MC LC

LI NI U........................................................................................................... 1
CHNG I...............................................................................................................2
GII THIU V MN HC X L TN HIU S 2............................................2
1.1. cng mn hc x l tn hiu s 2............................................................2
1.2. Cc bi th nghim xut cho mn hc........................................................4
1.2.1. Bi 1: V p ng tn s ca h thng.....................................................4
1.2.2. Bi 2: Thit k b lc FIR........................................................................8
1.2.3. Bi 3: Thit k b lc IIR.......................................................................20
1.3. Kt lun chng............................................................................................34
CHNG II............................................................................................................35
CNG C S DNG XY DNG CC BI TH NGHIM.......................35
2.1. Gii thiu v Matlab.....................................................................................35
2.1.1. Khi ng..............................................................................................35
2.1.2. Tin ch tr gip.....................................................................................37
2.1.3. Thot khi MATLAB.............................................................................37
2.2. M FILE......................................................................................................38
2.2.1. Lp trnh dng script file........................................................................38
2.2.2. Lp trnh dng function..........................................................................41
2.3. ha vi MATLAB...................................................................................43
2.3.1. V th bng hm plot.........................................................................43
2.3.2. H trc ta (axis), ca s v (figure), th con (subplot)................46
2.4. Kt lun chng............................................................................................47
CHNG III...........................................................................................................48

XY DNG CHNG TRNH THC HNH....................................................48

3.1. Bi 1: V p ng tn s ca h thng..........................................................49
3.2. Bi 2: Thit k b lc FIR.............................................................................55
3.2.1. Tham s thit k.....................................................................................55
3.2.1. La chn................................................................................................59
3.3. Bi 3: Thit k b lc IIR.............................................................................63
3.3.1. Tham s thit k.....................................................................................64
3.3.2. La chn................................................................................................68
3.4. Bi 4: M phng vic lc tn hiu s dng b lc FIR hoc IIR...................71
3.4.1. To tn hiu ngu nhin..........................................................................72
3.4.2. Thit k b lc v lc tn hiu................................................................72
3.4.3. Menu la chn.......................................................................................74
3.5. Kt lun chng...........................................................................................78
KT LUN.............................................................................................................79
TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................................80

DANH MC HNH NH
Hnh 1.1. th ca H a (a ) vi cc gi tr bc khc nhau....................................24
Hnh 1.2. th H a (a ) ca b lc Butterworth...................................................25
Hnh 1.3. th H a (a ) ca b lc chebyshev -1..................................................28
Hnh 2.1. Giao din MATLABg sau khi c khi ng........................................36
Hnh 2.2. Ca s Editor...........................................................................................38
Hnh 2.3. Kt qu th y1.....................................................................................44
Hnh 2.4. Kt qu th y2.....................................................................................44
Bng 2.1. Bng kiu nt v k hiu nh du..........................................................45
Hnh 3.1. Giao din chng trnh thc hnh............................................................48
Hnh 3.2. Giao din bi 1.........................................................................................49
Hnh 3.2. Giao din bi 1: V p ng tn s ca h thng.....................................49
Hnh 3.3. Giao din tham s thit k bi 1...............................................................50
Hnh 3.4. Giao din khung hin th ca bi 1..........................................................51
Hnh 3.5. Mc la chn ca menu th nht.............................................................52
Hnh 3.6. Mc kt qu ca menu th nht...............................................................53
Hnh 3.7. Kt qu p ng bin ca h thng v d 1.........................................54
Hnh 3.8. Kt qu p ng pha ca h thng v d 1...............................................54
Hnh 3.9. Giao din bi 2: Thit k b lc FIR........................................................55
Hnh 3.10. Giao din tham s thit k bi 2.............................................................55
Hnh 3.11. Mc la chn loi p ng.....................................................................56
Hnh 3.12. Mc la chn phng php thit k.......................................................56
Hnh 3.13. Mc la chn loi ca s.......................................................................56

Hnh 3.14. p ng bin ca b lc s thng thp l tng...............................57

Hnh 3.15. p ng bin ca b lc s thng cao l tng................................57
Hnh 3.16. p ng bin ca b lc thng di l tng.....................................57
Hnh 3.17. p ng bin ca b lc s chn di l tng..................................57
Hnh 3.18. Giao din tham s thit k cha mc tn s ct thp, cao......................58
Hnh 3.19. Nt la chn trn thanh menu th nht..................................................60
Hnh 3.20. Cc la chn kt qu vi phng php ly mu tn s..........................60
Hnh 3.21. Cc la chn kt qu vi phng php ca s.......................................61
Hnh 3.22. Kt qu thit k b lc v d 2............................................................62
Hnh 3.23. p ng bin ca b lc c thit k v d 3...............................63
Hnh 3.24. H s b lc thit k v d 3...............................................................63
Hnh 3.25. Giao din bi 3: Thit k b lc IIR.......................................................63
Hnh 3.26. Giao din tham s thit k b lc IIR....................................................64
Hnh 3.27. Mc la chn loi p ng ca b lc...................................................64
Hnh 3.28. Mc la chn loi b lc tng t.........................................................65
Hnh 3.29. p ng tn s ca b lc thng thp....................................................65
Hnh 3.30.. p ng tn s ca b lc thng cao....................................................65
Hnh 3.31. p ng tn s b lc thng di............................................................66
Hnh 3.32. p ng tn s b lc chn di..............................................................66
Hnh 3.33. Nt la chn ca thanh menu th nht..................................................68
Hnh 3.34. Nt kt qu ca thanh menu th nht.....................................................69
Hnh 3.35. p ng bin ca b lc Butterworth v d 4................................70
Hnh 3.36. Bc v tn s ct ca b lc Butterworth v d 4................................70
Hnh 3.37. H s ca b lc Butterworth v d 4..................................................71

Hnh 3.38. Giao din bi 4.......................................................................................71

Hnh 3.39. Phn to tn hiu ngu nhin..................................................................72
Hnh 3.40. Giao din phn thit k b lc v lc tn hiu........................................72
Hnh 3.41. Giao din v d lc tn hiu m thanh....................................................73
Hnh 3.42. Nt la chn ca thanh menu th nht..................................................74
Hnh 3.43. Tn hiu ngu nhin v d 5................................................................75
Hnh 3.44. Kt qu v d 5 lc theo min tn s......................................................76
Hnh 3.45. Kt qu lc tn hiu theo min tn s v d 5......................................76
Hnh 3.46. V d v lc tn hiu m thanh...............................................................77
Hnh 3.47. Kt qu v d lc tn hiu m thanh.......................................................77

LI NI U
Vi xu hng s ha cc h thng thng tin hin nay, vic x l tn hiu
s ngy cng tr nn quan trng vi kh nng x l thng tin mt cch u vit.
V mt lch s cc b lc s to ra mt ngnh c nghin cu nhiu nht
trong x l s tn hiu. Chng c pht trin v nghin cu vi mc ch c
th m phng cc b lc tng t trn my tnh in t. Chng cho php to ra
cc hiu qu ln v ti u ha cc tham s ca b lc trc cc s thc hin ln
lao ca chng.
X l tn hiu s 2 l mn hc nghin cu v mt s vn l thuyt x
l tn hiu nng cao nh x l a vn tc, lc s nhiu nhp v mt s kin thc
thc hin v x l tn hiu s nh cc k thut thit k b lc s FIR, IIR, b x
l tn hiu s DSP TMS320C3X. Mt trong nhng ni dung chnh ca mn hc
l thit k b lc FIR v IIR, mn hc a ra c s l thuyt xy dng 2 loi
b lc trn bng nhiu phng php khc nhau.
Di s hng dn ca thy gio Huy Khi, trn c s nhng kin
thc hc em la chn ti: Xy dng cc bi th nghim cho mn hc x
l tn hiu s 2 vi mc ch m phng c kt qu thit k cc b lc s FIR
v IIR bng cc phng php khc nhau c mt ci nhn trc quan hn v cc
phng php thit k hai loi b lc trn. Ni dung n gm 3 chng:
Chng I: Gii thiu v mn hc x l tn hiu s 2
Chng II: Cng c s dng xy dng cc bi th nghim
Chng III: Xy dng chng trnh thc hnh.
Em c gng tp hp nhng kin thc c c trong qu trnh hc tp,
t cc ngun ti liu c cung cp mt cch ngn gn y nht. Nhng v
thi gian c hn, cng vi s hn ch v kin thc cng nh ngoi ng nn trong
n khng th trnh khi thiu st. Em rt mong nhn c nhng ng gp v
ch bo ca cc thy c gio cng cc bn.
Thi Nguyn, thng 6 nm 2013
1

CHNG I
GII THIU V MN HC X L TN HIU S 2
1.1. cng mn hc x l tn hiu s 2
M t mn hc:
X l tn hiu s 2 l mn hc nghin cu v mt s vn l thuyt x
l tn hiu nng cao nh x l a vn tc, lc s nhiu nhp v mt s kin thc
thc hin v x l tn hiu s nh cc k thut thit k b lc s FIR, IIR, b x
l tn hiu s DSP TMS320C3X.
Mc tiu mn hc:
- Ngi hc phi nm vng c cc phng php thit k cc b lc s
loi FIR v IIR.
- Ngi hc phi nm c lc s nhiu nhp v mt s ng dng ca n.
- Xy dng, pht trin mt s ng dng ca x l tn hiu s nh cc ng
dng x l nn, trit nhiu, nhn dng, tng hp m thanh, ting ni, x l tn
hiu siu m, rada,...
Ni dung mn hc:
Chng 1: Mt s vn c bn
1.1. Phng trnh sai phn v lc s
1.2. Phng trnh sai phn v hm truyn t
1.3. Mt phng z, im khng, im cc v tnh n nh
1.4. p ng tn s ca b lc s
1.5. Cc b lc c bn
1.6. Thc thi cc b lc s

Chng 2: Thit k b lc FIR

2.1. Dng ca b lc
2.2. Phng php bin i Fourier
2.3. Phng php ca s
2.4. Phng php ly mu tn s
Chng 3: Thit k b lc IIR
3.1. Cc tnh cht ca b lc
3.2. Cc phng php tng hp b lc IIR t b lc tng t.
3.3. Tng hp cc b lc tng t.
3.4. Bin i tn s
3.5. Bi tp cui chng
3.6. Thit k b lc FIR v IIR trn phn mm Matlab.
Chng 4: Lc s nhiu nhp
4.1. M u
4.2. Thay i nhp ly mu
4.3. B lc bin i nhp ly mu
4.4. Phn hoch nhiu pha
4.5. Cu trc nhiu pha ca b lc bin i nhp ly mu
4.6. Mt vi ng dng ca h thng lc s nhiu nhp
Chng 5: H DSP thng dng TMS 320C3X
5.1. Cu trc chung
5.2. B x l trung tm
5.3. DSK C3X board
5.4. Module pht trin TMS320C30

5.5. Cc chng trnh ng dng

5.5. Xy dng, pht trin mt s ng dng ca x l tn hiu s.
1.2. Cc bi th nghim xut cho mn hc
1.2.1. Bi 1: V p ng tn s ca h thng
Chng ta bit rng trong min n, mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c
c trng bi p ng xung h(n) ca n hoc c c trng bi phng trnh
sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng, nhng vic phn tch h thng nhiu khi gp
nhng bt tin nh l tch chp, cch gii phng trnh sai phn, xt n
nh gii quyt nhng kh khn trong min n chng ta s chuyn cch biu
din h thng sang min Z, c th ta a ra khi nim hm truyn t ca h
thng.
Trc ht ta tin hnh so snh quan h gia u vo, u ra v p ng
xung trong min n sau chuyn sang min Z c th hin di bng sau:

y ( n ) x ( n ) h( n )

Y(Z) = X(Z).H(Z)

X(Z) = ZT [x(n)]

x ( k ) h( n k )

H(Z) = ZT[h(n)]

h(n) = IZT[H(Z)]

Y(Z) = ZT[y(n)]

H(Z) =
Bng 1.1. So snh quan h gia u vo, ra, p ng xung trong min n v min z.

Hm truyn t ca mt h thng ri rc chnh l bin i Z ca p ng

xung v c k hiu l H ( Z ) :
H(Z) = ZT[h(n)]

(1.1)

(1.2)

H(Z) =

Quan h gia u vo - u ra ca mt h thng ri rc tuyn tnh bt bin

v nhn qu c cho bi phng trnh sai phn sau y:
N

a y (n k ) b x (n r )
k

k 0

(1.3)

r 0

Ly bin i Z cc thnh phn ca phng trnh ny ta c:

N

k 0

r 0

ZT [ ak y (n k )] ZT [ x(n r )]

(1.4)

S dng cc tnh cht tuyn tnh v tnh cht tr ca bin i Z ta c:

N

k 0

r 0

ak ZT [ y(n k )] br ZT [ x(n r )]
N

ak Z kY (Z )
k 0

Y ( Z ) ak Z k
k 0

b Z

(1.5)

X (Z )

(1.6)

r
= X ( Z ) br Z

(1.7)

k 0

k 0

T y ta rt ra quan h gia hm truyn t H ( Z ) vi cc h s ak v br

ca phng trnh sai phn nh sau:
M

Y (Z )
H (Z )

X (Z )

b Z
k 0
N

ak Z k

(1.8)

k 0

Nu a0 = 1 ta c:
M

Y (Z )
H (Z )

X (Z )

b Z
k 0
N

1 ak Z k

(1.9)

k 1

o p ng tn s ca h thng
Chng ta bit rng p ng xung h(n) ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin
chnh l p ng (hay p ng ra) ca h thng vi kch thch (hay kch thch
vo) x(n) ( n) .

j n
By gi chng ta t u vo kch thch x(n) e vi

: Tn s

Vy p ng ra y (n) ca h thng s c tnh nh sau:

y ( n)

h ( m) x ( n m) h ( m )e

j
t H (e )

h ( m )e

j ( n m )

h ( m)e

j m

j n
.e

j m

j
j n
Vy ta c: y (n) H (e ).e

Vi H (e j ) c gi l p ng tn s ca h thng
p ng tn s ca h thng chnh l bin i Fourier ca p ng xung:
H (e j ) FT [ h(n)]

h( n)e

j n

H (e j ) l hm bin s phc ca tn s , ta c th biu din n di dng

sau y:
H (e j ) = Re [H (e j )] +jIm [H (e j )]

(1.10)

Hoc:
H (e j ) H (e j ) e j ( )

(1.11)

 ( ) arg H (e j )

(1.12)

y:
H (e j ) gi l p ng tn s ca bin hay gi tt l p ng bin

ca h thng.
( ) gi l p ng tn s ca pha hay gi tt l p ng pha ca h

thng.
j
Quan h gia p ng bin H (e ) v p ng pha ( ) vi phn thc

v phn o ca H (e j ) l:
H (e j ) Re 2 [ H (e j )] Im 2 [H (e j )]

( ) arg

Im H (e j )

(1.13)
(1.14)

Re H (e j )

Bin i Fourier ca dy x(n) chnh l bin i Z vi :

X ( Z ) |z e j

x ( n )e

j n

FT x (n)

(1.15)

Nh vy t mt h thng cho di dng phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh

h s hng ta c th xc nh c hm truyn t ca h thng H(z) trong min
z. T hm truyn t ca h thng xc nh c p ng tn s ca h thng
bng cng thc chuyn i sau:
H ( z ) H (e j ) |z e j

(1.16)

Do ta c:
M

Y (e j )
H (e j )

X (e j )

b e
r 0
N

j r

ak e jk

(1.17)

k 0

Y (e j ) H (e j ). X (e j )

Quan h trn cho thy rng vic phn b tn s ca bin v pha ca tn

hiu vo x(n) c bin dng bi h thng ty thuc vo dng ca p ng tn
s H (e j ) . Chnh dng ca H (e j ) xc nh vic suy gim hoc khuch i
cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau. H thng tng ng vi H (e j ) ny c gi
l b lc.
Da vo p ng tn s ca mt h thng ta c th bit c c tnh lc
ca h thng nh th no, thuc loi g. Do bi mt i xy dng chng
trnh v p ng tn s ca h thng da vo hm truyn t ca h thng cho
lm sng t l thuyt v c nhng kt lun chnh xc v h thng cho.
1.2.2. Bi 2: Thit k b lc FIR
B lc FIR c c trng bi p ng xung c chiu di hu hn, tc l
h(n) ch khc khng trong mt khong c chiu di hu hn N (t 0 n N -1).
B lc s c p ng xung c chiu di hu hn c c trng bi hm
truyn t sau y:
N 1

H ( z ) h( n) z n
n 0

Tc l: L[h(n)] = [0, N-1] = N.

Vi b lc FIR, H(z) ch c cc im cc ti gc ta ca mt phng z
v lun nm trong vng trn n v cho nn h thng lun n nh. Mt thun li
khc i vi b lc FIR l do chiu di ca h(n) hu hn nn nu h(n) l khng
nhn qu, tc l h(n) 0 vi n < 0 th ta c th a n v nhn qu bng cch

chuyn v gc ta gi tr u tin khc khng ca h(n) m vn m bo

H e j

khng thay i.

Ci li c bn nht ca b lc FIR l khi tnh ton theo b lc pha tuyn

tnh. Tc l chng ta c th gia cng b lc FIR bng cch coi p ng tn s
H e j ca n c pha tuyn tnh. Do , tn hiu qua di thng ca b lc s

xut hin chnh xc u ra vi tr cho, bi v chng ta bit chnh xc

p ng pha ca n.
Gi s h(n) l p ng xung ca b lc FIR xc nh vi cc mu n = 0, 1,
N-1, tc l: L[h(n)] = [0,N-1] = N
o Hm truyn t ca b lc FIR:
N 1

H ( z ) h(n) Z n h(0) h(1)Z 1 ... h( N 1) Z ( N 1)

n 0

(1.18)

o p ng tn s:
N -1
N -1
N -1

H (e j ) h(n)e - j n h(n) cos n j - h(n) sin n

n 0
n0
n0

(1.19)

Hoc l:
i

H (e j ) H (e ) ei ( )

(1.20)

( ) arg H (e j )

(1.21)

Ta thy rng H (e j ) l tun hon vi chu k 2 , tc l:

H (e j ) H (e j 2 m )

Nu h(n) l thc th theo tnh cht ca bin i Fourier i vi tn hiu ri

rc ta c:
H (e j ) H (e j )
arg[ H (e j )] arg[ H (e j )]

Hoc: ( ) ( )
Vy ta c th ni:
H (e j ) : L hm chn (i xng).

( ) : L hm l (phn i xng).

Do H (e j ) l tun hon vi chu k 2 , do chng ta ch nghin cu

H (e j ) v ( ) trong khong 0 2 (hoc ) v trng hp c
j
bit nu h(n) l thc th H (e ) l hm chn v ( ) l hm l trong khong

mt chu k, v vy ta ch cn nghin cu H (e j ) trong khong t 0 .

Chng ta bit rng khi cho cc ch tiu k thut ca b lc thc t th cho
j
theo H (e ) , nhng theo cch biu din pha ( ) li bt tin v H (e j ) c th
j
ly gi tr m hoc dng nhng H (e ) bao gi cng ly gi tr dng. V vy

m bo thun li cho vic thit k b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh chng ta s

dng cch biu din di dng ln A(e j ) v pha ( ) :
H (e j ) A(e j )e j ( )

Vi b lc FIR ta lun t c iu kin pha tuyn tnh, iu ny c

ngha p ng pha - tn s l mt hm s bc nht theo tn s , tng ng
vi thc hin vic tr hm p ng xung min thi gian. Khi mt h thng c
pha tuyn tnh, tr nhm (group delay) l mt hng s, th c u im l cc
thnh phn tn s khc nhau ca tn hiu ti u vo c cng thi gian tr nh
nhau sau khi cho qua h thng ti u ra. Hm p ng pha - tn s ca b lc
FIR c dng nh sau:
H (e j ) A(e j )e j ( )

(1.22)

( )

(1.23)

Vi , l cc hng s, A(e j ) l hm thc.

10

Vic nghin cu cc phng php thit k b lc FIR tc l nghin cu

cc phng php tnh ton cc h s ca b lc, cc h s sau khi tnh ton ny ta
gi l cc h s c gi tr lin tc, tc l cha c lng t ha v m ha ra m
nh phn.
Trong n ny ch nghin cu cc phng php tng hp b lc s FIR
pha tuyn tnh, bi v pha tuyn tnh c rt nhiu u im v v vy c ng
dng rng ri.
Cc h s h(n) ca b lc phi c tnh ton sao cho b lc tha mn
c cc ch tiu k thut ra theo yu cu ca cc nhim v k thut c th.
Cc ch tiu k thut ny thng thng c cho trong min tn s, tc l cho
theo p ng tn s. p ng tn s ny phi gn ng mt hm cho, v phi
nm trong mt gii hn c xy dng bi cc ch tiu k thut ca b lc s.
thc hin b lc d dng hn, vi gi thnh r hn th s phn t ca b lc phi
l t nht, v gim thi gian tnh ton trong qu trnh lc th mt b lc tt
nht s l b lc c bc nh nht.
C ba phng php chnh thit k b lc s FIR nh sau:
a. Phng php thit k bng bin i Fourier
Nh bit, p ng tn s ca mch lc s tun hon vi chu k bng
tc ly mu fs, v bt k mt hm tun hon no cng u c th khai trin
c thnh chui Fourier ca hm s m phc. Do vy, trong trng hp tng
qut, p ng tn s mong mun ca mch lc s FIR cng c th biu din c
di dng chui Fourier:

h ( n )e

H (e )

j n

(1.24)

Trong h(n) l p ng xung ca mch lc mong mun, c xc nh

t:
h( n)

1
2

H (e

)e j n d

(1.25)

11

H ( z ) b0 b1 z 1 ... b2 N z 2 N

(1.26)

Nu thay z = e j vo biu thc (1.24) ta s thu c hm truyn ca mch

lc s l:

h( n) z

H ( z)

(1.27)

Nhng hm truyn ny c p ng xung v hn. Vy hm truyn c

p ng xung hu hn th phi tin hnh ct bt p ng xung c di v hn
v sau nhn p ng xung c chiu di hu hn thu c vi tha s tr

( N 1)
2

thu c p ng xung nhn qu:

H '( z ) z

( N 1) n ( N 1)/ 2
2

h(n ) z

( N 1)
2

[h(0)

( N 1)/ 2

n ( N 1)/ 2

h(n)( z n z n )]

(1.28)

n 1

Mt cch tng qut phng php ny gm nhng bc sau:

- Bc 1: Tnh h(n)

1
2

H (e

)e jn d

- Bc 2: Xc nh H ( z ) b0 b1 z ... b2 N z 2 N
- Bc 3: Xc nh hm truyn t ca b lc.
Nh vy chng ta thu c mch lc nhn qu nh nhn vi tha s
tr. S bin iu ny khng lm thay i p ng bin ca mch lc. Tuy
nhin s ct xn t ngt chui Fourier gy ra cc dao ng trong di thng v
di chn. Cc dao ng ny l do s hi t chm ca chui Fourier cc im
gin on. Hiu ng ny c gi l hin tng Gibb. Cc dao ng Gibb ny c
th gim bt bng cch nhn cc h s ca p ng xung mong mun vi cc
hm ca s thch hp.
b. Phng php ca s
T p ng tn s mong mun H ( ) vi cc ch tiu tng ng, ta ly
bin i Fourier ngc c p ng xung h(n) :

12

h( n )

1
2

H ( )e

j n

d , n

(1.29)

Ni chung, h(n) thu c s c chiu di v hn v khng nhn qu, ta

khng th thc hin c trong thc t. V vy, h thng phi c sa li thnh
nhn qu v buc phi hn ch chiu di ca h(n) ). Phng php n gin l ct
b h(n) t gi tr n = N-1 v thu c b lc FIR c chiu di N. S "ct ngn"
ny tng ng vi php nhn h(n) vi mt hm ca s (window). Hm ca s
ny c nh ngha nh sau:
0, 0 n N -1
n
0,

w(n)

(1.30)

Nh vy, p ng xung ca b lc FIR tr thnh:

hd ( n) h(n).w(n)

(1.31)

Gi W( ) l bin i Fourier ca ca s w(n), t tnh cht nhn ca bin

i Fourier, ta thu c p ng tn s ca b lc nh sau:
H d ( )

1
2

H (v)W( v)dv

(1.32)

Cc bc chnh ca phng php ca s:

- Bc 1: Chn 4 ch tiu k thut ca b lc s: p , s , p , s .
- Bc 2: Xc nh p ng xung ca mch lc l tng.
- Bc 3: Chn loi ca s.
- Bc 4: Nhn vi ca s c p ng xung ca mch lc:
hd (n) h(n).w(n)

- Bc 5: Th li trong min tn s: H ( ) H d ( ) * W( ) .
Nu khng tha mn cc ch tiu k thut, ta tng N v quay tr li thc
hin t bc 2.

13

C mt s loi ca s ph bin:
o Ca s ch nht
Hm ca s ch nht nh sau:
1, 0 n N 1
n
0,

w R (n) N recN (n)

(1.33)

h(n), 0 n N 1
chnh l
n
0,

Nh vy ta thy rng ca ch nht hd (n)

dy ch nht recN (n) .

Ca s ny s dng hn ch chiu di ca h(n) l tng c pha tuyn

tnh. Ca s w R (n) N l i xng, tm i xng nm ti n
trong min tn s WR (e j ) s c pha tuyn tnh l ( )
WR (e j ) u c cng pha tuyn tnh l ( )
w R (n) N s c cng tm i xng ti n

N 1
(N l). Vy
2

N 1
. Khi H (e j ) v
2

N 1
th trong min n h(n) v
2

N 1
(N l). Nh vy ta c:
2

hd ( n) h(n).w R (n) N

(1.34)

Tc l:
h(n), 0 n N 1
n
0,

hd ( n)

(1.35)

14

j
Trong min tn s ca s ph WR (e ) c tnh nh sau:

WR (e j ) N AR (e j ) N e j ( )

(1.36)

Vi:
sin N
N
2
AR (e j ) N

sin
2

( )

N 1

Hai tham s c trng cho ca s ch nht l:

- B rng ca nh trung tm: R

4
.
N

- T s ca bin ca nh th cp u tin v bin ca nh trung

tm: R 13dB .
o Ca s tam gic
Vi mc ch gim bin cc nh th cp ca ca s ch nht WR (e j ) ,
chng ta chn mt ca s khc c dng tam gic cn, gi l ca s tam gic.
Trong min n ca s tam gic c nh ngha nh sau:

2n
,
N 1
2n
2
,
N 1
0,

w(n) =

0n

N 1
2

N 1
n N 1
2
n

(1.37)

Trong min ta c:
WT (e j ) N AT (e j ) N e j ( )

(1.38)

15

Vi:
N 1
2 )
sin(
2
j
2
AT (e ) N
[
]

N 1
sin
2

( )

N 1

i vi ca s tam gic, hai tham s chnh c trng cho ca s trong

min tn s l:
j
- B rng ca nh trung tm ca ca s tn s ph WT (e ) N c tnh

nh sau: T

8
N 1

Khi N ln th T c tnh gn ng nh sau: T

8
N

- T s gia bin ca nh trung tm v nh th cp u tin :

T 26dB

So snh vi ca s ch nht:
- T R do b rng ca di qu khi thit k b lc s dng ca
s tam gic s ln hn dng ca s ch nht.
- T R do bin ca gn sng c di thng v di chn s nh
hn khi dng ca s ch nht.
o Ca s Hamming
Ca s Hamming c nh ngha nh sau:

w(n)

0,54 0, 46 cos(

0,

2 n
), 0 n N 1
N 1
n

(1.39)

16

Hai tham s chnh c trng cho ca s Hanning trong min tn s c gi

tr nh sau:
Ham

8
N

Ham 43dB

o Ca s Hanning
Ca s Hanning c nh ngha nh sau:

0,5 0,5cos(

w(n)

0,

2 n
), 0 n N 1
N 1
n

(1.40)

Hai tham s chnh c trng cho ca s Hanning trong min tn s c gi

tr nh sau:
Han

8
N

Han 32dB

So snh vi ca s tam gic ta thy rng:

- T Han Ham , do b rng ca di qu khi thit k b lc s
dng ca s tam gic, ca s Hanning v ca s Hamming l nh nhau.
- T Han Ham , do bin ca gn sng c di thng v di
chn s nh nht khi thit k bng ca s Hamming.
o Ca s Blackman
Ca s Blackman c nh ngha nh sau:

0, 42 0,5cos(

w(n)

2 n
4 n
) 0, 08cos(
), 0 n N 1
N 1
N 1
0,
n

(1.41)

Hai tham s chnh c trng cho ca s Blackman trong min tn s nh

sau:

17

12
v B 57dB
N

R rng lun c s nh i gia tnh cht hp ca di chuyn tip v tnh

gn sng di thng v di chn. Cc loi ca s lm gim hiu ng gn sng
di thng v di chn lun c xu hng lm cho b rng ca di chuyn tip tng
ln.
Di y l bng tng kt cc thng s v rng di chuyn tip v
suy gim di chn ti thiu i vi tng loi ca s:

Tn ca s

rng di chuyn tip

suy gim di

Xp x

Chnh xc chn ti thiu

Ch nht

4
N

1,8
N

21dB

Tam gic

8
N

6,1
N

25dB

Hanning

8
N

6, 2
N

44dB

Hamming

8
N

6, 6
N

53dB

Blackman

12
N

11
N

74dB

Bng 1.2. Cc thng s v rng di chuyn tip v suy gim di chn ti thiu
i vi tng loi ca s.

b cho suy gim di chn thp v gim hin tng Gibb th phi
nh i ly di chuyn tip c rng ln hn hay cn di p ng xung N
ln hn nu mun duy tr di chuyn tip c rng khng i v ng nhin
l b lc s c thit k phc tp hn.

18

c. Phng php ly mu tn s
Trong phng php ca s m chng ta xt trn c hn ch l vi
cng mt ch tiu k thut th thng chiu di ca b lc N ln hn l chiu di
cn thit tha mn ch tiu cho.
Vic tm ra ca s gim hin tng Gibbs cng khng phi l n gin.
V khi dng ca s trong min n rt phc tp, th vic kho st trong min tn s
s gp nhiu kh khn.
tng: Xut pht t bin i Fourier ri rc DFT ngi ta quy chiu t
p ng tn s H (ei ) sang min ri rc k H(k) qua bin i Fourier ri rc.
Xut pht t p ng xung h(n) chng ta s bin i Fourier ri rc
c H(k) tng ng vi cc h s ca bin i DFT. Chng ta thu c H(k) =
H (ei ) bng vic ly mu tn s ti cc gi tr k cch u nhau trn min tn s.

1
h( n)
N

N 1

H (k )
k 0

kn
N

(1.42)

Vi n = 0, 1,N-1.
B lc FIR pha tuyn tnh, chiu di 2N+1. Ta c:
h ( n)

N
1
2 k (n N )
H

2
H k cos(
)

2N 1
2 N 1
k 1

(1.43)

Vi: n = 0, 1, , 2N, K= 0, 1, , 2N.

Tn s ly mu ca b lc ti: k

2 k
2N 1

Tm li phng php thit k ny c th thc hin qua 3 bc:

- Bc 1: Cho chiu di b lc l 2N+1, xc nh cc tn s ly mu trong
khong [0, ] theo biu thc: k

2 k
v H(k) tng ng.
2N 1

- Bc 2: Tnh cc h s ca b lc l:

19

h( n)

N
1
2 k (n N )
[H 0 2 H k cos(
)]
2N 1
2N 1
k 1

vi n =0, 1, ., N.
- Bc 3: S dng tnh i xng xc nh cc h s cn li theo biu
thc:
h(n)=h(2N-n) vi n = N+1,..2N
1.2.3. Bi 3: Thit k b lc IIR
B lc IIR c c trng bi p ng xung c chiu di v hn, tc l
h(n) khc khng trong mt khong v hn t 0 n .
y chng ta nghin cu cc b lc s IIR thc hin c v mt vt l,
tc l cc b lc s l n nh v nhn qu.
Tnh nhn qu c m bo nu p ng xung h(n) ca b lc tha mn
iu kin sau y:
h(n) =0 vi n<0
Tnh n nh c m bo bi p ng xung h(n) ca b lc tha mn
iu kin n nh sau:

h(n )

Hm truyn t ca mt b lc s IIR c dng sau y:

M

H (Z )

b Z

a Z

k 0
N

k 0

(1.44)

Nu a0 =1 ta c:

20

H (Z )

b Z
k 0
N

1 ak Z k

(1.45)

k 1

C nhiu phng php thit k b lc s IIR nhng vi mc ch l tm ra

cc h s ca b lc s IIR sao cho tha mn cc ch tiu k thut ca b lc
j
trong min lin tc i vi H (e ) .

Cc phng php thit k tng hp b lc IIR c th chia ra lm hai loi

chnh:
- Loi th nht l chuyn t vic thit k cc b lc tng t sang b lc
s, tc l chng ta phi thit k cc b lc tng t trc, sau dng cc
phng php chuyn i tng ng mt cch gn ng gia min tng t v
min s thu c b lc s. Phng php th nht ny c s dng rng ri
nht.
- Loi th hai l cc phng php tm ra cc th tc ti u ha nh s
tham gia ca my tnh in t. Cc phng php ny l tm kim cc cch ti
thiu ha sai s ca vic xp x cc ch tiu k thut ca b lc cn thit k bng
mt b lc khc c th thc hin c cc tiu chun gn ng. Loi th hai ny
t c dng.
Trong phm vi n ny chng ta s nghin cu cc phng php thuc
loi th nht v n n gin v chnh xc l chp nhn c.
Loi th nht gm c ba bc nh sau:
-

Thit k b lc thng thp tng t.

Chuyn i t b lc thng thp tng t sang b lc thng thp s.

Chuyn i bng tn s thu c cc b lc khc t b lc thng

thp.

21

a. Thit k b lc thng thp tng t

Cc yu cu thit k cho b lc tng t da trn iu kin gii hn cc
ch tiu k thut cho hm bnh phng bin ca hm p ng tn s. Ging
nh khi chng ta quan tm ti cc h thng s, hm truyn t H a(s) ca mt h
thng tuyn tnh bt bin tng t l bin i Laplace hm p ng xung h a(t)
ca h thng v Ha(s) chnh bng t s gia bin i Laplace ca tn hiu u ra
vi bin i Laplace ca tn hiu u vo. Hm p ng tn s H a(j) ca mt h
thng tuyn tnh bt bin l hm th hin p ng ca h thng vi u vo l
cc gi tr tn s khc nhau. Do , hm p ng tn s l bin i Fourier hm
p ng xung ha(t) ca h thng v hm Ha(j) cng chnh l hm h thng Ha(s)
nh gi trn trc o.
i vi cc h thng thc hin c v mt vt l, p ng xung bao gi
cng l mt hm thc. Do , hm truyn t lun i xng qua trc thc. Mt
khc, mt h thng tng t l nhn qu v n nh nu v ch nu tt c cc
im cc ca hm truyn t nm na bn tri ca mt phng s hoc cng lm
l nm gc to . Khi ta xt n hm bnh phng bin , hay bnh phng
module ca hm truyn t, cc im cc ca hm s ny s phn b trn tt c
cc gc phn t ca mt phng s. Lc ny, vic xt p ng tn s ca h thng
cng thun tin v tt c cc im cc nm bn tri mt phng s ca hm |H a(s)|2.
Yu cu v ch tiu k thut ca b lc thng thp tng t thng c
cho di dng cc tham s tuyt i nh sau:
1
2
H a ( j) 1, p
1

(1.46)

1
, s
A2

(1.47)

0 H a ( j )

Vi p v s ln lt l cc tn s ct di thng v tn s ct di chn tnh

theo n v rad/sec, l tham s gn sng v A l tham s suy gim ca di chn.
R p 10 log

1
10 RP /10 1
1 2

(1.48)

22

V As 10 log10 12 A 10 A /20
s

(1.49)

Ngoi ra mp m p v s ca thang o gi tr tuyt i lin h vi

v A bng cc h thc:
1 p
1 p

2 p
1

1 2
1 p

1 p
s
1
A
1 p A
s

(1.50)
(1.51)

Tt c cc nh dng b lc u da trn nguyn tc la chn hm p

ng tn s ca b lc thc t xp x vi p ng tn s ca b lc l tng v
im cc ca hm p ng tn s ca b lc thc t c phn b sao cho h
thng l nhn qu v n nh. Cc hm s bnh phng bin thng c la
chn c dng gn sng va phi trong khong t 0 n tn s ct v gim mnh
khi vt ra ngoi tn s ct ng thi c xu hng gim v n 0. iu ny
tng ng vi hm gn sng b chn trong khong t 0 n 1 (vi 1 l tn s
c chun ho bi tn s ct c) v tng nhanh khi vt ra ngoi 1. C bn
nh dng c bn thng c vn dng trong qu trnh thit k b lc tng t
l: B lc Butterworth, b lc Chebyshev-1, b lc Chebyshev-2 v b lc
Elliptic.
o B lc thng thp Butterworth
B lc Butterworth l b lc ton cc c c trng bi p ng bin
bnh phng:
2

H a ( )

1 ( )2n
c

(1.52)

Vi c l tn s ct.
p ng tn s ca b lc thng thp Butterworth chun ha nh sau:

23

H a (a )

(1.53)

1
1 a

2n

n: bc ca b lc.
th ca H a (a ) c cho trn hnh sau:

Hnh 1.1. th ca H a (a ) vi cc gi tr bc khc nhau.

Nhn xt:
- Bc ca b lc n cng tng th b lc cng gn vi b lc l tng.
- p ng bin lun bng

1
tn s ct vi mi gi tr ca n.
2

Hm bnh phng bin ca hm truyn t |H a(s)|2 biu din di dng

cc im cc nh sau:
(1.54)

H a (s)

2n

(s s
k 1

pk

2
Vi s pk l cc im cc ca H a ( s ) c tnh nh sau:

Vi n chn: S pk e
Vi n l: S pk e

(2 k 1)
2n

( k 1)
n

, k = 1,2, ,2n

, k = 1,2, , 2n

24

Bc n ca b lc Butterworth nh sau:
1
2 21
n
lg as lg ap
lg

(1.55)

Ch : n ch ly gi tr nguyn.
ac : Tn s ct khng chun ha.
ap : Tn s di thng
as : Tn s di chn
2 : gn di chn
1 : gn di thng

Di y l th ca H a (a ) ca b lc Butterworth:

Hnh 1.2. th H a (a ) ca b lc Butterworth.

Tn s ct ac :
ac

ap
(1 1 ) 2 1

(1.56)
1
2n

Cc biu thc v hm truyn t:

- Vi n chn, tn s chun ha ( ac 1 )

25

(1.57)

H a ( s)

n
2

2sin(

k 1

2k 1

) s 1
2n

- Vi n chn, tn s khng chun ha

H a ( s)

acn
n
2

2ac sin(

k 1

2k 1

) s ac2
2n

(1.58)

- Vi n l, tn s chun ha
H a ( s)

1
s 1

1
n
1
2

2sin(

k 1

2k 1

) s 1
2n

(1.59)

- Vi n l, tn s khng chun ha
H a ( s)

1
s ac

1
n
1
2

k 1

2ac sin(

2k 1

) s ac2
2n

(1.60)

o B lc thng thp Chebyshev

Chng ta bit rng, i vi b lc tng t Butterworth, p ng bin
gim n iu c di thng v di chn. Chnh v vy gn ng Butterworth
khng cho ta kt qu tt, tc l vi cng mt ch tiu k thut cho th bc ca
b lc tng t Butterworth s ln.
gim bc ca b lc tng t, chng ta s s dng mt gn ng khc,
l gn ng Chebyshev, gn ng ny s cho ta kt qu tt hn. Gn ng
Chebyshev c hai loi, tng ng c hai loi b lc tng t Chebyshev.
B lc tng t Chebyshev loi 1: L b lc c p ng bin gn sng
di thng v di chn.
Bnh phng ca p ng bin ca b lc tng t Chebyshev loi 1
chun ha nh sau:

26

H a (a )

1
1 Tn2 (a )

(1.61)

n: L bc ca b lc hay bc ca a thc Chebyshev.

Vi a l tn s ct, l tham s xc nh bin ca gn sng di
thng, Tn (a ) l a thc Chebyshev - 1 bc n c cho bi cng thc:

cos[n cos 1 (a )], 1 a 1

1
a 1
cosh[n cosh (a )],

Tn (a )

(1.62)

Ta bit rng Tn2 (a ) dao ng gia 0 v 1 i vi a 1 v tng mt cch

2
n iu i vi a 1 . iu ny dn n H a (a ) s gn sng gia 1 v

1
i vi a 1 v gim mt cch n iu i vi a 1 .
1 2

Cc im cc ca hm bnh phng bin ca hm truyn t |H a(s)|2 c

dng:
s pk k jak

Vi

(1.63)

1
k sin uk .Ra vi Ra
2
1
ak cos uk .Rb vi Rb
2

1
1 1 1 1 2 n1
( 1 2 )n (
)

2
uk

(2k 1)
2n

27

 Bc ca b lc:
Hm p ng bin tn s khng chun ha c gi tr:
H a (a )

(1.64)

1
1 2Tn2 (

a
)
ap

th minh ha cho H a (a ) nh sau:

Hnh 1.3. th H a (a ) ca b lc chebyshev -1.

Bc ca b lc c tnh theo cng thc sau:

1
1
1
1
2
As
As2
ln[

2
n

ln[ as ( as ) 2 1
ap
ap

(1.65)

Ch n nhn gi tr nguyn.
as : Tn s di chn.
ap : Tn s di thng.
As : gn di chn.

28

: L tham s xc nh bin ca gn sng di thng, vi

1

1 1

1 2

B lc tng t Chebyshev loi 2: L b lc c p ng bin gn sng

di chn v gim n iu di thng ( tc l ngc vi b lc loi 1).
Bnh phng ca p ng bin ca b lc tng t Chebyshev loi 2
nh sau:
1

H a (a )

1
2

cos(n arccos x)
cosh(nar cosh x)

Vi Tn ( x)

Tn (as )

Tn ( as )
ap

(1.66)

x 1
x 1

B lc chebyshev-2 cha c im khng v im cc. Vi cc im

khng l:
sor j

as

2r 1 vi r=1,2,.,n
cos
2n

(1.67)

Cc im cc c dng:
s pk k jak

Vi:

k
ak

(1.68)

as k
k2 k2

as k
k2 k2

1
k sin uk Ra vi Ra
2

29

1
k cos uk Rb vi Rb
2

1
1
1
2
2
2

1
n

b. Chuyn i b lc
Trn nguyn tc, vic chuyn i b lc tp trung vo nghin cu cc
php bin hnh, hay nh x, chuyn i mt phng s v mt phng z. Trn l
thuyt c mt s phng php chuyn i sau y:
o Phng php bt bin xung (Impulse Invariance Transformation)
Bn cht phng php bt bin xung l php bin hnh sao cho dy p
ng xung ca b lc s chnh l hm p ng xung ca b lc tng t c ly
mu cc im ri rc. Php bin hnh cho ta cng thc i bin:
z e sT

(1.69)

Vi z l bin s c lp ca hm H(z) trn min z, s l bin s c lp ca

hm Ha(s) trn min s, T l chu k ly mu ca hm p ng xung h thng
tng t.
Mi quan h gia hm truyn t H(z) min z v hm truyn t H a(s)
min s c cho bi cng thc sau:
H (z)

1
2
H a (s j k )

T k
T

Cc na sc ngang di v hn c b rng

(1.70)
2
v nm na bn tri mt
T

phng s c nh x vo bn trong ng trn n v trn mt phng z theo

nguyn tc nhiu - mt. Bi php bin hnh nh x ton b na mt phng bn
tri ca mt phng s vo bn trong ng trn n v ca mt phng z nn n bo
ton tnh n nh ca h thng (da trn phn b ca cc im cc).
Nu nh b lc tng t l thng thp l tng v chu k ly mu nh
:

30

H a ( j) H a ( jT ) 0,

1
j
j
th H (e ) H a ( ),
T
T
T

Th khng c hin tng chng ph (aliasing). Tuy nhin b lc thng

thp thc t khng th c ph hu hn nn hin tng chng ph gy ra bi php
bin hnh vn xy ra.
o Phng php bin i song song tuyn (Bilinear Transformation)
Bn cht ca php bin i song tuyn l php bin hnh da trn nguyn
tc a phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng c trng cho mt h thng
tng t v gn ng mt phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng, m
phng trnh sau c th c trng cho mt h thng s. Php bin hnh cho ta
cng thc i bin:
2 1 z 1
1 sT / 2
s
z
1
T 1 z
1 sT / 2

(1.71)

Php bin hnh ny nh x ton b na bn tri mt phng s vo bn trong

ng trn n v trn mt phng z trn nguyn tc mt - mt nn n bo ton
tnh n nh ca h thng.
Mt khc nguyn tc nh x mt - mt t mt phng s n mt phng z
cho php hon ton khng xy ra hin tng chng ph.
o Phng php tng ng vi phn (Approximation of Derivatives
Transformation)
Phng php ny da trn vic thit lp mt s tng ng gia nh ngha
ca vi phn v nh ngha ca sai phn. Php bin hnh cho ta cng thc i bin:
(1.72)
s

1 z
T

1
1 sT

Php bin hnh nh x ton b na bn tri mt phng s vo bn trong

ng trn tm (0, ) bn knh R = .

31

Php bin hnh nh x ton b na bn tri mt phng s vo bn trong

ng trn n v trn mt phng z nn n bo ton tnh n nh ca h thng.
Tuy nhin tp hp cc im cc ca h thng b co li trong mt phm vi
nh nn c th dn ti hin tng cng hng phm vi tn s no .
o Phng php bin i Z thch ng (Matched-Z Transformation)
Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc nh x trc tip cc im cc v
im khng ca hm truyn t h thng tng t thnh cc im cc v im
khng ca hm truyn t h thng s. Gi s hm truyn t ca h thng tng
t c dng:
M

H a (s) C

C (s s

0r

r 1
M

(s s
k 1

)
(1.73)

pk

Th php bin hnh bin i cc phn t (s a) tr thnh 1 eaT z 1 thu c

hm truyn t ca h thng s.
M

H (z) C

C (1 e

r 1
M

(1 e

s0 r T

s pk T

z 1 )
1

z )

(1.74)

k 1

Vi phng php ny phi chn chu k ly mu T nh cc im cc

v im khng phn b mt cch thch hp trn mt phng z, trnh hin tng
chng ph, t m bo c p ng tn s ca b lc s gn ging vi p
ng tn s ca b lc tng t.
c. Chuyn i bng tn s
Vic chuyn i bng tn s, xut pht t b lc thng thp c tn s ct
c' c a ra theo cc cng thc nh x bng di y:

32

Loi

Cng thc chuyn i

Cc tham s

chuyn i
B lc thng
thp

z 1
1 z 1

z 1

c : Tn s ct ca b lc

mi.
c ' c
)
2

' c
sin( c
)
2
sin(

B lc thng
cao

z 1

z 1
1 z 1

c : Tn s ct ca b lc

mi.
c ' c
cos(
)
2

' c
cos( c
)
2

B lc thng
di

k 1 k 1
z
k 1
k 1
z 1
k 1 2
k 1
z 2
z 1
k 1
k 1
z 2 2

c 2 c1
)
2

c1
cos( c 2
)
2
c1
'
k tan( ) cot g ( c 2
)
2
2
cos(

c1 : Tn s ct thp ca b

lc mi.
c 2 : Tn s ct cao ca b

lc mi.
B lc chn di

k 1 k 1
z
k 1
k 1
z 1
k 1 2
k 1
z 2
z 1
k 1
k 1
z 2 2

c 2 c1
)
2

c1
cos( c 2
)
2
c1
'
k tan( ) tan( c 2
)
2
2
cos(

c1 : Tn s ct thp ca b

lc mi.

33

c 2 : Tn s ct cao ca b

lc mi.
Bng 1.3. Bng chuyn i tn s t b lc thng thp sang cc b lc khc.

Ngoi ba bi thit k trn, bi bn c xut m phng vic lc tn

hiu s dng b lc FIR hoc IIR c thit k bi hai v bi ba. Nhim v ca
bi bn l to tn hiu ngu nhin vi tn s bit, sau thit k b lc FIR
hoc IIR thc hin lc tn hiu theo yu cu.
1.3. Kt lun chng
Chng mt tm hiu c mt s ni dung nh sau:
- Tm hiu v nm c cng mn hc x l tn hiu s 2, t a
ra xut cc bi th nghim cho mn hc.
- xut bn bi th nghim cho mn hc bao gm:
Bi 1: V p ng tn s ca h thng.
Bi 2: Thit k b lc FIR.
Bi 3: Thit k b lc IIR.
Bi 4: M phng vic lc tn hiu s dng b lc FIR hoc IIR.

34

CHNG II
CNG C S DNG XY DNG CC BI TH NGHIM
2.1. Gii thiu v Matlab
Matlab l sn phm phn mm ca cng ty MathWorks Inc. u im ni
bt ca Matlab l kh nng tnh ton v biu din ha k thut nhanh chng,
a dng v chnh xc cao. Matlab tch hp c vic tnh ton, th hin kt qu,
cho php lp trnh, giao din lm vic rt d dng cho ngi s dng. D liu
cng vi th vin c lp trnh sn cho php ngi s dng c th c c
nhng ng dng sau y:
- S dng cc hm c sn trong th vin, cc php tnh ton hc thng
thng.
- Cho php lp trnh to ra nhng ng dng mi.
- Cho php m phng cc m hnh thc t.
- Phn tch, kho st v hin th d liu.
- Phn mm ha cc mnh.
- Cho php pht trin, giao tip vi mt s phn mm khc nh C++,
Fortran.
2.1.1. Khi ng
C th khi ng MATLAB theo 2 cch nh sau:
Kch p chut vo biu tng MATLAB trn mn hnh Desktop.
Chn Start > All Programs > MATLAB > MATLAB R2009a .
Sau khi khi ng MATLAB ta thu c mn hnh MATLAB bao gm
cc ca s tch hp nh hnh di y:

35

Hnh 2.1. Giao din MATLABg sau khi c khi ng.

Ca s lnh Command Window 1: y l ca s chnh ca MATLAB.

Ti y ta thc hin ton b vic nhp lnh v nhn kt qu tnh ton. Du >> l
du i lnh. Sau khi nhp lnh v kt thc bng ng tc nhn phm enter,
MATLAB s x l lnh v xut kt qu ln ngay di dng lnh.
V d: >> a=5*2+6 (Nhp lnh v nhn enter)
a=
16 (Kt qu)
Ca s Command History 2: Tt c cc lnh s dng trong Command
Window c lu gi v hin th ti y. C th lp li lnh c bng cch nhp
p chut vo lnh . Cng c th ct dn, sao chp, xo c nhm lnh hoc
tng lnh ring r.
Ca s Workspace Browser 3: Khi nim Workspace (khng gian lm
vic) l mt vng nh ng trong b nh ca chng trnh, t ng hnh thnh
khi MATLAB c khi ng v t ng xa khi thot MATLAB. Workspace
lu gi cc bin khi ta s dng MATLAB. Tt c cc bin tn ti trong

36

Workspace u c hin th ti ca s Workspace Browser vi cc thng tin v

tn bin, gi tr, kch c byte v loi d liu.
Ca s th mc hin hnh Current Directory 4: c hin th khi nhp
chut vo Current Directory. Nh ca s ny ngi s dng c th nhanh
chng nhn bit cc th mc con v cc tp tin (file) ang c trong th mc hin
hnh. Cc thao tc m file, lu file, tm M-file thc thi...c mc u tin cao
nht cho th mc hin hnh. Mc nh khi khi ng MATLAB th th mc hin
hnh l '...\Th mc ci t MATLAB\work'.
Tn th mc hin hnh cng c ch r trn thanh toolbar (v tr 5 ).
Ca s editor 6: Ca s son tho chng trnh dng m file.
Trn y ch l mt cch hin th t hp cc ca s trong mn hnh
MATLAB. Ty theo thi quen v nhu cu s dng, ngi dng c th thay i
linh hot cch hin th thng qua menu Desktop > Desktop layout.
2.1.2. Tin ch tr gip
Tin ch tr gip (help) ca MATLAB rt phong ph. C th gi t menu
help trn thanh menu hoc nhp lnh ti command window theo c php:
help tn_lnh

% xem tr gip ti Command Window.

doc tn_lnh

% xem tr gip trong ca s Help.

V d, tm hiu chc nng v cch dng ca lnh input ta c th nhp:

>> help input hoc
>> doc input
Ngoi ra, chng ta cng c th xem cc v d minh ho c sn trong
MATLAB bng cch nhp lnh demo.
2.1.3. Thot khi MATLAB
Thc hin mt trong cc cch sau y:
- Nhp chut vo nt

gc trn, phi ca mn hnh MATLAB.

37

- Chn menu File > Exit MATLAB.

- Nhn t hp phm Ctrl + Q.
- >>quit hoc >>exit.
2.2. M FILE
Trong MATLAB, M-file l cc file chng trnh c son tho v lu
dng vn bn. C hai loi M-file l script file (file lnh) v function file (file
hm). C hai u c phn tn m rng l ".m ". MATLAB c rt nhiu M-file
chun c xy dng sn. Ngi dng cng c th to cc M-file mi tu theo
nhu cu s dng.
2.2.1. Lp trnh dng script file
Thay v nhp v thc thi tng cu lnh ti ca s Command Window,
chng ta c th son v lu tt c cc cu lnh cn thit gii bi ton vo mt
script file. Sau ch cn g tn file thc thi ton b chng trnh.
M ca s Editor
Cch 1: Trong command window g lnh edit
Cch 2: Vo menu File>New>M-File
Cch 3: Nhp chut vo icon

(icon u tin trn thanh toolbar)

Hnh 2.2. Ca s Editor.

38

b. Son tho
Cu trc tng qut ca mt scrift file:

Hnh 2.3. Cu trc tng qut scrift file

- K hiu % c th dng bt c ch no trong chng trnh to cu

ghi ch, gii thch. Cc cu ghi ch pha trn dng lnh u tin s hin trn mn
hnh khi g lnh help tn_ file.
- Lnh gn: dng gn gi tr cho bin.
C php: tn bin =<gi tr >
- Lnh input: dng nhn mt gi tr t bn phm.
C php: tn bin = input(li nhc)
V d: a = input(nhap tan so lay mau fs)
Khi thc thi, MATLAB s hin dng nhc: nhap tan so lay mau fs
Sau ch ngi dng nhp mt gi tr s t bn phm, nhn gi tr va
nhp v gn vo bin a.
V d: Son tho tp tin vd1.m vi ni dung nh sau:
%Chuong trinh tinh dien tich hinh chu nhat

39

%DHCNTT&TT, 06/2013
%Nguoi viet: Nguyen Van A
a=input('nhap chieu dai a:=');
b=input('nhap chieu rong b:=');
S=a*b; %Dien tich hinh chu nhat
c. Lu
Vo menu file>save>t tn tp tin>nhp nt save.
Tp tin scrift file c phn m rng l .m, v c lu vo th mc hin
hnh. Nu khng c s la chn khc th th mc hin hnh c mc nh l
th mc work ca MATLAB. Tn tp tin phi bt u bng k t ch, khng c
khong trng gia cc k t. Lu kim tra v tt cc phn mm g ting vit
nh Vietkey, Unikey, nu cn.
d. Gi thc hin scrift file
Cch 1: Trong ca s son tho nhp chut vo nt run

trn thanh

toolbar.
Cch 2: Tr v mn hnh command window v g tn file (khng c phn
m rng .m), sau nhn enter thc thi.
V d: thc thi file vd1.m va to, ti du nhc lnh ta g: >>vd1
Lu l d gi thc hin theo cch 1 hay cch 2 th MATLAB cng u
xut kt qu tnh ton ti ca s command window.
e. M mt M - file ang c xem li hay chnh sa
Cch 1: Trong ca s editor hoc command window, vo menu fileopen

ng dntn file.
Cch 2: Vo ca s workspace, nhp p chut vo tn M-file cn m.
Cch 3: Ti Command Window, g lnh edit ('ng dn\tn file').

40

2.2.2. Lp trnh dng function

Tng t nh trong ton hc, cc hm (function) trong MATLAB s nhn
vo gi tr ca cc i s v tr v gi tr tng ng ca hm. Trnh t to v thc
thi mt file hm bao gm cc bc nh sau:
a. M ca s editor: Thc hin tng t nh scrift file
b. Son tho
Cu trc chun ca mt hm:
function [danh sch tham s ra] = tn hm (danh sch tham s vo)
% khi cc cu ghi ch, gii thch
Cu lnh x l 1;
Cu lnh x l 2;
..
Tham s ra 1 = biu thc tnh 1;
Tham s ra 2 = biu thc tnh 2;
..

Tham s ra (cng gi l tham bin) dng cha cc kt qu x l ca

hm. Khi gi thc hin hm ta c th thay chng bng cc tn bin c th.
Tham s vo (cng gi l tham tr, hay i s) l cc bin trong hm m s
nhn cc gi tr vo c th khi gi thc hin hm.
Tn cc tham s vo, ra trong phn danh sch c phn cch nhau bng
du phy. Nu ch c 1 tham s ra th khng cn dng du ngoc vung [ ].

41

c. Lu: Nh cch lu ca scrift file. Khi lu hm, MATLAB s ly tn hm lm

tn file, ngi lp trnh khng nn sa li tn ny trnh ln ln khi gi thc
hin hm.
d. Gi thc hin function file
T ca s Command thc hin nh sau:
Nu ch c mt tham s ra:
>> tn_bin = tn_file (danh sch cc gi tr vo)
Nu c nhiu tham s ra:
>> [tn_bin1, tn_bin2,...] = tn_file (danh sch cc gi tr vo)
c im ca hm:
Cc hm ch thng tin vi MATLAB thng qua cc bin truyn vo cho
n v cc bin ra m n to thnh, cc bin trung gian bn trong hm th khng
tng tc vi mi trng MATLAB.
Khi MATLAB thc hin ln u cc file hm, n s m file v dch cc
dng lnh ca file ra mt dng m lu trong b nh nhm mc ch tng tc
thc hin cc li gi hm tip theo. Nu sau khng c s thay i g trong
M-file, qu trnh dch s khng xy ra ln th hai. Nu trong hm c cha li gi
hm M-file khc th cc hm cng c dch vo trong b nh. Bng lnh
clear function ta c th xo cng bc cc hm dch, nhng vn gi nguyn
cc M-file.
Mi hm c khng gian lm vic ring ca n (local workspace), tch bit
vi mi trng MATLAB (s dng base workspace), mi quan h duy nht gia
cc bin trong hm vi mi trng bn ngoi l cc bin vo v ra ca hm .
Nu bn thn cc bin ca hm b thay i th s thay i ny ch tc ng bn
trong ca hm v m khng lm nh hng n cc bin ca mi trng
MATLAB. Cc bin ca hm s c gii phng ngay sau khi hm thc thi xong
nhim v, v vy khng th s dng thng tin ca ln gi trc cho ln gi sau.

42

Cc hm c th s dng chung cc bin vi hm khc hay vi mi trng

MATLAB nu cc bin c khai bo l bin ton cc. c th truy cp c
cc bin bn trong mt hm th cc bin phi c khai bo l bin ton cc
trong mi hm s dng n.
Mt M-file c th cha nhiu hm. Hm chnh (main function) trong Mfile ny phi c t tn trng vi tn ca M-file. Cc hm khc c khai bo
thng qua cu lnh function c vit sau hm u tin. Cc hm con (local
function) ch c s dng bi hm chnh, tc l ngoi hm chnh ra th khng
c hm no khc c th gi c chng. Tnh nng ny cung cp mt gii php
hu hiu gii quyt tng phn ca hm chnh mt cch ring r, to thun li
cho vic lp mt file hm duy nht gii bi ton phc tp.
c bit trong MATLAB c rt nhiu hm c sn, l cc hm c
lp trnh sn v c a vo th vin, xem mt hm cng nh cu trc, cch
s dng ta dng lnh >>help tn_hm.
V d ta mun xem cu trc hm freqz
>> help freqz
2.3. ha vi MATLAB
2.3.1. V th bng hm plot
Hm plot v th 2D da trn hai mng d liu s do ngi dng to
trc. Nu dng hm plot v th hm s th s im d liu cng nhiu,
hnh v cng ng vi th hm s lin tc (ng cong trn v lin tc).
a. V cn bn
Lnh plot(x,y): v th y theo x.
V d: V th cc hm sau:
y1 x 2 3x 5

vi x trong khong [0,10]

y2 sin( x)

vi x trong khong [0,3]

Thc hin trong MATLAB:

43

>> x=[0: 0.01: 10];

% to mng x c gi tr t 0 n 10 vi gia s 0,01

>> y1=x.^2+3*x+5; % to mng y1 (= tnh cc gi tr tng ng ca y1)

>> plot(x,y1);

% v th y1 theo x

>> x=[0: 0.01: 3*pi]; % to mng x c gi tr t 0 n 3 vi gia s 0.01

>> y2=sin(x);

% to mng y2

>>plot(x,y2);

%v th y2 theo x

Di y l kt qu ca v d trn:

Hnh 2.3. Kt qu th y1.

Hnh 2.4. Kt qu th y2.

b. V c khai bo mu, kiu nt v nh du im d liu

C php lnh: plot(x,y,S)

44

Trong tham s S l chui k t tu chn khai bo mu v, kiu nt

v k hiu nh du ti cc im d liu. Nu khng dng tham s S th mc
nh l mu xanh dng (blue), nt lin (solid), khng c k hiu nh du.
o Mu (color)
b = blue

m = magenta

g = green

y = yellow

r = red

k = black

c = cyan

w = white

o Kiu nt (linestyle) v k hiu nh du (marker)

Linestyle

Marker

solid

x-mark

triangle (down)

dotted

plus

triangle (up)

-.

dashdot

star

<

triangle (left)

--

dashed

square

>

triangle (right)

point

circle

pentagram

diamond

hexagram

Bng 2.1. Bng kiu nt v k hiu nh du.

o Cc lnh tin tch

1. title('tn th')

% to tiu th

2. xlabel('nhn trc x')

% to nhn cho trc x

3. ylabel('nhn trc y')

% to nhn cho trc y

4. text(x,y,'nhn')

% to nhn ti v tr c to (x,y)

5. grid hoc grid on

% hin cc li to .

45

6. hold hoc hold on

% gi nguyn th v tip trn cng h

trc to .
7. legend('chthch1', 'chthch2',...) % to ch thch khi v nhiu
th.
v hai hay nhiu th trn cng mt h trc to ta c th dng lnh
hold on nh trn hoc dng lnh plot vi c php tng qut:
plot(x1,y1,S1,x2,y2,S2,) trong x1,y1,S1 ng vi th th nht; x2,y2,S2
ng vi th th hai,
2.3.2. H trc ta (axis), ca s v (figure), th con (subplot)
Lnh axis l cng c dng qun l hnh dng v thang chia ca c hai
trc ng v ngang. Lnh ny c nhiu tu chn, bit mt cch y v n,
chng ta c th g lnh help axis hay doc axis. Mt s cch thng dng ca
lnh axis l:
LNH
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax])

NGHA
Thit lp cc gi tr min max ca trc 2D

axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax Thit lp cc gi tr min max ca trc 3D

zmin zmax])
axis square

Ly di hai trc bng nhau (to vng bao

vung, so vi mc nh l ch nht)

axis equal

Ly thang chia ging nhau cho c hai trc

axis off

Tt b ch trc, nhn, li

axis on

Ngc li vi axis off

Nu mun v nhiu th trn cc figure (ca s v) khc nhau, ta to

figure mi bng lnh figure hoc chn menu file > new > figure trong ca s
figure ang v. Mi i tng ha to mi nh figure, axis, line,... c
MATLAB t ng gn cho mt s hiu qun l, gi l handle. Trng hp
tng qut th gi tr handle l mt s thc. Ring i vi figure th mi figure to

46

mi s c gn vi handle l mt s nguyn dng, v d: 1, 2, 3,... Chng ta c

th chuyn qua li gia cc figure ang c bng cch dng chut chn hoc
dng lnh figure(H) trong H l s hiu ca figure.
Cc lnh tm handle thng dng l gcf (get handlle to current figure tm
handle ca figure hin hnh), gca (get handle to current axis tm handle ca h
trc hin hnh), findobj (gcf, 'Type', 'Line') (tm handle ca cc ng th
trong figure hin hnh).
Mt khc, mt ca s figure c th cha nhiu hn mt h trc. Lnh
subplot(m,n,p) chia figure thnh mt ma trn (mxn) vng ho con gi l
subplot, v chn p l subplot hin hnh. Cc subplot c nh s ln lt t tri
qua phi, t trn xung di.
2.4. Kt lun chng
Trong chng ny chng ta tm hiu cng c xy dng cc bi th
nghim v t c kt qu nh sau:
- Tm hiu c tng quan v Matlab, li ch ca Matlab, cch khi ng
cng nh thot khi chng trnh Matlab.
- Tm hiu c file chng trnh son tho M file.
- Tm hiu c bn v ha vi Matlab gm cc hm v hnh, h trc ta
, ca s, th con.

47

CHNG III
XY DNG CHNG TRNH THC HNH
Chng trnh thc hnh gm c bn bi thc hnh vi giao din nh sau:
(Giao din c m ra bng cch chy file GUI1.m).

Hnh 3.1. Giao din chng trnh thc hnh.

Chng trnh gm c bn bi:

- Bi 1: V p ng tn s ca h thng.
- Bi 2: Thit k b lc FIR.
- Bi 3: Thit k b lc IIR.
- Bi 4: M phng lc tn hiu s dng b lc FIR hoc IIR.
thc hin chng trnh, chng ta n nt la chn mt trong bn bi
thc hnh nh trn giao din bng cch n vo mt trong bn nt: bi 1, bi 2,
bi 3, bi 4. Khi n vo mt trong bn nt , giao din ca bi m ta va la
chn s c m ra.

48

V d khi n vo nt

th giao din ca bi mt c m ra nh

sau:

Hnh 3.2. Giao din bi 1.

3.1. Bi 1: V p ng tn s ca h thng
T ngha ca p ng tn s ca h thng c trnh by chng mt
l biu din c tnh lc ca mt h thng, bi mt c xy dng v p ng
tn s ca mt h thng da vo hm truyn t vi mc ch da vo p ng
bin v p ng pha c c th c th kt lun h thng thuc loi b lc
g, thng thp, thng cao, thng di hay chn di.
Di y l giao din bi mt, c m ra bng cch chy file GUI2.m:

Hnh 3.2. Giao din bi 1: V p ng tn s ca h thng.

49

Giao din ca bi mt gm c ba phn:

Tham s thit k: v p ng tn s ca h thng th cc tham s cn
nhp vo nh sau:
- H s t s ca hm truyn t: c nhp di dng vec t.
- H s mu s ca hm truyn t: c nhp di dng vec t.
- S im tn s.

Hnh 3.3. Giao din tham s thit k bi 1.

Hm truyn t ca h thng trong min z c dng nh sau:

B( z ) b0 b1 z 1 ...... bM z M
H ( z)

A( z ) a0 a1 z 1 ...... aN z N

T hm truyn t ca h thng ta c th tm p ng tn s ca h thng

bng cch thay z = e j . C ngha l cc h s t s v mu s ca hm truyn t
cng l cc h s t s v mu s ca p ng tn s ca h thng. T p ng
tn s ca h thng c th xc nh p ng bin v p ng pha m kt qu
cui cng mong mun l v c p ng bin v p ng pha ca h thng.
Do hai tham s thit k v p ng tn s ca h thng chnh l cc h s
t s v h s mu s ca hm truyn t ca h thng.
V p ng tn s ca cc mch lc l tng l i xng nn ch cn xt
mt na chu k l . Do tham s th ba l s im tn s (n im) s xc
50

nh p ng tn s ti n im cch u nhau quanh vng trn n v (n im

cch u nhau nm gia 0 v ). Thng thng nu khng c ch nh th s
im tn s c chn l 512 hoc 1024.
v p ng tn s ca mt h thng bt k khi bit hm truyn t ca
h thng, chng ta nhp cc tham s thit k bao gm h s t s, h s mu s
ca hm truyn t, s im tn s ri sau n nt OK thc hin. Mc nh
hin th ra p ng bin ca h thng.
Khung Hin th: Thc hin chc nng hin th kt qu bi thit k.

Hnh 3.4. Giao din khung hin th ca bi 1.

Khung hin th a ra hm truyn t ca h thng biu din trong min z

trc khi thit k da vo chng ta c th nhp cc tham s thit k mt
cch d dng v chnh xc. Hm truyn t ca h thng c dng sau:
H ( z)

B( z ) b0 b1 z 1 ...... bM z M

A( z ) a0 a1 z 1 ...... aN z N

Trong : b0 , b1 , , bM : H s t s.
a0 , a1 , , aN : H s mu s.

51

Kt qu thit k l p ng bin , p ng pha ca h thng s c

biu din khung hin th ny.
La chn
Phn la chn bao gm hai thanh menu, trn thanh menu th nht cha
hai nt la chn v kt qu. Khi n vo nt la chn s s ra cc la chn bao
gm: Bi 1, bi 2, bi 3, bi 4, quay li, tip tc, thot. Chng ta c th chn mt
trong bn bi bt k thc hin bng cch n vo cc nt bi 1, bi 2, bi 3,
hoc bi 4. Chn quay li tr v bi trc , n tip tc chuyn ti bi tip
theo, n thot thot khi chng trnh.

Hnh 3.5. Mc la chn ca menu th nht.

Khi n vo nt kt qu th s s ra hai la chn l p ng bin v p

ng pha. l kt qu thit k ca bi mt. Khi la chn p ng bin th
trn khung hin th s biu din p ng bin ca h thng. Khi la chn p
ng pha th trn khung hin th s biu din p ng pha ca h thng.

52

Hnh 3.6. Mc kt qu ca menu th nht.

Trn thanh menu th hai cha ba nt bao gm: Nt

l nt quay li

(back), khi n vo nt back th s quay tr li giao din trc (giao din cc

bi thc hnh). Nt

l nt tip tc (next), khi n vo nt next s thc hin

chuyn ti giao din bi tip theo (bi 2). Nt

l nt thot (exit), khi n nt

exit s thc hin thot khi chng trnh.

V d 1: V p ng tn s ca h thng c hm truyn t sau:
H ( z)

0.5 z 2 0.32
z 2 0.5 z 0.25

Chia c t v mu s cho z 2 a hm truyn t H(z) ca h thng v

dng a thc ca z

0.5 0.32 z 2
ta c: H(z)=
1 0.5 z 1 0.25 z 2

Nhp h s t s ca hm truyn t nh sau: [0.5 0 -0.32]

Nhp h s mu s ca hm truyn t nh sau: [1 -0.5 0.25]
La chn s im tn s tnh ton p ng tn s l: 1024
n nt OK ta c kt qu chng trnh nh sau:

53

Hnh 3.7. Kt qu p ng bin ca h thng v d 1.

Kt qu mc nh hin th p ng bin ca h thng. Nu la chn

hin th p ng pha ca h thng th kt qu cho nh sau:

Hnh 3.8. Kt qu p ng pha ca h thng v d 1.

Kt qu ra p ng bin v p ng pha ca h thng nh hnh trn. T

p ng tn s ca h thng nh trn ta c th kt lun y l b lc thng di.

54

3.2. Bi 2: Thit k b lc FIR

Giao din bi 2 nh sau (chy file GUI3.m chy chng trnh).

Hnh 3.9. Giao din bi 2: Thit k b lc FIR.

Giao din bi hai gm ba phn bao gm tham s thit k, khung hin th,
v menu la chn. Phn khung hin th hin th cc kt qu thit k b lc.
3.2.1. Tham s thit k
Giao din tham s thit k nh sau:

Hnh 3.10. Giao din tham s thit k bi 2.

a. Loi p ng
Xt theo dng p ng tn s th b lc c chia lm bn loi c bn l
b lc thng thp, thng cao, thng di, chn di. Thit k b lc FIR cng l i
xy dng bn loi b lc c bn ny nn tham s la chn th nht l loi p

55

ng. C bn la chn l thng thp, thng cao, thng di hoc chn di. Loi p
ng c la chn mc nh l thng thp.

Hnh 3.11. Mc la chn loi p ng.

b. Phng php thit k

Trong bi hai ny chng ta s dng hai phng php thit k b lc FIR l
phng php ca s v phng php ly mu tn s. Phng php c la chn
mc nh l phng php ly mu tn s.

Hnh 3.12. Mc la chn phng php thit k.

c. Loi ca s
Nu tham s th hai chng ta chn phng php thit k l phng
php ca s th tham s th ba c a ra l loi ca s thit k. Nu chn
phng php ly mu tn s th tham s loi ca s s c n i.
C nm loi ca s c xy dng trong bi l ca s ch nht, ca s
tam gic, ca s hanning, ca s hamming, ca s blackman.

Hnh 3.13. Mc la chn loi ca s.

56

d. Tn s ct thp, tn s ct cao
p ng bin ca cc b lc l tng c cho nh sau:

Hnh 3.14. p ng bin ca b lc s thng thp l tng.

Hnh 3.15. p ng bin ca b lc s thng cao l tng.

Hnh 3.16. p ng bin ca b lc thng di l tng.

Hnh 3.17. p ng bin ca b lc s chn di l tng.

Vi c : Tn s ct
c1 : Tn s ct thp
c 2 : Tn s ct cao

57

Da vo p ng bin ca cc b lc s nh trn ta thy khi thit k

bt k b lc no trong bn loi b lc trn th tham s quan trng cn thit chnh
l tn s ct. N l mt thng s k thut quan trng thit k b lc.

Hnh 3.18. Giao din tham s thit k cha mc tn s ct thp, cao.

Vi la chn b lc thng thp th la chn tn s ct thp (n v Hz),

cn tn s ct cao s c n i (v b lc thng thp ch c tham s tn s ct
hay chnh l tn s ct thp).
Vi la chn b lc thng cao th la chn tn s ct cao (n v Hz), cn
tn s ct thp s c n i (v b lc thng cao ch c tham s tn s ct hay
chnh l tn s ct cao).
Vi la chn b lc thng di v b lc chn di th la chn c hai tn s
ct thp v tn s ct cao (n v Hz).

58

e. Tn s ly mu
V chng ta thc hin thit k b lc s nn phi thc hin vic chuyn
i t tn hiu lin tc thnh ri rc qua bc ly mu. Tn s ly mu hay t l
ly mu f s c nh ngha l s lng cc mu thu c trong mt giy,
hoc f s =1/T. T l ly mu c o bng hertz hoc s mu/giy. Do , tn s
ly mu l mt trong nhng tham s thit k b lc s. Gi tr tn s ly mu
c nhp vo bng tham s thit k ca b lc ty theo yu cu thit k, gi tr
mc nh l 8000Hz.
nh l ly mu Nyquist - Shannon cung cp iu kin theo c th
ti lp hon ho tn hiu. nh l ly mu m bo rng cc tn hiu c tn s
gii hn c th c ti to hon ton t phin bn mu ca n, nu t l ly mu
ln hn gp i tn s ti a (fs>2fmax).
f. Chiu di b lc
y l mt tham s quan trng khi thit k b lc, chiu di b lc s xc
nh s cc h s ca b lc. M cc h s ca b lc li chnh l kt qu mong
i ca cc phng php thit k t xc nh hm truyn t cng nh p
ng tn s ca b lc.
y chng ta thit k b lc FIR loi mt, do chiu di b lc l mt
s nguyn l (N l).
Sau khi la chn v nhp cc tham s thit k chng ta n nt OK thc
hin thit k b lc FIR.
3.2.2. La chn
Phn la chn cha hai thanh menu. Trn thanh menu th nht c hai nt
la chn v kt qu. Khi chng ta n vo nt la chn s s ra cc la chn bao
gm: Bi 1, bi 2, bi 3, bi 4, quay li, thot. Chng ta c th chn mt trong
bn bi bt k thit k bng cch n vo cc nt bi 1, bi 2, bi 3, hoc bi 4.
Chn quay li tr v bi trc , chn tip tc chuyn ti bi tip theo, n
thot thot khi chng trnh.

59

Hnh 3.19. Nt la chn trn thanh menu th nht.

Khi n vo nt kt qu hin th cc kt qu ca bi thit k c hin

th khung hin th bn di. Ty theo tng phng php thit k th c nhng
kt qu thit k khc nhau.
Vi phng php ly mu tn s th kt qu thit k bao gm: Cc gi tr
H(k) tng ng, h s ca b lc B(n), p ng bin , p ng pha ca b lc.

Hnh 3.20. Cc la chn kt qu vi phng php ly mu tn s.

Vi phng php ca s th kt qu bao gm: p ng xung ca b lc

h(n), gi tr hm ca s (ty thuc vo loi ca s c chn), h s b lc B(n),
60

p ng bin , p ng pha ca b lc. Ty thuc vo s la chn ca chng ta

m mi kt qu c hin th di bng hin th.

Hnh 3.21. Cc la chn kt qu vi phng php ca s.

Trn thanh menu th hai cha ba nt bao gm: Nt

l nt quay li

(back), khi n vo nt back th s quay tr li giao din bi trc (bi 1). Nt

l nt tip tc (next), khi n vo nt next s thc hin chuyn ti giao din bi
tip theo (bi 3). Nt

l nt thot (exit), khi n nt exit s thc hin thot khi

chng trnh.
V d 2: Thit k b lc thng di FIR pha tuyn tnh vi chiu di b lc
l 25, tn s ct thp l 1600Hz, tn s ct cao l 1800Hz, tn s ly mu l
8000Hz s dng ca s Hamming.
Theo nh yu cu ca v d, chng ta la chn cc tham s, nhp cc gi
tr vo bng tham s thit k v n OK v nhn c kt qu (mc nh hin th
p ng bin ca b lc) nh hnh di y:

61

Hnh 3.22. Kt qu thit k b lc v d 2.

Chng ta c th la chn cc kt qu hin th ra bng hin th.

V d 3: Thit k b lc FIR thng thp pha tuyn tnh vi s lng h s
ca b lc l 25 s dng phng php ly mu tn s. Vi tn s ct fc=2000Hz
v tn s ly mu l 8000Hz.
Theo nh bi ra, chng ta la chn v nhp cc tham s thit k ri n nt
OK nhn c kt qu ( mc nh l p ng bin ca b lc) biu din
nh hnh di y:

62

Hnh 3.23. p ng bin ca b lc c thit k v d 3.

Chng ta c th la chn hin th cc h s ca b lc. Kt qu nh hnh

di y:

Hnh 3.24. H s b lc thit k v d 3.

3.3. Bi 3: Thit k b lc IIR

Giao din ca bi 3 c thit k nh sau:
(Chy file GUI4.m thc hin).

Hnh 3.25. Giao din bi 3: Thit k b lc IIR.

63

Giao din gm ba phn, bao gm tham s thit k, phn menu cc la

chn hin th, khung hin th biu din cc kt qu thit k b lc.
3.3.1. Tham s thit k
Di y l giao din ca phn tham s thit k:

Hnh 3.26. Giao din tham s thit k b lc IIR.

a. Loi p ng
Cng nh b lc FIR, thit k b lc IIR cng l i xy dng b lc vi
bn loi p ng c bn l thng thp, thng cao, thng di, chn di. Vi bi
ny cng thit k b lc FIR vi bn loi p ng nh trn. Mc la chn loi
p ng gm bn la chn: thng thp, thng cao, thng di, chn di.

Hnh 3.27. Mc la chn loi p ng ca b lc.

b. Loi b lc tng t
Trong n trnh by phng php thit k b lc IIR i t thit k b lc
tng t ri chuyn i t b lc tng t sang b lc s. Bi 3 thit k b lc
IIR i t b lc Butterworth, b lc Chebyshev-1, b lc Chebyshev-2, sau

64

dng phng php bin i song tuyn chuyn i t b lc tng t sang b

lc s. Do c mc la chn thit k t b lc c ba la chn l Butterworth
hoc b lc Chebyshev-1 hoc b lc Chebyshev-2.

Hnh 3.28. Mc la chn loi b lc tng t.

c. Mc nhp tn s di thng, tn s di chn, suy gim di thng, di chn

i t p ng tn s ca cc b lc thc t th thit k b lc, cc tham
s tn s di thng, tn s di chn, suy gim di thng, suy gim di chn
l nhng tham s quan trng c trng cho mt b lc. C th nh sau:

Hnh 3.29. p ng tn s ca b lc thng thp.

Hnh 3.30.. p ng tn s ca b lc thng cao.

Vi p : Tn s di thng.

65

s : Tn s di chn.
p : gn sng di thng.

s : gn sng di chn.

(Cc tham s trn dnh cho c hai b lc thng thp v thng cao).

Hnh 3.31. p ng tn s b lc thng di.

Hnh 3.32. p ng tn s b lc chn di.

Vi sL : Tn s di chn thp.
pL : Tn s di thng thp.
pH : Tn s di thng cao.

sH : Tn s di chn cao.
p : gn sng di thng.

s : gn sng di chn.

66

(Cc tham s trn dnh cho hai loi b lc thng di v chn di).
Do thit k b lc IIR ta i la chn cc tham s trn bng cch xy
dng cc mc la chn:
Nhp tn s di thng (n v Hz): Vi b lc thng thp v thng cao th
tn s di thng ch nhn mt gi tr. i vi b lc thng di v chn di
th tn s di thng nhp vo l mt vec t c chiu di bng 2 gm tn s
di thng thp, tn s di thng cao nh biu din trn hnh p ng tn s
ca b lc thng di v chn di.
Nhp tn s di chn (n v Hz): Tng t nh i vi nhp tn s di
thng.
Nhp suy gim di thng (n v dB): suy gim di thng ch
mp m ca di thng v b lc khng phi l tng, n v l deciben.
Thng thng n nhn gi tr t 0 n vi dB.
Nhp suy gim di chn (n v dB): Ch mp m ca di chn v
b lc khng phi l l tng, n v l dB. Thng thng n nhn gi tr
vi chc dB.
d. Mc tn s ly mu
V chng ta thc hin thit k b lc s nn phi thc hin vic chuyn
i t tn hiu lin tc thnh ri rc qua bc ly mu. Tn s ly mu hay t l
ly mu f s c nh ngha l s lng cc mu thu c trong mt giy,
hoc f s =1/T. T l ly mu c o bng hertz hoc s mu/giy. Do , tn s
ly mu l mt trong nhng tham s thit k b lc s. Gi tr tn s ly mu
c nhp vo bng tham s thit k ca b lc ty theo yu cu thit k, gi tr
mc nh l 8000Hz.
nh l ly mu Nyquist - Shannon cung cp iu kin (nhng khng
phi lc no cng cn thit), theo c th ti lp hon ho tn hiu. nh l ly
mu m bo rng cc tn hiu c tn s gii hn c th c ti to hon ton t
phin bn mu ca n, nu t l ly mu ln hn gp i tn s ti a (fs>2fmax).
67

Sau khi la chn v nhp cc tham s thit k chng ta n nt OK thc

hin thit k b lc, kt qu p ng bin ca b lc s c biu din bn
bng hin th bn cnh (y l kt qu mc nh khi chng ta n OK). Ngoi ra
n nt quay li tr li bi thit k trc , n nt tip theo chuyn n bi
tip theo.
3.3.2. La chn
Phn ny c hai menu la chn. Trn thanh menu th nht c hai nt la
chn v hin th. Cng tng t nh bi 2, khi n nt la chn s s ra by la
chn gm: Bi 1, bi 2, bi 3, bi 4, quay li, tip theo, thot. Chng ta c th
chn bt k mt bi no trong bn bi bng cch n nt bi 1, hoc bi 2, hoc
bi 3, hoc bi 4. n nt quay li tr v bi trc , n nt tip theo
chuyn ti bi tip theo, n nt thot thot khi chng trnh.

Hnh 3.33. Nt la chn ca thanh menu th nht.

n vo nt kt qu hin th mt trong cc kt qu ca thit k b lc

bao gm: Bc v tn s ct ca b lc, p ng bin , p ng pha ca b lc,
h s ca b lc. i vi la chn h s ca b lc s c hai la chn hin th h
s t s, h s mu s l h s ca hm truyn t ca b lc, cng chnh l h
s ca b lc.

68

Hnh 3.34. Nt kt qu ca thanh menu th nht.

Trn thanh menu th hai cha ba nt bao gm: Nt

l nt quay li

(back), khi n vo nt back th s quay tr li giao din bi 2. Nt

l nt tip

tc (next), khi n vo nt next s thc hin chuyn ti giao din bi bi 4. Nt

l nt thot (exit), khi n nt exit s thc hin thot khi chng trnh.
V d 4: Thit k b lc thng cao Butterworth vi cc thng s sau:
fp = 3000 Hz
fs = 1000 Hz
rp = 0.5 dB
rs = 25 dB
Tn s ly mu Fs =8000 Hz.
Da vo yu cu ca bi, chng ta la chn v nhp cc tham s thit k
ri n nt OK nhn c kt qu p ng bin ca b lc c biu din
bn bng hin th nh sau:

69

Hnh 3.35. p ng bin ca b lc Butterworth v d 4.

Cn bc v tn s ct ca b lc thu c l:

Hnh 3.36. Bc v tn s ct ca b lc Butterworth v d 4.

Cn y l h s ca b lc:

70

Hnh 3.37. H s ca b lc Butterworth v d 4.

3.4. Bi 4: M phng vic lc tn hiu s dng b lc FIR hoc IIR

Bi bn thc hin vic to tn hiu ngu nhin trong min tn s hoc
min thi gian, sau thit k b lc FIR hoc IIR thc hin lc tn hiu ngu
nhin ty theo yu cu, c th lc tn hiu trong min tn s (dng ph) hoc
lc tn hiu trong min thi gian. Di y l giao din ca bi bn (chy file
GUI5fix.m m ra giao din):

Hnh 3.38. Giao din bi 4

71

Giao din bi 4 gm bn phn: Phn to tn hiu, thit k b lc v lc tn

hiu, menu la chn, khung hin th hin th kt qu thit k.
3.4.1. To tn hiu ngu nhin

Hnh 3.39. Phn to tn hiu ngu nhin.

Phn ny to tn hiu vi tng mi gi tr tn s t tn s min (Hz) ti

tn s max (Hz). Sau khi nhp cc tn s min v max chng ta n vo nt to tn
hiu ngu nhin thc hin to tn hiu, kt qu s c biu din bn khung
hin th trong min tn s (dng ph) v min thi gian. Gi tr mc nh tn s
min l 500 Hz, tn s max l 5000 Hz.
3.4.2. Thit k b lc v lc tn hiu

Hnh 3.40. Giao din phn thit k b lc v lc tn hiu.

72

Phn ny thc hin thit k b lc ty theo yu cu. C hai loi b lc l

FIR v IIR, chng ta c th la chn mt trong hai loi b lc ny thit k
bng cch n vo nt FIR hoc IIR. Khi ta chn nt FIR th bn cnh c la chn
phng php thit k b lc FIR , tng t khi ta chn nt IIR th bn cnh c
la chn phng php thit kt b lc IIR. Cc tham s thit k hai loi b lc
FIR v IIR nh bi 2 v bi 3. Sau khi la chn loi b lc thit k v nhp cc
tham s thit k b lc chng ta n vo nt lc theo min tn s thc hin
lc tn hiu m chng ta va thit k trong min tn s (dng ph), n vo nt lc
theo min thi gian lc tn hiu trong min thi gian.
Bn cnh bi bn cn a ra mt v d v lc mt file tn hiu m
thanh, m ra giao din ca v d chng ta n vo nt v d v lc tn hiu m
thanh. Giao din ca v d c m ra nh sau:

Hnh 3.41. Giao din v d lc tn hiu m thanh.

v d ny thc hin lc tn hiu m thanh l mt file nhc nh dng

wav bng b lc FIR thng thp c thit k bng phng php ca s. Chng
ta nhp cc tham s thit k b lc nh chiu di b lc, tn s ct, la chn
loi ca s nh bi 2. Sau n vo nt lc tn hiu thc hin lc tn hiu theo
73

yu cu vi cc tham s chn. Kt qu s c hin th bn bng kt qu. n

vo nt nghe file m thanh ban u nghe file nhc ban u khi cha lc, n
vo nt nghe file m thanh sau khi lc nghe file nhc sau khi lc bng b
lc FIR.
3.4.3. Menu la chn
C hai thanh menu la chn. Trn thanh menu th nht cha nt la chn.
Khi n vo nt la chn s s ra cc la chn bao gm: Bi 1, bi 2, bi 3, bi 4,
quay li, thot. Chng ta c th chn mt trong bn bi bt k thit k bng
cch n vo cc nt bi 1, bi 2, bi 3, hoc bi 4. Chn quay li tr v bi
trc , n thot thot khi chng trnh.

Hnh 3.42. Nt la chn ca thanh menu th nht.

Trn thanh menu th hai cha hai nt bao gm: Nt

(back), khi n vo nt back th s quay tr li giao din bi 3. Nt

l nt quay li
l nt thot

(exit), khi n nt exit s thc hin thot khi chng trnh.

74

V d 5: To tn hiu ngu nhin vi tn s min l 500 Hz, tn s max l

3000 Hz. Sau thit k b lc FIR lc tn hiu c tn s nh hn hoc bng
1200 Hz.
Theo nh yu cu bi ra, chng ta nhp cc gi tr 500 v 3000 vo phn
to tn hiu, mc tn s min v tn s max, ri n vo nt to tn hiu ngu nhin,
kt qu hin th ra bng hin th trong min tn s v min thi gian nh sau:

Hnh 3.43. Tn hiu ngu nhin v d 5.

Sau khi to tn hiu ngu nhin chng ta thit k b lc, theo yu cu

bi th b lc FIR c thit k l b lc thng thp vi tn s ct l 1200Hz,
y chng ta chn phng php ca s, loi ca s Hamming, chiu di b lc
25, tn s ly mu 8000 Hz.
Cui cng chng ta n vo nt lc theo min tn s hin th kt qu lc
tn hiu theo ph:

75

Hnh 3.44. Kt qu v d 5 lc theo min tn s.

Nu n vo nt lc theo thi gian th kt qu nh sau:

Hnh 3.45. Kt qu lc tn hiu theo min tn s v d 5.

thc hin m phng v d v lc tn hiu m thanh, chng ta n vo nt

v d v lc tn hiu m thanh.

76

Hnh 3.46. V d v lc tn hiu m thanh.

Nu chn chiu di b lc l 25, loi ca s l Hamming, tn s ct l 800

Hz th kt qu lc c hin th nh sau:

Hnh 3.47. Kt qu v d lc tn hiu m thanh.

77

3.5. Kt lun chng

Chng ba xy dng c chng trnh thc hnh gm bn bi thc
hnh bao gm:
Bi 1: Thc hin v p ng tn s ca h thng (p ng bin v p
ng pha).
Bi 2: Thit k b lc FIR bng phng php ca s v phng php ly
mu tn s.
Bi 3: Thit k b lc IIR Butterworth, Chebyshev-1, Chebyshev-2.
Bi 4: M phng vic lc tn hiu s dng b lc FIR hoc IIR, v d v
lc mt file tn hiu m thanh nh dng wav.

78

KT LUN
Qua qu trnh tm hiu, nghin cu, n tm hiu c:
-

Gii thiu v mn hc x l tn hiu s 2

xut cc bi th nghim cho mn hc x l tn hiu s 2 gm 4 bi:

Bi 1: V p ng tn s ca h thng
Bi 2: Thit k b lc FIR
Bi 3: Thit k b lc IIR
Bi 4: M phng vic lc tn hiu s dng b lc FIR hoc IIR.

Xy dng chng trnh m phng cho cc bi th nghim. Bi 1 thc

hin v p ng tn s ca h thng. Bi 2 thit k b lc FIR bng hai
phng php ca s v phng php ly mu tn s. Bi 3 thit k ba
loi b lc IIR butterworth v b lc chebyshev-1, chebyshev-2. Bi 4
thc hin m phng vic lc tn hiu s dng b lc FIR hoc IIR.
Ngoi ra bi 5 l v d v vic lc mt tn hiu m thanh s dng b
lc FIR thng thp.

Hng pht trin ca n: Tip tc hon thin cc bi thit k, c th l

thit k b lc FIR theo phng php bin i Fourier, thit k b lc IIR theo
phng php bin i z thch ng, phng php tng ng vi phn, phng
php bt bin xung, thit k bi m phng lc s nhiu nhp.

79

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. X l tn hiu v lc s I, II, Nguyn Quc Trung, NXB KHKT 2002
[2]. X l s tn hiu I, II, H Vn Sung, NXB KHKT 2003
[3]. X l tn hiu s, Quch Tun Ngc, NXB KHKT 2000
[4]. Thc hnh x l s tn hiu trn my tnh PC vi Matlab, H Vn Sung,
NXB KHKT.
[5]. Gio trnh Matlab c bn, Phan Thanh Tao, i Hc Bch Khoa Nng.
[6]. Analog and digital filter design, Steven Winder, Prentice Hall.
[7]. DSP Fundamentals and application, Litan, Devry University.
[8]. Practical analog and digital filter design, Lesthede, Artech House.
[9]. DSP Using Matlab, John G.Proakis, Northeneastern University.
[10]. DSP and filter design, B.A.Shenoi, Wikey Intersience.

80