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5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page iii c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Contents 1. Introducing AFT Impulse ............................................... 1 Designing for waterhammer ..................................................................... 1 Modeling capabilities......................................................................... 2 The steady-state solver ............................................................................. 2 The transient solver .................................................................................. 2 Engineering assumptions in AFT Impulse ............................................... 3 AFT Impulse Primary Windows............................................................... 3 Input windows.................................................................................... 4 Output windows ................................................................................. 4 2. Valve Closure Example.................................................. 5 Topics covered.......................................................................................... 5 Required knowledge ................................................................................. 5 Model files................................................................................................ 5 Step 1. Start AFT Impulse ........................................................................ 6 The Workspace window..................................................................... 7 Step 2. Layout model ................................................................................ 7 Step 3. Complete the first three checklist requirements........................... 8 A. Review the checklist...................................................................... 8 B. Specify system properties.............................................................. 9 Step 4. Define the model components (checklist item #4) ..................... 11 Object status..................................................................................... 11 A. Enter data for reservoirs.............................................................. 11 B. Enter branch data......................................................................... 12 C. Enter valve data ........................................................................... 12 D. Enter pipe data for P1.................................................................. 14 E. Enter data for other pipes ............................................................ 15 Step 5. Complete the last two checklist requirements............................ 16 A. Specify pipe sectioning ............................................................... 16 B. Specify transient control.............................................................. 18 iv AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page iv c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc C. Save the model ............................................................................ 20 Step 6. Run the solver............................................................................. 20 The two solvers ................................................................................ 20 The transient output file................................................................... 21 Step 7. Review the output....................................................................... 21 A. The Output window..................................................................... 21 B. Graph the results.......................................................................... 23 C. View the Visual Report ............................................................... 25 Conclusion.............................................................................................. 27 3. Pump Startup With Event Transients ......................... 29 Topics covered........................................................................................ 29 Required knowledge ............................................................................... 29 Model files.............................................................................................. 30 Step 1. Start AFT Impulse ...................................................................... 30 Step 2. Specify system properties........................................................... 30 Step 3. Build the model .......................................................................... 30 A. Place the pipes and junctions ...................................................... 30 B. Enter the pipe and junction data.................................................. 31 C. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete.......................... 35 Step 4. Section the pipes......................................................................... 35 Step 5. Specify transient control............................................................. 36 Step 6. Create scenarios to model the three startup cases ...................... 37 A. Create scenarios .......................................................................... 37 B. Set up scenarios ........................................................................... 38 Step 7. Run the first scenario.................................................................. 39 Step 8. Graph the results......................................................................... 39 Step 9. Animate the results..................................................................... 42 Step 10. Run the other scenarios and graph the results .......................... 44 4. Pump Trip Example...................................................... 47 Topics covered........................................................................................ 47 Required knowledge ............................................................................... 47 Table of Contents v 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page v c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Model files.............................................................................................. 48 Step 1. Start AFT Impulse ...................................................................... 48 Step 2. Specify system properties........................................................... 48 Step 3. Build the model .......................................................................... 48 A. Place the pipes and junctions ...................................................... 48 B. Enter the pipe and junction data.................................................. 49 C. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete.......................... 52 Step 4. Section the pipes......................................................................... 53 Step 5. Specify transient control............................................................. 53 Step 6. Run the model............................................................................. 53 Step 7. Review results ............................................................................ 53 A. Graph the transient pressures at the pump .................................. 53 B. Graph the pipeline transient pressure profile .............................. 55 C. Graph the pump speed decay....................................................... 56 Step 8. Add accumulator ........................................................................ 60 A. Modify model ........................................................................ 60 B. Enter pipe and junction data.................................................. 60 C. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete.......................... 62 D. Some commentary on accumulators............................................ 62 Step 9. Re-section pipes.......................................................................... 63 Step 10. Run the model........................................................................... 63 Step 11. Graph results............................................................................. 63 5. Other AFT Impulse Capabilities .................................. 67 Transient cavitation and liquid column separation................................. 67 Four quadrant pump modeling................................................................ 67 Positive displacement pumps.................................................................. 68 Pumps with viscosity corrections ........................................................... 68 Pumps with variable speed controllers ................................................... 68 Variable density and viscosity modeling................................................ 68 Vacuum breaker valves........................................................................... 68 Surge tanks.............................................................................................. 68 Flow and pressure control valve transients ............................................ 69 vi AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page vi c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Non-Newtonian fluid modeling.............................................................. 69 Pulp and paper modeling ........................................................................ 69 Infinite pipe boundaries.......................................................................... 69 Expanded fluid properties with Chempak .............................................. 69 Repeat transient feature for periodic transient behavior ........................ 69 Intermediate elevations for pipes............................................................ 70 Force file output for use with CAESAR II ............................................. 70 Fitting library.......................................................................................... 70 Design alerts ........................................................................................... 70 Network databases.................................................................................. 70
5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 1 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc C H A P T E R 1 Introducing AFT Impulse Welcome to AFT Impulse 4.0, Applied Flow Technology's powerful waterhammer modeling tool. With AFT Impulse you can model transients caused by a wide range of pipe system behavior. This will allow you to understand transient pressure extremes and, when necessary, size and locate surge suppression equipment. AFT Impulse includes a steady-state solution engine which solves for the system initial conditions. These results are used to automatically initialize the transient model. The engineer accesses these capabilities through an advanced graphical interface, which includes built-in expertise to guide the engineer through the modeling process. Designing for waterhammer Waterhammer can cause catastrophic failure of pipe systems and damage expensive equipment. Properly addressing such issues at the design stage is essential. An AFT Impulse model allows the engineer to better understand and predict the dynamic behavior of the pipe system. When undesirable waterhammer transients are identified at the design stage, different strategies to reduce surge pressures can be evaluated. These may include surge suppression equipment, modifying the design, or modifying the system operation. Sometimes the undesirable transients are not discovered until after the system is built. In such cases, AFT Impulse can provide critical insight into the cause of the problem, and allow the engineer to assess design and/or operational modifications to resolve the issue. 2 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 2 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Modeling capabilities AFT Impulse provides a broad array of features to model pipe system transients. These include: Transients in open and closed (recirculating) systems Network systems that branch or loop Systems with valve transients Systems with pump transients Systems with pressure or flow control valve transients Systems with transient cavitation and liquid column separation Systems with surge suppression devices such as accumulators, surge tanks and vacuum breaker valves Systems with variable density and viscosity Multiple design cases in a single model file Non-Newtonian fluid behavior The steady-state solver Before a waterhammer model can be run, the initial steady-state conditions are required. AFT Impulse obtains the steady-state solution using a Newton-Raphson matrix solution algorithm to obtain a mass and momentum balance. The algorithm is similar to that used in the acclaimed AFT Fathom. If desired, AFT Impulse can be run in Steady Only mode, where only the steady flow pipe hydraulics are modeled. When run in Transient mode, the steady flow solution is used to automatically initialize the transient solution. This convenience avoids the often error prone process of manually setting up the initial conditions, and allows the user to quickly and safely modify and rerun the model. The transient solver AFT Impulse employs the traditional Method of Characteristics (MOC) to solve the transient equations of pipe flow. A mass and momentum Chapter 1 Introducing AFT Impulse 3 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 3 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc balance is performed at all computing stations in each pipe, accurately representing the propagation of transient pressure waves throughout the system. The MOC is an explicit solution technique, where the solver marches in time for a duration specified by the user. Engineering assumptions in AFT Impulse AFT Impulse is based on the following fundamental fluid mechanics assumptions: Liquid flow One-dimensional flow No chemical reactions Wavespeed remains constant during transients Non-condensable gas release is negligible Bubbles that form during transient cavitation do not move AFT Impulse Primary Windows AFT Impulse has five subordinate windows that work in an integrated fashion. You work exclusively from one of these windows at all times. For this reason they are referred to as primary windows. Graph Results Visual Report Workspace Output Model Data
Figure 1.1 Primary window workflow in AFT Impulse 4 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 4 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Of the five primary windows, two are input windows, two are output windows, and one displays both input and output information. Figure 1.1 shows the relationship between the primary windows. Input windows The two windows that function exclusively as input windows are the Workspace window and the Model Data window. These two windows, one graphical and the other text-based, work together to process model input data with immense flexibility. The tools provided in these two windows allow you to model a large variety of pipe networks. The Visual Report window can function in support of both input and output data. As an input window, it allows you to see the input data superimposed on the pipe system schematic created on the Workspace. Output windows The two windows that function exclusively as output windows are the Output window and the Graph Results window. The Output window is text-based, while the Graph Results window is graphical. These two windows offer a powerful and diverse range of features for reviewing analysis results for modeling errors, gaining a deeper understanding of the pipe system's flow behavior, and preparing the results for documentation. As an output window, Visual Report allows you to see the output results superimposed on the pipe system schematic created on the Workspace. The five primary windows form a tightly integrated, highly efficient system for entering, processing, analyzing, and documenting incompressible flow analyses of pipe networks.
5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 5 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc C H A P T E R 2 Valve Closure Example Summary This example is designed to give you the big picture of AFT Impulse's layout and structure. Some of the more basic concepts will be used to build a four-pipe, five-junction model of the waterhammer transients that result when a valve is closed. Topics covered Model building basics Entering pipe and junction data Entering transient data Sectioning pipes Graphing output results Required knowledge No prior knowledge is required for this example. Model files This example uses the following file, which is installed in the Examples folder as part of the AFT Impulse installation: 6 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 6 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Valve Closure.imp Step 1. Start AFT Impulse To start AFT Impulse, click Start on the Windows taskbar, choose Programs, then AFT Products then AFT Impulse. (This refers to the standard menu items created by setup. You may have chosen to specify a different menu item). When you start AFT Impulse, the Workspace window is always the active (large) window. The Workspace window is one of five primary windows. After AFT Impulse loads, you will notice four windows in the lower part of the AFT Impulse window; these represent four of the five primary windows that are currently minimized (see Figure 2.1). The AFT Impulse window acts as a container for the five primary windows. Toolbars Workspace Toolbox Minimized primary windows Status Bar
Figure 2.1 The Workspace window is where the model is built Chapter 2 Valve Closure Example 7 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 7 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc The Workspace window You will build your waterhammer model on the Workspace using the Toolbox tools. At the top of the Toolbox are four drawing tools. The Selection Drawing tool, on the upper left, is useful for selecting groups of objects on the Workspace for editing or moving. The Pipe Drawing tool, on the upper right, is used to draw new pipes on the Workspace. Below these two tools are the Zoom Select tool and the Annotation tool. The Zoom Select tool allows you to draw a box on the Workspace zoom after which AFT Impulse will zoom into that area. The Annotation tool allows you to create annotations and auxiliary graphics. Below the four drawing tools are nineteen icons that represent the different types of junctions available in AFT Impulse. Junctions are components that connect pipes and also influence the pressure or flow behavior of the pipe system. The junction icons can be dragged from the Toolbox and dropped onto the Workspace. When you pass your mouse pointer over any of the Toolbox tools, a ToolTip identifies the tool's function. Step 2. Layout model Create a model as shown in Figure 2.2. 1. The five junctions, J1 though J5 can be dragged from the Toolbox at the left and dropped on the Workspace. 2. The four pipes, P1 though P4, can be drawn on the Workspace by clicking the Pipe Drawing Tool at the upper right of the Toolbox and then drawing lines on the Workspace. Make sure the directional arrows point from J1 to J3, J2 to J3, J3 to J4 and J4 to J5. (The flow direction can be reversed by use of the Reverse Direction tool on the Arrange menu.) 8 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 8 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 2.2 Pipe system layout on Workspace. Step 3. Complete the first three checklist requirements A. Review the checklist Next, click the checkmark on the Toolbar that runs across the top of the AFT Impulse window. This opens the Checklist window (see Figure 2.3). The Checklist contains six items. Each item needs to be completed before AFT Impulse allows you to run the Solver. Chapter 2 Valve Closure Example 9 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 9 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 2.3 The Checklist tracks the models status The Status Bar at the bottom of the AFT Impulse window also reflects the state of each Checklist item (see Figure 2.1). Once the Checklist is complete, the Model Status light in the lower left corner turns from red to green. Click the Close button to close the Checklist. The first item, Specify Steady Solution Control, is always checked when you start AFT Impulse because AFT Impulse assigns default solution control parameters for the steady-state part of the analysis. In general, you do not need to adjust Steady Solution Control values. If necessary, you can make adjustments by opening the Steady Solution Control window from the Analysis menu. The second item on the Checklist is Specify Output Control. Like Solution Control, this item is always checked when you start AFT Impulse. Default Output Control parameters and a default title are assigned. You may want to add a descriptive title for the model. To do this, open the Output Control window from the Analysis menu and enter a title on the General tab. B. Specify system properties The third item on the Checklist is Specify System Properties. To complete this item, you must open the System Properties window. This 10 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 10 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc window allows you to specify your fluid properties (density, dynamic viscosity, bulk modulus, and optional vapor pressure), viscosity model, gravitational acceleration and atmospheric pressure. 1. Open the System Properties window from the Analysis menu (see Figure 2.4) 2. In the upper left select the "AFT Standard" option 3. In the "Fluids Available in Database" list, select "Water at 1 atm" 4. Click the "Add to Model" button 5. In the Temperature field type 70 deg. F 6. Click the "Calculate Properties" button (this obtains the density, viscosity, bulk modulus and vapor pressure) 7. Click the OK button to close the window and accept the fluid data for the model
Figure 2.4 System Properties window is where you specify the fluid Chapter 2 Valve Closure Example 11 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 11 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Step 4. Define the model components (checklist item #4) The fourth item on the Checklist, Define All Pipes and Junctions, is not as straightforward to satisfy as the first three. This item encompasses the proper input data and connectivity for all pipes and junctions. Object status Every pipe and junction has an object status. The object status tells you whether the object is defined according to AFT Impulse's requirements. To see the status of the objects in your model, click the floodlight on the Toolbar (alternatively, you could choose Show Object Status from the View menu). Each time you click the light bulb, Show Object Status is toggled on or off. When Show Object Status is on, the ID numbers for all undefined pipes and junctions are displayed in red on the Workspace. Objects that are completely defined have their ID numbers displayed in black. (These colors are configurable through Workspace Preferences from the Options menu.) If you have not done so, turn the Show Object Status on. Because you have not yet defined the pipes and junctions in this sample problem, all the objects' ID numbers will change to red when you turn on Show Object Status. A. Enter data for reservoirs As shown in Figure 2.2, the J1 (Supply Tank A) junction is a Reservoir junction. 1. Double-click the J1 junction icon to open the Reservoir Specifications window (see Figure 2.5) 2. Enter a Surface Elevation of 45 feet 3. Enter a Surface Pressure of 1 atm 4. Select the "Pipe Depth and Loss Coefficients" tab 5. Enter a pipe depth of 10 feet 6. Click the OK button 12 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 12 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 2.5 Input for Reservoir junction J1 Repeat this process for junctions J2 (Supply Tank B) and J5 (Discharge Tank) with the following data: For J2 use a Surface Elevation of 44 feet and a pipe depth of 10 feet. For J5 use a Surface Elevation of 5 feet and a pipe depth of 5 feet. B. Enter branch data Open the J3 Branch Specifications window and enter an elevation of 0 feet. C. Enter valve data The J4 junction is a Valve junction. This junction will be the initiator of the transient. 1. Double-click the J4 junction icon to open the Valve Specifications window (see Figure 2.6) Chapter 2 Valve Closure Example 13 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 13 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc 2. Enter an elevation of 0 feet. 3. Choose the Loss Model as Cv and enter a Cv of 50 (this is the steady-state Cv).
Figure 2.6 Input data for Valve junction J4 4. Click the Transient Data tab and enter the data below for C v (see Figure 2.7). Time (sec) Cv 0 50 0.25 20 0.5 5 1 0 2 0
The first data point (C v = 50 at time zero) must match the steady- state value (entered in Item 3 above). The transient data represents the valve as initially open. The valve then closes over a period of 14 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 14 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc one second (a Cv of zero means the valve is closed). The valve then stays closed. When transient data is entered for a junction, a T symbol is shown next to the junction number on the Workspace (see Figure 2.2). 5. Click the OK button.
Figure 2.7 Transient input data for Valve junction J4 D. Enter pipe data for P1 1. Double-click on the pipe P1 to open the Pipe Specifications window (see Figure 2.8) 2. In the "Size" area choose the "Pipe Material" as "Steel" 3. Choose the Size and Type as "2 inch" and "STD (schedule 40)" 4. Specify the length as 100 feet 5. Choose the Pipe Support as Thin-Walled Anchored Throughout 6. Click the OK button Chapter 2 Valve Closure Example 15 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 15 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 2.8 Pipe Specifications window for pipe P1 The wavespeed is a very important parameter in waterhammer analysis. The wavespeed can be calculated with reasonable accuracy from fluid and pipe data, or it may be available from test data or industry publications. If the wavespeed is not known (which is typical), then the Calculated Wavespeed option is the preferred option. In this case, data is required for pipe wall thickness, modulus of elasticity, Poisson Ratio, and pipe support details. Data for pipe wall thickness, modulus of elasticity, Poisson Ratio are built into the pipe material databases supplied with AFT Impulse, and was automatically obtained when the Steel, 2-inch schedule 40 option was chosen. The calculated wavespeed is 4433 feet/sec (Figure 2.8). E. Enter data for other pipes Similar to pipe P1, enter the following data for the other pipes: 16 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 16 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Pipe Length (feet) Nom. Diameter (inches) Pipe Support 1 100 2 Thin-Walled Anchored Throughout 2 75 2 Thin-Walled Anchored Throughout 3 20 3 Thin-Walled Anchored Throughout 4 25 3 Thin-Walled Anchored Throughout
After entering the data for all the pipes, the fourth Checklist item should be completed. If it is not, see if the Show Object Status is on. If not, select Show Object Status from the View menu or toolbar. If the fourth Checklist item is not completed at this point, see if any of the pipes or junctions have their number displayed in red. If so, you did not enter all the data for that item. Step 5. Complete the last two checklist requirements After completing the first four Checklist items, sufficient information exists to run the model in steady-state. The final two Checklist items are for transient modeling. To run the model in steady-state, select Analysis Type from the Analysis menu and then choose Steady Only. If one does this, the final two Checklist items are grayed out and the model can be run. In general it is a good idea to always run your model in steady-state first before running the full transient analysis to make sure the model is giving reasonable results. A. Specify pipe sectioning The fifth Checklist item is Section Pipes. This window cannot be opened until sufficient data is entered previously. First, the fluid must be selected (we did this Step 3B when we entered System Properties). Second, all pipes must have a length and wavespeed entered. After this data has been entered, the pipes can be sectioned. The Section Pipes window helps divide the pipes into computation sections in a manner which is consistent with the Method of Characteristics (MOC). Select Section Pipes on the Analysis menu to display the Section Pipes Window (Figure 2.9). For this model the controlling pipe is P3. This is Chapter 2 Valve Closure Example 17 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 17 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc the pipe with the shortest end-to-end communication time (i.e., L/a the length divided by the wavespeed). To satisfy the MOC, the following equation must be applied: n L a t i i i =
where n is the number of sections in pipe i, L is the length, and a is the wavespeed. The t is the time step. Since all pipes in the network must be solved together, the same time step must be used for each pipe. With a given length and wavespeed for each pipe, it can be seen from the above equation that it is unlikely that the number of required sections, n, for each pipe will be a whole number.
Figure 2.9 The Section Pipes window automates the sectioning process and calculates the time step. To address this situation, it is helpful to recognize that the wavespeed, a, is the least certain input parameter. It is therefore acceptable to allow up to a 15% uncertainty in wavespeed. By adjusting the wavespeed for each pipe within this tolerance the sectioning can be made to come out as 18 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 18 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc whole numbers for each pipe. The Section Pipes window automates this process by searching for sectioning which satisfies the required tolerance. You can specify the tolerance on wavespeed by entering it into the Max. Percentage Error. The minimum and maximum allowable sections in the controlling pipe narrows the search space. Also, the Percentage Increment directs the routine in how fine to search the search space. For Min. and Max. Sections in Controlling Pipe enter 1 section for each. Limit the Max Percentage Error to 10% for the search (usually 5 or 10% is fine). Check the box for Sort Sectioning by Minimum Error. Then click the Search button. A message is displayed to the effect that no valid sectioning combinations could be found. At this point one has two choices. One can increase the Max Sections in the Controlling Pipe, or increase the Max. Percentage Error allowed. Increasing the Max Sections will lead to models with increased run time. Increasing the Max Percentage Error will lead to models with lower accuracy. Unless it results in excessive model run times, it is usually preferred to increase the Max Sections entry. Change this from 1 to 2 and click the Search button again. This time a number of possible sectioning choices exist. When the Sort Sectioning by Minimum Error feature is checked, the first item in the Search Results table will be the one with minimum error and is thus generally the preferred choice. The top line will be clicked automatically, which will apply the sectioning choice to all pipes in the model. This is shown in the Sectioning For Model table at the bottom. The resulting time step is shown at the right. It is 0.002057 seconds. Note: The error in the Section Pipes window relates only to sectioning roundoff and not to overall model accuracy. B. Specify transient control The sixth and final Checklist item is Transient Control. This window allows you to specify the time at which the transient starts and ends, as well as how much data to include in the output file. Chapter 2 Valve Closure Example 19 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 19 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Select Transient Control on the Analysis menu to display the Transient Control window (Figure 2.10). Enter zero seconds for Start Time and 2 for Stop Time. The Transient Control window lets you enable or disable transient cavitation modeling. It also offers control over how AFT Impulse should respond to artificial transients. Artificial transients are a problem that can sometimes occur when steady-state and transient conditions are inconsistent. At the bottom of the window the projected output file size is shown. You should pay attention to this number, as the output file size can grow very large. In this case the output file will be 130 kB. If the output file does become excessively large, you will want to limit the number of time steps and pipe output written to disk. Click OK to accept the current settings. The last Checklist item should be completed. The model is ready to be solved.
Figure 2.10 The Transient Control window offers features to specify the time span for the transient and what output data is written 20 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 20 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc C. Save the model This would be a good time to save the model. Choose Save from the File menu, and name the model file Valve Closure. Step 6. Run the solver Choose Run from the Analysis menu or click the arrow icon on the toolbar. During execution, the Solution Progress window displays (Figure 2.11). You can use this window to pause or cancel the Solver's activity.
Figure 2.11 The Solution Progress window displays the state of the simulation The two solvers AFT Impulse has two Solvers. The first is called the Steady-State Solver, which as its name suggests, obtains a steady-state solution to the pipe Chapter 2 Valve Closure Example 21 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 21 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc network. The second Solver is called the Transient Solver. This solves the waterhammer equations. Before a transient simulation can be initiated, the initial conditions are required. These initial conditions are the steady-state solution to the system. After the steady-state solution is obtained by the Steady-State Solver, AFT Impulse uses the results to automatically initialize the Transient Solver and then run it. When the solution is obtained, click the View Output button to display the text-based Output window. The information in the Output window can be reviewed visually on the screen, saved to file, exported to a spreadsheet-ready format, copied to the clipboard, and printed out on the printer. The transient output file When the Transient Solver runs, the transient output data is written to a file. This file is given the same name as the model itself with a number appended to the name, and with an OUT extension appended to the end. For all transient data processing, graphing, etc., the data is extracted from this file. The number is appended because AFT Impulse allows the user to build different scenarios all within this model. Each scenario will have its own output file; thus the files need to be distinguishable from each other. The output file will remain on disk until the user erases it or the input model is modified. This means that if you were to close your model right now and then reopen it, you could proceed directly to the Output window for data review without rerunning your model. Step 7. Review the output A. The Output window The Output window (Figure 2.12) is similar in structure to the Model Data window. Three areas are shown, and you can enlarge each area by selecting the options from the Show list box on the Toolbar or from the View menu. The items displayed in the tables are those items specified in the Output Control window (Checklist item # 2). 22 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 22 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 2.12 The Output window displays steady and transient output in text form.
Figure 2.13 The Output window displays transient data for each time step. Chapter 2 Valve Closure Example 23 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 23 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc The Output window allows you to review both the steady-state and transient results. A summary of the maximum and minimum transient results for each computing station is given on the Transient Max/Min tab in the pipe area. You can also review the solutions for each time step (i.e., a time history) for which data was written to file. These two data sets are located on the Transient Output tab and Transient Max/Min tab in the pipe area of the Output window (see Figures 2.13 and 2.14).
Figure 2.14 The Output window displays maximum and minimum transient data. B. Graph the results For transient analyses, the Graph Results window will usually be more helpful than the Output window because of the more voluminous data. Change to the Graph Results window by choosing it from the Windows menu, Toolbar, pressing Ctrl-G or clicking anywhere on the window. The Graph Results window offers full-featured Windows plot preparation. Choose Select Graph Data from the View menu or the Toolbar to open the Select Graph Data window (see Figure 2.15). From the All Pipe Stations list, double-click pipe 3. Select the Outlet of pipe 3, the pipe computing station at the valve inlet, and click the Add button. Also add the inlet of Pipe 4 which is the valve exit. Select the Graph Parameter as Pressure Static and set the unit to psig. A graph of these stations shows the pressure history upstream and downstream of the valve. Click the Show button to display the graph (Figure 2.16). 24 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 24 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 2.15 The Select Graph Data window controls the Graph Results content
Figure 2.16 The Graph Results window offers full-featured plot generation. Here the pressure at valve inlet and outlet of time are shown. Chapter 2 Valve Closure Example 25 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 25 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Further review of the valve graph results in Figure 2.16 shows that at time zero the pressure difference between the top and bottom curves is about 11 psid. This is the steady-state pressure difference across the valve, which can also be found in the Output window to be 11.26 psid. As time increases one sees that the two curves move further apart, which represents the increased pressure drop across the valve as it closes. Finally at 1 second, the valve closes entirely and the pipes upstream and downstream of the valve are isolated from each other and will decay to the steady-state conditions which exist for a closed valve. Choose Select Graph Data from the View menu or the Toolbar again to open the Select Graph Data window. From the All Pipe Stations list click the Clear button. Then double-click pipe 1. Select the inlet of pipe 1 and click the Add button. This is the pipe computing station at the reservoir J1. Also add the inlet of Pipe 2 which is the reservoir J2. Select the Graph Parameter as Volumetric Flowrate Upstream and set the unit to gal/min. A graph of these stations shows the flowrates out of the two supply reservoirs. Note that after the valve closes, the fluid in reservoir J1 flows to reservoir J2 (see Figure 2.17).
Figure 2.17 Transient flowrates out of the reservoirs. C. View the Visual Report Change to the Visual Report window by choosing it from the Window menu, Toolbar, pressing Ctrl-I, clicking anywhere on the window if its 26 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 26 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc been restored or, if minimized, clicking on the minimized window at the bottom of the Workspace and restoring it. This window allows you to integrate your text results with the graphic layout of your pipe network. Click the Visual Report Control button on the Toolbar (or View menu) and open the Visual Report Control window, shown in Figure 2.18. Default parameters are already selected, but you can modify these as desired. For now, select Max Pressure Stagnation and Min Pressure Stagnation in the Pipe Results area. Click the Show button. The Visual Report window graphic is generated (see Figure 2.19). It is common for the text in the Visual Report window to overlap when first generated. You can change this by selecting smaller fonts or by dragging the text to a new area to increase clarity (this has already been done in Figure 2.19). This window can be printed or copied to the clipboard for import into other Windows graphics programs.
Figure 2.18 The Visual Report Control window specifies what data to show on the Visual Report window. Chapter 2 Valve Closure Example 27 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 27 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 2.19 The Visual Report window shows text output together with the input schematic. Conclusion You have now used AFT Impulse's five primary windows to build a simple waterhammer model.
5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 29 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc C H A P T E R 3 Pump Startup With Event Transients This example looks at three pump startup cases for a water transfer system. The objective is to determine the maximum pressures in the system and to assess whether the system cavitates or experiences sub- atmospheric pressure. Topics covered This example will cover the following topics: Starting one or more pumps Using steady-state and transient special condition features Using event transients Using Scenario Manager Creating Graph Sets Using animation features Required knowledge This example assumes that the user has some familiarity with AFT Impulse such as placing junctions, connecting pipes, entering pipe and junction specifications, and entering transient data. Refer to the Valve Closure Example in Chapter 2 for more information on these topics. 30 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 30 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Model files This example uses the following file, which is installed in the Examples folder as part of the AFT Impulse installation: Pump Startup With Event Transient.imp Step 1. Start AFT Impulse From the Start Menu choose AFT Products and AFT Impulse. Step 2. Specify system properties 1. Open the System Properties window by selecting System Properties in the Analysis menu 2. On the Fluid Data Tab, select the AFT Standard database and then select "water at 1 atm" in the fluids available window 3. Click "Add to Model" to select water for use in this model 4. Type in 60 degrees F in the fluid temperature box 5. Click "Calculate Properties" This calculates the fluid properties to use in the model. Step 3. Build the model A. Place the pipes and junctions At this point, the first three items are completed on the Checklist. The next Checklist item is to "Define Pipes and Junctions". In the Workspace window, assemble the model as shown in Figure 3.1. Chapter 3 Pump Startup With Event Transients 31 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 31 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 3.1 Layout of pipe system for pump startup example B. Enter the pipe and junction data The system is in place but now we need to enter the input data for the pipes and junctions. Double-click each pipe junction and enter the following data in the Specifications window. 1) Pipes P1-P11 are Steel with standard roughness and the following data: 32 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 32 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Pipe Length (feet) Size Type Name 1 50 10 inch STD Suction Pipe Pump #1 2 20 10 inch STD Discharge Pipe Pump #1 3 20 10 inch STD Pipe 4 60 10 inch STD Suction Pipe Pump #2 5 20 10 inch STD Discharge Pipe Pump #1 6 20 10 inch STD Pipe 7 100 16 inch STD Pipe 8 250 12 inch STD Line to Process #1 Tank 9 200 12 inch STD Line to Process #1 Tank 10 1200 12 inch STD Line to Process #1 Tank 11 5000 12 inch STD Line to Process #2 Tank
2) Reservoir J1 a) Name = Supply Reservoir b) Surface elevation = 20 feet c) Surface pressure = 1 atm d) Pipe depth = 20 feet 3) Pumps J2 and J5 a) J2 is named Transfer Pump #1 b) J5 is named Transfer Pump #2 c) Elevation = 0 feet d) Click the Pump Configurations tab and enter the following data Q (gpm) H (ft) 0 150 1000 140 2000 120
e) In the Curve Fitting area click the Generate Curve Fit now button. Then click the OK button. f) On the Transient Data tab: select Transient Model = Without Inertia Chapter 3 Pump Startup With Event Transients 33 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 33 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc g) Enter the following data for pump speed (the pumps will come up to speed in two seconds.) Time (sec) Speed (%) 0 0 2 100 10 100
h) On the Optional tab select the Special Condition as Pump Off With Through Flow. This says that initially the pump is turned off, but flow can go through it during steady-state. We will use valve junctions to prevent any steady-state flow. 4) Valves J3 and J6 a) J3 is named Valve #1 b) J6 is named Valve #2 c) Elevation = 0 feet d) Cv = 1000 (this value will actually not be used for this case because the valve is closed) e) On the Transient tab enter the following data Time (sec) Cv 0 0 1 800 2 1000 10 1000
f) On the Optional tab select the Special Condition as Closed. (When you close the valves, the adjacent pipes are displayed with dashed lines to denote that the pipes are closed.) 5) Branch J4, J7 and J8 a) Elevation = 0 feet 6) Reservoir J10 a) Name = Process #1 Tank b) Surface elevation = 100 feet c) Surface pressure = 1 atm 34 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 34 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc d) Pipe Depth = 10 feet 7) Reservoir J11 a) Name = Process #2 Tank b) Surface elevation = 10 feet c) Surface pressure = 1 atm d) Pipe Depth = 10 feet 8) Valve J9 This valve will use what is called an event transient. This means that the time zero in the Transient Data table is with respect to some condition occurring in the system. If the condition is never reached, the valve transient is never initiated. Here we want the valve to open when the pressure at junction J7 is sufficient to cause the water to flow into the J10 reservoir. Since the liquid height in J10 is 100 feet, forward flow will occur when the hydraulic gradeline (HGL) at J7 is 100 feet. The HGL at J7 is the same as that at the outlet of pipe P7, so we will use pipe P7 as the location of the event initiation. a) Name = Valve to Process #1 Tank b) Elevation = 0 feet c) Cv = 500 (this value will actually not be used for this case because the valve is closed) d) On the Transient Data tab enter the following data (see Figure 3.2) Time (sec) Cv 0 0 2 400 3 500 10 500
e) In the Initiation of Transient area select Single Event f) Event Type = HGL at Pipe g) Condition = Greater Than h) Value = 100 feet i) Pipe = 7, Outlet Chapter 3 Pump Startup With Event Transients 35 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 35 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc j) On the Optional tab select the Special Condition as Closed.
Figure 3.2 Specifying an event transient for valve junction C. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete Turn on the Show Object Status from the View menu to verify if all data is entered. If so, the fourth Checklist item will have a check mark. If not, the uncompleted pipes or junctions will have their number shown in red. If this happens, go back to the uncompleted pipes or junctions and enter the missing data. Step 4. Section the pipes Open the Section Pipes window from the Analysis menu. Choose the Search button to find valid sectioning choices. Click OK to accept the displayed sectioning. 36 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 36 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Step 5. Specify transient control 1. Open the Transient Control window from the Analysis menu (Figure 3.3). 2. Enter the Stop Time as 10 seconds on the Transient Solver Control tab. 3. To minimize run time and output file size the Include In Transient Output File area by default uses Inlet and Outlet for all pipes. This will cause only the inlet and outlet station of each pipe to be saved to file. Data can be saved for all pipe stations or only selected stations. The selected stations are shown in the lower half of the window on the Pipe Stations tab (see Figure 3.3). With the list next to the Change All Pipes To button set to All Stations, click the Change All Pipes To button. This will save all pipe station data for all pipes, which will be useful later for animation purposes. 4. Clear the checkbox for Model Transient Cavitation on the Transient Solver Control tab (we are going to ignore this until it becomes clear we need to model cavitation). 5. Click the OK button. Chapter 3 Pump Startup With Event Transients 37 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 37 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 3.3 Transient Control window pipe station selection Step 6. Create scenarios to model the three startup cases A. Create scenarios In this model we want to evaluate three pump startup cases: 1. Both pumps starting 2. One pump starts while the other pump stays off 3. One pump starts while the other is already running We will create three scenarios to model the three cases. Open the Scenario Manager from the View menu and click the Create Child button. Name the child Two Pump Start. A new scenario will appear below the Base Scenario in the list. Select the Base Scenario, create another child, and call it One Pump Start. Finally create a third child called One Pump Start With One Running. See Figure 3.4. 38 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 38 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 3.4 Scenario Manager window with three child scenarios B. Set up scenarios Since the Base Scenario already has been setup with two pumps starting, we do not need to modify the Two Pump Start child. Select the One Pump Start scenario in the list and then click the Load As Current Scenario button. Here we want to start only pump J2 and keep pump J5 off. Since pump J5 and valve J6 are off during the transient, if we delete their transient input data then they will stay turned off. Alternatively, we can specify that their transient data be ignored. The second option is what we will use here. Open the J5 Pump window and on the Transient Data tab choose the Ignore Transient Data option in the Transient Special Condition area and click OK. Do the same with the J6 Valve. This scenario is now completed. Open Scenario Manager again. Select the One Pump Start With One Running scenario in the list and then click the Load As Current Scenario button. Chapter 3 Pump Startup With Event Transients 39 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 39 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Here we want pump J2 to be running at 100% speed during the steady- state and transient, and to start pump J5. Open the J2 Pump window and select the Optional tab. Set the Special Condition to None. This specifies that during the steady-state the pump will be on and operate on its curve. Since this pump will run at 100% speed during the transient, select the Transient Data tab and set the Transient Special Condition to Ignore Transient Data. Alternatively, the speed data could be deleted. We also need to change the J3 Valve junction Special Condition to None, and the Transient Special Condition to Ignore Transient Data. The third scenario is now complete. Step 7. Run the first scenario Open Scenario Manager and select the Two Pump Start scenario in the list and then click the Load As Current Scenario button. Select Run Model in the Analysis menu. After completion view the results by pressing View Output at the bottom of the window. Step 8. Graph the results Change to the Graph Results window from the Window menu. Open the Select Graph Data window from the View menu or toolbar. First lets look at a pressure profile. 1. Select the Profile Along a Flow Path tab. 2. In the Pipes section click the None button. 3. Select pipes 1, 2, 3, 7 and 11. 4. Select Pressure Static in the Graph Parameters. 5. Select Maximum and Minimum in the Parameter Values area. 6. Change the units to psig. 7. Click the Show button. Results (shown in Figure 3.5) indicate that the peak pressure occurs at the pump discharge, and that the minimum pressure is above atmospheric at all times. 40 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 40 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 3.5 Profile of the maximum and minimum pressures through Pump #1 to Process #2 Tank for Two Pump Start scenario. To easily recreate this graph for the other scenarios, open the Select Graph Data window and click the Save Set As button in the lower part of the window. Give the set a name, perhaps Pressure Profile Pump #1 to Process Tank #2. The profile through the other flow paths (there are four paths altogether) can also be plotted, and similar conclusions are obtained. Create Graph Sets for the other three paths. Since the maximum pressure is at the pump discharge, it is of interest here to plot the pressure vs. time. Open the Select Graph Data window again and choose the Transient Pipe Data tab. Add the inlet station of pipes 2 and 5 to the stations to be graphed (these represent the pump discharge points). Select the Graph Parameter as Pressure Static and set the units to psig. Click the Show button. As would be expected, both pressure transients are very similar. Results are shown in Figure 3.6. Open Select Graph Data and create a Graph Set for this as well. Chapter 3 Pump Startup With Event Transients 41 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 41 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 3.6 Pressure transient at both pump discharge locations for Two Pump Start scenario. The flowrates through the pumps are of general interest, and can also be plotted as shown in Figure 3.7. Open Select Graph Data and create a Graph Set for this plot.
Figure 3.7 Flowrate transient at both pump discharge locations for Two Pump Start scenario. The flowrates into the two process tanks are of interest. On the Transient Pipe Data tab click the Clear button in the Pipe Station Selection area and add the outlet of pipes 10 and 11. Select to plot the flowrate and 42 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 42 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc create a Graph Set for this plot. Then click the OK button. Results are shown in Figure 3.8.
Figure 3.8 Flowrate transient at process tanks for Two Pump Start scenario. Step 9. Animate the results Open the Select Graph Data window again from the View menu or toolbar. 1. Select the Profile Along a Flow Path tab (see Figure 3.9). 2. Select pipes 1, 2, 3, 7 and 11. 3. Select Pressure Static in the Graph Parameters. 4. Select Animate Using Output File in the Parameter Values area. 5. Change the units to psig. Chapter 3 Pump Startup With Event Transients 43 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 43 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 3.9 Selecting animation in Graph Results for Two Pump Start scenario. To use the Animate With Output File option, which we are using here, all pipe stations need to be saved in Transient Control (Step 5). In addition, it frequently is best to save all time step data as well. We selected both of these previously. This animation option has the most flexibility to start, pause, and restart animation. Another animation option in Figure 3.9 is Animate Using Solver. This option actually reruns the Transient Solver to generate the data for animation, and thus does not need to read it from file. Therefore, it does not require all of the data to be saved in Transient Control. Click the Show button. Additional animation control features appear on the Graph Results window (Figure 3.10). Press the Play button and watch the pressure waves move. 44 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 44 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 3.10 Animating output in Graph Results for Two Pump Start scenario. Step 10. Run the other scenarios and graph the results Using Scenario manager load the other two scenarios and run them. Then create graphs similar to Figures 3.5-8. This will reveal that the maximum pressure for the One Pump Start scenario occurs at the pump discharge location, similar to the first scenario, but in the One Pump Start With One Running scenario the maximum pressure occurs in pipe P11. Also the pressure drops below atmospheric, but does not reach the vapor pressure of water. The numerical maximum pressure can be found in the Output window of each scenario and is summarized in Table 3.1. For these cases the maximum pressures do not significantly differ from each other. Chapter 3 Pump Startup With Event Transients 45 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 45 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Table 3.1 Summary of maximum static pressure for the three cases. Case Max. Static Pressure (psig) Two Pumps Start 72.8 One Pump Start 71.5 One Pump Start With One On 72.8
5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 47 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc C H A P T E R 4 Pump Trip Example Summary A system pumping water uphill loses power to the pump. A check valve is near the pump discharge. This model predicts the system response and pump speed decay. Then an accumulator is added to reduce the downsurge after the pump trip. Topics covered This example will cover the following topics: How to specify a pump curve and power in the Pump Specifications Window How to use one of the transient pump models which accounts for pump inertia Using additional losses lumped into a pipe Use of accumulator junctions Required knowledge This example assumes that the user has some familiarity with AFT Impulse such as placing junctions, connecting pipes, entering pipe and junction specifications, and entering transient data. Refer to the Valve Closure Example in Chapter 2 for more information on these topics. 48 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 48 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Model files This example uses the following files, which are installed in the Examples folder as part of the AFT Impulse installation: Pump Trip.imp Pump Trip With Accumulator.imp Step 1. Start AFT Impulse From the Start Menu choose AFT Products and AFT Impulse. Step 2. Specify system properties 1. Open the System Properties window by selecting System Properties in the Analysis menu 2. On the Fluid Data Tab, select the AFT Standard database and then select "water at 1 atm" in the fluids available window 3. Click "Add to Model" to select water for use in this model 4. Type in 70 degrees F in the fluid temperature box 5. Click "Calculate Properties" This calculates the fluid properties to use in the model. Step 3. Build the model A. Place the pipes and junctions At this point, the first three items are completed on the analysis Checklist. The next Checklist item is to "Define Pipes and Junctions". In the Workspace window, use the Toolbox on the left to drag and drop two reservoirs and a pump onto the Workspace window. Then connect these with the pipe drawing tool. The default flow direction will be from the first object you select to the second object. An arrow indicates the default flow direction. The Workspace should look like Figure 4.1. Chapter 4 Pump Trip Example 49 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 49 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 4.1 Workspace for pump trip example. B. Enter the pipe and junction data The system is in place but now we need to enter the specifications of the objects. Double-click each junction and enter the following data in the Junction Specifications window. 1) Reservoir J1 a) Name = Lower Reservoir b) Elevation = 10 feet c) Surface pressure = 1 atm. d) Pipe depth = 10 feet (entered on the "Pipe Depth and Loss " tab) 2) Reservoir J3 a) Name = Upper Reservoir b) Elevation = 200 feet 50 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 50 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc c) Surface pressure = 1 atm d) Pipe depth = 10 feet (entered on the "Pipe Depth and Loss " tab) 3) Pump J2 a) Elevation = 0 feet b) Select Power in the Efficiency/Power area c) Click the Pump Configurations tab and enter the following data (see Figure 4.2): Q (gpm) H (feet) Power (hp) 0 400 25 250 390 33 500 380 60 1000 340 130 d) In the Curve Fitting area select the All button then click the Generate Curve Fit now button. Then click the OK button. e) On the Transient Data tab select Transient Model = Trip With Inertia and No Backflow or Reverse Speed (see Figure 4.3) f) Pump Speed = 1760 rpm g) Rotating Inertia = 25 lbm-ft2
Figure 4.2 Pump J2 performance data 4) The pipe specifications are as follows: a) Pipe P1 i) Material = steel, size = 4 inch, type = schedule 40, standard roughness ii) Length = 10 feet b) Pipe P2 i) Material = steel, size = 4 inch, type = schedule 40, standard roughness ii) Length = 990 feet iii) The pipe model also allows for additional losses like valves or elbows. Select the Additional Losses tab for P2 and type 52 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 52 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc in 25 for the Total K Factor. Now close the pipe specification window to accept your changes.
Figure 4.3 Transient input data for Pump J2 Note that unless specified otherwise, pipe elevation is assumed to vary linearly between junctions. Thus the pipe P2 inlet elevation is 0 feet, and the exit elevation is 190 feet (because the J3 reservoir is 10 feet deep). In between the elevation is linear. If another profile is desired, this can be entered on the pipes Optional tab. To model the pump transient behavior in this example we are using the Pump Trip With Inertia and No Backflow model. This is the preferred model to use when the pump has a check valve which does not allow backflow. When backflow is possible, the Four Quadrant method must be used. This method requires additional input data. C. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete Turn on the Show Object Status from the View menu to verify if all data is entered. If so, the fourth Checklist item will have a check mark. If not, the uncompleted pipes or junctions will have their number shown in red. Chapter 4 Pump Trip Example 53 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 53 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc If this happens, go back to the uncompleted pipes or junctions and enter the missing data. Step 4. Section the pipes Open the Section Pipes window from the Analysis menu. Choose the Search button to find valid sectioning choices. Click OK to accept the displayed sectioning. Step 5. Specify transient control Open the Transient Control window from the Analysis menu. 1. Enter the Stop Time as 30 seconds. 2. Click the OK button. Step 6. Run the model The Checklist should now be complete and the model ready to run. Select Run Model in the Analysis menu. This will open the Solution Progress window. This window allows you to watch the progress of the Steady-State and Transient Solvers. When complete press the View Output button at the bottom of the window. Step 7. Review results Clicking View Output will take you to the Output window, which will display any warnings if they exist. There should not be any warnings here. The Graph Results window will be more useful in understanding the results A. Graph the transient pressures at the pump 1. Open the Select Graph Data from the View menu or toolbar. 54 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 54 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc 2. On the Transient Pipe Data tab, add the Pipe 1 Outlet and Pipe 2 Inlet (see Figure 4.4). These represent the pump suction and discharge locations. 3. In the Graph Parameters list choose Pressure Static. 4. Set the units to psig. 5. Click the Show button. The resulting pressure transients are shown in Figure 4.5. Here one can see that the transient pressure at the pump discharge does not rise above the initial steady-state pressure. This is not always the case.
Figure 4.4 Data selection to view the transient pump suction and discharge pressures Chapter 4 Pump Trip Example 55 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 55 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 4.5 Predicted transient pump suction and discharge pressures B. Graph the pipeline transient pressure profile 1. Open the Select Graph Data from the View menu or toolbar again. 2. Select the Profile Along a Flow Path tab (Figure 4.6). 3. In the Pipes area choose the Select All button to select both pipes 1 and 2. 4. In the Graph Parameters list choose Pressure Static. 5. In the Parameter Values options choose Maximum and Minimum. 6. Set the units to psig. 7. Click the Show button. Profile type graphs that show maximum and minimum values can be very helpful. Here we see that the maximum transient pressure occurs at the pump discharge, and that the minimum pressure occurs 600-700 feet downstream of the pump. Also note that minimum pressure goes below atmospheric pressure for almost 400 feet of pipe. For some applications this may not be acceptable. 56 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 56 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 4.6 Data selection to view the max/min pressure profile
Figure 4.7 Predicted max/min pressure profiles C. Graph the pump speed decay 1. Open the Select Graph Data from the View menu or toolbar again. Chapter 4 Pump Trip Example 57 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 57 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc 2. Select the Transient Junction Data tab (Figure 4.8). Here there should be a message that No Junction Data Saved: See Transient Control window. What this means is that AFT Impulse can only graph transient data for items that are saved to the output file. And for this run, the pump speed was not saved.
Figure 4.8 Data selection to view the pump speed decay. Cannot select the pump speed here because it was not saved. To save this data, do the following: 1. Open the Transient Control window from the Analysis menu. 2. Select the Junctions tab. 3. Check the box next to the J2 pump (Figure 4.9). 4. Click OK. 5. Rerun the model (the output file needs to be generated again with the pump speed included). 58 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 58 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 4.9 The Transient Control window allows you to include selected data for junctions. Here the pump data is being added. 1. Open the Select Graph Data from the View menu or toolbar. 2. On the Transient Junction Data tab, add Pump J2 (see Figure 4.10). 3. In the Graph Parameters list choose Pump Speed. 4. Click the Show button. The predicted pump speed is then shown (Figure 4.11). Chapter 4 Pump Trip Example 59 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 59 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 4.10 The pump speed is selected on the Junction Transient Data tab.
Figure 4.11 The pump speed decay is shown. The speed decays quickly at first, and then slows down after the check valve closes and the flow goes to zero. 60 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 60 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Step 8. Add accumulator Review of Figure 4.7 shows that the pressure drops below atmospheric pressure along about 400 feet of pipe. In some design situations this is not acceptable. One way to change the transient response and thus maintain only positive pressure is with an accumulator. To do this the accumulator will need to be properly size and located. A. Modify model We need to break the original pipe P2 into two pipes and insert the accumulator junction between them. The modified model should appear as in Figure 4.12.
Figure 4.12 System with accumulator junction B. Enter pipe and junction data The data for this example is as follows: 1) Gas Accumulator J4 (see Figure 4.13) Chapter 4 Pump Trip Example 61 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 61 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc a) Initial Gas Volume = 0.5 cubic feet b) Polytropic constant = 1.2 (conventional assumption for air, halfway between 1 and 1.4) c) Elevation = 10 feet d) A short vertical connector pipe is used with the following data e) Connector pipe diameter = 4 inches f) Connector pipe area = 12.57 square inches (i.e., it is round) g) Connector pipe length = 2 feet h) Connector pipe elevation change = 2 feet (i.e., it is vertical) i) Connector pipe friction factor = 0.018
Figure 4.13 Gas Accumulator Specifications window
62 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 62 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc 2) Pipe P2 a) Length = 50 feet b) Additional loss K factor = 0 3) Pipe P3 a) Length = 940 feet b) Additional loss K factor = 25 (the K factor from the original model is now in P3) C. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete Turn on the Show Object Status from the View menu to verify if all data is entered. If so, the fourth Checklist item will have a check mark. If not, the uncompleted pipes or junctions will have their number shown in red. If this happens, go back to the uncompleted pipes or junctions and enter the missing data. D. Some commentary on accumulators Sizing and locating accumulators is very much a cut and try method. The typical assumption is that the accumulator should be located as near the source of the transient as possible. In developing this example, the accumulator was first placed ten feet from the pump suction. Initial gas volumes of 0.25 cubic feet up to 10 cubic feet were used. The accumulator was effective in keeping the pressures in the discharge pipe above atmospheric, but the suction pipe, which previously had all positive pressures, now had sub-atmospheric pressure. Therefore the accumulator was moved further away from the pump to see if this could be avoided. It was therefore first located at 700 feet along pipe P2 because that was the point of minimum pressure in Figure 4.7. Thus pipe P2 was 700 feet long and P3 was 290 feet. This yielded acceptable positive pressures. The accumulator was then moved closer to the pump, and ultimately it was discovered that placing the accumulator 50 feet downstream of the pump gave acceptable pressures on both the pump suction and discharge piping. If this were a real system, this would have the added benefit of locating the accumulator near the pump, supposedly an accessible location rather than halfway up the side of a hill. Chapter 4 Pump Trip Example 63 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 63 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Step 9. Re-section pipes Since a pipe was added, the previous sectioning is no longer valid. Open the Section Pipes window from the Analysis menu. Choose the Search button to find valid sectioning choices. Click OK to accept the displayed sectioning. Step 10. Run the model The Checklist should now be complete and the model ready to run. Select Run Model in the Analysis menu. View the results by pressing View Output at the bottom of the window. Step 11. Graph results As compared to Figure 4.7, the pressure profile is shown in Figure 4.14. As compared to Figure 4.5, the pressure transient at the pump suction and discharge are shown in Figure 4.15. Note that the maximum pump discharge pressure has increased slightly above 170 psig, the value without the accumulator.
Figure 4.14 Maximum and minimum pressure profile with the accumulator 64 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 64 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 4.15 Transient pressures at pump suction and discharge with accumulator For interest, it should be mentioned that an initial accumulator volume of 0.25 cubic feet was also used. It successfully kept all minimum pressures above atmospheric, but caused the pump discharge pressure to rise up to almost 250 psig. Although accumulators are often thought to be pressure reduction devises, they can also increase peak pressures. The pump speed decay is shown in Figure 4.16. Note how the pump speed does not decrease as quickly as before (Figure 4.11). The gas volume in the accumulator is shown in Figure 4.17. (To be able to graph the accumulator data, it must first be added in the Transient Control window and the model rerun.) Chapter 4 Pump Trip Example 65 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 65 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc
Figure 4.16 Pump speed decay over time with accumulator
C H A P T E R 5 Other AFT Impulse Capabilities This Quick Start Guide necessarily omitted coverage of a number of AFT Impulse capabilities. This chapter briefly describes some of the important capabilities not covered. Transient cavitation and liquid column separation AFT Impulse offers the Discrete Vapor Cavity model for modeling transient cavitation (also known as liquid column separation). This model calculates vapor volume size over time and accounts for pressure spikes when cavities collapse. Vapor volume can be plotted in the Graph Results window. Four quadrant pump modeling When pumps can flow backwards, then four quadrant modeling is needed. AFT Impulse offers four quadrant models using the popular Suter method. Twenty-one sets of four quadrant data are provided. 68 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 68 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Positive displacement pumps AFT Impulse can model positive displacement pumps. Typically this is done by modeling the pump as a known flowrate over time. Complicated periodic flowrates from multiple pistons and/or multiple out of phase pumps can also be modeled. Pumps with viscosity corrections When the liquid is sufficiently viscous, pump performance will be degraded. AFT Impulse models corrections to manufacturer performance curves during steady and transient flow. Pumps with variable speed controllers Pumps with speed controllers can be modeled during steady and transient flow. Transients caused by flow or pressure control level changes with time can be modeled. Variable density and viscosity modeling Systems that have variable density and viscosity can be modeled. The density and viscosity can be assigned on a pipe by pipe base. Vacuum breaker valves Vacuum breaker valves (also known as air inlet valves) are used to protect against low pressure conditions. AFT Impulse can model vacuum breaker valves, including different inflow and outflow geometries. Surge tanks Surge tanks are a surge suppression device used in low pressure systems with non-volatile fluids. AFT Impulse can model surge tanks, including transient surface pressure for enclosed tanks. Chapter 5 Other AFT Impulse Capabilities 69 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 69 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Flow and pressure control valve transients AFT Impulse can model flow and pressure control valves. AFT Impulse accounts for control valves which lose and regain control during the transient. Transients caused by changes in flow or pressure control setpoints can also be modeled. Non-Newtonian fluid modeling AFT Impulse can model steady and transient flow of non-newtonian fluids which behave as Power Law or Bingham Plastic viscosity models. Pulp and paper modeling AFT Impulse can model steady and transient flow of pulp and paper stock using the Duffy method or Brecht & Heller method. Infinite pipe boundaries Infinite pipe boundaries can be very useful for long, non-reflecting pipes. Model run times can be significantly reduced with these elements. Both Assigned Flow and Assigned Pressure junctions can be specified to behave as infinite pipe boundaries during transients. Expanded fluid properties with Chempak The optional Chempak thermophysical property database offers 700 fluids which can be used as pure fluids or to create mixtures. Contact AFT for more information. Repeat transient feature for periodic transient behavior For elements which have periodic behavior (such as positive displacement pumps), one cycle of data can be entered and then specified to repeat once the cycle is finished. 70 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 70 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Intermediate elevations for pipes Typically, elevation changes along pipes do not affect the steady or transient behavior of the system. Exceptions are high points which cavitate. If desired, AFT Impulse can model varying elevations along a pipe. Force file output for use with CAESAR II AFT Impulse can create force files for use with CAESAR II pipe stress modeling software. Fitting library AFT Impulse offers a library of about 400 fitting losses which can be added to pipes. Design alerts Design alerts can be entered for pipes and then cross-plotted vs. system behavior. A common use is maximum and minimum allowed operating pressure. These can be entered as design alerts for pipes and then plotted against predicted pressure transients. Network databases Junction components and pipe materials can be saved to databases for later reuse. Databases can be located on local PC's or deployed across local or wide area networks. The Database Manager allows users to connect to relevant databases for their specific pipe system design.
5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 71 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc Index A accumulator 2, See Gas Accumulator junction AFT Fathom 2 AFT Impulse engineering assumptions 3 Overview 3 summary of capabilities 2 AFT Impulse window 6 animation 29, 42 Annotation on Workspace 7 Assigned Flow junction infinite pipe boundaries 69 Assigned Pressure junction infinite pipe boundaries 69 B Bingham Plastic See Non-Newtonian fluid Brecht & Heller method See Pulp and paper modeling bulk modulus 10 C CAESAR II Force Files 70 cavitation See transient cavitation Checklist 8 Chempak fluid database 69 controlling pipe 16 D Database Manager 70 Databases 70 Duffy method See Pulp and paper modeling E Event transient specification 34 F Flow control valves 69 Force files 70 G Gas Accumulator junction 60 Gas Accumulators comments on use 62 Graph Results window 4, 23, 39, 53, 63 design alerts 70 Graph Sets creating 40 I Infinite pipe boundaries 69 72 AFT Impulse 4.0 Quick Start Guide 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 72 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc L liquid column separation See transient cavitation M Method of Characteristics 2, 16 Model Data window 4 modulus of elasticity 15 N Newton-Raphson method 2 Non-Newtonian fluid 2, 69 O Output Control window 9, 21 output file See transient output file Output window 4, 21, 53 Overview of AFT Impulse 3 P Pipe Drawing Tool 7 Pipe Specifications window 14 design alerts 70 intermediate elevations 70 Poisson Ratio 15 Power Law See Non-Newtonian fluid pressure control valves 69 Primary windows 3 Pulp and paper modeling 69 Pump junction 32 entering pump curves 32, 50 four quadrant modeling 67 positive displacement pump modeling 68 Special Condition 33 transient data entry 32, 50 variable speed controllers 68 viscosity corrections 68 R Reservoir junction 11, 32 S Scenario Manager 37 Section Pipes window 16, 35, 53, 63 Select Graph Data window 23, 39, 42, 53 Show Object Status 11 Solution Progress window 20, 53 Special Condition 33 Steady Solution Control 9 steady-state solver 2, 20 surge tank 2, 68 System Properties window 9, 10, 30, 48 T Toolbox 7 transient cavitation 2, 67 Index 73 5/25/2007 12:45:53 PM Page 73 c:\aft manuals\i4\quickstart\impulse4 quickstart c.doc enabling model 36 Transient Control window 19, 36, 53 including junction data in output file 57 transient output file 21, 36, 57 transient solver 2, 21 V vacuum breaker valve 2, 68 Valve junction 12 event transient specification 34 Special Condition 33 transient data entry 13, 34 viscosity model 10 Visual Report Control window 26 Visual Report window 4, 25 W wavespeed 15, 17 assumption that it remains constant 3 Workspace 6, 7 Workspace window 4, 7