1

Mechanical Behavior of Materials

Applied force (Stress) Deformation (Strain) Applied force (Stress) Deformation (Strain)
How to obtain the o-c relation?
o-c relation:
one kind of the mechanical properties of materilas
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 1
by experiments
Mechanical Behavior of Materials
Comparableness of test results:
need standards to require specimen size,
test methods, etc.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and
Materials) Standards are the most
popular one in the world
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 2
popular one in the world
2
Tensile Test
1. Scope
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
4 Significance and Use
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 3
4. Significance and Use
5. Apparatus
6. Test Specimens
7. Procedures
8. Report
9. Precision and Bias
10. Keywords
Tensile Test
Standard 0.500-in. Round Tension Test
Specimen with 2 in. Gage Length and
E l f S ll Si S i Examples of Small-Size Specimens
Proportional to the Standard Specimen
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 4
3
Tensile Test
Test Specimens:
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 5
Tensile Test
Apparatus :
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 6
4
Tensile Test
Apparatus :
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 7
Tensile Test
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 8
5
Tensile Test
Strain or displacement measurement:
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 9
Tensile Test
Definition of stress and strain:
P
Stress
0
A
L
0
L
A
P
Stress
Stress) (True
Stress) ng (Engineeri
0
o

A
P
S
A
P
Strain
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 10
P
Strain) (True
Strain) ng (Engineeri
0
0
0
c d
L
dL
e
L
L L
L
L

=
A
6
Tensile Test
Stress-strain Curve of Pure Copper (99.99%):
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 11
Tensile Test
Stress-strain Curve of Pure Aluminum:
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 12
7
Tensile Test
Stress-strain Curve of 1070 Aluminum
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 13
Tensile Test
Proportional Limit: o
PL
Elastic Limit: o
EL
Offset Yield Strength: o
YS
o
PL
o
EL
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 14
8
Elastic Deformation
2. Small load
b d
1. Initial 3. Unload
F
o
bonds
stretch
return to
initial
F
Linear
15
Elastic means reversible!
F
F
o
Linear-
elastic
Non-Linear-
elastic
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload
planes
bonds
planes
still
sheared
o
elastic + plastic
stretch
& planes
shear
o
plastic
16
Plastic means permanent!
F
o
linear
elastic
linear
elastic
o
plastic
F
9
Tensile Test
UTS: Ultimate Tensile Stress o
u
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 17
Tensile Test
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 18
10
Tensile Test
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 19
Tensile Test
Ductile Materials:
L L
% 100 area of reduction Percent
% 100 elongation Percent
0
0
0
0

=
A
A A
L
L L
f
f
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 20
11
Tensile Test
Brittle Materials:
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 21
Brittle Materials
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 22
12
Brittle Materials
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 23
Temperature Effects
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 24
13
Hookes Law
The stress-strain diagrams of most engineering
materials exhibit a linear relationship within
elastic range g
Hookes law: in memory of Robert Hooke in
1676 using spring to observe this phenomenon
E: modulus of elasticity or Youngs modulus
(named after Thomas Young in 1807 published
this result)
E: same unit as stress ksi GPa
c o E =
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 25
E: same unit as stress, ksi, GPa
GPa 200 ksi 10 29
0.0012
ksi 35
3
= = =
steel
E
Youngs Modula of Different
Materials
GPa 14 ~ 7 . 0
GPa 70
GPa 200
plastic
aluminum
steel
E
E
E
~
=
=
Hardness decreases as
softness of materials
V
H E
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 26
14
Poissons Ratio
n) compressio : tension; : (
: strain Axial
+
=
L
a
o
c
a
l
c
c
v
n) compressio : tension; : (
: strain Laterial
n) compressio : tension; : (
+
'
=
+
r
l
o
c
P i ti F h i ti t
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 27
Poissons ratio: French scientist
S. D. Poisson realized this constant
within elastic range in the early
1800s
v :0.25~0.35 for most of engineering
materials
Summary
Mechanical properties of materials from
tensile test: tensile test:
E: Youngs modulus
o
Y
: Yield stress
v : Poissons ratio
7. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials 28
v : Poisson s ratio
UTS: ultimate tensile strength
c
f
: elongation to failure