Week 6 MECH3361/5361

1
Recap Chapter 4 Modelling and Solution

Deformation occurs in x-y plane, All independent stresses, strains and displacements are the
functions of coordinate x and y only.

Plane Stress (thin plate) Plane Strain (thick/long block)
Structure


zz
o 0
0 ) ( = + =
yy xx zz
o o v o
zz
c 0 ) ( = + =
yy xx zz
E
o o
v
c 0
z-disp w=0 w=0
xx
yy xx xx
E vo o c =
yy xx xx
E
o
v
v
o c
v
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

1
1
2

yy
xx yy yy
E vo o c =
xx yy yy
E
o
v
v
o c
v
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

1
1
2

xy
xy xy
E o v c ) 1 ( + =
xy xy
E
o
v
v
c
v
(

|
.
|

\
|

+ =
|
.
|

\
|

1
1
1
2

E*
E E = *
2
1
*
v
=
E
E
v v v = *
v
v
v

=
1
*
Unified
Hookes
Law

+ =
=
=
xy xy
xx yy yy
yy xx xx
E
E
E
o v c
o v o c
o v o c
*) 1 ( *
* *
* *


Replacing Solution Methods
From plane stress to plane strain solution: Replace E and v by:
2
1 v
E
and
v
v
1
.
From plane strain to plane stress solution: Replacing the E and v by:
2
) 1 (
) 2 1 (
v
v
+
+ E
and
v
v
+ 1

Superposition Principle




ts h,b
h
b
mg
F F
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
o
x
o
y
o
x
o
y
Week 6 MECH3361/5361
2
Solution to Cylinder under Internal and External Pressure

Displacements:
( )

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
= + =
0 , 0
1 ) 1 ( ) 2 1 )( 1 ( 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 1
w v
r
R R
R R p p
E
r
R R
R p R p
E r
c r c u
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
v v v

Strains:
( )
( )

= = = =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
= + =
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
= =
0 , 0 , 0 , 0
1 ) 1 ( ) 2 1 )( 1 ( 1
1 ) 1 ( ) 2 1 )( 1 ( 1
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 1
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 1
zr z r zz
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
rr
r R R
R R p p
E
R R
R p R p
E
r
c r c
r R R
R R p p
E
R R
R p R p
E
r
c c
c c c c
v v v
c
v v v
c
u u
uu

Stresses:
( )
( )

= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

= + =
|
.
|

\
|

= =
0 , 0 , 0
2 ) (
1
) (
1
) (
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
zr r z
i o
o o i i
zz
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
rr
R R
R p R p
r
r R R
R R p p
R R
R p R p
r
B
A r
r R R
R R p p
R R
R p R p
r
B
A r
o o o
v o
o
o
u u
uu



Saint Venant Principle:
Force acting on a small portion of the surface of an elastic body can be:
(1) replaced by another statically equivalent system of forces acting on the same portion of the surface,
(2) such redistribution of loading produces substantial change in stress locally but has a negligible
effect on the stress at a distances (or namely, far field) which are large in comparison with a linear
dimensions of the surface on which the force are changed.



p
o
p
i
r
z
u
r
R
i
R
o
Fig. 4.8 Pressurised cylinder
-1000
-1000
-2000
-2000N/m
Week 6 MECH3361/5361
3
Example 4.4 Application of St
Venant Principle:
A solid circular shaft of a machine
as shown in the figure is subject to
tension by a concentrated force P,
torsion by torque Q and bending by a bending moment M in the X-Z plane (M=M
yy
). The
radius of the shaft is R and the length is L (L>>R). Describe the boundary conditions by using
the Saint Venant (S-V) principle.

Soln:
Although we know the resultant force P, M and T on the ends of shaft, we do not know the
exact stress distributions that make these resultant forces. However since L>>R, Saint-
Venant principle allows us to use the statistically equivalent conditions by ignoring the
detailed stress distribution. Therefore, B.C. can be expressed as

At z=0, z=L, R r s s 0 , t u 2 0 s s (flat left and right end faces): ) )( ( dr rd dA u =
dr rd dr rd P
R
zz
R
zz
u o u o
t t
} } } }
= =
2
0 0
2
0 0
) )( (
u u o
t
cos ) )( (
2
0 0
dr rd r M M
R
zz yy } }
= =
0 sin ) )( (
2
0 0
= =
} }
u u o
t
dr rd r M
R
zz xx

dr d r Q
R
z
u o
t
u
2
2
0 0
} }
=
0 =
zr
o
At r=R, 0 s s z L , t u 2 0 s s (cylindrical surface): 0 = = =
rz r rr
o o o
u


Chapter 5 Applications
5.1 Torsion of Circular Shaft

Step 1 Boundary Condition
At the fixed end (left): R r z s s = 0 , 0 :
0 = = = w v u
Outer cylindrical surface in-between: R r L z = < < , 0
0 = = =
rz r rr
o o o
u

At the loading end (right): R r L z s s = 0 ,
0 = =
zr zz
o o
According to Saint-Venant principle: Q dr d r
R
z
=
} }
u o
t
u
2
0 0
2
(Q=torque)
Step 2: Displacement analysis: For small torsional deformation, we can assume 0 = = w u
approximately (i.e. no length and diameter change or deformation)
Observe the right end angle of twist: we can have: | r L z v = = ) (
On the cylindrical surface: we can have: ( ) L z R R r v / ) ( | = =
L

Fix
End
Twisted
End
z
Q
|
B
A
A
r
u
z
y
x
dr
rdu
du
P
Q
M
M
P
Q
y
x
Week 6 MECH3361/5361
4
At any point in the shaft:
L
zr
v
|
=
Thus displacement functions can be: 0 , , 0 = = = w
L
zr
v u
|

Step 3: Strain

=
c
c
=
= +
c
c
=
=
c
c
=
0
0
1
0
u
c
u
c
c
uu
w
r
u v
r
r
u
zz
rr

= + =
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
+
c
c
=
0 0 0
2
1
2
1
2
1
0 0
2
1 1
2
1
x
w
z
u
r
L z
v w
r
L
z
L
z
r
v u
r r
v
zr
z
r
c
|
u
c
| |
u
c
u
u

Step 4: Stress (Hookes law):

= = = = =
= =
0
2
zr zz r rr
z z
r
L
G
G
o o o o o
|
c o
uu u
u u

Stress solution satisfies most of the B.C., but it still needs to satisfy
Q R
L
G
dr r d
L
G
dr d r
L
G
r dr d r
R R R
z
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
} } } } } }
4
2
0 0
3
2
0 0
2
2
0 0
2
4
1
2t
|
u
|
u
|
u o
t t t
u

which leads to
( )
GJ
LQ
R G
LQ
GR
LQ
= = =
2 /
2
4 4
t t
| (which is the same as Mech of Solids I result!)
2 /
4
R J t = is the polar moment of inertia and G is the shear modulus.

5.2 Bending Beam
Step 1: Boundary Conditions
Stress B.C.
At (front and back faces)
L z
h
y
h b
x s s s s = 0 ,
2 2
,
2
:
0 = = =
xz xy xx
o o o
At (top and bottom faces) L z
h
y
b
x
b
s s = s s 0 ,
2
,
2 2
: 0 = = =
yz yx yy
o o o
At (side ends) L or z
h
y
h b
x
b
0 ,
2 2
,
2 2
= s s s s : 0 = =
zx zy
o o ,
Moments:
} }

= =
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
h
h
b
b
zz xx
M dxdy y M o ,
} }

= =
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
0
h
h
b
b
zz yy
dxdy x M o ,
Resultant force:
} }

= =
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
0
h
h
b
b
zz
dxdy P o
Displacement B.C. To eliminate the rigid body motion, we assume to fix the right-end of the
beam. Thus
At 0 = = = z y x : 0 = = = w v u (assume the central point in the right face is fixed)
At :
2 2
,
2 2
, 0
h
y
h b
x
b
z s s s s = 0 = w (axial elongation starts from here)
Consider the symmetrical plane, i.e. the yz plane: : 0 ,
2 2
, 0 L z
h
y
h
x s s s s = 0 = u
M
M
x
y
z
L
b
h
Symmetric line
Week 6 MECH3361/5361
5
Step 2: Strain: For a pure bending, there is no shear force: 0 = = =
yz xz xy
c c c ,
From the plane assumption in beam: cy
zz
= c
(note that as per Poissons effect: cy
yy xx
v c c = = , v =Poissons ratio)
Step 3 Stress: For pure bending, shear strain, shear stress, transverse normal stress are zero:
0 = = = = =
yz xz xy yy xx
o o o o o
Hookes law: ) (cy E E
zz zz
= = c o . Plug cEy
zz
= o into B.C.
} }

= =
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
h
h
b
b
zz xx
M dxdy y M o ,
we have:
} } } }

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
3 3 3
2
2 /
2 /
12 8
) (
3
1
) (
h
h
h
h
b
b
b
b
M
bh
cE
h h
cEb dxdy y cE dxdy cEy y
Thus
EI
M
c = (where
12
3
bh
I = ) and y
I
M
Ey
EI
M
zz
= = o (same as Mech Solids I!)
Step 4. Displacements:

=
c
c
=
=
c
c
=
=
c
c
=
cy
z
w
cy
y
v
cy
x
u
zz
yy
xx
c
v c
v c
Integrate:

+ =
+ =
+ =
) , (
) , (
2
1
) , (
3
2
2
1
y x f cyz w
z x f cy v
z y f cxy u
v
v

We need to determine functions f
1
, f
2
, and f
3
by using the displacement B.C:
At :
2 2
,
2 2
, 0
h
y
h b
x
b
z s s s s = 0 = w 0 ) , (
3
= y x f
At : 0 ,
2 2
, 0 L z
h
y
h
x s s s s = 0 = u 0 ) , (
1
= z y f
Substitution of u,v,w into the shear strain leads to:
cx
x
z x f
x
v
y
u
xy
v c =
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
) , (
0
2

cx
z
z x f
z
v
y
w
yz
=
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
) , (
0
2
c
We can have: ) (
2
1
) , ( ), (
2
1
) , (
2
2
2 1
2
2
x g cz z x f z g cx z x f + = + = v
Since f
2
must be unique, we can obtain:
1
2
1
2
1
) ( d cz z g + = and
2
2
2
2
1
) ( d cx x g + = v
Thus: d z x c z x f + = ) (
2
1
) , (
2 2
2
v
where d is a constant. Thus:
( ) | | d z y x c d z x c cy z x f cy v + =
(

+ + = + =
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
1
) (
2
1
2
1
) , (
2
1
v v v v
At 0 = = = z y x : 0 = = = w v u , therefore d=0, we have: ( ) | |
2 2 2
2
1
z y x c v = v
Finally: ( ) | |

=
=
=
cyz w
z y x c v
cxy u
2 2 2
2
1
v
v

Week 6 MECH3361/5361
6
Tute Q3 (week 5). Show that stress equilibrium equations
can be written in displacements as
Soln:
First check x-direction equilibrium:
0 = +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
x
xz
xy
xx
f
z y x

o
o
o

Step 1: From strain-displacement relation:

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= |
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= |
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
x
w
z
u
z
v
y
w
y
u
x
v
z
w
y
v
x
u
zx yz xy
zz yy xx
2
1
;
2
1
;
2
1
, ,
c c c
c c c

Step 2: Apply the generalized Hookes law:

=
=
+ =
xz xz
xy xy
xx xx
I
c o
c o
c o
c
2
2
2
1

where
z
w
y
v
x
u
I
zz yy xx
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= + + = c c c
c
1
. Thus

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
z
u
x
w
x
v
y
u
z
w
y
v
x
u
x
u
xz
xy
xx
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
o
o
o

Step 3: Apply the Equilibrium Equation

c
c
+
c c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c c
c
+
c
c
= |
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
(

c c
c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
(

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
z
u
z x
w
z
u
x
w
z z
y x
v
y
u
x
v
y
u
y y
x z
w
x y
v
x
u
x
u
z
w
y
v
x
u
x x
u
x x
xz
xy
xx

o

o

o

So
( )
( )
x
x
u
I
x
x
xz
xy
xx
f u
x
I
f
z
u
y
u
x
u
z
w
y
v
x
u
x
f
z
u
z x
w
y x
v
y
u
x z
w
x y
v
x
u
x
u
f
x x x
LHS

o
o
o
c
c
+ V +
c
c
+ =
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+ =
+
(

c
c
+
c c
c
+
(

c c
c
+
c
c
+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c c
c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
V
2 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
] [ ] [
2
2
1



Similarly we can work out the rest two equilibrium equations in y- and z-directions.

V
c
c
V
c
c
V
c
c
. 0
, 0
, 0
= f + w +
z
I
) + (
= f + v +
y
I
) + (
= f + u +
x
I
) + (

z
2 1
y
2 1
x
2 1



c
c
c
Week 6 MECH3361/5361
7
Example (Previous quiz question): Aluminium (E=69GPa;
v=0.33, o
Al
=23.610
-6
) and Mild steel (E=207GPa; v=0.30;
o
st
=11.310
-6
) bars are assembled to bear a F=60MN load as
shown. The increase in the temperature is 10C. It is assumed
that the rigid body remains horizontal all the time. Determine the
stress and strain states in the vertical bars.
Soln
Step 1: Extract the compatibility conditions. When the rigid bar
remains horizontal:
st Al
c c =
No external force is applied in x- and z-directions:
0 = =
zz xx
o o
Step 2: F.B.D. This is an indeterminate system, two equations are
required to solve for two unknowns
yy Al ,
o and
yy st,
o ,
Step 3: Force Equilibrium Equation of the rigid bar: 0 =
yy
F :
( )( ) ( ) 0 10 60 2 2 0
6
, ,
= + = + = =
yy st st yy Al Al st Al yy
A A F F F F o o
( )
6
, ,
10 60 2 = +
yy st st yy Al Al
A A o o
Step 4: Deformation compatibility condition:
yy st yy Al , ,
c c =
( ) | | ( ) ( )
( ) | | ( ) ( )

A + = A + + =
A + = A + + =
T
E
T
E
T
E
T
E
st
st
yy st
Al zz st xx st yy st
Al
yy st
Al
Al
yy Al
Al zz Al xx Al yy Al
Al
yy Al
o
o
o o o v o c
o
o
o o o v o c
,
, , , ,
,
, , , ,
1
1

LHS=RHS: ( ) ( ) T
E
T
E
st
st
yy st
Al
Al
yy Al
A + = A + o
o
o
o
, ,

Step 5: Solve for the following two equations
( ) ( )
( )

= +
A A =
6
, ,
, ,
10 60 2
1 1
yy st st yy Al Al
Al st yy st
st
yy Al
Al
A A
T T
E E
o o
o o o o

( ) ( )

= +
=

6
, ,
6 6
,
9
,
9
10 60 2 2
10 10 6 . 23 10 10 3 . 11
10 207
1
10 69
1
yy St yy Al
yy st yy Al
o o
o o

From (2)
yy Al yy st ,
6
,
10 30 o o =
Sub into (1)
( ) ( ) ( )
9
6
6
,
9 9
6 6
,
6
9
,
9
10 207
10 30
10 10 ) 6 . 23 3 . 11 (
10 207
1
10 69
1
10 10 6 . 23 10 10 3 . 11 10 30
10 207
1
10 69
1

+ =
|
.
|

\
|

yy Al
yy Al yy Al
o
o o

St
Al Al
F=60MN
A
Al
=1m
2
A
St
=2m
2
A
Al
=1m
2
Rigid Bar
x
y
z
x
y
z
St
Al Al
F=60MN
A
Al
=1m
2
A
St
=2m
2
A
Al
=1m
2
Rigid Bar
St
Al Al
F=60MN
Rigid Bar
F
Al
F
st
F
Al
F.B.D.
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
Week 6 MECH3361/5361
8
MPa
yy Al
865 . 13
10 207
1
10 69
1
10 207
10 30
10 10 ) 6 . 23 3 . 11 (
9 9
9
6
6
,
=
|
.
|

\
|

+
=

o
( ) MPa
yy Al yy st
135 . 16 10 865 . 13 10 30 10 30
6 6
,
6
,
= = = o o
Step 6: Stress status
| |
(
(
(

=
0 0 0
0 865 . 13 0
0 0 0
Al
o
| |
(
(
(

=
0 0 0
0 135 . 16 0
0 0 0
St
o

Step 7: Strain status
Aluminium:
( ) | | ( ) ( )
( ) | | ( ) ( )
( ) | | ( ) ( )

A +

== A + + =
A + = A + + =
A +

= A + + =
T
E
T
E
T
E
T
E
T
E
T
E
yy yy xx zz zz
yy xx zz yy yy
yy zz yy xx xx
o o
v
o o o v o c
o o o o o v o c
o o
v
o o o v o c
1
1 1
1

( )
( )
( )

= +

= A +

=
= +

= A + =
= +

= A +

=



4 6 6
9
4 6 6
9
4 6 6
9
10 963 . 2 10 10 6 . 23 10 ) 865 . 13 (
10 69
3 . 0
10 3506 . 0 10 10 6 . 23 10 ) 865 . 13 (
10 69
1 1
10 963 . 2 10 10 6 . 23 10 ) 865 . 13 (
10 69
3 . 0
T
E
T
E
T
E
yy zz
yy yy
yy xx
o o
v
c
o o c
o o
v
c

| |
4
10
963 . 2 0 0
0 3506 . 0 0
0 0 963 . 2

(
(
(

=
Al
c
Mild Steel:
( )
( )
( )

= +

= A +

=
= +

= A + =
= +

= A +

=



4 6 6
9
4 6 6
9
4 6 6
9
10 364 . 1 10 10 3 . 11 ) 10 135 . 16 (
10 207
3 . 0
10 3505 . 0 10 10 3 . 11 ) 10 135 . 16 (
10 207
1 1
10 364 . 1 10 10 3 . 11 ) 10 135 . 16 (
10 207
3 . 0
T
E
T
E
T
E
yy zz
yy yy
yy xx
o o
v
c
o o c
o o
v
c
| |
4
10
364 . 1 0 0
0 3505 . 0 0
0 0 364 . 1

(
(
(

=
St
c