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Dictionar Amprente
Terms
102
A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint
Identification.
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LCV
;eucocrystal ,iolet. 2eagent used to detect & enhance *loody friction
ridge detail *y either fluorescent or nonfluorescent staining.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated !-!-" #er. $.
http%&&'''.s'gfast.org&Glossary(Consolidated(#er($.pdf
Lan'en+ur', 8lenn
Glenn ;angen*urg is currently employed *y the 4innesota =ureau of Criminal
Apprehension as a Certified ;atent 5rint +xaminer and Crime Scene
In#estigator.
Glenn earned a =S in Forensic Science from 4ichigan State <ni#ersity in
$!!" and
a 4S in Analytical Chemistry in $!!! from the <ni#ersity of 4innesota.
Currently
he is a 536 candidate in the Forensic Science program at the <ni#ersity of
;ausanne, S'it7erland, under the direction of 5rofessor Christophe
Champod.
3is thesis research in#ol#es the statistical analysis of fingerprint
comparison
methodology. 3e is also pri#ileged to ser#e on SWGFAST. In addition to
his
duties as a forensic scientist, Glenn is an adIunct professor at t'o
uni#ersities
in 4innesota% 3amline <ni#ersity and 4etropolitan State <ni#ersity.
Lan'erhan" Cell"
Cells in the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis designed to process
foreign anti*odies to the immune system.
Lan'ill Deci"ion ./44%5
See State of 9e' 3ampshire #. 2ichard ;angill.
La"er
;ight Amplification *y Stimulated +mission of 2adiation. A de#ice that
produces a coherent 'a#elength-s. of light. See F;S
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated !-!-" #er. $.
http%&&'''.s'gfast.org&Glossary(Consolidated(#er($.pdf
First used for #ie'ing latent prints *y a team of Canadian researchers in
$!?/.
These researchers 'ere +. 2oland 4en7el of Texas Tech <ni#ersity, =rian +.
6alrymple of the @ntario 5ro#incial 5olice, and J.4. 6uff of the `erox
2esearch
Centre of Canada.
J. Forensic Sci. ::, -$., $/ -$!??..
A special lens is used to expand the laser *eam to the entire #ie'ing
area.
The first testimony in the <nited States regarding this method of
#isuali7ation
103
'as in $!1$ in Sierra ,ista, Ari7ona *y +d German.
Latent Print
A transferred impression of friction ridge detail that is not readily
#isi*le to the na8ed
eyeA A generic term used for a friction ridge impression that 'as not
intentionally recorded.
$. Transferred impression of friction ridge detail not readily #isi*le.
:. Generic term used for )uestioned friction ridge detail.
SWGFAST, Glossary ?-:1-:! #er. :.
A fingerprint that is not apparent to the eye *ut can *e made sufficiently
#isi*le, as *y
dusting or fuming, for use in identification.
The American 3eritageC 6ictionary of the +nglish ;anguage, Fourth +dition
Copyright D : *y 3oughton 4ifflin Company.
5u*lished *y 3oughton 4ifflin Company. All rights reser#ed
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Llatent0rL" :-:?-"
Latent Print *ecovery Conition"
Whether or not a latent is reco#ered is dependant on%
$. The surface -su*strate.%
a. Its physical composition,
*. Its texture,
c. Condition,
d. and cleanliness.
:. The person touching the item%
a. The condition of their ridges -'hich could *e affected *y
medical
condition or occupation.,
*. ho' much they s'eat -'hich is dependant on age, diet,
temperature,
emotional state, medical condition and the recent amount of
physical exertion.,
c. And the pressure they apply.
". Whether or not there is a transfera*le su*stance on the friction s8in
other than s'eat.
B. 5ost transfer conditions%
a. The en#ironment -heat or rain 'ill deteriorate a latent.,
*. 3o' it>s handled -handling and pac8aging may destroy a latent.
c. and the de#eloping medium.
Lat<ina, Dr: Franci"co
A fingerprint pioneer that is credited 'ith influencing ,ucetich to change
the name of his classification system from Icnofalangometria to
6actiloscopy.
La$"
Generali7ations a*out 'hat has happened, from 'hich 'e can
generali7e a*out 'hat 'e expect to happen. They pertain to
o*ser#ational data. The a*ility of the ancients to predict
eclipses had nothing to do 'ith 'hether they 8ne' Iust ho'
they happenedA they had a la' *ut not a theory.
http%&&'''.madsci.org&posts&archi#es&oct!!&!B!B:?:B.Sh.r.html :-:?-"
104
States an o*ser#ation 'ithout any attempt to explain it -la' of gra#ity..
La$ of Biolo'ical Bni9uene""
The Scientific ;a' that states that all items in nature are uni)ue.
Lea+etter, Martin FFS, *FP, Bachleor of Art" K &onour"
4artin ;ead*etter 'as employed 'ithin the Fingerprint =ranch at 9e'
Scotland
Pard from $!//&?:. 6uring this period he 'as also responsi*le for
attending
crime scenes in Central ;ondon as a 6i#isional Fingerprint @fficer.
3a#ing
)ualified as a Fingerprint +xpert in $!?:, he transferred to the
Gloucestershire
Consta*ulary 'here he remained employed for Iust o#er t'o years, after
'hich he
too8 up the post of 6eputy 3ead of the Fingerprint =ureau for
3ertfordshire
Consta*ulary, Iust north of ;ondon.
In $!11 he 'as seconded to the 3ome @ffice as part of the team
in#estigating
implementation of a national AFIS for +ngland and Wales. This secondment
lasted
until $!!$ and during this time he assisted in the 'riting of the 6etailed
@peration 2e)uirement for a national AFIS and made se#eral #isits 'ith the
*ench-
mar8ing team to the <SA and France 'here systems produced *y 5rintra8,
9+C, 4orpho
Systames -no' Sagem. and ISS 'ere all tested.
From January $!!$&August $!!G he 'as employed *y Sagem SA as Fingerprint
+xpert
and Consultant. 6uring this period he #isited the police departments of
more than
thirty countries 'orld'ide, including t'o #isits to Si*eria, South
American countries,
South Africa, numerous #isits to the <SA, 2ussia and most +uropean
countries.
In Septem*er $!!G he too8 up his present post as 3ead of the Fingerprint
=ureau for
Cam*ridgeshire Consta*ulary, *ased in the +ast Anglian region of the <F.
3e has *een a mem*er of IAI since $!?1, a 6istinguished 4em*er since $!11
and achie#ed
;ife 4em*ership in :". 3e is a Founder, Fello' and ;ife 4em*er of The
Fingerprint
Society and 'as its first Secretary and Assistant +ditor of the Society>s
Iournal,
Fingerprint Whorld for Iust on fifteen years. Today, 4r. ;ead*etter is a
ser#ing
mem*er of The Fingerprint Society Committee. 2ecently, he has acted in a
consultati#e
position in =osnia, assisting the +uropean <nion 5olice to implement a
national AFIS
105
for that country. 3e has addressed se#eral conferences, *oth at home and
a*road, in
particular at the 3um*oldt <ni#ersity, +ast =erlin, Surgut, Si*eria and
most recently,
in @cto*er :B at the Centenary Conference in =udapest, 'hich cele*rated
the first
hundred years of the fingerprint system in 3ungary.
At home he is no' #ery acti#e holding se#eral important national posts.
3e is a mem*er
of the 9ational Fingerprint =oard of +ngland and Wales, Chairman of the
=ureau
5ractitioners> Su*-Group and a mem*er of the Standards Wor8ing Group.
<ntil recently
he chaired the Third ;e#el 6etail Su*-Group, 'hich had *een instigated *y
the
Association of Chief 5olice @fficers to in#estigate the potential use of
so-called
>third le#el detail> 'ithin the identification process. 3e also sits on
the IAI>s
International Committee and is a mem*er of the Journal of Forensic
Identification>s
+ditorial =oard.
3e is a 2egistered Forensic 5ractitioner 'ith the Council for the
registration of Forensic
5ractitioners and 4em*er of the =ritish Academy of Forensic Sciences and
holds the degree
of =achelor of Arts 'ith 3onours.
Throughout his long career 'ithin the fingerprint discipline he has *een a
constant
contri*utor to forensic and scientific Iournals. 3e strongly holds the
#ie' that
fingerprint identification is not a "cience, *ut a techni)ue that re)uires
considera*le s8ill, *ut is prepared to compromise and accept that it has a
scientific,
al*eit a rather ne*ulous >scientific> *asis.
In his spare time 4artin ;ead*etter enIoys gourmet coo8ing, 'ine and is a
composer ha#ing
'ritten three symphonies, numerous 'or8s for cham*er and instrumental
ensem*les, more than
fifty songs, and 'or8s for choir, *and and orchestra. 3e is also a 4em*er
of the
Corporation of the 2oyal Al*ert 3all, ;ondon. As an author he has Iust
completed his first
full-length no#el, 6eep and Crisp and +#il, 'hich gi#es an uncompromising
insight into the
'or8ing of the modern police ser#ice and forensic discipline.
$$-:B-:B
4artin ;ead*etter retired from the Cam*ridgeshire Consta*ulary on Aug. $:,
:G. 3e
remains an acti#e participant in the fingerprint industry.
106
Leuco *hoa)ine 28
A reagent that reacts 'ith the heme moiety of the hemoglo*in of red cells
in
*lood to #isuali7e friction ridge detail left in *lood. The
sulfosalicylic
acid in this solution fixes the *lood so no pretreatment is necessary.
;uo Papping and Wang Pue. Journal of Forensic Identification ,ol. GB, 9o.
G, :B
Leucocry"tal Violet
A colorless or reduced form of gentian #iolet -per the F=I. used
to stain *lood residue -through oxidation. on *oth porous and
nonporous items. A8a ;C,.
Leuco)alachite 8reen
2eagent used to detect & enhance *loody friction ridge detail.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated !-!-" #er. $.
http%&&'''.s'gfast.org&Glossary(Consolidated(#er($.pdf
Leu*28
See ;euco rhodamine /G.
Level 1 etail
Friction ridge flo' and general morphological information.
SWGFAST, Glossary ?-:1-:! #er. :.
General o#erall pattern shape, i.e., circular, looping, arching, or
straight.
Huantitati#e-Hualitati#e Friction 2idge Analysis, 6a#id 2. Ash*augh $!!!
C2C 5ress
In 9o#. :B, the Third ;e#el 6etail 'or8ing group -from the Standards
Su*-Group of
the 9ational Fingerprint =oard of +ngland and Wales. determined that it
'as not
necessary to su*di#ide the features used in friction ridge
identifications. In +ngland
and Wales these terms are no longer recogni7ed and it has *een esta*lished
that they
should not *e used. See Features.
Level / etail
Indi#idual friction ridge paths and friction ridge e#ents -e.g.,
*ifurcations, ending
ridges, and dots..
SWGFAST, Glossary ?-:1-:! #er. :.
2idge path, maIor ridge path de#iations, and paths caused *y damage such
as scars.
Huantitati#e-Hualitati#e Friction 2idge Analysis, 6a#id 2. Ash*augh $!!!
C2C 5ress
In 9o#. :B, the Third ;e#el 6etail 'or8ing group -from the Standards
Su*-Group of
the 9ational Fingerprint =oard of +ngland and Wales. determined that it
'as not
107
necessary to su*di#ide the features used in friction ridge
identifications. In +ngland
and Wales these terms are no longer recogni7ed and it has *een esta*lished
that they
should not *e used. See Features.
Level @ etail
Friction ridge dimensional attri*utes -e.g., 'idth, edge shapes, and
pores..
SWGFAST, Glossary ?-:1-:! #er. :.
2idge shape, relati#e pore location, and some accidental details.
Huantitati#e-Hualitati#e Friction 2idge Analysis, 6a#id 2. Ash*augh $!!!
C2C 5ress
In 9o#. :B, the Third ;e#el 6etail 'or8ing group -from the Standards
Su*-Group
of the 9ational Fingerprint =oard of +ngland and Wales. determined that it
'as
not necessary to su*di#ide the features used in friction ridge
identifications. In +ngland
and Wales these terms are no longer recogni7ed and it has *een esta*lished
that they
should not *e used. See Features.
Lift
An adhesi#e or other medium on 'hich reco#ered friction ridge detail is
preser#ed.
SWGFAST, Glossary ?-:1-:! #er. :.
Li'ht -avelen'th"
<ltra#iolet light 'a#elengths approx. $nm-Bnm
<,-C 'a#elengths approx. :nm-:1nm -dangerous.
<,-= 'a#elengths approx. :1nm-"$Gnm -ha7ardous.
<,-A 'a#elengths approx. "$Gnm-Bnm
=lac8 light 'a#elengths approx. "BGnm-Bnm
,isi*le light 'a#elengths approx. Bnm-?nm
5urple 'a#elengths approx. B$nm
=lue 'a#elengths approx. B?Gnm
Green 'a#elengths approx. G$nm
Pello' 'a#elengths approx. G?nm
@range 'a#elengths approx. G!nm
2ed 'a#elengths approx. /G-?nm
Infrared light 'a#elengths approx. ?nm-$,, nm
,isi*le light is sometimes referred to as 'hite light. Technically
spea8ing,
'hite light is a com*ination of all the colors in the #isi*le light
spectrum.
Li'htin' ?echni9ue"
Am*ient, o*li)ue or direct lighting are the most common types used
in this field.
108
Li'roine
See 5etroleum ether.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated !-!-" #er. $.
http%&&'''.s'gfast.org&Glossary(Consolidated(#er($.pdf
Li7elihoo *atio"
A mathematical model to assess the li8elihood that the corresponding
features *et'een
t'o fingerprints ha#e the same donor. Tools currently under de#elopment
use minutia
-ridge endings and *ifurcations. and generate ;i8elihood 2atios. The main
people
in#ol#ed in this type of model include Christophe Champod, 5aul
Cham*erlain, Glenn
;angen*urg, and Cedric 9uemann.
Lipi"
Fats or fat-li8e su*stances that are insolu*le in 'ater.
Huantitati#e-Hualitati#e Friction 2idge Analysis, 6a#id 2. Ash*augh $!!!
C2C 5ress
The maIor component of se*aceous s'eat, 'hich includes fats, oils and
'axes.
Li9ui Nitro'en
An element used in its li)uid state --$!G degree C.for the separation of
adhesi#e surfaces, as 'ell as to enhance the fluorescence of ^inc Chloride
and ^inc 9itrate treated prints for #isuali7ation and photography.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated !-!-" #er. $.
http%&&'''.s'gfast.org&Glossary(Consolidated(#er($.pdf
Li9ui-ro(
Fluorescent yello' solution used to de#elop friction ridge detail on the
adhesi#e and non-adhesi#e sides of dar8 colored tape.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated !-!-" #er. $.
http%&&'''.s'gfast.org&Glossary(Consolidated(#er($.pdf
Li9ui-no( I
6etergent used in a solution to de#elop friction ridge detail on adhesi#e
and non-adhesi#e sides of tapeA cleaning agent.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated !-!-" #er. $.
http%&&'''.s'gfast.org&Glossary(Consolidated(#er($.pdf
Locar, E)on .1=%%-13225
A maIor contri*utor in criminalistics in the early $!Qs. ;ocard trained
as a medical doctor in ;yon and did a thesis 'ith ;acassagne. ;yon 'as at
that time one of the *est places for forensic medicine in +urope -under
the
guidance of ;acassagne..
In $!$, 'hile successor to ;acassagne as 5rofessor of Forensic 4edicine
at
the <ni#ersity of ;yon, France, ;ocard esta*lished the first police crime
la*oratory.
In $!$:, ;ocard esta*lished 5oroscopy.
In the early $!$Qs, +dmond ;ocard pu*lished his Tripartite 2ule stating
109
ho'
many Galton points 'ere needed to ma8e a positi#e fingerprint
identification.
;ocard>s rule appears to ha#e *een *ased on his o'n 'or8 as 'ell as the
'or8
of others -Galton, =altha7ard, etc..
6ue to some of ;ocardQs 'ritings from the $!:Qs and "Qs, the concept of
the
unintentional transfer of different minute materials *et'een o*Iects
*ecame
8no'n as ;ocardQs +xchange 5rinciple -a8a ;ocardQs 5rinciple of +xchange..
;ocard 'asnQt the only person to recogni7e and pu*lish this information
*ut
he did articulate in *etter than others.
LocarD" Principle of E(chan'e .a7a Locar" E(chan'e Principle5
+dmond ;ocard>s 5rinciple of +xchange states that 'hen any t'o o*Iects
come
into contact, there is al'ays transference of material from each o*Iect
onto the other.
http%&&'''.computing.surrey.ac.u8&ai&impress& /-$!-:"
Loc7hee-Martin >47 ( >47 Stuy .13335
See F=I & ;oc8heed-4artin G8 x G8 Study -$!!!..
Loop - *aial
A type of pattern in 'hich one or more friction ridges enter upon either
side,
recur#e, touch or pass an imaginary line *et'een delta and core and flo'
out,
or tend to flo' out, on the same side the friction ridges entered. The
flo' of
the pattern runs in the direction of the radius *one of the forearm
-to'ard
the thum*..
SWGFAST, Glossary ?-:1-:! #er. :.
Loop - Blnar
A type of pattern in 'hich one or more friction ridges enter upon either
side,
recur#e, touch or pass an imaginary line *et'een delta and core and flo'
out,
or tend to flo' out, on the same side the friction ridges entered. The
flo' of
the pattern runs in the direction of the ulna *one of the forearm -to'ard
the
little finger..
SWGFAST, Glossary ?-:1-:! #er. :.
Lopho"copy
The study of the de#elopment, the classification, and the identification
of the prints left *y the papillary ridges of the s8in.
http%&&users.tpg.com.au&8I'$1&fingerprints&2eferen&Fpterm&;T+24.3T4 $$-$:-
:G
Loupe
110
A small magnifying glass.
Lu)ine"cence
+mission of light *y energy from non-thermal sources -i.e., chemical,
*iochemical, electrical., including *oth fluorescence and phosphorescence.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated !-!-" #er. $.
http%&&'''.s'gfast.org&Glossary(Consolidated(#er($.pdf
Any form of light that produces >cool light> -#s. hot light. as 'ith
fluorescence or phosphorescence. @ften this term is used in situations
'here the term phosphorescence is more appropriate.
Lu)inol
;uminol is a chemical that glo's greenish-*lue 'hen it comes into contact
'ith *lood -and some other items.- e#en traces that are years old. To *e
exact, it reacts to hemoglo*in, an oxygen-carrying protein in red-*lood
cells. ;uminol is so sensiti#e, it can detect *lood at $ part per million.
In other 'ords, if there is one drop of *lood 'ithin a container of
!!!,!!!
drops of 'ater, luminol 'ill glo'.
http%&&dsc.disco#ery.com&fansites&onthecase&tool*ox&tool($.html
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Michele Triplett's Fingerprint Terms