1

MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
POWER UPGRADING OF TRANSMISSION LINE
A COMBINING AC-DC TRANSMISSION
Submitted in partial fulfilments of the requirements
For the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
M.SREEVALLI 09U31A0221
K.NIKETHKUMAR 09U31A0218
G.VIKAS 09U31A0214
SK.SUBANI 09U31A0229


Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
BOMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad)
Behind Eenadu office, Allipuram
Khammam 507 318



2


DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BOMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
JAWAHARALAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD


CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled POWER UPGRADING
OF TRANSMISSION LINE A COMBINING AC-DC TRANSMISSION is bonafide work carried
out by M.SREEVALLI (09U31A0221), K.NIKETH KUMAR (09U31A0218), G.VIKAS
(09U31A0214), SK.SUBANI (09U31A0229) submitted in partial fulfilment of the award of
the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGNEERING, from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Hyderabad.
The result embodied in this MINI PROJECT report have not been submitted to
any other university of institute for the award of any degree or diploma.


Internal guide Head of the department
Sri.D.UPENDER, Sri.K.NARESH KUMAR
M.Tech, M.Tech,
Assistant professor Associative professor&HOD
Dept.of Electrical & Electronics Engg, Dept.of Electrical & Electronics Engg,
BOMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE BOMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY&SCIENCE
JNTU Hyderabad \ JNTU Hyderabad
Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh.


3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is indeed and indebted pleasure to express our deep sense of gratitude to my mini
project guide Sri.D.UPENDER, Department of EEE, BOMMA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Khammam for his valuable help and guidance, constant
encouragement, simulative discussion and keen interest evinced throughout my mini project
work.


I express my indebtedness to Sri.K.NARESH KUMAR, Associate Professor &
HOD, Department of EEE, BOMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
SCIENCE, and Khammam for generous support during course of his work necessary
facilities to carry out my mini project.


I take immense pleasure in thanking DR.S.MURALI KRISHNA, Principal, of
BOMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KHAMMAM for having
permitted me to carry out this project work.


I am also thankful to all staff members in the Department of Electrical And Electronics
Engineering who extended all kinds of co-operation for the completion of this work.


With gratitude,
M.SREEVALLI (09U31A0221)
K.NIKETH KUMAR (09U31A0218)
G.VIKAS (09U31A0214)
SK.SUBANI (09U31A0229)





4

CONTENTS
S.NO NAME OF TOPPIC PAGE NO
1 ABSTRACT..5
2 INTRODUCTION ...6
3 LITERATURE SURVEY.7
4 ESISTING TRANSMISSION..8
ISSUESAND SOLUTION
5 POWER UPGRADING BY11
COMBINING AC AND DC
6 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM18
COMPONENTS
7 INTRODUTION ABOUT MATLAB28
8 SIMULATION33
9 GRAPHS.41
10 RESULTS...47
11 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE..49
12 REFERENCE.50








5

.


1. ABSTRACT
Long extra high voltage (EHV) ac lines cannot be loaded to their thermal in order to
keep sufficient margin against transient instability. With the scheme proposed in this
project, it is possible to load these lines very close to their thermal limits. The conductors
are allowed to carry usual ac along with dc superimposed on it. The added dc power flow
does not cause any transient instability. This paper gives the feasibility of converting a
double circuit ac lines into composite ac-dc power transmission line to get the advantage of
parallel ac-dc transmission to improve stability and damping out oscillations. Simulations
and experimental studies are carried out for the coordinated Control as well as independent
control of ac and dc power transmission. No alterations of conductor, Insulator strings, and
tower of the original line are needed. Substantial gain in the load ability of the Line is
obtained. Master current controller senses ac current and regulates the dc current orders
for Converters online such that conductor current never exceeds its thermal limits










6


2. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, environmental, right-of-way, and cost concerns have delayed
the construction of a new transmission line, while demand of electric power has shown steady
but geographically uneven growth. The power is often available at locations not close to the
growing load centres but at remote locations. These locations are largely determined by
regulatory policies, environmental acceptability, and the cost of available energy. The
wheeling of this available energy through existing long ac lines to load centres has a certain
upper limit due to stability considerations. Thus, these lines are not loaded to their thermal
limit to keep sufficient margin against transient instability.
The present situation demands the review of traditional power transmission
theory and practice, on the basis of new concepts that allow full utilization of existing
transmission facilities without decreasing system availability and security. The flexible ac
transmission system (FACTS) concepts, based on applying state-of-the-art power electronic
technology to existing ac transmission system, improve stability to achieve power
transmission close to its thermal limit.
The basic proof justifying the simultaneous acdc power transmission is
explained in an IEEE paper Simultaneous ac-dc power transmission, by K. P. Basu and B.
H. Khan. In the above reference, simultaneous acdc power transmission was first proposed
through a single circuit ac transmission line. In these proposals Mono-polar dc transmission
with ground as return path was used. There were certain limitations due to use of ground as
return path. Moreover, the instantaneous value of each conductor voltage with respect to
ground becomes higher by the amount of the dc voltage, and more discs are to be added in
each insulator string to withstand this increased voltage. However, there was no change in the
conductor separation distance, as the line-to-line voltage remains unchanged. In this paper,
the feasibility study of conversion of a double circuit ac line to composite acdc line without
altering the original line conductors, tower structures, and insulator strings has been
presented.



7


3. LITERATURE SURVEY

This report presents the Power Upgrading of Transmission line
by combining AC and DC transmission.

The flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) concepts,
based on applying state-of-the-art power electronic technology to existing ac transmission
system, improve stability to achieve power transmission close to its thermal limit [1][4].
Another way to achieve the same goal is simultaneous acdc power transmission in which the
conductors are allowed to carry superimposed dc current along with ac current. Ac and dc
power flow independently, and the added The authors, H. Rahman and B. H. Khan, of this
paper have earlier shown that extra high voltage (EHV) ac line may be loaded to a very high
level by using it for simultaneous acdc power transmission as reported in references [5] and
[6]. The basic proof justifying the simultaneous acdc power transmission is explained in
reference [6]. In the above references, simultaneous acdc power transmission was first
proposed through a single circuit ac transmission line. In these proposals Mono-polar dc
transmission with ground as return path was used. There were certain limitations due to use
of ground as return path. Moreover, the instantaneous value of each conductor voltage with
respect to ground becomes higher by the amount of the dc voltage, and more discs are to be
added in each insulator string to withstand this increased voltage. However, there was no
change in the conductor separation distance, as the line-to-line voltage remains unchanged.
Dc power flow does not cause any transient instability








8


4. ESISTING TRANSMISSION ISSUES AND SOLUTION
4.1 HIGH VOLTAGE DC TRANSMISSION
4.1.1 Introduction
It has been widely documented in the history of the electricity industry, that
the first commercial electricity generated (by Thomas Alva Edison) was direct current (DC)
electrical power. The first electricity transmission systems were also direct current systems.
However, DC power at low voltage could not be transmitted over long distances, thus giving
rise to high voltage alternating current (AC) electrical systems. Nevertheless, with the
development of high voltage valves, it was possible to once again transmit DC power at high
voltages and over long distances, giving rise to HVDC transmission systems. Since the first
commercial installation in 1954 a huge amount of HVDC transmission systems have been
installed around the world.
The HVDC transmission system depends on many factors, such as power
capacity to be transmitted, type of transmission medium, environmental conditions and other
safety, regulatory requirements etc. Even when these are available, the options available for
optimal design (different commutation techniques, variety of filters, transformers etc.) render
for an HVDC system.
In today electricity industry, in view of the liberalization and increased effects
to conserve the environment, HVDC solutions have become more desirable for the following
reasons:
1. Environmental advantages
2. Economical (cheapest solution)
3. Asynchronous interconnections
4. Power flow control
5. Added benefits to the transmission (stability, power quality etc.)
4.1.2 Inherent problems associated with HVDC:
(a) Expensive convertors:
Expensive Convertor Stations are required at each end of a D.C. transmission
link, whereas only transformer stations are required in an A.C. link.


9

(b) Reactive power requirement:
Convertors require much reactive power, both in rectification as well as in
inversion. At each convertor the reactive power consumed may be as much at 50% of the
active power rating of the D.C. link. The reactive power requirement is partly supplied by the
filter capacitance, and partly by synchronous or static capacitors that need to be installed for
the purpose.
(c) Generation of harmonics:
Convertors generate a lot of harmonics both on the D.C. side and on the A.C.
side. Filters are used on the A.C. side to reduce the amount of harmonics transferred to the
A.C. system. On the D.C. system, smoothing reactors are used. These components add to the
cost of the convertor.
(d) Difficulty of circuit breaking:
Due to the absence of a natural current zero with D.C., circuit breaking is
difficult. This is not a major problem in single HVDC link systems, as circuit breaking can be
accomplished by a very rapid absorbing of the energy back into the A.C. system. (The
blocking action of thyristors is faster than the operation of mechanical circuit breakers).
However the lack of HVDC circuit breakers hampers multi-terminal operation.
(e) Difficulty of voltage transformation:
Power is generally used at low voltage, but for reasons of efficiency must be
transmitted at high voltage. The absence of the equivalent of D.C. transformers makes it
necessary for voltage transformation to carried out on the A.C. side of the system and
prevents a purely D.C. system being used.
(f) Difficulty of high power generation:
Due to the problems of commutation with D.C. machines, voltage, speed and
size are limited. Thus comparatively lower power can be generated with D.C.
(g) Absence of overload capacity:
Convertors have very little overload capacity unlike transformers.
4.2 HIGH VOLTAGE AC TRANSMISSION
4.2.1 Introduction
Industrial-minded countries of the world require a vast amount of energy of
which electrical energy forms a major fraction. The world has already consumed major
portion of its natural resources and is looking for sources of energy other than Hydro and
Thermal to cater for the rapid rate of consumption which is outpacing the discovery of new
resources. This will not slow down with time and therefore there exists a need to reduce the

10

rate of annual increase in energy consumption by any intelligent society if resources have to
be preserved for posterity. This requires very high voltages for transmission. The very rapid
stride taken by development of dc transmission since 1950 is playing a major role in extra-
long-distance transmission, complementing or supplementing E.H.V. ac transmission. They
have their roles to play and a country must make intelligent assessment of both in order to
decide which is best suited for the country's economy.
4.2.2 Problems posed in using such HVAC are encountered as:
(a) Increased Current Density because of increase in line loading by using series
capacitors.
(b) Use of bundled conductors.
(c) High surface voltage gradient on conductors.
(d) Corona problems: Audible Noise, Radio Interference, Corona Energy Loss,
Carrier Interference, and TV Interference.
(e) High electrostatic field under the line.
(f) Switching Surge Overvoltages which cause more havoc to air-gap insulation than
lightning or power frequency voltages.
(g) Increased Short-Circuit currents and possibility of Ferro resonance conditions.
(h) Use of gapless metal-oxide arresters replacing the conventional gap-type Silicon
Carbide arresters, for both lightning and switching-surge duty.
(i) Shunt reactor compensation and use of series capacitors, resulting in possible sub
synchronous resonance conditions and high short circuit currents.
(j) Insulation coordination based upon switching impulse levels.
(k) Single-pole reclosing to improve stability, but causing problems with arcing.
4.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM:
SIMULTANEOUS ACDC POWER TRANSMISSION:
With the scheme proposed in this thesis, it is possible to load the transmission
lines very close to their thermal limits. The conductors are allowed to carry usual ac along
with dc superimposed on it. The added dc power flow does not cause any transient instability.
This thesis gives the feasibility of converting a double circuit ac line into composite acdc
power transmission line to get the advantages of parallel acdc transmission to improve
stability and damping out oscillations. No alterations of conductors, insulator strings, towers
And of the original line are needed.

11

5. POWER UPGRADING BY COMBINING AC AND DC
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1 depicts the basic scheme for simultaneous acdc power flow through a
double circuit ac transmission line. The dc power is obtained through line commutated 12-
pulse rectifier bridge used in conventional HVDC and injected to the neutral point of the
zigzag connected secondary of sending end transformer and is reconverted to ac again by the
conventional line commutated 12-pulse bridge inverter at the receiving end. The inverter
bridge is again connected to the neutral of zigzag connected winding of the receiving end
transformer.
The double circuit ac transmission line carriers both three-phase ac and dc
power. Each conductor of each line carries one third of the total dc current along with ac
current. Resistance being equal in all the three phases of secondary winding of zigzag
transformer as well as the three conductors of the line, the dc current is equally divided
among all the three phases.
The three conductors of the second line provide return path for the dc current.
Zigzag connected winding is used at both ends to avoid saturation of transformer due to dc
current. Two fluxes produced by the dc current (I
d
/ 3) flowing through each of a winding in
each limb of the core of a zigzag transformer are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction. So the net dc flux at any instant of time becomes zero in each limb of the core.
Thus, the dc saturation of the core is avoided. A high value of reactor X
d
is used to reduce
harmonics in dc current. In the absence of zero sequence and third harmonics or its multiple
harmonic voltages, under normal operating conditions, the ac current flow through each
transmission line will be restricted between the zigzag connected windings and the three
conductors of the transmission line. Even the presence of these components of voltages may
only be able to produce negligible current through the ground due to high value of X
d
.

12


Figure: 4.1 Basic schemes for composite acdc transmission.

Assuming the usual constant current control of rectifier and constant extinction
angle control of inverter as mentioned later, the equivalent circuit of the scheme under
normal steady-state operating condition is given in Fig. 2. The dotted lines in the figure show
the path of ac return current only. The second transmission line carries the return dc current,
and each conductor of the line carries (I
d
/ 3) along with the ac current per phase and V
dro
and
V
dio
are the maximum values of rectifier and inverter side dc voltages and are equal to
3 times converter ac input line-to-line voltage. R, L and C are the line parameters per
phase of each line. R
cr
and R
ci
are commutating resistances, and, , are firing and extinction
angles of rectifier and inverter, respectively.

5.2 PROOFS WITH EQUATIONS
Neglecting the resistive drops in the line conductors and transformer windings
due to dc current, expressions for ac voltage and current, and for active and reactive powers
in terms of A, B, C, and D parameters of each line may be written as

E
S
= AE
R
+ BI
R
[4.1]
I
S
= CE
R
+ DI
R
[4.2]
P
S
+ j Q
S
= E
S

/ B
*
+ [D
*

/ B
*
] [4.3]
P
R
+ j Q
R
= E
R

/ B
*
- [A
*

/ B
*
] [4.4]

13

Neglecting ac resistance drop in the line and transformer, the dc power P
dr
and
P
di
of each rectifier and inverter are given by
P
dr
= V
dr
I
d
[4.5]
P
di
= V
di
I
d
[4.6]
Reactive powers required by the converters are
Q
dr
= P
dr
tan
r
[4.7]
Q
di
= P
di
tan
i
[4.8]

[ (

)]

[4.9]

[ (

)] [4.10]
Where
i
and
r
are commutation angles of inverter and rectifier, respectively,
and total active and reactive powers at the two ends are

and

[4.11]

and

[4.12]

Figure: 4.2 Equivalent Circuit


14

Transmission loss for each line is

) (

) [4.13]
I
a
being the rms ac current per conductor at any point of the line, the total rms
current per conductor becomes
[

]


Power loss for each line = P
L

.

The net current I in any conductor is offseted from zero. In case of a fault in
the transmission system, gate signals to all the SCRs are blocked and that to the bypass SCRs
are released to protect rectifier and inverter bridges. The current in any conductor is no more
offseted. Circuit breakers (CBs) are then tripped at both ends to isolate the faulty line. CBs
connected at the two ends of transmission line interrupt current at natural current zeroes, and
no special dc CB is required. Now, allowing the net current through the conductor equal to
its thermal limit I
th
.

]

[4.14]
Let

be per-phase rms voltage of original ac line. Let also

be the per-
phase voltage of ac component of composite acdc line with dc voltage

superimposed
on it. As insulators remain unchanged, the peak voltage in both cases should be equal to

[4.15]
Electric field produced by any conductor possesses a dc component
superimpose on it a sinusoidal varying ac component. However, the instantaneous electric
field polarity changes its sign twice in a cycle if (

) is insured. Therefore,
higher creepage distance requirement for insulator discs used for HVDC lines are not
required. Each conductor is to be insulated for V
max
, but the line-to-line voltage has no dc
component and

.Therefore, conductor-to-conductor separation distance of

each line is determined only by rated ac voltage of the line.
Allowing maximum permissible voltage offset such that the composite voltage
wave just touches zero in each every cycle;

and

[4.16]

15

The total power transfer through the double circuit line before conversion is as follows

[4.17]
Where X is the transfer reactance per phase of the single circuit line, and

is the power angle between the voltages at the two ends. To keep sufficient stability margin,

is generally kept low for long lines and seldom exceeds 30

0
. With the increasing length of
line, the load ability of the line is decreased. An approximate value of

may be computed
from the loadability curve by knowing the values of surge impedance loading (SIL) and
transfer reactance of the line

[4.18]
Where M is the multiplying factor and its magnitude decreases with the length
of line. The value of M can be obtained from the load ability curve.

The total power transfer through the composite line

[4.19]
The power angle

between the ac voltages at the two ends of the composite

line may be increased to a high value due to fast controllability of dc component of power.
For a constant value of total power,

may be modulated by fast control of the current

controller of dc power converters. Approximate value of ac current per phase per circuit of
the double circuit line may be computed as

( ) [4.20]
The rectifier dc current order is adjusted online as

[4.21]
Preliminary qualitative analysis suggests that commonly used techniques
in HVDC/AC system may be adopted for the purpose of the design of protective scheme,
filter, and instrumentation network to be used with the composite line for simultaneous acdc
power flow. In case of a fault in the transmission system, gate signals to all the SCRs are
blocked and that to the bypass SCRs are released to protect rectifier and inverter bridges. CBs
are then tripped at both ends to isolate the complete system. A surge diverter connected
between the zigzag neutral and the ground protects the converter bridge against any over
voltage.

16

5.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM MODEL
A synchronous machine is feeding power to infinite bus via a double circuit,
three-phase, 400-KV, 50-Hz, 450-Km ac transmission line. The 2750-MVA (5 * 550), 24.0-
KV synchronous machine is dynamically modelled, a field coil on d-axis and a damper coil
on q-axis, by Parks equations with the frame of reference based in rotor [4]. It is equipped
with an IEEE type AC4A excitation system of which block diagram is shown in Fig. 3.

Figure 4.3 IEEE type AC 4A excitation system
Transmission lines are represented as the Bergeron model. It is based on a
distributed LC parameter travelling wave line model, with lumped resistance. It represents the
L and C elements of a PI section in a distributed manner (i.e., it does not use lumped
parameters). It is roughly equivalent to using an infinite number of PI sections, except that
the resistance is lumped (1/2 in the middle of the line, 1/4 at each end). Like PI sections, the
Bergeron model accurately represents the fundamental frequency only. It also represents
impedances at other frequencies, except that the losses do not change. This model is suitable
for studies where the fundamental frequency load flow is most important.
The converters on each end of dc link are modelled as line commutated two
six- pulse bridge (12-pulse), Their control system consist of constant current (CC) and
constant extinction angle (CEA) and voltage dependent current order limiters (VDCOL)
control. The converters are connected to ac buses via Y-Y and Y- converter transformers.
Each bridge is a compact power system computer-aided design (SIMULINK) representation
of a dc converter, which includes a built in six-pulse Graetz converter bridge (can be inverter
or rectifier), an internal phase locked oscillator (PLO), firing and valve blocking controls, and
firing angle () /extinction angle () measurements. It also includes built in RC snubber
circuits for each thyristor. The controls used in dc system are those of CIGRE Benchmark,
modified to suit at desired dc voltage. Ac filters at each end on ac sides of converter

17

transformers are connected to filter out 11th and 13th harmonics. These filters and shunt
capacitor supply reactive power requirements of converters.
A master current controller (MCC), shown in Fig. 4, is used to control the
current order for converters. It measures the conductor ac current, computes the permissible
dc current, and produces dc current order for inverters and rectifiers.


Figure 4: Master Current Controller



18

6. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS
6.1 CONVERTERS
In our system we need conversion of electrical energy from AC to DC
(rectifier) at the transmitting end and from DC to AC (inverter) at the receiving end. There
are three ways of achieving conversion:
1. Natural commutated converters
2. Capacitor Commutated Converters (CCC)
3. Forced Commutated Converters
Natural commutated converters: These are most used in the HVDC systems as of today.
The component that enables this conversion process is the thyristor, which is a controllable
semiconductor that can carry very high currents (4000 A) and is able to block very high
voltages (up to 10 kV). By means of connecting the thyristors in series it is possible to build
up a thyristor valve, which is able to operate at very high voltages (several hundred of
kV).The thyristor valve is operated at net frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz) and by means of a
control angle it is possible to change the DC voltage level of the bridge. This ability is the
way by which the transmitted power is controlled rapidly and efficiently.
An improvement in the thyristor-based commutation, the CCC concept is
characterized by the use of commutation capacitors inserted in series between the converter
transformers and the thyristor valves. The commutation capacitors improve the commutation
failure performance of the converters when connected to weak networks.
Forced Commutated converters: It introduce a spectrum of advantages, e.g. feed of passive
networks (without generation), independent control of active and reactive power, power
quality. The valves of these converters are built up with semiconductors with the ability not
only to turn-on but also to turn-off. They are known as VSC (Voltage Source Converters).
Two types of semiconductors are normally used in the voltage source converters: the GTO
(Gate Turn-Off Thyristor) or the IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor). Both of them
have been in frequent use in industrial applications since early eighties. The VSC commutates
with high frequency (not with the net frequency). The operation of the converter is achieved
by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). With PWM it is possible to create any phase angle
and/or amplitude (up to a certain limit) by changing the PWM pattern, which can be done
almost instantaneously. Thus, PWM offers the possibility to control both active and reactive
power independently. This makes the PWM Voltage Source Converter a close to ideal
component in the transmission network. From a transmission network viewpoint, it acts as a

19

motor or generator without mass that can control active and reactive power almost
instantaneously.
6.2 CONVERTER STATION:

Figure: 5.1 Main elements of a HVDC converter station with one bi-pole consisting of two
12-pulse converter unit.
The main components of a converter station are:
6.2.1 Thyristor valves:
The thyristor valves can be build-up in different ways depending on the
application and manufacturer. However, the most common way of arranging the thyristor
valves is in a twelve-pulse group with three quadruple valves. Each single thyristor valve
consists of a certain amount of series connected thyristors with their auxiliary circuits. All
communication between the control equipment at earth potential and each thyristor at high
potential is done with fiber optics.
6.2.2 VSC valves:
The VSC converter consists of two level or multilevel converter, phase
reactors and AC filters. Each single valve in the converter bridge is built up with a certain
number of series connected IGBTs together with their auxiliary electronics. VSC valves,
control equipment and cooling equipment would be in enclosures (such as standard shipping
containers) which make transport and installation very easy. All modern HVDC valves are
water-cooled and air insulated.

20

6.2.3 Transformers:
The converter transformers adapt the AC voltage level to the DC voltage level
and they contribute to the commutation reactance. Usually they are of the single phase three
winding type, but depending on the transportation requirements and the rated power, they can
be arranged in other ways.


6.2.4 AC Filters and Capacitor Banks:
On the AC side of a 12-pulse HVDC converter, current harmonics of the order
of 11, 13, 23, 25 and higher are generated. Filters are installed in order to limit the amount of
harmonics to the level required by the network. In the conversion process the converter
consumes reactive power which is compensated in part by the filter banks and the rest by
capacitor banks. In the case of the CCC the reactive power is compensated by the series
capacitors installed in series between the converter valves and the converter transformer. The
elimination of switched reactive power compensation equipment simplify the AC switchyard
and minimize the number of circuit-breakers needed, which will reduce the area required for
an HVDC station built with CCC. With VSC converters there is no need to compensate any
reactive power consumed by the converter itself and the current harmonics on the AC side are
related directly to the PWM frequency. Therefore the amount of filters in this type of
converters is reduced dramatically compared with natural commutated converters.
6.2.5 DC filters:
HVDC converters create harmonics in all operational modes. Such harmonics
can create disturbances in telecommunication systems. Therefore, specially designed DC
filters are used in order to reduce the disturbances. Usually no filters are needed for pure
cable transmissions as well as for the Back-to-Back HVDC stations. However, it is necessary
to install DC filters if an OH line is used in part or all the transmission system the filters
needed to take care of the harmonics generated on the DC end, are usually considerably
smaller and less expensive than the filters on the AC side. The modern DC filters are the
Active DC filters. In these filters the passive part is reduced to a minimum and modern power
electronics is used to measure, invert and re-inject.


21

6.2.6 12-PULSE CONVERTER


Figure: 5.2 12 Pulse Converter Bridge
The basic design for practically all HVDC converters is the 12-pulse double
bridge converter which is shown in Figure below. The converter consists of two 6-pulse
bridge converters connected in series on the DC side. One of them is connected to the AC
side by an YY-transformer, the other by a YD transformer. The AC currents from each 6-
pulse converter will then be phase shifted 30. This will reduce the harmonic content in the
total current drawn from the grid, and leave only the characteristic harmonics of order 12
m1, m=1,2,3..., or the 11th, 13th, 23th, 25th etc., harmonic.
The non-characteristic harmonics will still be present, but considerably
reduced. Thus the need for filtering is substantially reduced, compared to 6-pulse converters.
The 12-pulse converter is usually built up of 12 thyristor valves. Each valve consists of the
necessary number of thyristors in series to withstand the required blocking voltage with
sufficient margin. Normally there is only one string of thyristors in each valve, no parallel
connection. Four valves are built together in series to form a quadruple valve and three
quadruple valves together with converter transformer, controls and protection equipment,
constitute a converter. The converter transformers are usually three winding transformers
with the windings in YY d N-connection. There can be one three-phase or three single phase
transformers, according to local circumstances. In order to optimize the relationship between
AC- and DC voltage the converter transformers are equipped with tap changers.



22

6.2.7 Converter bridge angles
These are the various electrical angles which define the operation of converter
bridges. These angles are measured on the three phase valve side voltages and are based upon
steady state conditions with a harmonic free and idealized three phase commutation voltage.
They apply to both inverters and rectifiers.
6.2.7.1 Delay angle :
The time expressed in electrical angular measure from the zero crossing of the
idealized sinusoidal commutating voltage to the starting instant of forward current
conduction. This angle is controlled by the gate firing pulse and if less than 90 degrees, the
converter bridge is a rectifier and if greater than 90 degrees, it is an inverter. This angle is
often referred to as the firing angle.
5.2.7.2 Advance angle :
The time expressed in electrical angular measure from the starting instant of
forward current conduction to the next zero crossing of the idealized sinusoidal commutating
voltage. The angle of advance is related in degrees to the angle of delay by = 180
6.2.7.3 Overlap angle :
The duration of commutation between two converter valve arms expressed in
electrical angular measure.
6.2.7.4 Extinction angle :
The time expressed in electrical angular measure from the end of current
conduction to the next zero crossing of the idealized sinusoidal commutating voltage.
depends on the angle of advance and the angle of overlap and is determined by the
relation:
= -

6.2.8 RECTIFICATION
Rectification is possible with a delay angle of < 90degrees. Rectification is
the process of converting alternating current into unidirectional current i.e. AC to DC. The
output of the rectifier is not pure dc which was in pulsating nature this rectification may be
done by unidirectional devices like diodes and bidirectional devices like Thyristors IGBT
etc...



23

6.2.9 INVERSION:
Because the thyristors conducts only in one direction, the current in a
converter cannot be reversed. Power reversal can only be obtained by the reversal of direct
voltage V
d
. For inversion to be possible, a high value of inductance must be present, and the
delay angle >90degrees, since V
d
changes its polarity at this angle. The theoretical
maximum delay for inversion would occur at = 180 degrees. Thus it is common practice to
define a period of advance from this point rather than a delay from the previous cross-over as
defined for rectification. Thus we define = as the ignition angle for inversion or the
angle of advance. Similarly the extinction angle is also defined as = -w. The definition of
commutation angle unchanged. Thus = +. It must be noted, that unlike with rectification
which can be operated with = 0, inversion cannot be carried out with = 0, since a
minimum angle is required for deionization of the arc and regaining grid control. Thus we
have the practical relationship < < /2. Practical values of lie between 1 and 8.
6.3 ZIG - ZAG TRANSFORMERS
6.3.1 Introduction
The load unbalance and the nonlinear loads result in a significant neutral
current in the three-phase four-wire distribution power system. The Zigzag transformer has
been proposed to attenuate the neutral current of the three-phase four-wire distribution power
system. The Zigzag transformer is tested under ideal and non ideal power conditions and the
test results show that
(a) The Zigzag transformer can effectively attenuate the neutral current and zero -
sequence harmonic currents on the utility side under the balanced utility voltage,
(b) The utility side neutral current becomes larger under the unbalanced utility voltage
or the distorted utility voltage with zero sequence harmonic components after applying the
Zigzag transformer.
(c) The insertion of an inductor in the utility side of the neutral conductor can
alleviate overloading of the neutral current caused by the unbalanced utility voltages and the
distorted utility voltages with zero sequence harmonic components.
Zigzag transformer is a special connection of three single-phase transformers
windings or a three-phase transformers windings. The circuit connection is as shown in
Fig.5.3 (a).



24




Figure: 5.3 Zig Zag Transformer: (a) Circuit connection (b) Phasor diagram


25

6.3.2 FEATURES OF ZIG-ZAG TRANSFORMERS
(1) Due to its composition, a zigzag transformer is more effective for grounding purposes
because it has less internal winding impedance going to the ground than when using a
wye-type transformer.
(2) The impedance of the transformer to the balanced three-phase voltages is high so that
when there is no fault on the system, only a small magnetizing current flows in the
transformer winding.
(3) The transformer divides the ground-fault current into three equal components; these
currents are in phase with each other and flow in the three windings of the grounding
transformer.
(4) Zigzag connection is used in power system to trap triple harmonic (3
rd
, 9
th
, 15
th
etc.)
currents.
(5) Zigzag units are installed near loads that produce large triple harmonic currents. The
windings trap the harmonic currents and prevent them from traveling upstream, where
they can produce undesirable effects.


6.4 FILTERS
6.4.1 Introduction
In many practical applications of complex circuits, various combinations of
direct, low-frequency, audio-frequency, and radio-frequency currents may exist. It is
frequently necessary to have a means for separating these component currents at any desired
point. An electrical device for accomplishing this separation is called a FILTER.
A filter circuit consists of inductance, capacitance, and resistance used
singularly or in combination, depending upon the purpose. It may be designed so that it will
separate alternating current from direct current, or so that it will separate alternating current
of one frequency (or a band of frequencies) from other alternating currents of different
frequencies. The use of resistance by itself in filter circuits does not provide any filtering
action, because it opposes the flow of any current regardless of its frequency. What it does,
when connected in series or parallel with an inductor or capacitor, is to decrease the
"sharpness," or selectivity, of the filter. Hence, in some particular application, resistance
might be used in conjunction with inductance or capacitance to provide filtering action over a
wider band of frequencies

26

Filter circuits may be divided into four general types:
1. LOW-PASS filters.
2. HIGH-PASS filters.
3. BANDPASS filters.
4. BAND-REJECT filters.
Electronic circuits often have currents of different frequencies. The reason is
that a source produces current with the same frequency as the applied voltage. As an
example, the a.c. signal input to an audio amplifier can have high- and low-audio frequencies;
the input to an RF amplifier can have a wide range of radio frequencies. In such applications
where the current has different frequency components, it is usually necessary for the filter
either to accept or reject one frequency or a group of frequencies. The electronic filter that
can pass on the higher-frequency components to a load or to the next circuit is known as a
HIGH-PASS filter. A LOW-PASS filter can be used to pass on lower-frequency components
The types of filters used in this project are: 1. Tuned A.C Filters
2. High Pass Filters

6.4.2 Tuned A.C Filters
In continuous Tune AC the tuning frequency is automatically adjusted to
provide prefect tuning irrespective of network frequency excursions and filter component
variations. The high performance of the continuous Tune filter is achieved by using a filter
reactor with variable inductance. The variable inductance is achieved with an iron core,
which is placed inside the reactor. Around the iron core there is a control winding. By feeding
a corrective direct current into the control winding, the total magnetic flux in the reactor is
influenced, thereby changing the inductance, which tunes the filter to the correct frequency of
the harmonic.
On the AC side of a 12-pulse HVDC converter, current harmonics of the order
of 11, 13, 23, 25 and higher are generated. Filters are installed in order to limit the amount of
harmonics to the level required by the network. In the conversion process the converter
consumes reactive power which is compensated in part by the filter banks and the rest by
capacitor banks.
6.4.3 High Pass Filters:
A high-pass filter circuit passes all currents having a frequency higher than a
specified frequency, while opposing all currents having a frequency lower than its specified
frequency. This is illustrated in figure 3.3.2. A capacitor that is used in series with the source

27

of both high and low frequencies, as shown in view (A) of figure 3.3.3, will respond
differently to high-frequency, low-frequency, and direct currents. It will offer little opposition
to the passage of high-frequency currents, great opposition to the passage of low-frequency
currents, and completely block direct currents.
The value of the capacitor must be chosen so that it allows the passage of all
currents having frequencies above the desired value, and opposes those having frequencies
below the desired value. Then, in order to shunt the undesired low-frequency currents back to
the source, an inductor is used. This inductor must have a value that will allow it to pass
currents having frequencies below the frequency cut-off point, and reject currents having
frequencies above the frequency cut-off point, thus forcing them to pass through the
capacitor. By combining inductance and capacitance you obtain the simplest type of high-
pass filter.
6.5 SHUNT CAPACITORS
6.5.1 Introduction
Shunt capacitor banks are used to improve the quality of the electrical supply
and the efficient operation of the power system. Studies show that a flat voltage profile on the
system can significantly reduce line losses. Shunt capacitor banks are relatively inexpensive
and can be easily installed anywhere on the network.
Shunt capacitor banks (SCB) are mainly installed to provide capacitive
reactive compensation power factor correction. The use of SCBs has increased because they
are relatively inexpensive, easy and quick to install and can be deployed virtually anywhere
in the network. Its installation has other beneficial effects on the system such as:
improvement of the voltage at the load, better voltage regulation (if they were adequately
designed), reduction of losses and reduction or postponement of investments in transmission.
The main disadvantage of SCB is that its reactive power output is proportional to the square
of the voltage and consequently when the voltage is low and the system needs them most,
they are the least efficient.
6.5.2 THE CPACITOR UNIT
The capacitor unit is the building block of a shunt capacitor bank. The
capacitor unit is made up of individual capacitor elements, arranged in parallel/ series
connected groups, within a steel enclosure. The internal discharge device is a resistor that
reduces the unit residual voltage to 50V or less in 5 min. Capacitor units are available in a
variety of voltage ratings (240 V to 24940V) and sizes (2.5 kvar to about 1000 kvar).

28

7. INTRODUTION ABOUT MATLAB

Simulink is an environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design for
dynamic and embedded systems. It provides an interactive graphical environment and a
customizable set of block libraries that let you design, simulate, implement, and test a variety
of time-varying systems, including communications, controls, signal processing, video
processing, and image processing.
Add-on products extend Simulink software to multiple modeling domains, as well as provide
tools for design, implementation, and verification and validation tasks.
Simulink is integrated with MATLAB, providing immediate access to an extensive range of
tools that let you develop algorithms, analyze and visualize simulations, create batch
processing scripts, customize the modeling environment, and define signal, parameter, and
test data.
Key Features
Extensive and expandable libraries of predefined blocks
Interactive graphical editor for assembling and managing intuitive block diagrams
Ability to manage complex designs by segmenting models into hierarchies of design
components
Model Explorer to navigate, create, configure, and search all signals, parameters,
properties, and generated code associated with your model
Application programming interfaces (APIs) that let you connect with other simulation
programs and incorporate hand-written code
Embedded MATLAB Function blocks for bringing MATLAB algorithms into
Simulink and embedded system implementations
Simulation modes (Normal, Accelerator, and Rapid Accelerator) for running simulations
interpretively or at compiled C-code speeds using fixed- or variable-step solvers
Graphical debugger and profiler to examine simulation results and then diagnose
performance and unexpected behaviour in your design
Full access to MATLAB for analyzing and visualizing results, customizing the modelling
environment, and defining signal, parameter, and test data Model analysis and diagnostics
tools to ensure model consistency and identify modelling errors.

29

Creating and Working with Models
With Simulink, you can quickly create, model, and maintain a detailed block diagram of
your system using a comprehensive set of predefined blocks. Simulink provides tools for
hierarchical modeling, data management, and subsystem customization, making it easy to
create concise, accurate representations, regardless of your system's complexity.
Selecting and Customizing Blocks
Simulink software includes an extensive library of functions commonly used in modeling a
system. These include:
Continuous and discrete dynamics blocks, such as Integration and Unit Delay
Algorithmic blocks, such as Sum, Product, and Lookup Table
Structural blocks, such as Mux, Switch, and Bus Selector
You can customize these built-in blocks or create new ones directly in Simulink and place
them into your own libraries.
Running a Simulation
After building your model in Simulink, you can simulate its dynamic behavior and view the
results live. Simulink software provides several features and tools to ensure the speed and
accuracy of your simulation, including fixed-step and variable-step solvers, a graphical
debugger, and a model profiler.
Using Solvers
Solvers are numerical integration algorithms that compute the system dynamics over time
using information contained in the model. Simulink provides solvers to support the
simulation of a broad range of systems, including continuous-time (analog), discrete-time
(digital), hybrid (mixed-signal), and multirate systems of any size.
These solvers can simulate stiff systems and systems with state events, such as
discontinuities, including instantaneous changes in system dynamics. You can specify
simulation options, including the type and properties of the solver, simulation start and stop
times, and whether to load or save simulation data. You can also set optimization and

30

diagnostic information for your simulation. Different combinations of options can be saved
with the model.
Analyzing Results
Simulink includes several tools for analyzing your system, visualizing results, and testing,
validating, and documenting your models.
Visualizing Results
You can visualize the system by viewing signals with the displays and scopes provided in
Simulink software. Alternatively, you can build your own custom displays using
MATLAB visualization and GUI development tools. You can also log signals for post-
processing.
To gain deeper insight into complex 3-D motion of your dynamic system, you can
incorporate virtual reality scenes into your visualization using Simulink 3D
Animation software (available separately).
Testing and Validating Your Models
Simulink includes tools to help you generate test conditions and validate your model's
performance. MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It
Integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use
Environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar
Mathematical notation. Typical uses include
Math and computation
Algorithm development
Data acquisition
Modelling, simulation, and prototyping
Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
Scientific and engineering graphics

31

Application development, including graphical user interface building MATLAB is an
interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning.
This allows you to solve many technical these include blocks for creating simulation tests.

The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library
This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like
sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix
inverse, matrix Eigen values, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.
The MATLAB Language
This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements,
Functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming
Features. It allows both programming in the small to rapidly create quick
And dirty throw-away programs, and programming in the large to create
Large and complex application programs.
Graphics
MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as
graphs, as well as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level
functions for two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization
Starting MATLAB
On Windows platforms, start MATLAB by double-clicking the MATLAB
Shortcut icon on your Windows desktop. On UNIX platforms, start MATLAB by typing
Mat lab at the operating system prompt.
You can customize MATLAB start-up. For example, you can change the
directory in which MATLAB starts or automatically execute MATLAB
Statements in a script file named startup.m.

32

Matrices and Magic Squares
In MATLAB, a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. Special meanings sometimes
attached to 1-by-1 matrices, which are scalars, and to matrices with only one row or column,
which are vectors. MATLAB has other ways of storing both numeric and nonnumeric data,
but in the beginning, it is usually best to think of everything as a matrix. The operations in
MATLAB are designed to be as natural as possible. Where other programming languages
work with numbers one at a time, MATLAB allows you to work with entire matrices quickly
and easily. A good example matrix, used throughout this book, appears in the Renaissance
engraving Melencolia I by the German artist and amateur mathematician Albrecht Durer.

This image is filled with mathematical symbolism, and if you look carefully, you will see a
matrix in the upper right corner. This matrix is known as magic square and was believed by
many in Durers time to have genuinely magical properties. It does turn out to have some
fascinating characteristics worth exploring.
















33

8. SIMULATION
8.1 SIMULINK MODEL USING AC TRANSMISSION

Figure: 6.1 Simulink model using AC Transmission

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34

8.2 SIMULINK MODEL USING AC DC TRANSMISSION


Figure: 6.2 Simulink model using combined AC DC Transmission


35

8.3 BLOCK FUNCTIONS
8.3.1 THREE-PHASE SOURCE:

The Three-Phase Source block implements a balanced three-phase voltage
source with internal R-L impedance. The three voltage sources are connected in Y with a
neutral connection that can be internally grounded or made accessible. You can specify the
source internal resistance and inductance either directly by entering R and L values or
indirectly by specifying the source inductive short-circuit level and X/R ratio.
8.3.2 THREE-PHASE PARALLEL RL BRANCH


The Three-Phase Parallel RLC Branch block implements three balanced
branches consisting each of a resistor, an inductor, a capacitor, or a parallel combination of
these. To eliminate the resistance, inductance, or capacitance of each branch, the R, L, and C
values must be set respectively to infinity (INF), infinity (INF), and 0. Only existing elements
are displayed in the block icon. Negative values are allowed for resistance, inductance, and
capacitance
8.3.3 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER (Three Winding)

This block implements a three-phase transformer by using three single-phase
transformers with three windings. You can simulate the saturable core or not simply by
setting the appropriate check box in the parameter menu of the block. See the Linear
Transformer and Saturable Transformer block sections for a detailed description of the
electrical model of a single-phase transformer.
The three windings of the transformer can be connected in the following
manner: Y -Y with accessible neutral (for windings 1 and 3 only) Grounded Y Delta (D1),
delta lagging Y by 30 degrees Delta (D11), delta leading Y by 30 degrees.


36

8.3.4 ZIGZAG PHASE-SHIFTING TRANSFORMER


The Zigzag Phase-Shifting Transformer block implements a three-phase
transformer with a primary winding connected in a zigzag configuration and a configurable
secondary winding. The model uses three single-phase, three- winding transformers. The
primary winding connects the windings 1 and 2 of the single-phase transformers in a zigzag
configuration. The secondary winding uses the windings 3 of the single phase transformers,
and they can be connected in one of the following ways:
1. Y
2. Y with accessible neutral
3. Grounded Y
4. Delta (D1), delta lagging Y by 30 degrees
5. Delta (D11), delta leading Y by 30 degrees
8.3.5 UNIVERSAL BRIDGE
The Universal Bridge block implements a universal three-phase power
converter that consists of up to six power switches connected in a bridge configuration.
The type of power switch and converter configuration is selectable from the
dialog box. The Universal Bridge block allows simulation of converters using both naturally
commutated (and line-commutated) power electronic devices (diodes or thyristors) and
forced-commutated devices (GTO, IGBT, and MOSFET). The Universal Bridge block is the
basic block for building two-level voltage-sourced converters (VSC).


Zigzag
Phase-Shifting Transformer
A+
B+
C+
A-
B-
C-
a3
b3
c3

37

8.3.6 CONNECTION PORT
The Connection Port block, placed inside a subsystem composed of Sim
Power Systems blocks, creates a Physical Modelling open round connector port on the
boundary of the subsystem. Once connected to a connection line, the port becomes solid.
Once you begin the simulation, the solid port becomes an electrical terminal port, an open
square.
You connect individual SimPowerSystems blocks and subsystems made of
SimPowerSystems blocks to one another with SimPowerSystems connection lines, instead of
normal Simulink signal lines. These are anchored at the open, round connector ports.
Subsystems constructed of SimPowerSystems blocks automatically have such open round
connector ports. You can add additional connector ports by adding Connection Port blocks to
your subsystem.
8.3.7 BREAKER
The Breaker block implements a circuit breaker where the opening and closing
times can be controlled either from an external Simulink signal (external control mode), or
from an internal control timer (internal control mode). The arc extinction process is simulated
by opening the breaker device when the current passes through 0 (first current zero crossing
following the transition of the Simulink control input from 1 to 0). When the breaker is
closed it behaves as a resistive circuit. It is represented by a resistance Ron. The Ron value
can be set as small as necessary in order to be negligible compared with external components
(typical value is 10 m). When the breaker is open it has an infinite resistance.
If the Breaker block is set in external control mode, a Simulink input appears
on the block icon. The control signal connected to the Simulink input must be either 0 or 1: 0
to open the breaker, 1 to close it. If the Breaker block is set in internal control mode, the
switching times are specified in the dialog box of the block. If the breaker initial state is set to
1 (closed), SimPowerSystems automatically initializes all the states of the linear circuit and
the Breaker block initial current so that the simulation starts in steady state. A series Rs-Cs
snubber circuit is included in the model. It can be connected to the circuit breaker. If the
Breaker block happens to be in series with an inductive circuit, an open circuit or a current
source, you must use a snubber.





38

8.3.8 DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER LINE

Implement an N-phase distributed parameter transmission line model with
lumped losses The Distributed Parameter Line block implements an N-phase distributed
parameter line model with lumped losses. The model is based on the Bergeron's traveling
wave method used by the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP).In this model, the
lossless distributed LC line is characterized by two values (for a single-phase line)
For multiphase line models, model transformation is used to convert line
quantities from phase values (line currents and voltages) into model values independent of
each other. The previous calculations are made in the model domain before being converted
back to phase values. In comparison to the PI section line model, the distributed line
represents wave propagation phenomena and line end reflections with much better accuracy.
8.3.9 FILTERS:
Three-phase harmonic filters are shunt elements that are used in power
systems for decreasing voltage distortion and for power factor correction. Nonlinear elements
such as power electronic converters generate harmonic currents or harmonic voltages, which
are injected into power system. The resulting distorted currents flowing through system
impedance produce harmonic voltage distortion. Harmonic filters reduce distortion by
diverting harmonic currents in low impedance paths. Harmonic filters are designed to be
capacitive at fundamental frequency, so that they are also used for producing reactive power
required by converters and for power factor correction.
In order to achieve an acceptable distortion, several banks of filters of
different types are usually connected in parallel. The most commonly used filter types are
Band-pass filters, which are used to filter lowest order harmonics such as 5th, 7th, 11th,
13th, etc. Band-pass filters can be tuned at a single frequency (single-tuned filter) or at
two frequencies (double-tuned filter).
High-pass filters, which are used to filter high-order harmonics and cover a wide range of
frequencies. A special type of high-pass filter, the C-type high-pass filter, is used to
provide reactive power and avoid parallel resonances. It also allows filtering low order
harmonics (such as 3rd), while keeping zero losses at fundamental frequency.
Distributed Parameter Lines

39

The Three-Phase Harmonic Filter is built of RLC elements. The resistance, inductance, and
capacitance values are determined from the filter type and from the following parameters:
Reactive power at nominal voltage
Tuning frequencies
Quality factor. The quality factor is a measure of the sharpness of the tuning
frequency. It is determined by the resistance value.
The four types of filters that can be modeled with the Three-Phase Harmonic
Filter block are shown below:

The simplest filter type is the single-tuned filter. The following figure gives
the definition of the quality factor Q and practical formulae for computing the reactive power
Q
C
and losses (active power P). The quality factor Q of the filter is the quality factor of the
reactance at the tuning frequency Q = (n.X
L
)/R. The quality factor determines the bandwidth
B, which is a measure of the sharpness of the tuning frequency.
The double-tuned filter performs the same function as two single-tuned filters
although it has certain advantages: its losses are much lower and the impedance magnitude at
the frequency of the parallel resonance that arises between the two tuning frequencies is
lower.
The double-tuned filter consists of a series LC circuit and a parallel RLC circuit. If f
1
and f
2

are the two tuning frequencies, both the series circuit and the parallel circuit are tuned to
approximately the mean geometric frequency . The quality factor Q of the double-
tuned filter is defined as the quality factor of the parallel L, R elements at the mean frequency
f
m
:
.
The high-pass filter is a single-tuned filter where the L and R elements are
connected in parallel instead of series. This connection results in a wide-band filter having

40

impedance at high frequencies limited by the resistance R. The quality factor of the high-pass
filter is the quality factor of the parallel RL circuit at the tuning frequency.
.
The C-type high-pass filter is a variation of the high-pass filter, where the
inductance L is replaced with a series LC circuit tuned at the fundamental frequency. At
fundamental frequency, the resistance is, therefore, bypassed by the resonant LC circuit and
losses are null. The quality factor of the C-type filter is still given by the ratio:
.



41

9. GRAPHS


Figure: 6.3 Output Power in AC and DC Transmission


Figure: 6.4 Output Power in AC Transmission


42



Figure: 6.5 Output V I Magnitude in AC and DC Transmission



Figure: 6.6 Output V I Magnitude in AC Transmission


43




Figure: 6.7 Input Voltage and currents for Rectifier



Figure: 6.8 Waveforms for VdL (Pu), Id Idref _lim (Pu), alpha_ord (deg), Control Mode

44



Figure: 6.9 Wave forms for Low_ac_volt_R, Forced_alpha_R



Figure: 6.10 Waveforms for uSw1 (V), iSw1 & Sw3 (A), alpha_ord (deg) In
VALVE13_RECT

45


Figure: 6.11 Waveforms for Vabc (Pu), Iabc (pu/100MVA) in inverter



Figure: 6.12 Waveforms representing VdL Vd_ref (pu), Id Idref _lim (pu), alpha_ord (deg),
Control Mode, gamma_min gamma_ref (deg) for inverter


46



Figure: 6.13 Waveforms for Low_ac_volt_I, A_min_I in Protection for inverter



Figure: 6.14 Waveforms for uSw1 (V), iSw1 Ucom1 (Pu), gamma mean (deg) in
VALVE1_INV


47

10. RESULTS

10.1 AC Configuration Only:

The load ability of Moose (commercial name), ACSR, twin bundle conductor,
400-kV, 50-Hz, 450-km single circuit line has been computed.
The parameters of the line are
Z=0.6054+j0.66172 /km/ph/ckt
Y=j6.67594*10
-6
s/km/ph/ckt
Current carrying capacity of each sub conductor =.9 kA
I
t
= 1.8 kA/ckt .SIL = 511MW/ckt.
Using (17)(20), the computed power at receiving end and conductor current is
T
o
tal
=1124.2 MW
I
poh/ckt
= 0.803 kA.




















48

10.2 Simulated Results




49


11. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
11.1 CONCLUSION
The feasibility to convert ac transmission line to a composite acdc line has
been demonstrated. For the particular system studied, there is substantial increase (about
83.45%) in the load ability of the line. The line is loaded to its thermal limit with the
superimposed dc current. The dc power flow does not impose any stability problem. The
advantage of parallel acdc transmission is obtained. Dc current regulator may modulate ac
power flow. There is no need for any modification in the size of conductors, insulator strings,
and towers structure of the original line. The optimum values of ac and dc voltage
components of the converted composite line are 1/2 and 1/2 times the ac voltage before
conversion, respectively.
11.2 FUTURE SCOPE
In this thesis, it is shown that by injecting DC power in AC power
transmission lines; we can improve the transmission capacity of the line by 2 to 4 times
without altering the physical equipment. This work can be extended for analyzing the effect
of faults on this type of transmission. This work is done on double circuit AC transmission
lines but it can be extended to other types of transmission methods.



50

12. REFERENCES
1. L. K. Gyugyi, Unified power flow concept for flexible A.C. transmission system, Proc.
Inst. Elect. Eng., p. 323, Jul. 1992.

2. L. K. Gyugyi et al., The unified power flow controller; a new approach to power
transmission control, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 10851097, Apr.
1995.

3. N. G. Hingorani, FACTSflexible A.C. transmission system, in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.
5th. Int. Conf. A.C. D.C. Power Transmission, London, U.K., 1991.

4. P. S. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill, 1994.

5. K. P. Basu and B. H. Khan, Simultaneous ac-dc power transmission, Inst. Eng. (India)
J.-EL, vol. 82, pp. 3235, Jun. 2001.

6. H. Raman and B. H. Khan, Enhanced power transfer by simultaneous transmission of
AC-DC: a new FACTS concept, in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Conf. Power Electronics,
Machines, Drives, Edinburgh, U.K., Mar. 31Apr. 2 2004, vol. 1, pp. 186191.

7. A. Clerici, L. Paris, and P. Danfors, HVDC conversion of HVAC line to provide
substantial power upgrading, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 324333,
Jan. 1991.

8. Padiyar, HVDC Power Transmission System. New Delhi, India: Wiley Eastern, 1993.

9. E. W. Kimbark, Direct Current Transmission. New York: Wiley, 1971, vol. I.

10. K. R. Padiyar, M. A. Pai, and C. Radhakrishna, Analysis of D.C.