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Ishfaq Report
Ishfaq Report
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
Assistant professor
11009511
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report entitled REHABLITATION AND FOUR
LAIN OF SRINAGAR BANIHAL EXPRESS HIGHWAY submitted by
ISHFAQ RASHID SHEIKH. Rag No: 11009511 student of Civil
Engineering Department, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, and
Punjab who carried out the project work under my supervision. This report
has not been submitted to any other university or institution for the award of
any degree.
Ms Dolanchap Prabhakar
ER Room Singh
Senior Engineer
B Tech Civil Eng.
Ramey Infrastructures
Ltd.
Abstract
The project report about Rehabilitation, strengthening and four laning of
Srinagar Banihal section from km 187.000 to km 189.350 (Banihal Bypass)
and km 220.700 to km 286.110 of NH-1A in the state of Jammu and
Kashmir under Ramky Infrastructure Limited under supervision of National
Highway Authority of India. The road project will act as link which will
connect the state with rest of the country. It will act as express highway due
to which traffic volume, traffic jam will be reduced .The total project cost is
a1600 crores and project completion is in June 2014. The project is divided
into no of sections Structural section, Highway section, surveying section. I
Have worked in structural section at change 246+258 (Box culvert), VUP
(vehicle under pass) at km 245+486 and Retaining wall.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No
1
2
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
3
3.1
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
5
Chapter Name
Introduction
Box Culvert
Introduction
Design
Haunch
Side walls
Top Slab
Bracket
Back Filling
General Arrangement Drawing
Retaining Walls
Introduction
Different Types of Retaining Structures
Gravity walls
Semi Gravity Retaining Wall
Diaphragm Walls
Vehicle Under Pass
Introduction
Excavation
Ground Improvement
Bottom Slab
Waist Slab
General Arrangement Drawing
References
Page NO
6
7-12
7
8
9
9
10
10
11
12
14-21
14
15
15
16
21
24-29
24
24
25
25
25
26
30
Figure No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Figure Label
Culvert
Gravity Retaining wall
Cantilever Walls
Counter fort retaining walls
Cantilever sheet piles
Anchored sheet piles
Diaphragm Walls
Gabion Walls
Top Plane of VUP
1. INTRODUCTION
5
Page NO.
9
15
17
18
19
20
22
23
2. BOX CULVERT
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2.1 Introduction
Culvert is a structure that is used to drain water from one side of a
Road to another side. The catchment area of the road is
mainly
Agricultural area which require water from time to time and the river
Jhelum is very nearer to it having the frequent chances of floods. So
In order to supply and navigate the water we provide culvert as
A medium for passage of water. The length of box type culvert is
Equal to the width of road. The construction of box culvert is
Located at change 246+258.
2.2 Design
Excavation of ground is done by the help of excavator .The
excavation of depth 1.1 meter is excavated .The excavation is
mainly performed in order to make structure safe and durable.
After excavation ground improvement is performed by applying
GSB over the bottom of ground surface, over GSB PCC is played
in order to prevent moisture from the ground and also helps the
structure to remain free from any kind of defect. The thickness of
PCC is 100mm of M15 grade where M is Characteristic
compressive strength and 15 grade of cement.
Over PCC raft is played .The mate of steel is placed over PCC over
which concrete is played .The clear cover for reinforcement in raft
is 75mm.The steel of walls is banded with mat of bottom raft.
Dimensions of culvert
Width of culvert = 2.6 m
Height of Culvert = 2.65 m
Wall thickness of Culvert =300 mm
7
2.2.1 Haunch
8
Fig. 1 Culvert
The haunch is reinforced with FE 500 of diameter 10 mm and 12
mm with varying spacing .The spacing diameter along with bar
bending of specific bar mark is shown in BBS(bar bending
Schedule)of drawing.
2.2.2 Side Walls
Side walls are reinforced with FE 500 grade of steel and M 30
grade of Cement. The reinforcement consists of main bars and
distributor bars having spacing of 200 mm. The side walls also
consists of weep whole pipes.
The weep hole pipes of diameter 75 mm horizontally and vertically
in a staggered manner in return walls. Length of each weep hole
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pipe is equal to the diameter of the wall .The main purpose of weep
hole pipes is for drainage of water that seeps in to the ground from
top of the road. So that ground may not become undulated that is
why weep hole pipes are used.
The side walls are also provided with PVC pipes of diameter 1
inch that are used for tie rods with which channels are bolted. By
the help of channels we fit shuttering plates.
2.2.3 Top Slab
Top slab is reinforced with FE 500 grade of steel and M 15 grade of
cement. The proper bar bending schedule is as per drawing .The
serial number, bar mark, bar bending, bar diameter is shown in BBS
of drawing. The slab is simply supported at ends. Therefore bending
movement will be maximum at center minimum at ends that is equal
to zero. The clear cover used in slab is 50 mm .The bar spacing is
600 mm, 500 mm, 300 mm which is as per drawing.
2.2.4 Bracket
Bracket is reinforced together with haunch ,slab, side walls .It is
used to reduce the load which is superimposed on it .Over bracket a
waist slab is laid which is used to reduce the load created due to
rolling by the help of roller .Also it reduces the load which created
due the vehicles .Reinforcement details are as per drawing.
10
Back filling for walls is 600 mm thick filtered media that allows the
water content to leave out through weep whole pipes after applying
filtered media the soil is filled and compacted properly with the help
of roller.
After completing the design of culvert the upstream and downstream
end of a culvert is applied with 750 mm thick dry stone apron .In
order to prevent seepage of water at upstream and downstream ends
of culvert. The stones at downstream end is provided for large area
than that of up stream end .Because at down stream end that there is
a great chance of seepage.
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12
13
3. Retaining wall
3.1 Introduction
Retaining walls are structures used to retain earth or water or other materials
where conditions do not permit the mass to assume its natural slope. The
retaining material is usually termed as backfill. The main function of
retaining walls is to stabilize hillsides and control erosion. When roadway
construction is necessary over rugged terrain with steep slopes, retaining
walls can help to reduce the grades of roads and the land alongside the road.
Some road projects lack available land beside the travel way, requiring
construction right along the toe of a slope. In these cases extensive grading
may not be possible and retaining walls become necessary to allow for safe
construction and acceptable slope conditions for adjacent land uses. Where
soils are unstable, slopes are quite steep, or heavy runoff is present, retaining
walls help to stem erosion. Excessive runoff can undermine roadways and
structures, and controlling sediment runoff is a major environmental and
water quality consideration in road and bridge projects. In these situations,
building retaining walls, rather than grading excessively, reduces vegetation
removal and reduces erosion caused by runoff. In turn, the vegetation serves
to stabilize the soil and filter out sediments and pollutants before they enter
the water source, thus improving water quality. The construction of retaining
wall is located at chain age 246+258.
14
On the basis of attaining stability, the retaining structures are classified into
following:
3.2.1 Gravity walls
Gravity walls are stabilized by their mass. They are constructed of dense,
heavy materials such as concrete and stone masonry and are usually
reinforced. Some gravity walls do use mortar, relying solely on their weight
to stay in place, as in the case of dry stone walls. They are economical for
only small heights.
15
16
17
Sheet piles are generally made of steel or timber. The use of timber piles
is generally limited to temporary structures in which the depth of driving
does not exceed 3m. For permanent structures and for depth of driving
greater than 3m, steel piles are most suitable. Moreover, steel piles are
relatively water tight and can be extracted if required and reused.
However, the cost of sheet steel piles is generally more than that of
timber piles. Reinforced cement concrete piles are generally used when
these are to be jetted into fine sand or driven in very soft soils, such as
18
peat. For tougher soils, the concrete piles generally break off. Based on
its structural form and loading system, sheet pile walls can be classified
into 2 types:
a) Cantilever Sheet Piles
b) Anchored Sheet Piles
a) Cantilever Sheet Piles
19
20
Diaphragm Walls
Diaphragm walls are commonly used in congested areas for
retention systems and permanent foundation walls. They can be
installed in close proximity to existing structures, with minimal
loss of support to existing foundations. In addition, construction
dewatering is not required, so there is no associated subsidence.
Diaphragm walls have also been used as deep groundwater barriers
through and under dams.
Diaphragm walls are constructed by the slurry trench technique
which was developed in Europe, and has been used in the United
States since the l940's. The technique involves excavating a narrow
trench that is kept full of an engineered fluid or slurry. The slurry
exerts hydraulic pressure against the trench walls and acts as
shoring to prevent collapse. Slurry trench excavations can be
performed in all types of soil, even below the ground water table.
Cast in place; diaphragm walls are usually excavated under
betonies slurry. The construction sequence usually begins with the
excavation of discontinuous primary panels. Stop-end pipes are
placed vertically in each end of the primary panels, to form joints
for adjacent secondary panels. Panels are usually 8 to 20 feet long,
with widths varying from 2 to 5 feet. Once the excavation of a
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22
23
25
26
27
28
29
5. References
30