CICE 2010 - The 5th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering

September 27-29, 2010 Beijing, China

Study on the Flexural Capacity of Concrete Beam Hybrid Reinforced
with FRP Bars and Steel Bars

Jiwen Zhang (jwzhang@vip.163.com) WenJie Ge & Hang Dai & Yongming Tu
College of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structure of Ministry of Education, Southeast
University, Nanjing, China
ABSTRACT: Two Nominal reinforcement ratios and three failure modes were put forward according to the
characteristic of FRP bar and the criterion of appropriate hybrid reinforcement beam was given. Flexural ca-
pacity of appropriate hybrid reinforcement beam was analyzed according to the theory of reinforcement con-
crete and flexural capacities simplified calculate formula of appropriate hybrid reinforcement beam was pro-
posed. three different area ratio of FRP bar to steel bar hybrid reinforced concrete beams, one FRP reinforced
concrete beam and one reinforced concrete beam static flexural test were made and the tested results show
that the flexural capacities calculate by proposed simplified formula was close to the tested value.
1 INSTUCTION
The fiber reinforced polymer tendons (FRP tendons)
as a substitute for steel bars used in concrete struc-
ture is an effective method which could resolve the
problem of concrete durability aroused by corrupt of
steel bars and meet the requirement of special struc-
ture such as protecting electromagnetic interference.
Recent years, researching about the capability of
FRP tendons and concrete structures reinforced with
FRP tendons are focus of the civil engineering, new
structures are widely used in the coastal structures
and the subway engineering. But FRP tendons have
characteristics of high strength, low elasticity
modulus and linear deformation, these characteris-
tics lead to the phenomenon of brittle failure, larger
crack width and deflection which restrict the appli-
cation of FRP structure in civil engineering.
The hybrid reinforced concrete structure combine
the advantages of reinforced concrete structure and
FRP structure together, it could resolve the problem
of the durability of RC structure and brittle failure of
FRP structure by laying the FRP tendons in the cor-
ner area where concrete easy corrupted, and it still
need to keep on loading to up to the ultimate load af-
ter the steel bars yield and shows certain safety fac-
tor and good ductility. So it is a goodish reinforced
format.
2 BASIC ASSUMPTION
1) Plane section assumption, the section keep plane
under load and the strain of concrete and bars were
linear to its distance to neutral axis.
2) The bars and concrete has good bond behavior,
the strain of steel bar was the same with FRP bar in
the same place.
3) Neglect concrete tensile force after crack.
4) Constitutive relationships were simplified.
Constitutive relationships of steel bar was simplified
as two line model, when
s<

y
,
s
=E
s

s
, when

u
,
s=
f
y
. f
y
yield strength of steel bars, E
s
elas-
tic modulus of steel bars,
u
ultimate tensile strain of
steel bar and it was consider as 0.001.




Figure.1 Stress-strain curve of steel bar
Constitutive relationship of concrete was simplified
as follows:

0
,
c
=f
c
(1-(1-
c/

0
)
n
) (1)

c
>
0
,
c
=f
c



ve strain of concrete, consider it as
.0033 while it calculate more than 0.0033, f
cu,k
,
haracteristic value of compressive strength of con-
crete cube, n coefficient, consider it as 2.0 while it
calculate value more than 2.0.



(2)

0
=0.002+0.5 (f
cu,k
-50) 10
-5

(3)

cu
=0.0033-(f
cu,k
-50) 10
-5
(4)
n=2-(f -50)/60 (5
compressive strain of concrete, concrete com-
pressive stress corresponding to , f axis compres-
sive strength of concrete, concrete compressive
strain while the stress up to f , consider it as 0.002
while the calculate value less than 0.002, ulti-
mate compressi
cu,k
)
c c
c c
0
c
cu
0
c


Figure.2 Stress-strain curve of concrete
he stress-curve of FRP keep linear, T
f
=E
f

f
, E
f

lastic modulus of FRP bars,
fu
ultimate strain of
f
fu
ultimate strength of FRP bar,
fd
design
strain of FRP bar , f
fd
design strength of FRP bar.


e
FRP bar,


Figure.3 Stress-strain curve of FRP bar

h
einforcement ratio: .
strength:
1
.

1
=
s
+
f
f
fd
/ f
y

3) Nominal reinforcement ratio conversion by elastic
4 FAILURE MODES OF NORMAL SECTION
Failure modes of normal section could divide into
three kinds as following according to the constitu-
tive relationships of steel bar and FRP bar.


3 REINFORCEMENT RATIO
Three kinds of reinforcement ratio were put ward for
the different elastic modulus and ultimate strengt
between steel bar and FRP bar
1) Practical r
=
s
+
f
(6)

s
=A
s
/(bh
0
),
f
=A
f
/(bh
0
), A
s
area of steel bars, A
f

area of FRP bars, b section width, h
0
section effec-
tive height.
2) Nominal reinforcement ratio conversion by
(7)
modulus:
2
.

2
=
s
+
f
E
f
/E
s

(8)


Figure.4 Failure modes of normal section
on
rete beam and it was
brittle failure.
-

s
=
f
s: the steel bar had yield and
maximum compressive strain,
Boundary relative neutral axis height could define
according to plane section assumption and the given
value of
cu
.
Boundary failure 1:

nb1
=x
n1
/h
0
=
cu
/(
cu+

y
)=1/(1+f
y
/(E
s
0.0033))
(9)
1)
c
=
cu
,

0<
s
=
f<

y

Failure characteristics: the steel bar has not yield
and the stress of FRP bar is small while the concrete
up to the ultimate compressive strain, this situati
similar to the over bar of conc
not allowed for its
2)
c
=
cu
,
y
<
s
=
f
<
fd

Failure characteristics: the steel bar had yield and
the stress of FRP bar is just a little small than or
equal to design stress while the concrete up to the ul
timate compressive strain, this situation was ex-
pected for its ductile failure.
3)
c
<
cu
,
fd
<
Failure characteristic
the stress of FRP bar is more than design stress or
the concrete up to the
this situation was not allowed for its brittle failure.
Boundary failure 2:

nb2
=x
n2
/h
0
=
cu
/(
cu+

fd
)=1/(1+
fd
/0.0033)
(10)


a. boundary state 1 b. boundary state2
Figure.5 Boundary state
Assume the height of neutral axis is x
c
, h
0
section
effective height, so boundary relative neutral axis
e 1 oc-
cured, when
nb2
failure mode 2 occured,
when <
nb2
failure m
orce equilibrium:

fd
), for concrete grade less than C50,
formula 11 could rewrite as follows according to
formula 1-5,
height =x
c
/h
0
, when >
nb1
, failure mod
nb1
ode 3 occurred.
According to internal f
c
x
0
c s s f f
b dx f A f A o = +
}
(11)
x
c
=
cu
h
0
/(
cu+
0
0
2
c s s
3( )
cu f
f f
f bh f A f A
c
c c +
= + (12)
For boundary failure 1:

0
2
3(
s f
)
f
c
s y cu
E f
y
E
f c

c c
+ = (13)
For boundary failure 2:
+

0
2
3( )
s f
y y cu fd
f f
fd
c
f
f c

c c +
So appropriate reinforcement should
+ = (14)
meet the
following requirement simultaneously:
0
1
2
3( )
fd
c
s f
y y cu
f
f
f f
c

fd
c c
= + >
+
(15)
0
2
2
3( )
f
c
s f
s y cu y
E
f
f
c

E c c
= + <
+
(16)
5 APPROPRIATE HYBRID EINFORCEMENT
BEAM
In order to calculate convenience, assume k
1
ratio of
average compressive stress to compressive strength
of concrete, k
2
ratio of the distance of the compress
force point to the compressive edge to the height of
compress zone.
1
0
( )
n
c n
x
k f bx bdy o c =
}
(17)
0
2
1
( )
n
n n
c n
x
by
k x x
k f bx
o c
=
}
dy
(18)
k
1
, k
2
could obtain according to the for the Constitu-
tive relationship of concrete for the maximum com-
pressive strain
c
.
0
0 1 2
0 0
1 / 4
, (1 ),
3 3 /
c c c
c
c
k k
0
c c c
c c
c
c c c

s = =
c
19) (
2
0
0 1 2
0
6 ( / )
, 1 ,
3 12 4( /
c c
c
c
k k
c c
c c
0
)
c
c c c

> = =

(20)
Concrete compressive stress figure was transferred
into equal rectangle stress figure. The height of rec-
tangle is
1
x
c
, the compressive stress is
2
f
c
, keeping
the force and its location unchanged,
1
=2k
2
,

2
=2k
2
/k
1
, when
c
>0.003,
c
has no obvious effect
on
1
and
2
, taken the ultimate concrete compres-
sive strain as 0.0033 could obtain
1
=0.823,
2
=1.03,
consider
1
=0.8,
2
=1.0 for simplified. So boundary
relative neutral axis height could obtain
b1
=0.8
nb1
,

b2
=0.8
nb2
, according to internal force equilibrium:
c y s f f f
f bx f A E A c = + (21)
0.0033(0.8/ 1)
f
c = (22)
to equation 21 and assume Taken equation 22
y s
c
f
A
f

= ,
0.0033
f f
E
B
c
f

= , so flexural capacity of
plify calculate as following:
2
0
(1 / 2)
u c
M f bh =
appropriate hybrid reinforcement beam could sim-
(23)
2
( ) 3.2B +
2
A B A B

+
= (24)
ERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
Three different area ratios of BFRP tendons to steel
able1 Mechanical performance of BFRP bar and steel bars
a
6 EXP
bars hybrid reinforced concrete beams, one BFRP
reinforced concrete beam and one RC beam static
bending test were made. The size of the member was
bhl=200 mm300 mm2500 mm, C35 fine aggre-
gate concrete was used and the concrete cover was
23 mm, BFRP tendons of diameter 8 mm and steel
bars of diameter 10 mm were used as the longitudi-
nal main bar, steel bar of diameter 8 mm was used as
stirrup bars. Mechanical performance of concrete
was list in table 1, mechanical performance of BFRP
bar and steel bars was list in table 2 and test set-up
was show in figure. 1.


T
Bar Diameter/mm E
f
/GPa f
y
/MPa f
u
/MP
Steel 10 180 360 533
Steel 8 180 423 585
BFRP 8 55 880
* The Steel bars surface form of diameter 8 m nd 10 s
f
t

m a mm i
screwed; the surface form of BFRP bar is screwed.

able 2 Mechanical performance of concrete (MPa) T
f
cu
E
c
f
c

42 3.3
4
28.1 2 10 .4




Figure. 1 Test set-up

able 3 Comparison of theory value and tested value of flex-
M
u,e
/M
u,

T
ural capacity
Specimen FRP bar Steel bar
M
u,t
M
u,e

t

FS1 4 6 68.9 74.4 1.08
FS2 5 5 68.8 73.5 1.07
FS3 6 4 68.7 72.8 1.06
F1 0 9 66.5 67.6 1.02
S1 10 0 69.8 67.9 0.97
* Unit of M
u,t
and M
u,e
is kNm.

Flexural capacity M
u,t
calculate by proposed simpli-
fied formula using the measured strength of bars and
concrete and ultimate bearing capacity M
u,e
meas-
ured by the test were list in table 3. As can be seem
from the table, average value of M
u,t
/ M
u,e
u=1.04,
coefficient of variation =0.002.
7 CONCLUSIONS
Based on the constitutive relationships of materials,
two Nominal reinforcement ratios, three failure
modes were put forward and the criterion of appro-
priate hybrid reinforcement beam was given. Flex-
ural capacity of appropriate hybrid reinforcement
beam was analyzed and simplified calculate formula
was proposed. three different area ratio of FRP bar
to steel bar hybrid reinforced concrete beams, one
FRP reinforced concrete beam and one reinforced
concrete beam static flexural test were made and the
tested results show that the flexural capacities calcu-
late by proposed simplified formula was close to the
tested value.
8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is supported by the National Natural Sci-
ence Foundation of China (50808039), the Chinese
National High Technology Research and Develop-
ment Program (2007AA03Z550), the Natural Sci-
ence Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China
(BK2008148, SBK200921303), the Doctoral Foun-
dation of Ministry of Education, China
(20070286095), and the State Key Laboratory of
Subtropical Building Science, South China Univer-
sity Of Technology, China (2008KB24).
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