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v=12YklALUbU8

A case study is an in-depth study of one person. Much of Freud'swork and theories were
developed through individual case studies.
In a case study, nearly every aspect of the subject's life and history is analyzed to seek
patterns and causes for behavior. The hope is that learning gained from studying one case
can be generalized to many others. Unfortunately, case studies tend to be highly subjective
and it is difficult to generalize results to a larger population.
Types of Case Studies
Explanatory: Used to do causal investigations.


Exploratory: A case study that is sometimes used as a prelude to further, more in-depth research. This allows
researchers to gather more information before developing their research questions and hypotheses.


Descriptive: Involves starting with a descriptive theory. The subjects are then observed and the information
gathered is compared to the pre-existing theory.


Intrinsic: A type of case study in which the researcher has a personal interest in the case.


Collective: Involves studying a group of individuals.


Instrumental: Occurs when the individual or group allows researchers to understand more than what is initially
obvious to observers.
Case Study Methods
Prospective: A type of case study in which an individual or group of people is observed in order to determine
outcomes. For example, a group of individuals might be watched over an extended period of time to observe the
progression of a particular disease.


Retrospective: A type of case study that involves looking at historical information. For example, researchers
might start with an outcome, such as a disease, and then backwards at information about the individuals life to
determine risk factors that may have contributed to the onset of the illness.
Sources of Information Used in a Case Study
There are a number of different sources and methods that researchers can use to gather
information about an individual or group. The six major sources that have been identified by
researchers (Yin, 1994; Stake, 1995) are:
1. Direct observation: This strategy involves observing the subject, often in a natural setting. While an individual
observer is sometimes used, it is more common to utilize a group of observers.


2. Interviews: One of the most important methods for gathering information in case studies. An interview can
involves structured survey-type questions, or more open-ended questions.


3. Documents: Letters, newspaper articles, administrative records, etc.


4. Archival records: Census records, survey records, name lists, etc.


5. Physical artifacts: Tools, objects, instruments and other artifacts often observed during a direct observation of
the subject.


6. Participant observation: Involves the researcher actually serving as a participant in events and observing the
actions and outcomes.


these are the kind of enterprises/indutries
in a private (pvt.) sector enterprise, the owner of assest and resources is an individual or a
group of indivisduals. market force (demand:supply) determine the price of articles. the main
aim is PROFIT
E.g.: Toyota
in a public sector eneterprise, the government owns the resources and determines the price,
and the main aim is the welfare of the citizens
e.g.: in India, BSNL, SAIL, Indian Airlines
when the govt and individual(s) come together to run an industry jointly, it is called a joint sector
eneterprise. both of them have a hand in decision making.
e.g.: in India, Power Trading Corporation (PTC)
when the same people produce the raw material of an industry and also process it into products
for distribution, it is called cooperative sector. take sugar for example. the farmer grows
sugarcane. then, a group of farmers (all of whom grow sugarcane) come together, take a loan
and set up a plant that produces sugar from their crop. this is then distributed to the public. so,
the farmers grow and process the raw materials, they COOPERATE with each other in both
fields. hence, cooperative sector. e.g. in india is Amul (Gujrat Cooperative Society Ltd.) and
Lijjat

vroom expectancy theory
assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it
is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Together with Edward Lawler and Lyman Porter,
Victor Vroom suggested that the relationship between people's behavior at work and their
goals was not as simple as was first imagined by other scientists. Vroom realized that an
employee's performance is based on individuals factors such as personality, skills,
knowledge, experience and abilities.
The theory suggests that although individuals may have different sets of goals, they can be
motivated if they believe that:
There is a positive correlation between efforts and performance,
Favorable performance will result in a desirable reward,
The rewardwill satisfy an important need,
The desire to satisfy the need is strong enough to make the effort worthwhile.

The theory is based upon the following beliefs:

Valence
Valence refers to the emotional orientations people hold with respect to outcomes
[rewards]. The depth of the want of an employee for extrinsic [money, promotion, time-off,
benefits] or intrinsic [satisfaction] rewards). Management must discover what employees
value.

Expectancy
Employees have different expectations and levels of confidence about what they are capable
of doing. Management must discover what resources, training, or supervision employees
need.

Instrumentality
The perception of employees as to whether they will actually get what they desire even if it
has been promised by a manager. Management must ensure that promises of rewards are
fulfilled and that employees are aware of that.
Vroom suggests that an employee's beliefs about Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence
interact psychologically to create a motivational force such that the employee acts in ways
that bring pleasure and avoid pain.




http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2011/06/frederick-taylor-principles-of.html

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Z3TBxlLWmo

The Secrets of Determining the Sex of Your Children
By Dr. Violet Butler (Special guest writer to the group)
You men out there are the sole parties responsible for passing on the genetic
codes to determine if a child is male or female. It is a simple fact of biology: the
Xx combination of sperm and egg create a female; the Xy are male. All eggs are
X. Sperm can be either X or Y. So don't blame us for the child's sex; it's really up
to you. Now I'm going to explain in very simplistic terms the ways you can
actually turn the odds in favor of your choice of girls or boys.
Now remember - conception takes place in the fallopian tube with the first sperm
to reach and penetrate the surface of the egg. Thus conception is the result of a
race amongst millions of little swimming sperm to reach the single available egg.
(A small percentage women ovulate on both sides simultaneously and have a
higher propensity to create fraternal twins).
There are two kinds of sperm: the androsperm or male-genetic-code-carrying
version and the genosperm or female. For simplicity let's call the boys Andys and
the girls Gennys. Determining the sex of your child has to do with taking
advantage of the unique characteristics of each. Here are those we can easily
manipulate:
Andys are smaller and swim faster. But like the hare versus the turtle,
Andys don't swim as far and don't last very long. Consider them the
sprinters.
The Gennys are larger and slower. They can last up to 36 hours in some
vaginal environments. Call them the long-distance runners.
Men tend to increase the ratio of Andys to Gennys in the "load" when
there has been an extended period of abstinence. This has been shown over
the years where the first generation of children after men have been away
at war have a higher portion of males than the long-term average. Also
certain cultures who only engage in sexual intercourse once a month at the
expected time of fertility have very high proportions of males (60+
percent),
Gennys favor more acidic environments. Andys like basic.
What to do? There are five things to remember:
Penetration - The closer the point at which the "load" (the ejaculate) is
delivered to the egg the more likely a sprinter (an Andy) will win the race.
So guys, to make boys, stick it all the way in when you reach climax.
Timing - If the load is delivered before the egg is available the Andys will
die off and the Gennys will be there waiting. Ovulation usually takes place
around the 14th day of the cycle (measured by as day one being the start of
the menstrual period). Intercourse on the 12th or 13th day will favor
Gennys because there will be no egg to fertilize for a day or two. To make
boys, make an appointment on the 14th day. If you really want to be
specific get a thermometer and wait until her temperature rises slightly.
Viscocity - Vaginal liquids are relatively thick and present an impediment
to the Gennys. Andys swim right through these thick liquids. To make
boys, make her real happy (several times) prior to delivering the load.
Even you "jack-rabbit" 60-second climaxers can make boys if you
properly prepare your woman's love canal with some oral or other
stimulation. So take your time. (If you must cheat use a little sterile
lubricant like K-Y.)
Abstinence - If you do it every day you'll probably make a girl as the
"Andy/Genny" ratio in the ejaculate will decline. So save it up a little if
you want a boy.
Acid/base - To make girls use the acid-containing douches (vinegar). For
boys use baking soda.
If you follow these steps, a study from the mid-70's determined that you will have
an 85% chance of getting what you want.