rea)ise ho$ diffi"u)t it $as for missionaries to a""ept su"h euthanasia of the
Mission. 2t $as possi#)e, if the ne$ head had #een a su#a)tern, )i,e ()u#i $as to
Hinderer in 2#adan, not a "o))ea!ue and a ri0a) )i,e Cro$ther $as to To$nsend. E0en
then, euthanasia $as a""epta#)e to hum#)e missionaries )i,e Hinderer, pro0ided the
ne$ head did not assume a status hi!her than their o$n. 2t $as "ertain)' not
a""epta#)e to an am#itious, po$er see,in! man )i,e To$nsend, to a!ree to ser0e
under Cro$ther as a 3ati0e #ishop.
$ho $ere ordained #efore him, and $ho $ere o)der and more e*perien"ed.
totoh
r#nfp
aafe
pt
inaitt
o
s$ti
nhsa
ahise
)t)'i
i
on$t
3
htn
!ioa
et,eh t
"s#
ai
0"t,u
sheh
htse
eiA
as"A)
!ts,
oafe
o
r$nti
nh"tt
n"s
ha'
etnht
hpC
aser
ntoi
'ed
m
rtesn
ehm
eoa"
eitot
ft',
dtu
depi
ef)re
died
nd s
!$n
r#is
o0e'
o
itar nf
ae
dn!-p
t
rdh
!
ipa0
er"r
eone
aAoa
nist
mf"i
tr)ie.
i "i"
$n
+ea
t!hos
enau
hnt-.
ot)in
dpBu
#.isn
e
!eTa
hsn
h0ia
odn
aepr
edte
p,ase
dih
p)td'
ehn
eose
onso
otda
r
moe
iofdr
neu,o
t
tn'
$mi)
m!a
to h
'fe
mua
e
sm))
ed)
ine
#!ne
$ife and an En!)ish maid in anuar' 78?E. He died in Apri), and his $ife and
78?J, sa'in! "2 ha0e a !reat dou#t of 'oun! #)a", ")er!'men. The' $ant
'2tT
attT$
iata
r#Ma
and that he shou)d #e a))o$ed to !o and open a 1rammar 5"hoo) in La!os,
$n
m#p"
hoe
aae)t)
s"me
te#
,itao
#esh
#!n
e)
aeitu
eiron
t e
0o
!$n)
esef
h a
rat$i
ihn
!tde
a:ere
s
i"eC
pn
i3m0
isM
1sea
tu"
do5t
soih0)
.t)pe
meT)
a e
poet
"aeor
$'d
ra s
ano
"s#n
snhi)
p#d
eaee)
n"er
H"s,
d
"ia
s
neo!)
p
eddf
#op
se$et
oi
ra"he
'ina
siarst
u,th
mi
"es$
tha0e
i
r)etn
ehA
!rhte
rfLi!
oro
"iurf
"fu
aotan
hd))n
ad#e
sns)
aa
Bd.t!i
".nh
Teu,
eo#.
ee
m#
$iasn
i
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hs))eu
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dnns
u
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m,or
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2t $as #e"ause of this ra"ist attitude that +enn "ou)d ne0er trust To$nsend $ith
)eadership. .et he a))o$ed him to !o on frustratin! p)ans for reor!anisin! the .oru#a
M'eiassri.o Cnraon$dthpreor tiodoin,g thitew
7>9?, 787A:).
eA
5ha)) $e shift the responsi#i)it'K Can $e do it $ithout sinK ("it.
A&a'i,
a')or,g
0n
a
oitphpao!rtiushnoitp' atos e#fu"ic)die nstocmoe#o
hrduitnsa taosr aannd oleuatpdeors$t in =a##a
in the %u)ani ;uarter of the o)d 3upe "apita). Cro$ther found the e*perien"e
$pm
3)ei
'!r'
aeoe
dr
e$a
Mn
de" i
,ps)t
)h
seeta
ioost
ptnLa
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s# "!,
)T
siops
hos
uheo
.re
nsn
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2aei
nhss
$!
he
tao
h
m$u
seo')
adsu
#t
tr))adi
oa,
t
uni
e)oits,
n
t?)eo
asJ
ttai
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t
nere
(esa
ns
nrd
asii!
ts
tson
hm
h)
edtah
' ,,r
eet2i
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edui
u#na
eeod
nsue
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sr tn
eo
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ft
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son
ssdf
at
iea)#
teid'
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s.n d
2H"
adi.ne
ma
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hoh
tnah!
te
The e*pre ion Missionar' Bishop summed up most of th am#i!uities in th
m#'apt
aesrisae)
Mission sti)) re)ied on 1o0ernment su#sid' to ena#)e Ma"!re!or Laird to
Cro$ther
and shou)d He "a)) 'ou to preside as a missionar' #ishop, 'ou
$ou)d
The Lord has honoured 'ou #' ma,in! 'ou his instrument for
openin!
the 3i!er to the 1ospe). 5hou)d a nati0e Chur"h #e esta#)ished
there,
pro0iden oat #!oeatht eanpenrusoan))'t,o
$aited at
ofrfo
7m8
torhef
$as $hen +enn had to #rin! up the issue of the Bishopri":
me"hani"s!
ds
a.nTdh
hea
"0oina
!s
ttah)e
pire
mopid)e
d
r)eemm
aanin
peods
hitoios
nt )ue toe
trhmei
nideda.
Tofh
#ee
3ini!!
er
imta
mh
naop
atnr,e
)t)th
soAs
s
mfifr
0oia"
era,
t#enh
ea
faf0ar
imritr
u.e
e2dt
$efsa
n"seo
t"rote,
asth"se
ite'
p,p
a+t
rteth'
ne hn
"
dhde
a
t")o)ie
d
dnei!
dsep t
eoor
fms
Teao.
,$2et
n
$tshae
esn
3da
tia!
tenhda
tMo
ptihso
seinir
ot n
2t $ s on)' # ause of th ")ose re)ationship #et e Mission and Empire
o3"T
sthu
ofhi
e
!)#te
o
hes.
neri
do'i
tanhr
i,s
uae$
#e#
0rua
ea't
ths ,
i$
M
estah
ai)ts
erhse
si
esC
daio
heda
ono
n'm
n.p
i sei2
#nto
ud i
$!f
)t
hiau
5taas
insit
et'd
o ara
$ro
t)mah
sfn
eo#)
L a
BieL
o!ni
ona
su!n
!eho
ueo
ouao
sp!sf
f
e1t
srrhe
o
aos
e)
an0et
h$te
driao
0r
a"ni
tn'"
uoLs
es)r
aht
s,ui
!i n
ptrhh
o e
$e"e
s tah
$os
$)i)
"hae
$hh
osdo
h u
t)uit
eh)"h
dnr
he
oa"
fu$
#2o
n5!)
enef
ho ot
ri
tunre
tomht
uf
herea
er
)ranr
t
eonE
"dd
tmei
0rpitti
oree s.
of the 3ati0e Chur"h in the .oru#a Mission "ou)d ")aim to #e a 3ati0e Chur"h.
a "hur"h, $as a Hi!h Chur"h idea that +enn had spe"ifi"a))' tta",ed for
"s"hu
+pAi
eAm ot
#tet
T7oh
8*i
ose
pJm
$h
)7m
ona.r
ps,e
eTe.e
m
dhT
a
#ad
hfu
et,)e
arii
tsn$a
h h
m$
e
hitprh
ih#s
a'io
n
!dt f
tu
teh$t
hiht
etaei
eesr
m
nms
H0e,i
s
ioa*
nas
u)tan
ii
dso)t
oei
eno
mi"n
anot
auraf
't)
roi
L
en#
os.#o
i
rs,
/nd
ohaA
s"o
hBn.
,pa
drT
ittti
hhei
snse
0
hese
eda
o$nd
e#m
asa0i
)es
ie#t
t'o)
sfio
mi
uro#
psref
emdt
st
ithet
ri"ie
men
ea
tsdL
p))
o
eihin
ufnd
ae0t
hso
ethi
e)ns
0er e
Teuo
ddr
srae a
hP
$nr)
euea
sir)sm
r)ea
)a#i
at)ii
oee
snmr
m
,teh
natt
dis"ussed. he Mission as represented #' the Missionar' 5o"iet' and the
$hn
Let us attempt to summarise the ar!ument so far. /e sa$ in the first )e"ture
that
5ierra Leone $as a "hi)d of Phi)anthrop', Phi)anthrop' on the s"a)e that had
to
in0o)0e Mission and Empire #ein! ")ose)' identified. /e tried to ar!ue that the
")ose
re)ationship e*isted in pra"ti"e, and $as ta,en for !ranted $ithout mu"h
"ontention.
2#ne
5da
amntit
prEH
eume
tra
pinoiro
se"ne
oie,n
n e+
s$ree
idh
ndein
"rthah
p
#erth
e)epe
f oei
nm)ri
r"e)i'
sd
eso
itnof
o "n2
en"ad
o.r
Tirepo
s"e$
!trn
au=st
iduei)
nne$
d!,i
tsdhti
hiddt
ehe
ne)!i
on
rEtion
m#
$!ep
t
ht)iihr
e
oe0f
etraoi
si
n3ien
sa!tt
a3ie
0#da
e)iut
siA"
0ha!
e ate
eAnd
! "2
en'e
nf)"
oi"toe
r'm
u,.
)ad)
$
C



h
a
ie"sha
trh. e Mission "ou)d retain inf)uen"e on)' on
t erms and "onditions set #'